TAP CHi KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 DI TICK M O CV" T H A C H HANG GON -
LJCH S f PHAT HIEN VA QUA TRINH TRUNG TU, T 6 N TAO ThS. Nguyin Bdng Hiep Phd^
TOMTAT
Cu Thgch (Megalithic) la cdc tdng dd l&n dupc su dung cdc kit cdu, hogc la dung mpt minh hogc Id ciing v&i cdc tdng dd khdc. Cd nhiiu cdeh phdn logi cu thgch gdm Menhir (dd thdng - tru&ng thgch); Dolmen (mp da - tide thgch); Stone cits (hdm dd - mp); Stone jar (chum da); Stone sarcophagus (qudch dd); Stone sculpture (tugng da l&n); Stone bend (edu dd bien); Stone wall (tu&ng dd); Stone stair (bgc thang dd); Stone bathing place (vdng tdm da); Cairn (tx dd hinh thdp); Terrace (them dd); Stepped Pyramid (kim tu thdp dd cd bgc). Tren thi gi&i cd khd nhiiu di tich Cir Thgch dugc phdt hien, ehung phdn bd & chdu Au (Anh, Phdp, Bungaria...), dgc b&
Dgi Tdy Duang, chdu Phi (Ethiopia, Sudan...), quanh b& Dia Trung hdi (Palestin, Pakistan...), tgi chdu A (AnDg, Tdy Tgng, Nhdt Bdn, Trung Qudc, Hdn Qudc...), tgi Dong Nam A (Indonesia, Malaysia, Ldo, Campuchia). O Viet Nam logi hinh di tich Cif Thgch den nay dugc phdt hiin gom Hdng Gdn (Ddng Nai), Dong Phd (Qudng Ngdi), Chu Pha (Gia Lai), Hung Yen (Nghe An), Vii Xd (Bde Giang), nui Lan Kha (Bac Ninh), Bdn Thdnh (Cao Bang), Nam Ddn (Xin Mdn, Hd Giang), nui Mau San vd Chdp Ldi (Lgng San), Td Van Gidy (Ldo Cai), Sdc San (Hd Npi).
So sdnh v&i nhirng di tich Cie Thaeh phdt hiin & Viet Nam vd a cdc nu&c Ddng A, eho thdy Cu Thgch Hdng Gon "ed kich thu&c l&n nhdt vd dugc xdy dung quy chudn nhdt". Ki tir th&i diem phdt kien (ndm 1927) cho din th&i diim hien tqi viec tim kiim cdu tid l&i cho nhUng bi dn vi Mp Cie Thgch Hdng Gon vdn khdng ngung dgt ra cho cdc nhd khdo cd tiong vd ngodi nu&c. Nhiiu cupe diu tia, khdo sdt khai qudt dugc tiin hdnh, nhieu phuang dn triing tu tdn tgo da, dang vd se duac tiin hdnh nhdm dua din nhirng kiin gidi khoa hgc gldi ma cho sif tdn tgi cua di tich vd bdo qudn mgt tdi sdn vo gid ciia eon ngu&i.Bdi viet nhdm he thdng lgi todn bp tu lieu vi lich sie phdt hien, nghiin cuu vd qud trinh trimg tu tdn tgo cdng nhu phdt huy gid tri cua di tich.
Tir khda: di tich Mp Cu Thgch Hdng Gdn
I. Lich suphdt hidn vd nghien Clhi (Socie'te' de plantation d'he'vens de , , , . , . r^ i , . , , , Xudn Ldc) thuge xa Xudn Ldc, tone 1.1. Vai net ve dl ttch . ^ v . , 5
Binh Lam Thugng, tinh Bien Hda, sau Di tich Md Cu Thaeh Hang Gdn ^^ ^gj i^ 4p Hdng Gdn, xa Thdi Giao, cdn ggi la " Ma 6 n g Da" (ten do dan q^^n Xuan Lgc, tinh Long Khdnh. Hien gian luu ttoiyln). Dudi thai Phdp tiiudc, n^y di tich tiiudc xa Hang Gdn, tiii xa Mg Cg Thgch Hdng Gdn ndra frong dja Lo^g Kh^nh, tinh D6ng Nai, tga lgc phdn ddn didn cao su Xuan Ldc
'Trudng D^i hoc Ding Nai
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - DAI HQC BONGNAI, SO 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 ttdn cao do 250m so vdi rauc nudc bidn,
ndm sat qudc Id 56, each Xudn Lgc 8 km v l phia nara va each Bien Hda 50km ve phia ddng.
1.2. Lick su pkdt ki^n vd nghiin ciru
+ Khai quat nam 1927 Di tich Md Cu Thgch Hang Gdn dugc I. Bouchot - mgt ky su cau dudng ngudi Phdp phat hidn vao nam 1927 frong khi thi cdng md dudng Hen tmh sd 2 (nay la qudc Id 56). Tft gifta thdng 4 den thang 5 ndm 1927, J. Bouchot da tien hdnh khai quat, ket qud khai qudt dugc cdng bd vao nam 1927 vd 1929.
Theo tdi lieu md ta cfta J. Bouchot, di tich cd kiln tinic gdra hai hang tru bao quanh mdt hdm md. Tdng sd cd mudi tru bang sa thach (gres) hay da huyen vu (basalte) cd ehidu cao tft 2,5m den 3m, tiet dien hinh ban dge. Ddu mdi trg cd ldm gidng yen ngua, chan trg khdng de chdng lim va khdng cftng dgt frdn ddt cua phdn rag. Tdt cd dugc tidn rdt kheo vdi tidt dien hinh bdu due. Hai trg cdn lai theo dng Id nhiing tdm dan (dalle) bang hoa cuong (granit) vdi kich thudc dang kd: ddi 7,20m, rdng l,Im, ddy 0,35ra. Cach chan trg 30cra trg phinh ra cd thd tga tren nhihig cai dd rdp ndi bdi mgt he thdng mdng ky lg.Ddu tru cung cd ranh hinh nhu dd chiu mgt thft than gd dat ngang qua phong rag. Hai tru ndy chdn sdu hem phdng rag. Khodng 30era va sau hon cde tru sa thgch hang 100cm.
Mg cd kich thudc ddi 4,20ra, ngang 2,7m, cao l,6ra hinh hop ghep bdi sdu tdra dan da hoa cuong duge bdo giua khd nhan d mat ngoai, ben frong deo ggt
so sdi. Bdn tara dan thang dftng diing lam vdch dftng, hai tdm ndm ngang lam mat day vd mat day. Nap rag day 30cm hoi cong ttong khi cdc vdch radng ban ddi chut til 21- 25cra [1, fr.l55].
Sau khi dugc phdt hien vd khai quat di tich Mg Cu Thgch Hang Gon dugckha nhieu nha khoa hgc den tham quan, nghidn cftu va dua ra nhieu kiln giai khoa hgc khac nhau. Trong do H.
Parraentier - Chu su Sd khao cd Ddng Duong (Service Archeologie de L, Indoehine) vdi 3 ldn khao sat. Theo mo ta cfta H.Parmentier hien trudng khi khai qudt cd hinh long chao, sau tu:
2,5m din 3m. Cach mat dat 1,50m tdm dan frdn bat ddu Id ra. Ham md cd kich thudc 4,5m x 2m x 1,5m nam hudng theo trgc ddng tdy cheeh nam khoang 2dd. Md ndm giiia 4 hang tru da. Cac tru cd hinh dang khac nhau, xip theo hudng ddng tdy cdch phdng mg khoang lm. Nhung hang mg khac each md xa ban. Cd khoang 10 tru bd tri theo tiing cap ky hidu ddn G, G' (khdng cd cgp E,E'), phdn ldn hi gay vd va khdng giu nguyen vi tri ban ddu [2, fr.l56].Qua nhftng net ddc ddo frong kien tnic. Mo Cu Thgch Hang Gdn dugc xera la ngdi rag ldn nhdt dgi dien cho logi hinh dolraen d chau A. Toan quydn Phap da nhanh chdng xdp hang Mg Cu Thach Hdng Gdn vdo cdc di tich lich su Dong Duang va dung thft ti^ 38 frong bang danh sach di tich Nara Ky (1930).
+ Di^u tra khao sat nam 1982 Sau ngay midn Nam hodn toan giai phdng, cdng tdc nghien cftu khao
TAPCHi KHOA HQC - DAI HQC BONG NAI, S6 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 cd hge d midn Nara dugc tridn khai.
Thang 8 nam 1982 cac cdn bd thudc Ban khao ed - Vien Khoa hgc Xa hgi phdi hgp vdi Nhd Bdo tang Ddng Nai md cugc dilu tra, khdo sat di tich Mg Cu Thach Hang Gdn. Kdt qud cua dgt khao sdt dugc tdc gid Luu Anh Tuylt md td lgi. Hd ddo cu nay thu hep lai cdn 14,8m. Chung quanh mieng hd khodng 5-10m la khu vuc khdng canh tac do y thftc bdo qudn di tich cfta Ban Gidm ddc ndng trudng cao su Hang Gdn. Cdc bd phdn cua edng trinh kien tnic ndy phdn ldn van cdn gift nguydn d hien trudng.
So vdi md ta ciia Parraentier cac trg dd thay ddi vi tri, chi ragt sd cdn nguyen vi tri cii nhu: Trg C : nam phia ddng bac md ddi 3,20 bang sa thach mdu xanh la kha min, thiet dien bau due, frdn ddu tru cd ldm hinh ban nguyet. Tru E': hoi frdn, gay 4 doan (nhu Parraentier md td). Phdn dudi cfta trg cdn chdn trong ddt nghidng 300 vd phia Bde. Trg B: trg chinh, nga dai song song vdi md vd gdn nhu chdn dudi dat chi lg mdt phan cgnh cua tru. Tru B ' : nam nghieng 450 so vdi mat ddt song song phdng md. Ddt do ldp ddu trg phia ddng, dau kia bj vd han thanh ragt manh ddi l,I0m, ngang 0,40m. Canh ttoi B ' Id mgt mdnh co Ie tft cOt B ' bi vo. Ngoai ra, cdn mdt sd tru gay khdng xac dinh dugc theo md td cua Parraentier. Chftng ndm rai rae vd cd tru lan xudng goi dau vdo md. Tat ca gdra 7 thanh co dang frdn hay vudng nhung canh frdn va 6 tang quanh raigng hd dudng nhu la nhung mdnh vd ciia tru chinh B va B ' hay cua tdm dan vdch mg phia ddng. Trong sd dd mdnh nam sat
raieng hd cgnh cay xoan dai 2,80ra, each md dra ve phia tay nara, ddu co ldm hinh ban nguydt dudng kinh 0,6ra, ddy 0,40ra. Cd le day Id phdn fren eua tru chinh B bi gay. Mat khdc, fren bd phia Nara each rag 1 Ira, 10 thanh da cd dang frdn va vudng nam ngdn ngang.
Ridng rag vdi kich thudc 4,20ra, ngang 2ra vd cao 1,10m cd khdc di ragt it vdi sd ligu cfta Parraentier vi mat tam dan dau md vd dat dd roi xuong lara eho do sau ciia hd con 2m phu kin khdng cdn thdy tdm dan day. Ngdi rag chira xudng 55cm frong ddt dd bazan. Tam dan dau md phia ddng bi va ra vd nam frdn bd.
Tam dan canh ldn phia bac niit ddi tft fren xudng, tft ddu phia ddng vdo 1,53ra. Tara dan ddu rag phia tdy ddi ra hai ben ehieu ngang md tft 40-55cm. tai ddu radi cgnh cua tdn dan nay ddu cd gd nhd cao 6-7cra. Gd d phia canh nara da bi vd nhung cdn dau vet. Nhiing cai gd ndy nhu dd tdm dan fran khdng bi xe dich qua lai. Ddu gdc ndp rag phia ddng bac hi be do tru hoa cuong nga de. Mat ngodi cfta cac tdm dan hoa cuong khdng con nhdn min. Mat frong cfta tdra dan c6 dudng gd chgy sudt nhung mdn nhdn chi cdn ddu md khdng sdu nhu tu lieu Phap ghi lai. Ben frong md hidn nay cd hidn tiigng ddo bdi frong long md dd tira kiera vdt quy cfta mgt sd ngudi cdng hiiy hogi di tieh nhidu hon va ed khd ndng sup do [6]. Vdi ket qud khdo sat v l hidn frang ciia di tich, Phdng Bao ton Bao tdng tidn hdnh lap hd so di tich trinh Bd Van hda xep hgng di tich.
Ngay 24 thang 12 nam 1982, Bg Van hda ban hanh quyet dinh cdng nhan di
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HOC DONG NAI, SO 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 tieh Md Cu Thgch Hdng Gdn la di tich
khao cd hgc cdp Quoc gia theo quydt dinh sd I47/VH-QD.
+ Khai qudt di tich nam 1996 Thang 12 nam 1995,frong khi tiln hanh san fti mat bdng, cdc cdng nhdn cua xi nghidp da Ndng trudng Cao su Hdng Gdn phdt hidn ragt tara dd hoa cuang ldn ndm frong Idp dat do bazan each di tich Mg Cg Thgch Hdng Gdn khodng 60ra vd phia ddng nara. Ngay sau do cdc can bg Nhd Bdo tang Ddng Nai tidn hanh khdo sdt hien tiirdng.
Thang 1 nara 1996, Tnmg tdra nghidn cftu Khdo cd hgc (Vien Khoa hgc Xa hgi tai thanh phd Hd Chi Minh) phdi hgp vdi Nhd Bdo tdng Ddng Nai tien hdnh khai qudt. Tham gia dgt khai quat nay cd Tiln sT Mariko Yaraagata (Trudng Dgi hgc Tdng hgp Tokyo), Thgc sT Nishimura Masanari (Trung tdm Hgp tac nghien cftu v l Viet Nara cua Dgi hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi). Tren tdng didn tich 89,6m^, cac nha khao cd da phdt hi$n cdc di vat da gom 3 tdm dan da hoa cuong cd kich thftc ldn vd 2 tru dd sa thgch cung nhieu phi lieu da hoa cuong va da cudi, 3 di vat ddng (khdng xac dinh duge hinh dgng) va 24 manh vd do gdm. Nhgn dinh cua cac chuyen gia khdo cd frong dgt khai qudt cho rang day Id dia diem gdn kit chat ehe vdi qudn the kiln tnic di tich Hang Gdn da dugc phdt hien ndra 1927, la noi tap ket nguyen lieu va chl tac rad cu ddn co xua thgc hidn xay dgng hdm mg di tich Mg Cu Thach Hang Gdn [7].
-I- Dieu tra thdm sit di tich nam 2006
Trong khudn khd dieu fra dd xdc dinh phgra vi bao vd di tich Md Cu Thgch Hdng Gdn, tiiang 2 nam 2006, Ban Qudn ly Di tich - Danh thdng Ddng Nai phdi hgp vdi Trung tdm Khao cd hgc thudc Vidn Khoa hgc Xa hdi viing Nam bd tidn hanh dao tham sdt bao quanh khu vuc di tich Mg Cu Thach Hang Gdn. Vdi 58 hd tham sdt kich thudc 2-4m^ ttong khu vuc 40.000m^
cdc nhd khao cd hgc da phat hien 740 manh gdra cd, I the deo bang da vd 2 chiec Tu Va bang ddng cftng 5 mdu than. Nam raau than eho nien dgi khac nhau nhung khodng cdch sai sd khdng eao, radu cho nidn dgi sdm nhdt Id 150 nam trudc cdng nguyen (thd ky II TCN) vd mdu cho nidn dgi mudn nhdt la 240 nam SCN (thi ky IH SCN)[8].
+ Khai quSt di tich nam 2007 Nham cung cdp nhung co sd khoa hgc cho vide lap du dn trung tu, nam 2007, Ban Qudn ly Di tich - Danh thdng Ddng Nai phdi hgp vdl Trung tdm nghidn cftu Khdo cd hgc thudc Vien Khoa hgc Xa hdi vung Nara bd tiln hanh khai quat di tich Md Cg Thgch Hang Gdn. Dgt khai quat ndy dien ra frdn quy md ldn vdi didn tich 967m, dugc chia ldm 3 khu vuc. Khu A la phdn ddt tilp giap vdi di tich hien hiiu.Ci khu vuc nay tien hanh khai quat 24 hd vdi tdng didn tich 604,5m2.Khu B Id khu ddt each di tich 170ra v l phia nam. Tren khu vgc nay cac nha khdo cd tiln hanh 5 hd khai qu^t nhd kich thuge
TAP CHi KHOA HQC - DAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 3m X 3m vdi tinh chdt tham dd. Khu C
la phan dat cua khu chd tac dugc khai qudt nam 1996 vdi 5 hd khai qudt, tdng dien tich la 317,25m^. Trong dgt khai quat ndy sd lugng hidn v^t thu dugc gdm dd da vdi sd lugng ldn chft yiu la raanh vd khong dinh hinh, raanh tach frong qua trinh chd tdc nhiing tdra dan da va cot da.Dgc biet frong cac hd khai qudt d khu C phat hien suu tap hidn vat da cd 30 vidn da cd hinh dang gidng hinh mu nia hay hinh ban cau, kich thudc rgng tft 10-15cm, cao khodng 5,5- 60era va 8 vien dd hinh cau dudng kinh tft 7-lOcm tdt cd ddu cd vet ghe deo tao dang, cd the day la nhiing cdng cu ghe dap dd hodc cae con lan d l dl ddi nhihig philn dd ngng. Ngoai ra, frong qua trinh khai quat cdn phat hien ragt ban raai bdng da eat cd vit raai hinh long raang vd mdt vet radi ranh trdn. Hidn vat gdra tiiu duge 6.415 tidu ban phdn bd tap trung d cdc hd khai quat H2, H14 vd H16.Chftng tao thdnh radt ldp day tii 20cm d i n 50cm, frdn mdt khodng rgng til lOm^ (HI6) din 20m^ (H2) tgo thanh tdng van hda ro net.CJ cac hd HI, H4, H6 va frong ragt sd hd thudc khu B vd khu C gdm vd chi tgo thdnh tftng cura ridng biet hoac ehi la nhung radnh roi vai. Hdu hit dd gdm d day dugc lara tu ddt set pha cat va vd nhuydn thd nghiin ndt, xuong vd ao gdm cd mdu ndu sang, xam xanh, xam vang nhat. Nhan xet ve nhung hign vdt gdm trong dot khai quat nay cd y kiln cho rdng day la nhiing hign vat dugc dung trong nghi Id thd cung bi vd tu nhien hoac bi dap vd cd chu dich [11]. Ngodi nhung hien vdt
dugc phat hien, frong dia tang cac hd khai qudt cdn tim thdy nhiing vdt dat chay va than fro, nhihig vet ddt chay cung cd mau hdng nhu ggch non tao thdnh mdt sdn gan hinh frdn (dudng kinh 1,20m) va nhftng trg ddt chdy (dudng kinh 20-30era) nam d cac do sdu khdc nhau [9],
2. Van d l nien dai, chu nhSn va nhiing ly giai ve di tich Mo Cir Thach Hang Gdn
Van de nien dai va chu nhdn cfta di tich ton tai nhidu y kiln khdc nhau.
Bouchot da so sdnh Md Cu Thgch Hang Gdn vdi cdc mg cd ggi Id dolmen fren thi gidi vd hinh dang, kich thudc xdy d\mg, ciing sft dung nhung tara dan nguydn ven de xdy md gap rdt nhieu d bdn ddo Decker Transjordanie. Ngoai ra, cd nhieu d Bde Mien Didn, Asian Bde Trung Hoa, Java. Theo Bouchot Md Cu Thgch Hang Gdn cd hg hang vdi md dd cd Megalithique thudng gap d Biln Ddng. Lgp ludn cua Bouchot vd di tich: ddu tien phdng md va hai trg bdng dd hoa cuong dugc xay dung. Sau do, hdng tru egt bdng sa thgch mdi xudt hidn (thdi ky kira khi) cd tinh ehat frang tri khi chinh ngdi mg da lun gdn nhu khdng cdn gi cd. Nhihig tdm dan hoa cuong xdy phdng md cd san frong thien nhidn khdng edn deo ggt. Dieu nay da dugc Bouchot chftng minh ro vdi ham da hoa cuong dang khai thdc cgnh dudng each Dd Lat 6 km cd nhihig tara dan hodn toan gidng nhihig tara dan cua Md Hdng Gdn. Theo Bouchot ddy la ragt Megalithique dugc xay cat vao hai thdi ky: thdi ky hoa cuong va tiidi ky sa
67
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - DAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 03-2016 ISSN 2354-1482 tiigch. Bouchot suy ludn Md Hang Gdn
thudc ndn van minh tiidi ky do dd mdi va dl nghi nen xep rag ndy vdo "dia tdng thdi dai dd radi hidn tai" vd chft nhdn cua rag Hang Gdn cd lidn quan din cac tdc ngudi Gia Lai (Djaraie) Tay Nguyen [I, fr.l57].
Ddi nghich vdi Bouchot, Parraantier cho rdng cac trg cdt cd cdng dung nhu mdt dan ndng ha radt phdng che phu rag. Du cdc tru bi gay do hay vd vun do cudc khai qudt hay gid raua xdi radn dng da cdn cft vao nhihig ranh hinh bdn nguyet d mdi dau tru hay nhung cai de cdn nguyen frong ddt xdp de sap xep lai theo vi tti ban ddu. Theo gid thiet cua dng, ngdi rag Id radt gian phdng rgng thdp chira hdn xudng dat, cac cdt tru chdn cao, thdp ddn theo hinh ndc thang. Day la radt cai rad chung, frdn Id nap cd the xe djch de chdn ldn lugt nhieu vi quan hay chien sT. Van de nien dai eua Md Hdng Gdn, Parraantier than frgng dua ra phuong phap so sdnh vdi cdc mg cung loai frdn thd gidi da dugc dinh tudi [2].
L. Malleret cho rang cd su lidn he dugc hinh thdnh giua An Ddvd Nam Ddng Duang vd nien dai, theo Malleret di tich thuge thdi dgi DDd ddng [4].
Saurin E. ddt di tich frong tdng the 9 di tieh khdc frong khu vuc Hdng Gon va cho rang di tich co nien dai gdn vdi di tich Hang Gdn I cd nien dgi C14 Id 3950 ndm each ngdy nay [3].
Vdi nhidu phdt hien mdi, dac biet Id edc phdt hien ve nhirng kidn tnic ggch da tiiudc van hda 6 c Eo md dia
bdn phan bd frai rdng d eae tinh Ddng Nai, Lara Ddng, nhdm tdc gia Ld Xuan Diem, Phara Quang San, Bui Chi Hodng thudc BanNghidn cuu Khao cl hgc thudc Vidn Khoa hgc Xa hdi tai thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh dua ra nhan dinh chft nhdn cfta di tich Mg Cg Thgch Hang Gdn ciing Id chu nhan cua cac di tich Oc Eo cd nidn dgi vdo nhiing the ky dau den the ky VII sau Cdng nguyen [5, fr.l58].
Ngoai ra cdc hgc gia khac cung dua ra nhimg nhdn dinh rieng. Van Stein Callenfels vd L.Bezacier (1972) dua ra gid thidt rang vide mai tang kieu hdm rag tien sft Xudn Lgc hoge dung nhdn cdt frong chum dd Bac Lao hay chum gdm Sa Huynh la nhiing phong tuc chi cd tft ddu cdng nguySn.
P.Bellwood (1978) dua ra nhdn dinh md da Xuan Lgc (Ddng Nai) va Ddng Phd (Quang Ngai) deu cd khd nang quan he vdi van hda Sa Huynh co dien vao so ky thdi dai sat [10]. Gido su Ymio Sakurai cho rang didu kidn mdi trudng sinh thai doi gd dat dd bazan Nam bo (Vi^t Nara) gan gui vdi cdc di tich Cu Thgch d cao nguyen Pasemah (Indonesia). Gido su Eiji Nitta dua ra quan diem hdm md da Idn (big - stone cist) Hdng Gdn cd thd gan bd vdi suu tap vu khi kieu "Ko" (dagger, halberd) bang ddng d Long Giao va nien dai vao khoang cudi thd ky 3 trude cdng nguydn. Ngudi ehiira hiru loai "Ko"
(Bidu chuong cfta thu ITnh) se dugc chdn frong Md da ldn Hdng Gdn [10].
PGS. TS. Pham Dftc Mgnhdua ra lap ludn rang cdc thu ITnh frang bi "Ko"
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - DAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 ddng Long Giao thudn tiiy la cdc thft
ITnh qudn su, cdn nhiing nhdn vdt an nghi frong hdm dd Cu Thach Hang Gdn la ngudi cd quydn luc cao nhdt cfta cgng ddng [10].Quan dilra cua PGS. TS.
Lam My Dung cho rdng Cu Thach (cg thd la Dolmen - ttac thach) dugc diing de tudng nidm radt nhan vat ed thd lge nao dd khi mdt di. Do dd kich thudc cua tang da ti le thuan vdi su gidu cd cua gia dinh ngudi chet va uy thd ciia ngudi dd khi cdn sdng. Nghich ly ciia Cg Thgch Id nhidu ngudi dgng Cu Thgch, song chi cd vdi ngudi dugc chdn trong dd. Trong nhihig di tich Cu Thach da bilt d Ddng A va Ddng Nam A, Cu Thgch Hdng Gdn cd kich thudc ldn nhdt vd dugc xdy dung quy chudn nhdt.Cii Thgch d Viet Nam cd thd cd 2 giai dogn hinh thdnh vd phdt triln. Giai dogn sdm (So sft) gan vdi su hinh thanh lanh dia va giai doan raudn (Lich sft cd, Trung dai) gdn vdi su cat cft dia phuang vd chd do tti trudng hay thft ITnh ciia cac cdng ddng ddn tdc it ngudi [11].
Tidn sT Phgm Quang Son chu tri dgt thara sdt nam 2006 vd dot khai quat ndm 2007 dua ra nhgn dinh. Khu vuc xung quanh di tich Md Cu Thgch Hang Gdn Id dia ban cu tru eua cu dm cd, cd till la chft nhdn cua di tich. V l hai chile tii va bdng ddng, dng eho rang chftng ed lien he vdi nhung chile qua ddng vd tugng trftt bang ddng phdt hien tai Long Giao (dia diem each di tich ndy khdng xa). Chft nhdn cfta nhung hien vdt ddng cftng Id chu nhdn cfta Md Cu Thach Hdng Gdn rdt thdng thao binh n g h i ^ , bidt chd
tgo vii khi tinh xdo. Nien dai cua di tich dugc xac dinh khodng the ky I sau Cdng nguydn [9]. Vide phat hign tdng van hda vdi bai gdm vd chftng td be mat dat cd dd ndm thdp ban be mat hien tgi khodng 60cra va Md Cu Thgch khi xay dung da nara thap hon mat dat ttong ciing thdi dilra khoang lm. Nhihig ddu vdt gdra vd, dat chay frong khu vuc xung qu^ih rad phdi chang Id hinh anh edc nghi le, phuong thuc mai tang cua ngudi xua.Ve kiln tnic md sau khi thft sap xdp lai cdc cdt dd iheo nguyen tdc song song vd ddi xftng timg cap thi dudng nhu da du mgt cot ddi vd thidu mgt cot ngan (cdt ndy cd le bi ldy mdt theo thdng tin eua nhftng ngudi dan dia phuang) vd nhu vdy thi ttong kiln frftc mg da cd it nhdt 15 cot dd, khdng dung vdi so do sap xep cua H.
Parraentier. Qua nghien cftu nhdn thdy nhung vit ldm ydn ngua fren ddu cdc cdt ldn diu ndra ngang. Tuy nhien ciing cd mgt sd vit lom chay xeo tu fren xudng dudi. Tren 3 edt ngdn cdn lai cdn mgt vet ldra khac vudng gdc vdi vdt lom kia.
Theo Tien sT Pham Quang Son nhung egt nay phdi chdng la nhung egt ndy dung dd do nhiing dd xien nhu ddn tay frong cdu tnic nha. Can cu vao nhiing tdi lidu ddn tdc hgc ve nha md cua cac dan tgc Tdy Nguyen, tdc gia cho rang nhftng egt da ttong kien tnic Mg Cu Thgch Hang Gdn khdng phai dugc sft dung dd nang ndp md nhu quan diem ciia H. Parraentier md chung chi don gidn la nhung cdt nhd lam nhidm vu ndng dd raai nha [9].
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TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 3. Qua trinh triing tu tdn tao va
phdt huy nhung gia tri di tich Mg C y Thach Hang Gdn
Md Cu Thach Hang Gdn Id di tich khdo cd hgc vdi loi kien tinic kha dac tiimg dgng md dd xip chong ed nap (Dolraen) tao nen su thu hut manh me khi ldn ddu tidn phat hidn d Viet Nam.
Trong he thdng Cg Thach phdt hidn d Viet Nam va Ddng Nam A, Md Cu Thach Hang Gon dugc ddnh gid Id cd kich thudc ldn nhdt vd dugc xdy dung quy chudn nhat. Xdc dinh dugc gid tii ciia di tieh nen cdng tac tning tu tdn tao dugc cdc CO quan chftc nang dat ra tu rdt sdra. Sau khi lap hd so xep hang di tich cap qudc gia (1982), Nha bdo tang Ddng Nai da tien hdnh nghien cftu tu lieu, dd ra gidi phdp bdo tdn khu di tich.
Ldn trung tu ddu tidn dugc Nhd Bao tang Ddng Nai thuc hien vao nara 1992.Cdng tac trimg tu dugc tien hdnh frdn quy rad 1.400ra^ (44x32m), ldy kit cdu ham md Idra trung tam. Cdng vide triing tu dugc xde dinh gdm: Phat quang xung quanh di tich, ddn hg cac cay cd thg ngan chgn nhihig re cdy dara xuyen ldng ddt la nguy co phd vd kit cdu hdm md. Nao vet cac ldp ddt dd xung quanh vd ben frong ham rag.Sdp xip lai cac tru dd xung quanh hara mg, cac dogn gay cua cdc tru dd dugc sap xep lai vd bd tri fren cac bgc thdra. Todn bd khu hdra rag va cac trg da dugc xdy dung he thdng hang rao bdo vd ngan cdch vdi khu vuc xung quanh. Quan sat mdt each tdng the di tich Md Cu Thaeh Hang Gdn nhin tii frdn xudng la ldng chao vdi ba bac thdm, rgng d phia tren va hep dan ve
phia dudi. Day hd cd dgng hinh chu nhgt, kich thudc (8,25 x 7,36m), fren U mat Id hdm mg dugc phat Id vdi kilu thftc gidng nhu midu ta cua Bouchot nam 1927. Bdn vach hd dung hai xien ra ngodi vd gigt cdp tgo thanh ba bic them. Tren cac bgc thera dat cdc trg da va cae manh vd cfta cac tru.Vdch ciia eae bgc them dugc gia cd va op dd xanh dd chdng sat Id.
Ke tft khi dugc triing tu tdn tgo nam 1992, di tich Md Cu Thach Hang Gdn frd thanh diem tham quan thu hiit nhieu doan khach thara quan frong va ngoai nudc. Trong quy hogeh phat triln du lich, tinh Ddng Nai xae dinh chgn di tich Md Cir Thach Hang Gdn la mpt didra nhdn quan frgng frong tuyen tham quan du lich Ddng Nai. Tuy nhien qua khdo sdt thuc te tgi di tich nara 2010, hidn frgng di tich dang bi xudng cdp nghidm frgng. Cac hien vgt gdc dang bi phoi lg, mdi trudng (khdng khi, nudc) cd tinh xdm thgc ddi vdl hi?n vdt. Cac hidn vdt tuy ldra tft vdt lieu dd, song da cd hien tugng bi an radn, phong hoa;
mdt so hi gay nhieu mdnh, thdt lac, reu mdc. Di tieh chua dugc bdo ve dftng mftc, chua tgo dugc co sd hg tdng cho vide tnmg bay nen chua neu bat dugc cac gia tri gdc vdn cd. Canh quan va radi trudng chung quanh chua dft de tdn tao gid tri cung nhu tgo sftc hap dan - CO sd eho viec phat huy di tich [12, tr.l 3].
Nam 2011, ragt du an ttiing tu tdn tao Mg Cg Thach Hdng Gdn vdi quy rad Idn da dugc frien khai vdi sir phdi hgp giiia Vien Khoa hgc Cdng
TAP CHi KHOA HQC - DAI HQC DONG NAI, SO 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 nghd Xay dung - Phdn vidn Khoa hgc
Cdng nghd Xay dung mien Trung vd Ban Qudn ly Di tich - Danh thdng tinh Ddng Nai.
+ Muc tidu cua du an: Gift ghi ragt di san - di tich khao cd hge ed gid tii ldn, CO tinh dgc dao de chuyen giao cho the he sau, phuc vg cho cdng tac nghidn cftu tidp theo; gidi thieu v l loai hinh Cg Thgch d Viet Nara va frdn thd gjdi, ve thanh tuu khao ed hgc Ddng Nai; hinh thanh ragt diera tham quan, nghi ngoi vd hoat ddng van hda hap ddn, gdp phdn ndng cao mftc hudng thg van hda, phdt tiidn dich vg du lich d dia phuong.
+ Y tudng kien tnic: Todn bg cdng trinh kidn trftc chia lam 2 nhdm:
nhdra bdo tdn di tich gdc (gdm nhd mdi che mg chinh vd nhd tidp ddn cd khu chd tac va khdng gian tidm can) va nhdm tdn tao gid tri di tich (tao canh quan, td chftc cac boat ddng van hda, nghi ngoi vd giai tri). Lien kdt hai nhdm cdng trinh bdng he thdng thdm cd, cdy xanh va he thong dudng di cd cau tiiic gdn gui.
+ Nhiem vu ehinh dugc xac dinh Id bao tdn md da, dac biet Id viec chdng suy thoai do an mdn tu mdi trudng vdi gidi phap ky thuat: Md cd dat frong nha bao che, each ly mua axit va ddt til nhidn dam bdo giam tdi da tdc dg cac phan ung an radn. Hara md dugc bao ve chdng sap bang khung thep hinh (thao ldp dugc). Cac cdu kidn da gde dugc vd sinh khoa hge: tdy reu mdc, tdy vdt 6 bdng bidn phap co hgc, kdt hgp hda chdt dgc dung. Ddi vdi cdc cdu kidn phoi Id (khu che tae) thuc hidn che
raua, ngan cdch tiep xuc da vdi ddt, nudc (ldm sdn ndng cao cdt hien tgi).
+ Quy hoaeh tdng thi du an tning tu gdm cdc hang muc: cdng vdo;
bai dd xe; nhd dilu hanh; raieu thdOng Da; nhd tnmg bdy (noi gidi thieu, trung bay hinh dnh, md hinh ve Cu Thach Hang Gdn, cdc Cu Thach d Viet Nam vd fren thd gidl); khu che tdc: cac hi^n vat duge dua ldn ragt nen cao hon hi?n tgi de khdng bi tiep xiic trgc tiep vdi ddt, nude; nhd bao che md cd la cdng trinh ldn nhdt, hinh dgng va ttang tri bdn ngodi ggi nhd din cau tao nhd md xua. Ket cdu raai sft dung cdc ddn thep hinh vdm, cd cfta raai thdng gid, mai lgp tdn ket hgp vdi cdc tdra lay sang.
Tudng bao hdnh lang thara quan xdy dung tudng Iftng cao thdp khac nhau tgo nhip dieu. Phia ngoai ttang tri phu didu rad phdng sinh hogt thdi tien - so su.
Phia frong trat vua gid ddt. Mdt hanh lang ddn din rag cd bdng con dudng ddc xudng dan (phdng theo y tudng cua Parraentier). Md cd va cac trg dd vdn giu nguydn vi tri ban dau (cdc gid thuyet phgc dung nhd rad theo hinh tiiuc nhd rao Tay Nguyen hay rad hinh cua Parmentier khdng dugc chgn vi chua du sftc thuydt phgc), vdch hd ddo dugc gia cdng bang be tdng vd vfta gid ddt. Ngodi ra he thdng cdy xanh cd tdn che dugc frdng bao trum di tich nham tao cdra gidc thdra u nhu ttong thdi tien su.
Du an tning tu tdn tao di tich Md Cu Thach Hdng Gdn da hoan tdt, dara bao cho su bao tdn ragt each nguyen ven yeu td gdc cfta di tieh.
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TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HOC BONGNAI, SO 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 Ngoai himg tdm ehinh Id khu ham md
dugc thilt k l dang nha bao ehe, kit hgp khu tnmg bay, bdn egnh dd he thdng cdng vidn van hda kit hgp khu nghi ngai gidi tri ldm da dgng cdc hogt dgng van hda tiiu hiit nhilu khdch tham quan.
Cac hogt ddng xa hdi hda tai khu di tieh se dem lgi ngudn thu dd tidp tuc cdng tac bdo tdn di tich, gdp phdn tang ngudn ngan sdeh cho dia phuong.
4. K i t luan
Di tich Mg Cu Thgch Hdng Gdn la mdt vdt chftng ciia cu dan cd thdi ky tidn va sa sft fren ddt Ddng Nai. Trong didn tiinh lich sft vd frong mdi quan he vdi cdc nen van hda khdc cua khu vuc va cac vung ldn can, Md Cu Thgch Hdng Gdn danh dau ragt rade quan frgng frong su phat trien ciia xa hdi dd la su nhan thftc eua con ngudi ve vu trg, sg sinh tdn vd cudc sdng sau cdi chdt.
Md Cg Thgch Hang Gdn la radt rainh chftng cho trinh do phdt tnen efta tu duy cu dan cd Ddng Nai frong ky thudt gia cdng chd tac da, kidn tnic.
Chu nhdn cua Md Cg Thgch Hang Gdn ban la nhung ngudi rdt thdng thgo ve xay dung cd vl ky thudt gia cdng ldn td chftc thi cdng.Quy md vd tinh chat cua di tich Md Cu Thach Hdng Gdn cho thay chil nhdn la nhiing ngudi thudc hang thft luih Id nhiing ngudi kha thdng thgo vd buih nghidp. Di tich Md Cu Thgch Hdng Gdn kha ddc dao, xdt vl kich cd tiiudc logi ldn nhdt khu vuc, xet vd mftc do gia cdng thi day la cdng tiinh kha hoan hdo vdi nhung mgng khdp ndi gan nhu hoan chinh nhu radng gd, vdi bl raat ti^u chudt gan nhu nhdn bdng.
Tinh dgc dao cua MO Cu Thach Hang Gdn cdn the hidn bdi hai chimg logi ndm frong eung mdt cdng trinh:
hdra rad vd cdc trg dd, ddy la kien ttiic kha dgc bidt frong khu vgc.
Chftc ndng cfta cdc Cu Thgch fren the gidi dugc xdc dinh gdm: tirdng niera tara linh; tdm linh tdn gido; chon cat; thidn van; cgnh franh uy quyen. 0 khu vuc Ddng Nam A, di tich Cg Thach cho den thdi diera hien tgi phdt hien ehua nhieu, di tich Md Cu Thach Hang Gdn vdi quy md ldn nhu vay ed thi bao gdm 2-3 thdra chi la 4 chftc nang.
Vdn dd nidn dgi cua di tich, qua ket qua cua cac cudc dieu tta, tham sdt, khai qudt, dge bidt Id ldn khai quat gan ddy nhdt chftng ta tgra thdng nhat voi khung nidn dgi cfta di tich dugc xac dinh khoang thd ky I sau Cdng nguygn.
Vd hinh thftc kien triic gdc ciia di tfch, can cft vao so lugng chi tidt da cdn lgi cd nhieu y kien khdc nhau ve dd an khdi phyc cdu tgo nhd rag ban ddu. Co do an phdng theo nhd rad cfta cdc dan tOc Tdy Nguyen (tuy nhien tft nhd dd den nha gd Id cd ragt qua trinh ddi, khdng de c6 sir lap lgi vd cau true). Ngoai ra cdc chi tiet da cdn lai chua du de dung radt ngdi nha dang nhu vay; vide khdp ndi cdc eOt da dn dinh frong tu the dung dftng la van de khdng h i don gidn, vd hd thong radng d£
gift yen vi tri cac cdt dd hidn khdng phat hidn d di tich. Qud Id khdng dd de thn ra cdu tra ldi cudi ciing.Nhung bi dn fren co le se ehd nhung khara pha mdi ciia khao cd hoc.
TAP CHi KHOA HQC - DAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 03 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. J. Bouchot, " Qyelques notes en marge de la decouverte de Xudn LQC",. IV (1929) Bull, Soc, Etudes Indochinoises nO-2. P 114-124; J. Bouchot "Les fouilles "
11-1927, Bull soc Etudes Indochinoises nO-3. P 155 - 156;
2. J. Bouchot" Fouilles" 11-1927, Bull soc Etudes Indochinoises nO-3. P 219- 220, dan theo Le Xuan Diem, Pham Quang Son, Bui Chi Hoang (1991), Khao co Dong Nai, Nxb. Dong Nai
3. H. Parmentier " Vestiges megalithiques a Xuan Loc" Bulletin de ficole le Francaise d' Extreme Orient XXVIU. P 479-485, plXVI-XVIl,dln theo Le Xuan Di?m, Pham Quang Son, Bui Chi Hoang (1991), Khdo cd Dong Nai, Nxb. D6ngNai
4. Edmen Saurin, station prehistorique k Hang Gon pres Xuan Loc, Bixkketin de I'Ecole Francaise Tomell 1963. P 433, 443,dln theo L6 Xuan Diem, Pham Quang Som, Bui Chi Hoang (1991), Khao cd Dong Nai, Nxb. Dong Nai
5. Malleret L. 1963, L'Archeologie du delta du Mekong, BEFEO IV. Le Cisbassac, Paris - Saigon, p. 126 - 128; din theo Le Xuan Diem, Pham Quang Son, Bui Chi Hoang (1991), Khao c6 Ddng Nai, Nxb. D6ng Nai
6. Le Xuan Diem, Phjm Quang Son, Biii Chl Hoang (1991), Khao co Dong Nai, Nxb. Dong Nai
7. Luu Anh TuySt (1982), H6 sa di tich Mo Cit Thach Hang Gon, Tai lieu Itm trii tai Ban Quan ly Di tich va Danh thing tinh Dong Nai
8. Pham Diic Manh va nhom tac gia (1996), Bao cdo khai quat di tich Ctf Thach Hdng Gon II, Tai lieu lim trO tai Nha Bao tang D6ng Nai
9. Pham Quang Som, NguySn Van Long, Bui Chi Hoang, Nguyin Dang Hiep Ph6(2006), Bao cap thdm sat di tich Cu Thach Hang Gon, Tai lieu luu trii tai Ban Quan ly Di tich - Danh thdng Dong Nai
10. Pham Quang Scm (2007), Bao cao khai quat di tich Cie Thgch Hdng Gon, Tai lieu luu tril tai Ban Quan ly Di tich - Danh thSng D6ng Nai
11. Pham D i e Manh (2007), Quan the di tich kiin triic Ctf Thgch Hdng Gdn - Trung tdm van hoa linh thdn Bdng Nai thdi ky tiin nha nudc tren nin canh van hoa tiin sic - sa sti khu vtfC va chdu luc, Tai lieu Imi trii tai Ban Quan ly Di tich va Danh th3ng tinh Dong Nai
12. LSm My Dung (2007), Nghien cicu Cti Thgch a Vift Nam vd Ddng Nam A, Tai lieu luu tru tai Ban Quan 1^ Di tich va Danh thing tinh D6ng Nai
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TAP c m KHOA HQC - DAI HQC BONG NAI, SO UJ - zuio laaiN zjj^-i'tez - 13. Nguyen Thi Hodi Huong, Do gdm & di tieh Mp Cu Thgch Hdng Gdn dm khai qugt 2007.1a\ li?u luu tift- tgi Ban Quan ly Di tich vd Danh tiiang tinh Ddng Nai
14. Trdn Minh Dftc (2010), Dif dn ddu tic, bdo qudn, tu bo vd tdn tgo di tich Mp Cif Thgch Hdng Gdn, Tdi lieu luu tiii tai Ban Qudn ly Di tich va Danh tiidng tinh Ddng Nai
HANG GON'S MEGALITHIC GRAVE MONUMENTS HISTORY OF DETECTION AND PROCESS FOR RESTORING AND EMBELLISHING
ABSTRACT
Cu Thach (Megalithic) are big rocks used for textures or monuments, either standing alone or standing with other rocks. There are many classifications including megalithic Menhir (sPaight stone - agar); Dolmen (dolmens - Zhuo jelly);
Stone cits (coffin stone - the grave); Stone jar (rock jar); Stone sarcophagus (cofin stone); Stone sculpture (large stone statues); Stone bend (sea stone bridge); Stone wall (rock wall); Stone stair (stone steps); Stone bathing place (rock bathing pools);
Cairn (cairn); Terrace (shelf rock); Stepped Pyramid (stone pyramid with steps) [11]. In the world, there are many megalithic monuments that were discovered, and they have been scattered in Europe (UK, France, Bulgaria, etc), along the Atlantic coast. Africa (Ethiopia. Sudan ...). around the edge ofthe Mediterranean (Palestine, Pakistan ...), in Asia (India, Tibet, Japan, China. Korea, etc). Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia). In Vietnam, so far the megalithic monuments have been discovered including Hang Gon (Dong Nai). Dong Pho (Quang Ngai), Chu Pha (Gia Lai), Hung Yen (Nghe An), Vu Xa (Bac Giang), Lan Kha mountain (Bac Ninh). Ban Thanh (Cao Bang), Nam Dan (Xin Man, Ha Giang), Mau Son mountain and Lai peak (Lang Son), Ta Van Giay (Lao Cai), Soc Son (Hanoi).
The comparison with the megalithic monuments discovered in Vietnam and other countries in East Asia, Southeast Asia proved that Hang Gon megalithic has the largest sizes and the best standards. Since the time of discovery (1927) until the present time, the search for answers to the mystery of Tomb Megalith at Hang Gon keeps on posing for local and foreign archaeologists. Many investigations, excavation surveys have been conducted, and a lot of restoration and renovation plans have been being conducted to lead to scientific insights decoding for the existence of monuments and preserving an invaluable asset of man. The article systematizes materials on the history of the discovery, the research and the process of restoration and renovation as well as promotes the value ofthe monuments.
Keywords: Hang Gon's Megalithic Grave Monuments
