TAP CHi KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 N G H E T H U A T BIEU HIEN PHlTOOVG DIEN B6I TU" THE SU C U A N H A N V A T LICH SU^ T R O N G T l £ U THUYET LICH SU^
VIET NAM DlTONG DAI
(Qua khao sat t^c pham cua Hoang Qu^c Hai, Nguyin Xuan Khanh, Nguyin Mgng Giac, Nguyin Quang ThSn)
ThS. Dodn Tki Hu$' TOM TAT
Su dung hieu qud nghe thugt hu cdu nhdm di sdu miiu td phdn khudt lap thuge phuong dien ddi tu the su ciia nhdn vdt lich su, tdc gid tiiu thuyet Hch su Viet Nam duang dgi phuc dung nen nhieu chdn dung nhdn vgt lich sie sinh dgng, cti the, gdp phan dem den cdi nhin hien chung vd thdu ddo hem ve cdc vinhdn, cd nhdn da timg hdng tdn trong chinh sie. Bdi viet sau la mot hudng nghiin cuu cua chung tdi vi vdn di trin.
TO- khda: tieu thuyet lich su, nhdn vgt lich su, ddi tu the su
1. Dat van de
Nhu cau viet lai lich sir la nhu cau chinh dang ciia con ngudi. Viet lich sir thude quyen eua su quan/sii gia; viet lai lich sir ehu yeu thudc quyen cac nha van.
Tiep nhan Hch sir la tam the ciia ngudi dan cdn trai nghiera lich sir lai la tam the cua ban dge. Viia tdn trgng sy that lich su vira phat huy hieu qua vai frd hu cau nghe thuat, tac gia tieu thuyet lich su Viet Nam hdm nay dem den cho ban dgc nhieu cam nhan cban thanh cimg su ly giai thdu dao trude eae vkn de ngay ca lieh su van cdn bd ngd. Mdi nha van vdi sd trudng, sd doan, quan niem sang tac rieng da ed nhieu each bu cau, phuc dyng nen nhieu chan dung nhan vat lich sir sinh dgng, cy thi. Dac biet, khi tap trung bilu hien phuang dien ddi tu the sy eua nhan vat ljch sir, tac gia tilu thuylt lich sir Viet Nam duong dai da dat dugc nhilu thanh tyu nhdt dinh trong nghe thuat xay dyng nhan vat. Dieu nay gdp phdn tang bien do md ve each kien
tao nhan vat, khai phdng ve thii phap nghe thuat, dem den cbo tac pham nhieu gia tri ve tu tudng, tham my ro net.
2. Tieu thuyet lich su Viet Nam duong dai vdi nghe thuat bieu hien phuong dien ddi tu the sir ciia nhan vat lich su
2.1. Nhgt ddn cdm kwng sw thi kki tiip can nkdn vgt lieh sir
Van viet ve thdi ky lich sii vang son Clia dan tdc vdi he thdng nhan vat lich su mang khat vgng ldn lao, nggn cd dau trong cac cudc dau tranh dyng nudc va giii nudc nhung tac gia tieu thuyet lich sir Viet Nam duang dai da chgn con dudng ngan hem de tiep can va tiep nhan cac nhan vat ciing sy kien lich sir ay.
Trong khi cd gang dam bao sy hai hda giira the loai su thi (khang dinh va nggi ea lich sir dan tgc) vdi dac diem chinh cua the loai tieu thuyet (cau chuyen ddi tu the sy), tac gia tieu thuyet lich sir Viet Nam duang dai cd xu budng chuyen ddn sy quan tam ve phia cau chuyen ddi
'Tnrcrng Dai hoc Dong Nai
TAP CHl KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 thudng, cau chuyen ddi tu the su cua con
ngudi than phan trudc nbiing bien chuyen cua thdi cudc. Tieu thuyet lich sir Viet Nam hdm nay khdng thieu nhiing nhan vat ljch sir la cac vT nhan, anh hung khanh tudng. Dd la cac vi vua khdi nghiep nha Ly, nha Tran, la Quang Trung - Nguyin Hue, Le Lgi, Nguyen Trai... Ve co b ^ , hg deu la nhiing ca nhan kiet xuat, la ngudi con uu tii ciia dan tdc, dep de, tai nang, dang de ngudi ddi sau chi8m bai, nguang vgng. Nhung trudc khi dugc lich su ghi nhan la vT nhzm, hg da dugc ngudi ddi biet den nhu con ngudi binh thudng ciia cugc sdng ddi thudng nhieu phdn tap. Va tieu thuyet lich sii hdra nay da tap trung khai thac mang ddi tu xoay quanh cau chuyen tinh yeu, hanh phiie, niem dau, nu eudi, nudc mat vdi bao budn vui sudng khd cua cac nhan vat lich sir dy. Mdi tinh gitra vua Ly Thai Tdng va ngudi con gai xuat than chdn dan da - Mai Thi Minh Nguyet, giua Tran Thii Dd va Tran Thi Dung, giua Quang Trung - Nguyin Hue vdi An va Nggc Han cdng chiia, giira Nguyen Trai vdi Tbi Ld, giira Le Lgi vdi Pham Thi Nggc Tran... deu dugc nha van xu ly theo each ciia sir thi, de nhan vat di den quyet dinh cudi ciing fren ca sd trgng ng nudc hon tinh nha. Nhung xet den cung, hanh ddng cua hg viia mang tinh sir thi lai vira raang tinh tieu thuyet. Vi hoan canh, hg dugc/ bj lieh sir chgn. Ve sau, hg phai hanh dgng tbeo quy dinh eiia lich su. Nhung de hg khdng qua len gan, frd thanh hinh tugng nhan vat lich sir eiing nhdc, tac gia tilu thuyet lich sii Viet Nam duang dai danh nhieu uu ai di sau mieu ta, phan tich bi
kich tinh yeu, bi kieh ea nhan, bi kich tam hdn nhan vat d mdi khiic quanh lich su. Ngudi dgc khdng thi khdng an tugng trudc noi dau bi giang xe giua bdn p h ^ vdi nhu cau; giira nghia vu ddi vdi dat nudc va khat vgng theo dudi hanh phuc rieng tu Clia mdi ngudi.
Tien tdi khdc hga kieu nhan v|t mang bi kjch con ngudi ddi thudng ludng dien va da trj, tae gia tieu thuylt lich sir Viet Nam hdm nay da ven birc man lich su, nit ngan khoang each sir thi kbi tiep can, mieu ta va the hien nhan vat lich sir vdi nhieu thu phap nghe thuat.
Mdt la: linh boat di chuyen dilm nhin ttan thuat/ vai trd ngudi tran thuat tii khach quan, ngdi ba vd nhan xung sang ngi quan vdi ngudi ttan thuat ngdi ba/
ngdi thli nhat xung "tdi" la nhan vat chinh trong tac phara. Hai la: da dang hda dang ldi van ttan thuat, gia tang tSn suat sir dyng ldi trye tiep, ldi nua true tiep, de nhan vat tnrc tiep bay td ndi suy tu ttan ttd ddi thudng trudc mdi bien co hch sir trgng dai. Nhu the, ngudi dgc se hinh dung hg frong dang dap ngudi con anh hung eiia dan tde, uy nghi lim liet tren yen ngua, than trgng quyet doan trudc mdi quan cd lam nen the tran non sdng ddng thdi khdng it lan nghT den ho trong vai con ngudi ddi thudng, ca nhan, ca thi. Hg ciing di ddm, hai hudc va hon nhien nhu bao ngudi binh thudng khac.
7am trieu vua Ly va Bdo tdp triiu Trdn cua Hoang Qudc Hai, Song Cdn mua IQ cua Nguyin Mdng Giac, Hd Quy Ly cua Nguyin Xuan Khanh, Hgi the ciia Nguyen Quang Than... deu hdp din ban dgc bdi Idp ngdn ngu ddi tu thi sy phan anh dung sy than mat, gan gui, chan chat,
TAP CHI KHQA HOC - BAI HOC DONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 than tinh cua cac dng vua ba chiia vdn
xuat than noi lang chai, phd niii va eae b^c vd tudng ky tai trudng tiianh len tOr frong chien tran, binh dao.
Khdng chi cu the hda Idi an tieng ndi nhan vat, ldi van frdn thuat cua ngudi ke chuyen ciing tham dim chdt ddi tu the sy khi ly giai, cat nghTa, lat frd van de tir nhieu phia, xem xet den nhieu nguyen nhan, nhieu gdc do. O Bao tdp triiu Trdn, Hoang Qudc Hai su dung phd bien ldi trii tinh ngoai de dam chat ddi tu the su, the hien ro quy luat tat yeu cua cudc sdng: "Cdc trieu dgi hung vong, thdnh bgi xoay vong nhu con thd Id sdu mat:
ch0 mat nhdt, thodt da mat tam mat luc;
chi cd ddn tgc, phdt, chi cd ddn tgc la mdi mdi trudng tdn." [5; tt.575]. Dieu nay khien cau chuyen lich sii frd nen da nghia, giau tinb ddi thoai ddng thdi khang dinh tinh dan chii, da thanh phiic dieu cua ngdn ngii tieu thuyet. Ngudi dge de tiep nhan cau chuyen lich sir ttong cam giac gan giii, than quen nbu gap lai suy tu cua chinh minh tten timg trang sach.
Nhu vay, ben eanh pham chat sii thi vdn ed, nhan vat tieu thuyet lich sir Viet Nam duong dai dugc nha van quan tara khdc hga chan that, sdng dgng, gidng ban vdl binh m l u con ngudi ddi thudng, la tdng hda cdc moi quan he xa hdi, lam tai nhilu tat, nhilu dd ldm hay. Riit ngdn khoang each sii thi khi tilp can nhan vat lich su, tac gia tilu thuylt lich sir Viet Nam duong dai da nit ngdn khoang each giiia cau chuyen lich su vdi dgc gia hdm nay.
2.2. Tdi tgo ve dep ngogi hink nkdn vdt lick sw
Tieu thuyet lich sir Viet Nam duang dai dung hda bieu qua sy gidng va khac nhau giiia cdng vi6c cua nha su hgc vdi kha nang viet cua cac tieu thuyet gia.
Khi mieu ta, khac boa hinh tugng nhan vat lich sii, nha van dam bao tdt cung luc hai viec: tdn ttgng sy chinh xac ttong timg chl tiet lich su va phat huy hieu qua vai ttd hu cdu nghe thuat, dam bao tinh chinh xac, khach quan khi truyen luu hinh tugng nhan vat lich sii frong tac pham. Nha van su dung lich sir nhu chiec dinh freo, lay do lam diem tya mac chile ao tilu thuyet. Trudc het, tir lugng thdng tin cd dugc tir ehinh su (cd lien quan din gia the, tai nang, phara hanh, cdng frang eiia nhan vat lich sir), tac gia tieu thuyet lich sir Viet Nara duong dai tien tdi viec phyc dyng nen nhieu chan dung nhan vat lich su sinh ddng, cban thyc, sac net. Trong Bdo tdp trieu Trdn, Hoang Qudc Hai khac hga tbanh cdng nhan vat An Tu cdng chua kieu sa, long lay, manh me va day ca tinh: ''Du&i dnh den lap ldnh. trdng cdng chiia dep nhu mgt vi tu&ng cua nhd Pai (...). Ngang limg thdt mot thanh dodn kiim. Ddu ddi mil kim khdi. Mdt dep vd ddi nhu mdt phuang. Khuon mat trdi xoan cd lum ddng tien. Mui thdng, nhd, xinh dep hgp v&i ddi luang quyen, lai duac nuac da trdng hdng nhu trieng gd boc, cap moi hen mdng, mgng do nhu son. Ndng cuai nhu ndng Ida. " [4;tr.l83].
Trong Viet Nam su luac, vua Tran Nghe Tdng dugc nha sir boc Tran Trgng Kira mieu ta: "Nghe Tong la dng vua rdt tdm thudng: chi khi dd khong co, tri lu
TAP CHt KHOA HOC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 eung kem hen, de cho ke gian thdn liea
ddo, giet hgi cd con chdu hg hdng, xa bd ke trung thdnh nghia st; cie yiu dung mot Quy Ly, cho dugc quyen thi, den ndi ldm xieu dd ca nghiip nhd Trdn. " [7; tr.l84].
Vilt Ho Quy Ly, Nguyen Xuan Khanh mieu ta nhan vat lieh sir nay vdi dang ve cu the: "mat vdng ech. dieng oai nghiim md dd ddn. " [6; tr.20]. Cach mieu ta ciia Nguyin Xuan Khanh da he md net chinh frong tinh each, khi chdt cua Nghe Tdng.
Dd la dng vua hien lanh, nhan hau, du tam nhung thilu tdm, thieu quyet doan, khdng du diing khi, mien cudng dugc dat len ngdi eao nhung thuc chat khdng du tai diic tilp ndi co nghiep nha Tran.
Cling vdi dd, Hd Quy Ly - nhan vat trung tam cua tac phdm - duge Nguyen Xuan Khanh uu ai mieu ta ngoai hinh tuang ddi day dan: "V&i bg rau ddm bgc, voi mdi toe hdu nhu bgc trdng, v&i cdi mieng ngang bdng, khdng nhich lin cUng khong tri xudng, khudn mgt cua con ngucn luon trdm tinh. Chi cd ddi mdt dng ta bieu hiin thoi Ddi mdt to v&i ddi long mdy ram cdng bgc trdng. Ddi mdt thdng minh, den ldy. " [6; tr.52l]. Chi vai net ve gian don Nguyen Xuan Khanh da phuc dung tbanh cdng chan dung Hd Quy Ly. Ong la ngudi thdng rainh, tai gidi, lanh limg va cuong quyet. Dae biet qua cai mieng ngang bang, ddi mat thdng rainh, den lay, ngudi ddi khd doan biet dng dang nghT gi va mudn gi. Dieu nay phii hgp vdi dung y dua ra eae nghi van cua nha van ve each nhin nhan nhan vat Hd Quy Ly va cau ehuyen Iich sir dan tdc Dai Vict thdi cudi Tran dau Hd.
Viec danh gia diing edng/ tgi, thanh
cdng/ that bai ciia Hd Quy Ly ludn la bai toan khd.
Viet v l nha Tay San, Nguyen Mgng Giac danh nhieu tam huyet tai bien chan dung nhan \%t lich sir Quang Trung - Nguyin Hue, dem den eho ngudi dgc dn tugng sau sde v l mdt Nguyen Hue that nhu con ngudi thye giiia eude ddi thudng. Nguyen Hue trong Sdng Con mua Id duge NguySn Mdng Giac t^p trung khac hga tir ngoai hinh den tinh each vdi nhieu cbi tiet cu the: mat noi mun, da den xam, tdc xoan, thdng minh, ban ITnh. Nguyen Mdng Giac tiep can nhan vat lich su Nguyin Hue tir gde nhin ddi tu, nang v l con ngudi thi tuc nen ngudi dgc cd dip tiep xiic vdi mot Nguyin Hue trong gucmg mat rdt ngudi, rat ddi. Day la mgt thanh cdng ciia Nguyin Mgng Giac khi sii dung but phap hiin thuc mieu ta chan dung nhan vat lieh su, tai hien thanh cdng nhan vat Nguyin Hue anh hiing den miic xuat sac va dam td chat ddi thudng den mire chan that - "mgt con ngu&i binh thuang md vi dgi" [\;tr.\9A].
Trong Hgi the, Nguyen Quang Than chii y khai thac phuong dien chii quan ciia ldi ta, ket hgp giiia ke, ta va binh khac hga nen chan dung Nguyin Trai sinh ddng, cy the vdi vdc dang manh mai gdy gugc cua chang thu sinh nho nha:
"Duong len di Nam Quan mgt chiiu he, Nguyen Trai cong tren lung ngudi cha tu tgi. (...). Thdn hinh mdnh khdnh cita vi thdi hgc sinh Nguyen Trdi not danh khdp Bac Hd khdng chiu ndi siec ngng cm mgt dng gid to beo." [8; tr.265]. Suot han 300 trang saeh, Nguyin Quang Than khdng tap trung mieu ta ehi tilt ngo^i
TAP CHI KHOA HOC - DAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 hinh ma chii ydu thdng qua mieu ta
ngoai hinh lam bat ndi khi chdt dn bda, dilm dam, tdm tu tudng ldn lao an trong dang hinh nhd nhdn, manh raai va Idi ndi tir tdn, nhe nhang cua Nguyin Trai.
Nhu vgy, bdng nghe thuat tao hinh dac sde, tac gia tilu thuylt lich sii Viet Nara duang dsii da phuc dung nen nhilu chan dung nhan vat hch sii sinh dgng, khien hg mgt lan niia dugc tai sinh vdi dang hinh, net mat, cu chi, tieng cudi, gigng ndi vira dgc dao mdi la vira than quen gan gui. Ddi khi nha van khdng mieu ta ti mi dang hinh, dang ve nhan vat ma tap trung vao mgt hoac vai dac diera tieu bieu nao dd cd sice ggi, tao siic bieu cam ve mgt each nghT, mdt tinb each lara nen sd pban, bi kich cudc ddi nhan vat. Cach lam nay khdng cbi giup nha van tiep them sue sdng cho nhan vat lich su, giiip hg trd minh budc lai nbiing budc dl ttong qua khu raa thdng qua do, nha van cdn giii gam tam tu tinh cam, quan niem nghe thuat, quan niem nhan sinh, tao nen tieng ndi lich su ciing su minh gidi lich su theo quan niem cua rieng minh.
2.3. Ngi soi ve dep ngi tdm nhdn vgt lich SU'
Vdi cae tac pham dugc xuat ban frong nhiing nam gan day nhu Tdm trieu vua Ly, Bdo tdp trieu Trdn (Hoang Qudc Hai), Hd Quy Ly (Nguyin Xuan Khanh), Sdng Cdn mua Id (Nguyin Mdng Giac), Hgi the (Nguyin Quang Than)... ngudi dgc khdng khd nhan ra ldi vilt sdc sao, each tilp can hien thyc lich sir da chilu, anh nhin rgi sau vao tdng tam con ngudi ciia cac nha van hdm nay. Vdi Bdo tap triiu Trdn (Hoang Qudc Hai), ngudi dgc chang nhiing cd mgt
binh dung tuong ddi du day ve qua trinh thanh lap - hung thinh - suy vong cua trieu Tran ma cdn cd nhieu cam nhan tinh te, cu the ddi vdi timg cau chuyen cugc ddi rieng le cua nhan vat lich sir. Dd la cau chuyen ddi tu cua vi khai qudc cdng thdn nha Tran, nha chien luoc thien tai Tran Thu Do. Ong sdng tan tmng vdi nudc, lao tam khd tri vi dan, cd uy tin, cd siic manh va quyen lyc khdng ai dam cuong lai nhung ban than dng ciing da gay ra khdng it dieu tan ac, chuyen quyen, phai hirng chiu sy edng kich manh me cua du luan.
Nham ly giai thda dang cdng lan tdi cua con ngudi kiet xuat nay, Hoang Qudc Hai khdng chi soi chieu nhan vat Trkn Thu Do dudi gdc nhin ciia nhieu nhan vat khac ma quan ttgng ban cdn dat nhan vat vao chinh diem nhin ngi tam, de nhan vat ty bay td, giai bay dieu tara can, gan mgt nhat cua minh. Trudc gid khdc quyet dinh sy chuyen giao quyen lyc tir nha Ly sang nha Tran, Tran Thu Do bao phen dan do, lo nghT: "Neu luc ndy cdn chdn chie Id mdt hit ca hdi. Khi md Dodn Thuang, Nguyin Ngn hai the luc kinh chong triiu dinh l&n nhdt liin kit lgi vdi nhau dugc thi khdng nhirng ca do nhd Ly sup do md vdy cdnh hg Trdn ciing khdng ddt chon thdy." [3;
fr.43]. Chgn thdi diem lich sir mang tinh budc ngoat giiia hai trieu dai, hu eau nen ddng suy nglu - tieng ndi ngam cat len tir day sau tam can nhan vat, Hoang Qudc Hai giup ngudi dgc cam nhan dugc nhiing lo nghT, dy toan, ea sy ty tm, quyet doan manh me cua Tran Thii Do, tir do them hieu va cam thdng vdi dgng co dao chinh gianh ngdi bau tir nha Ly ve nha Tran nhu mdt viec chang dmg dimg ciia dng.
TAP CHI KHQA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SQ 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 Chap nhan lam viec ldn la chap
nhan ca su ducmg dau, chdng ddi cua phe ddi nghich, Trdn Thu Dg td ro ban ITnh ngudi lam chu van cd ehinh fri khi neu cao cai ly cua mgi viec minh lam.
Tdt ca deu xudt pbat tir lgi ich chung ciia raudn dan: "Thugn hay nghich md trdnh cho nu&c cdi hga ndi da xdo thit thi that Id phitc l&n cho trdm hg. Ta khdng hi xd thdn eho dii cdc viic ta ldm cd bi bgn ngu&i thien can cdn phd, bon ngu trung chdng ddi. Ta se quit sgch mgi tra nggi di tten len vi nghia lan." [3; tt. 119].
Nhung den khi nghia ldn dat tbanh, nara ttong tay quyen lye tnim thien ha, Tran Thil Do lai ed nhiing giay phut yeu long, rai vao ndi sg hai, bat an ciia con ngudi ddi thudng, ttan thi: "Ong thdy sa nhitng thdnh tuu dgt duae Id do su cu&ng bdch cua dng, khong ai chong lgi dugc. Ngay cd dire vua cUng khdng cuang ndi y ong. Chinh vi the dng run iff. " [ 3 ; tr.314].
Phat buy hieu qua nghe thuat bu cau, dat nhan vat lich su vao hoan canh chung chieng, ngung nghieng cua cam xiic eon ngudi ddi thudng tir lo lang, quyet tam den bat an, run sg, Hoang Qudc Hai giiip ban dgc cd sy hinh dung cu the va sac net ve khoanh khac tu van, ty phan xet that hiem hoi, quy bau ciia mgt yeu nhan timg dugc xep vao hang kiet biet bac nhat Clia trieu dai nha Tran: Tran Thu Do.
Sach Dgi Viet sie ky todn thu timg quan niem khac khe ddi vdi nhan vat Heh sir Hd Quy Ly. XuSt phat tir diem nhin Clia ngudi hdm nay, Nguyen Xuan Khanh giiip bgn dgc ed eai nhin edng bang hem ve cdng lan tgi ciia Hd Quy Ly trong giai doan lieh su ducmg thdi. So
vdi ldp nho si ciing thdi, Hd Quy Ly sdm td ra la ngudi cd tinh than ddc lap sang tao vdi tu duy dan^ tgc tien bd va ban ITnh ke sT hem ngudi. Trai hang nghin nam Bac thudc cho den thdi dai cudi Tran dau Hd, Hd Quy Ly la ngudi dau tien dat ra van de xet lai tu tudng Khdng Manh. Vdi chu truang cai each triet de fren hau het cac ITnh vyc: kinh tl (ddi tien ddng sang tien giay, vira ciru qude khd dang frdng rdng vira cd dieu kien tich luy kira loai ren diic vii khi), chinh tri (de ra chinh sach ban dien ban nd bd sung luc lugng san xuat), tdn giao, dan sinh (tich thu do diep cua ke ludi bieng frdn viec quan di d ehiia), Igp sd liem phdng giam sat bg may cdng quyen Nha nude, lap sd hd khap nai, ban chl tinh frang dan lang thang luu tan... Ho Quy Ly ximg dang la ngdi sao sang tten chinh trudng Dai Viet. Nhung de thuc hien radt each nhanh chdng va triet de chinh sach cai each do, ban than Hd Quy Ly da vudng nhieu dieu lara ldi, tan ac khiln du luSn duong thdi va sii quan sau dd khdng it ldi ehe frach, da kich.
Di sau hu cau phuang dien ddi tu the sy cua nhan vat, Nguyin Xuan Khanh phue dyng trudc mat ngudi doc mgt Hd Quy Ly chan that, sinh ddng ttong tinh each, ban linh ve tai nang, vira ddi lap vira thdng nhat ttong eae moi quan he iing xu tii gia dinh den xa hdi, k l ca cac mdi quan he rieng tu nhieu uan khiic. Vdi ngudi vg trude (me rugt H6 Nguyen Trimg), Ho Quy Ly 1^ ngudi chdng giau tinh nghia. Vg mat da lau nhung dng van than ga ttdng nudi con.
Vdi cdng chua Huy Ninh, Hd Quy Ly la ngudi chdng cd frach nhiem, tir tdn, ti ml
TAP CHI KHQA HQC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 va tinh t l ttong quan he iing xir. Giay
phlit Hd Quy Ly quy goi ttudc pho tugng ngudi vg qua cd la giay phut con ngudi ngi tara ddy trdc dn trong dng cd dip hien Id. Chdp nhan lam viee ldn ttong thdi khdc ddy biln dgng, ban than Hd Quy Ly phai chap nhan ea ndi ed dan den dang long. Nhung dng hoan toan cd ly cho sy lya chgn mang tinh quylt dinh ay: "Neu nhd Trdn thdi rudng nhu Men nay md nhd Trdn ton tgi, so v&i mgt triiu dgi m&i dung len, duac quet sgch Id tham quan 6 lgi, dugc to chiec cimg rdn, duac hit l&i bdn tdn ra vdo, thi hdi hai triiu dgi dy bin ndo tot han, mgnh han?" [6; tt.IOI]. Dieu nay cbo thay Hd Quy Ly la ngudi nang ldng vdi non sdng Dai Viet. Yeu nudc thuang dan, tao bao va lieu linh nen Hd Quy Ly khdng de chap nhan lam ke ngu trung theo quan niem bao thii ehat hep cua saeh vd Nho gia. Ong mudn tim ra va thuc hien den Cling mdt ke sach mdi, mdt phuang thudc ldn cd the chiia lanh benh cbo mgt dan tdc dang dra dau tti fre, day mam benh nan y, giiip ddt nudc nhanh chdng lot xac, tu luc ty cudng. Cdng bang ma xet, cac cai each Hd Quy Ly dua ra deu la nhiing cai each tien bg, sang sudt, di ttirdc thdi dai, gdp phdn dinh budng tich cue cho su phat triln dai lau cua dat nudc. Hieu qua d l thay nhdt la nd giup bd may cdng quyin nha nude giam bdt ap lye kinh tl, dam bao dan ngheo tiioat khdi ach suu cao thul nang, cd ddi sdng lanh manh, no com dm ao. Trong qua trinh Hd Qu^ Ly tiiuc bien biln phap eho din kbi dng chinh thiie thoan doat ngdi vi nha Trdn, chua tiing cd cudc cai each, k l sach eanh tan nao mang lai lgi
ich rieng eho dng. Dieu do cho thSy, Hd Quy Ly cd thara vgng quyen luc nhung trude het dng la ngudi nang tinh vdi non sdng gam vdc vdi tinh yeu nudc sau sac, chan thyc va tich eye.
Khdng rieng Hoang Qudc Hai va Nguyen Xuan Khanh, nhilu tac gia tieu thuyet lich sii Viet Nam duang dai ciing tap trung mieu ta phuang dien ddi tu thi sy cua nhan vat hch sir nhara kien tao nen mdt lich sir mdi khdng tning khit vdi cbinh sir. Quang Trung - Nguyen Hue trong sy hinh dung eiia Nguyin Mgng Giac d Song Con mua Id cd thi khdng trimg khit hoan toan vdi Quang Trung - Nguyen Hue cd that ttong cudc ddi nhung chac chan day la mgt bd sung hiiu ich cho nhiing each hinh dung khac ciia ngudi ddi ve dng. Dge Sdng Cdn mua IU, ngudi dgc cd dip hinh dung ve hoang de Quang Trung - Nguyen Hue thdng minh, tai gidi, ban linh xuat chung, tri diing hem ngudi ddng thdi cung la mdt Quang Trung - Nguyen Hue chan that, sinh ddng d khia canh ddi thudng. Dd la con ngudi cu the giira mudn mat ciia cudc sdng nhan gian vdi cac chieu kich suy tu, vdi bao ttang thai cam xiie chan that, binh di. Dd la radt Quang Trung day tu tudng, cban chica ndi niera vdi biet bao cugc xung dot, giang xe ngi tam, nang tinh nghTa, tinh te, nhay cam ttong tat ca cac mdi quan he iing xir vdi ngudi xung quanh. Vdi tiiay giao Hien, Nguyin Hue la ngudi hgc trd nghTa tinh sau nang. Vdi Lang, Nguyen Hue la vi chu tudng tai ba va la ngudi anh cd ttach nhiem. Vdi An, Nguyen Hue la ngudi tinh rdt ddi thiiy ehxmg. Vdi Nguyin Nhac, Nguyen Hue ludn la ngudi em thugn thao, on hda.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 Trong mgi ke hoach, quyet sach ciia vua
anh, Nguyin Hue ludn cd gang hoan tiianh. Tuy the, Nguyin Hue lai khdng ddng tinh vdi quan niera anh hung nhdt khoanh eiia Nguyin Nhgc. Ong trgng chii nghTa, frgng sach vd thanh hien nhung khdng vi thi ma 16 thudc tu tudng Nho gia. Trong dng ludn thudng trye tu tudng vi dan vdi khat vgng dua giang son thu ve mgt mdi. Cai chi ldn ma nang tinh khdng thdi giay vd, lam khd sd ngudi anh hiing, khiln Nguyin Hue bao dem dai thao thicc: "Cdi y thdng nhdt da cd trong cugc hon nhdn ndy rdi. The md anh ta lgi bdo dieng. Mdt td tien, mgt ddn tgc, mot tieng ndi, mgt lich sie sao lgi cd LUy Thdy? Ta dirng lgi chdng, khdng dirng thi anh ta se nghf thi ndo. se ldm gi?" [2; fr.l076]. Nhung ngay Nguyen Hue quyet dinh bao vay Hoang de thanh, xoay ndng siing lam dao ldn ban thd td tien la nhiing ngay dng ed dan nhat.
Nguyin Hue khdng thi ndi chuyen cung ai va ciing khdng ai dam ndi chuyen ciing dng bdi cai y thdng nhat dat nudc khdng ehi la ude nguyen tham kin tir lau Nguyen Hue hang ap ii ma dd cdn la khat vgng chinh dang cua mgi ngudi.
Dang sau dang ve oai phong, lanh liing quyet doan eua vj tudng da quen xdng pha tran mac, Nguyin Hue cdn la ngudi day ap uu tu, ngng trTu tam sy vdi bao su giang xe ndi tam rat ngu&i: "Ong ddm bdt tudn lenh vua anh vuat qua Ldy Thdy nhung khdng du sire mgnh y chi vd su lgnh lung di vuat qud cdi IGy vd hinh la tinh mdu mu. " [2; fr. 1134].
Cd the ndi, neu chinh sir tdn Quang Trung la bac vT nhan, Nguyen Huy Thiep nhin Quang Trung nhu mdt thudng nhan
thi vdi Sdng Cdn mita lu, Nguyen Mdng Giac danh gia Quang Trung la mdt yeu nhan cua Hch sir. Ong xuat hien diing thdi diera lich su can, diing cam don nhan ttgng fracb ljch sir frao va da lam nen nhieu ky tieh cho ban than, dan tgc.
Xet den ciing, mgt yiu nhan lieh sir nhu Hoang de Quang Trung - Nguyin Hue van la con ngudi binh thudng nhu bao ngudi bmh thudng khac. NghTa la Nguyen Hue ciing cd luc yeu mem ttong tinh cam, ciing khd dau, dan vgt, giang xe ndi tara khi diing trudc sy lua chgn:
thyc bien khat vgng thdng nhat ddt nudc theo diing guong quay Hch su hay an phan lam vi tudng mien bien viln theo sy xep dat cua vua anh. Chi ldn ma nang tinh, Nguyin Hue nhieu dem thicc ttang vdi sy lua ehgn vd ciing gian khd.
Den Hgi the (Nguyen Quang Than), ngudi dgc cd dip cam nhgn chdt tieu thuyet bao triun tac phara d nghe thuat sang tgo, hu cau, khac hga tinh chat ddi thudng nhieu nhan vgt lich sir, nhu Le Lgi, Nguyin Trai, Nguyin Thi Ld, Pham Van, Le Sat va cac bgc cdng than khanh tudng khac frong quan dgi Lam San.
Xuyen sudt tac pham, Nguyen Trai nhieu lan roi vao cudc dau ttanh ndi tara gay gat. Ngudi dgc bat gap d day giay phlit ttai long eiia Nguyen Trai khi nghT ve Le Lgi: "Vua ta von tie nai thdn dd, do vdi dung ea do. bo bd md khdng co bung hep hoi nhu Hdn Cao to. Cdc tu&ng tuy it hgc nhung da lap bao chiin cdng. Vua ne trgng nhung thu&ng khong nghe theo lai giem pha cua hg (...) Cdi sdng sudt dy cua chua cdng ldm mgi ngu&i vdn hay vo deu hit long." [8;
fr.200]. Cung cd liie Nguyen Trai roi vao
TAP CHi KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 frang thai u uat, philn raudn khi bi cac
tiidng ITnh Lam Son dd ky giem pha, dat bai ve che bai de biu: "Chdng thd lay cudc dgp vdo ddu dng edn han la dgt tin tudi dng vd bd Ld lin mieng con tre hdt rong. Ong dau d&n. Ong buon phien.
Nhung dng khong thi gue ngd." [8;
tt235]. Mdi khi d vao gid phiit cang thang, Nguyin Trai rcri vao frang thai
"mat bdn" den quen ca an udng: "Khdc v&i Nguyen Han, ehdng bd udng gi ciing dugc, dn gi cUng gdt, chdng biet ngon da thi ndo. lue ndo cdng thdy nga ngdc nhu nguai da hai." [8; tt.252]. Qua nhiing viee Nguyen Trai da ldm, da nghT va nhimg gi ngudi khac da nbSn xet ve Nguyin Trai, ngudi dgc khdng chi cd sy hhih dung ve Nguyen Trai d vai trd nh^
tu tudng, nha van bda ldn, ngudi anh hling xuat chimg ciia dan tdc ma quan frgng ban cdn cam nhan dugc d dng phong thai va cdt each sdng ciia ca nhan tinh tl, phong phu ve ddi sdng ngi tam, rdt muc sau sdc va ciing vd eiing gian di, hien hda ttong cugc sdng.
Trong Hgi the, khdng chi nhan vat Nguyin Trai, nhan vat Le Lgi cung dugc nha van tap trung mieu ta, khae hga phuang dien con ngudi the tye, day du cae phdm chat vdn cd cua con ngudi ddi thudng tir eao thugng den thdp hen, cd uu dilm iln nhugc dilm, cd y chi quyet doan iln tinh cam yiu mem, cd boan hi vui tuoi ldn gian du, bic bye. CJ dng cd ca hai mat sang/ tdi, tdt/ xdu, thdn/ ngudi hdi hi: "Dd Id mgt con ngu&i ldi lgc, it hgc nhung biit trgng dung ngudn cd hge, mgt thit Unh tir tdm md lgi thich phd truang sue mgnh vd lue, mdt ngu&i phdng titng md di ddng thii hgn nhd
nhen. Tdm lgi Id mgt ngu&i vi dgi nhu nui Thdi San nhimg vdn Id nui Thdi San Pong vdc ddng mgt con ngu&i." [8;
tr.l55]. Trong vdc dang ragt con ngudi, Le Lgi hoan toan cd day du ban nang lara ngudi manh me: "Nguai cd mdt bdn ndng ldm ngu&i mgnh me. ngu&i ciing ddi hdi dugc yiu, duac dn di duac chiiu chugng, duac chdm sdc nhu ai." [8;
fr.84]. Trong cudc dau franh chdng giac Minh, Le Lgi vira la chu tudng hoach dinh dudng ldi vira la nhan vat chinh lara nen su cd ket bet ldng cua sT tdt ba quan, vira trye tiep lanh dao cudc khang chien chdng quan xam luge quyet gianh thang lgi viea la ngudi sang sudt tilp nhan va theo dudi den ciing k l hoach Binh Ngd sach ciia Nguyin Trai, dua nudc Dgi Viet len dinh cao nen chlnh tri duong thdi. Chinh sir va ca quan truyen thdng da viet nhieu ve mat sang, ve phan tich cue ciia Le Lgi. Vdi Hgi the ciia Nguyin Quang Than, ngudi dgc cd thera ragt gdc nhin khac ve ngudi anh himg dan tdc
"nut Lam San ddy nghia". Dd la vi vua sang nhung khdng hien, cd du ban ITnh va ban nang lara ngudi raanh me. Dieu nay the hien quan diera tien bd va each nhin dan chu frong tu duy mdi rae ve cac van de thudc sic ctia nha van.
3. K i t lu^n
Xet den cung, lich su la cai hdra qua, la cai da thudc ve qua khii, da dugc an bai, ddng mdc frong suy nghT ciia ke hgu sinh. Tiep nhan chinh su / da sir, ngudi dgc cd sy hinh dung nhat dinh ve nhan vat va su kien lieh su. Moi nha van, vdi nhgn tbiic, lap trudng, quan diem ca nhan da cd each xir ly tu lieu lich sir rieng, raang den cho ngudi dgc nhieu
TAP CHI KHQA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 each phan tieh va gia djnh khac nhau ve lich su ehan thyc hon so vdi nhan vat va lich sii. Tir do, mgt quan niem nghe thuat sy kien frong chinh su. Nhan vat cua lieh radi v l con ngudi ttong tieu thuyet lich sii la nhan vat da song, nhan vat frong sir Viet Nara duang dgi ciing duge dinh tieu thuylt lich sir la nhan vat dang sdng.
hinh ngay cang ro net. Di sau mieu ta Dudi tai nang sang tao nghe thuat ciia phan khuat lap, phan ed don, phan bdng nha van, nhan vat lich sir da dugc phuc toi thudc phuang dien ddi tu the sy, it sinh, dugc truyen nang lugng sdng va ngudl biet den, it ngudi thau hieu cua thuc sy da sdng ttong tam tbiic ngudi nhan vat ljch sir, tieu thuyet lich sii Viet dge nhu con ngudi cu the vdi nhieu budn Nam duang dai ciing liic dua ra nhieu vui lam yeu thucmg ghet gian, nhieu uu each danh gia bien cbiing, giiip nhan vat diem lan han che thudng tinh.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Phan Cu Be (2006), Phan CuDi tuyin tap (tap I), Nxb. Giao due, HaNdi.
2. Nguyen Mdng Giac (2003), Sdng Cdn mua IU (tap 2), Nxb. Van hgc, Trung tam Nghien eiiu qudc hgc, Ha Ndi.
3. Hoang Qudc Hai (2011), Bao tdp trieu Trdn (tgp 1), "Bao tap cung dinb", Nxb.
Phu nii, HaNdi.
4. Hoang Qudc Hai (2011), Bao lap trieu Trdn {tap 3), "Thang Long ndi gian", Nxb.
Phu nii, HaNdi.
5. Hoang Qudc Hai (2011), Bdo tdp trieu Trdn (tap 6), "Vuang trieu sup dd", Nxb.
Phu nir, HaNdi.
6. Nguyin Xuan Khanh (2010), Ho Quy Ly, Nxb. Phu nii, Ha Ndi.
7. Tran Trgng Kira (1971), Viit Nam su luge (tap 1), Bg Giao due Trung tam hoc lieu xuat ban. Ha Ndi.
8. Nguyen Quang Than (2011), Hdi the, Nxb. Phu nii. Ha Ndi.
THE ART OF DEPICTING THE PERSONAL LIFE OF HISTORICAL FIGURES IN VIETNAMESE CONTEMPORARY NOVELS
(On studying works by Hoang Quoc Hai, Nguyen Xuan Khanh, Nguyen Mong Giac, and Nguyen Quang Than)
ABSTRACT
Effectively using fictional art to depict what is hidden in the personal life of historical figures, modern Vietnamese novelists have successfully restored the vivid images of many historical figures, providing a more radical view on great men who have long existed in history. The following writing is an effort to clarify this.
Keywords: Historical novel, historical figure, personal life
