NGUYEN TAC "QUYEN YEU CAU TOA AN BAO VE QUYEN VA LOI ICH H0P PHAP CUA DlfUNG SO"'
Nguyen Thi Thu Ha * ViiHoingAnh**
*PGS.TS. TrUcfng Dai hpc Luat Ha Npi.
* * ThS. Truicfng Dai hoc Luat Ha Npi.
Th6ng tin bai viet:
Tukhod: NguySn t4c, y6u cau To^ an bio v§ quyen va Ipi ich hpp phap, Bo lu^t To tyng dan svr.
Lich sif bdi viet:
NhSnbii Bient^p Duy?t b ^
: 10/6/2020 : 22/6/2020 : 28/6/2020
Tom tat:
Nguyen tSc "Quyen yeu cau t6a dn bao v? quyen va Ipi ich hpp phap ciia duong s\f" la mot trong cac nguyen tac ca ban va d^c trung ciia phip lujit t6 tyng dan sif. Khi xay d\mg Bp lu|tt To t\ing dan su nam 2015 (BLTTDS nam 2015), nguyen t5c niy da dupe sua doi, bo sung, trong do co nhiing npi dung chura dung tri^t ly phap luat moi anh hucmg sau s^c toi vi^c xay di^ng va thuc hifn cac quy djnh cua phip luat to t\ing dan syr. Trong ph^im vi bai viet nay, cic tic gia t^p trung trinh biy ve npi dung quy dmh ciia phip lu$t vl nguyen tac quyen ySu c^u toa an bao ve quyen vi Ipi ich hpp phap ciia duong si; theo BLTTDS nam 2015 vi tir do dua ra cac kien nghi hoan thien.
Article Infomation:
Keywords: Principles; right to request courts to protect legitimate rights and interests. Civil Procedure Code Article History
Received Edited Approved
10 Jun. 2020 11 Jun. 2020 28 Jun. 2020
Abstract:
The principle of "Right to request courts to protect legitimate rights and interests of the involved parties" is one of the basic and characteristic principles of the civil procedure law. This principle was amended with new legal philosophies that have profoundly influenced the development and enforcement of the legal regulations on of civil procedure when the Civil Procedure Code of 2015 was developed. Within the scope of this article, the author put focus on discussions on the legal contents on the principle of the right to request the court to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the involved parties in accordance with the Civil Procedure Code of 2015 and also provide recommendations for ftuther improvements.
Theo Giao su Nguyin Huy Diu: "Mot quyen l(n duac luat phap cong nhan nhieu khi khong du bao dam cho ngudi co chu quyen hucmg dung: quyin lai co the bi phu nhan, bi xdmpham"; vi vay, ''chii thi quyin /p7 bi ton thuang co quyen buoc tha nhan phai ton trong
1 Bai viet nay c6 sii dung ket qua nghiSn cuu cua D6 tai: "Co so ly lu^n vi th\rc tien hoan thi^n quy djnh:
Toa an khdng dupe tir choi giai quylt vy viec dan si; vi ly do chua co dieu luat ap dyng" cua Bp luat TTDS nam 2015" do TS, Nguyen Van Lu^t lam Chii nhi?m.
. NGMICN CVU I n S6 13 (413) • T7/2020\_ L A P P H A P *
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT
quyen lai bi de doa bang nhung phuong tien hap phdp"^. Noi cich khic, khi xay dyng mpt bp thong phap luat, song song vdi viec ghi nhan quyin va nghia vu, Nhi nude can phii xay dung cic eo che de dam bio thye hipn cic quyin va nghia vu do. Phip luat dan sy Vipt Nam tni lipu nhilu phuong thiic giai quyet tranh chap dan sy, trong d6 co phuong thiic yeu cau toa an bio vp^. Quyen yeu cau toa an bio vp da dupe ghi nhan thinh mpt nguySn tic trong BLTTDS nam 2015. Viec ghi nhan nguyen tic niy la budc dau nham bio dim quyen tiep cgn cong ly.
1. N$i dung ciia nguySn tac quyen yhx zhi t6a in bio v^ quyin va Ipi ich hgp phip
1.1. Quyen yeu cau toa dn bdo vf quyen vd Ifi ich h^phdp
Muon lim ro npi dung ciia nguy6n tac quyen ySu ciu tda in bio vp quyin vi Ipi ich hpp phip, trude hit can phan bi$t khii niem bio vp vdi khii nipm bio dam vi bio hp.
Thu nhat, phan bi$t khii nipm bio vp vi bio dim: Xet vl ngon ngii hpc, "bio v?"
dupe hilu li cbdng l^i mpi sy xam ph?im dl giii cho luon ludn dupe nguyen vpn**. Theo do, npi dung eiia vipe bio vp gom hai ho^t dpng: mot la, ehong lai cic hinh vi xim pham; hai Id, giii gin cho ludn dupe nguySn ven. Cdn bao dim la, "lam cho chae chan thye hi^n dupe, giii gin dupe, ho^e eo day du nhiing gi c ^ tliilt"^ ho$c la "hiia chju trich nhipm vl dilu gi", "cam doan givt
dupe, lam dupe diy dii"''. Bao dim li dieu ki$n cin phii cd dl thye hien mpt dilu gi, cong viSe gj. Nhu v|iy, bio dim va bao vp la hai van de khic nhau nhung cd npi dung tiep giap nhau vi cd m6i lien hp ch|it che vdi nhau. Bio vp chi dat ra khi eie quyen loi hpp phip bi xam ph^un, cdn bao dim la t^o ra cic dieu kien cin thiet dl chii thi thye hipn dupe cic quyin lai hpp phap ngay ci khi khdng c6 sy xam phgm'. Phan tich ro ban, tiep can theo sy tuang ho, bio dim vi bao v§ la hai khau tilp giip, liln kl nhau trong ho^t dpng giii gin nguyen vpn cic quyin Ipi hpp ph^.
Phip lu|t bio dim quyin Ipi bing cich t ^ ra cic dilu kipn thu^ui Ipi dl chii thi cua quyin Ipi luon ludn dupe thy hudng quyen Ipi va h^n ehl cac hinh vi xam ph^m. Tuy nhien, phip luit khong tiie dim bio tuypt doi quyin Ipi se luon ludn khdng hi xam ph^m, luc niy cic bipn phap bio dim quyin Ipi khong cdn td ra hihi hipu trong v i ^ giu gin nguyen vpn gii tri cua quyen Ipi. Khi do, can cd bipn phap manh ban dl giii nguyen gii tri ciia quyin Ipi, liic niy, cic co chi, bi§n phip bio ve quyen Ipi td ra him hieu nhim myc dich ngan chan ngay 1^ hie h o ^ trong tuong lai gin cic hanh vi xam pham quyen Ipi.
Thu hai, phin bi§t khii nipm bio vp vi bio hp: Bio bp theo nghia chung nhat la sy che chd, khong de hi hu hong, ton that^.
Trong khoa hpc phip ly, bio hp tiiudng dupe hieu li tat ci nhung hinh vi mi Nhi nude
2 NguyenHtQ'D^(1962),Lu|ttDansv-T6tyngVi?tNam,XuitbindudisvbaotrpciiaBpTufA^,SiiG^tr.3.
3 Ngoii phuong thiic yfiu cau toa in bio v?, cic phuong thiirc giii quyet tranh chap dan sy hi^n nay gbm c6:
ty bio V?, h6a giii, thucmg lupng va trpng tai.
4 Vien NgoD ngii hpc (2011), Tii diln tieng Vi^t ph6 thong, Nxb. Phuong Dong, tr.34.
5 Hoang Phe (1998), Ti dien tilng Vi?t, Nxb. E>i Ning, tr.36.
6 Nguyen Lan (2002), Tir diln t^ vi ngu Hin Vi^t, Nxb. Van hpc. Hi Npi, tr.40.
7 Vo Khanh Vinh (2003), Lpi ich xa h0i vi phip lu|it, Nxb. C6ng an nhan dan, tr.l96; trich trong NguySn Cong Binh (2006), Bao dim quyin binh ding cua duong sy trong to tyng dan sy, Lu|n in Tiln si Lu$t hpc, Truang D^i hpc Lu^t Hi Npi, tr.23.
8 Vi?n Khoa hpc xa h^i Vi?t Nam, Tii dien tilng Vi?t; trich trong: Nguyen Van Luit (2005), Bio hp quyin sd him cong nghiep doi vdi nhan hi§u hing hoa 6 Vi?t Nam, Luin in Tien si Lu|t hpc, Trucmg D^i hpc Lu|t Ha Npi, tr.39.
10
IHOHIIHCUU ILAP P H A P ^ S 4 13 (413) - T7/2020
thye hipn nham cong nh^n va bio v? mpt quyin lpi nhit dinh'. D6i ehilu vdi khii niem bio vp da dupe phin tich d tren, ed thi nh|n thiy bio hp vi bio vp dIu gidng nhau d myc dich do li chdng l^i cac hinh vi xam pham quyen. Tuy nhien, d goe dO tdng quit, bio h$ cd cic diSm khic so vdi bio vS do li:
mot la, chu thS thuc hi$n viSc bao hO chi la Nhi nude, trong khi chii thi thye hipn ho^t dpng bio vp ngoii Nhi nude, cdn cd the li chinh ci nhin bi xim ph^m; hai Id, bio hp cung e6 nhiing diem chung vdi bao dim, cy the li vipc Nhi nude nhim tao ra cic dilu kien thuan lpi de thye hi$n mpt quyen nio do - noi each khic, bio hp cd mpt phan tinh chit gi6ng bio dim vi mpt phan tinh chat gilng bio v$. Trong nghien eiiu khoa hpc luit, thuat ngii bio ho thudng dupe su dyng trong Imh vyc sd hiiu tri tup, vi dy nhu bio hO quyin sd hihi tri tup.
Tit nhung phan tich tren, ed thi thiy, vin dl bio vp quyen chi d|t ra khi cd hinh vi xim ph^im t(^ quyin. Quyin y6u e4u tda an bio ve quyen vi lai ich hpp phip la nang lye phap luat td tung din sy cua cic chii thi vi mpi chu thi dIu dupe binh ding vl quyin. Dilm gidng nhau cua quyen yeu cau tda in bio vp vdi cic quyen khic li d cho quyin niy da dupe trao san cho eie chu the khi sinh ra (doi vdi ci nhan) hogc khi thinh l9P (ddi vdi CO quan, to chiic cd tu each phip nhin). Tuy nhien, dilm khic nhau giiia quyin yeu cau tda in bio v$ so vdi cic quyin khic li d chd quyin niy chi cd the sii dyng vdi dilu kipn la cd hanh vi xam pham tdi quyen.
Trong td t\mg din sy, dya vio tinh chat cua tumg lo^i quan hp dan sy mi nhi l$p phip xay dyng cae thii tyc phii hpp de giii
quyet cic quan hp do. Viec xay dyng cic thii tyc to tung phii hpp giup cho vi^c bio vp quyen lpi hpp phap dupe nhanh chdng, hipu qui vi tiet kipm. Hien nay, cd hai thu tyc dupe sir dung de giii quyet cac quan he din sy bao gom thii tuc giii quyet vy in din sy vi thu tuc giii quyet vipc dan sy'°. Theo do, cic tranh chap dan sy dupe giii quyet bdi thii tuc giii quyet vu an din su vi dupe bat dau bang hinh vi nop don khdi kipn tai tda an;
cic yeu cau dan su dupe giii quylt theo thu tuc giii quylt viec din sy vi dupe bit diu bang hinh vi npp dan yeu cau tai tda in. Nhu viy, quyen yeu cau tda an bio vp dupe th6 hipn dudi hai hinh thiic li khdi kipn vy in dan su ho^c yeu cau giai quylt vi^e dan sy.
Dilu nay dupe cy the hda tai khoin 1 Dilu 4 BLTTDS nam 2015: "Ca quan. to chicc, cd nhan do Bp lu$t nay quy dinh co quyen khai ki4n vu dn dan syc, yeu cau gidi quyet vi4c dan su tai Tda dn co tham quyen deyeu cau Toa dn bdo v$ cong ly, bdo v^ quyen con nguai, quyen cong dan, bdo v4 10 ich cua Nha nuac, quyen vd lai ich h^ phdp cua minh hoac cua nguai khdc ". So vdi BLTTDS nam 2004 (siia dli, bd sung nam 2011), BLTTDS nam 2015 da b6 sung them vai h-6 cua Tda in trong vipc bio ve cong ly, bio vp quyin con ngudi, quyen cong dan de phu hpp vdi quy dinh cua Hiln phip nam 2013.
Them nua, thuat ngy "dan sy" dupe sd dyng tai Dilu 4 BLTTDS nam 2015 phii dupe hilu theo nghia rpng. Thu^t ngii "dan sy" d diy duoc sii dyng de dai dipn cho cic nhom quan hp xa hpi cd tinh chit tu bao gom: dan sy, hdn nhin vi gia dinh, kinh doanh thuang mai vi lao dpng. Tu duy cua eie nhi lap phip tir nam 2004 den nay li giii nguyen quan diem, cic quan hp phip luat cd
Giio trinh Lu^t Sd hihi tri tue (2013), Trufirng Dai hpc Lu§t Hi Npi, Nxb. Cong an nhan dan, tr.243.
D6i vdi thu tuc eiai quylt vy in dan sy 1^ dupe xay dyng thanh hai thii tyc do li thii tyc th6ng thudng vi ..,.•. h.. n',t J n . nhune vu in din su dip ling Dilu 316, 317 BLTTDS nam 2015 dupe ip dyng giii quyet thii tyc nit gpn, nhung vy in din sy dip ling Dieu
theo thii tyc r6t gpn.
S6l3(413}-T7/2020\
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NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT tinh chat gidng nhau se dupe bio ve theo nhung trinh ty, thu tuc gidng nhau'^ Npi dung cua khoin 1 Dilu 4 BLTTDS nam 2015 cd the lim ro nhu sau:
Thu nhat, ca quan, to chuc, cd nhan co quyen khai ki^n vu dn dan su, yeu cau gidi quyet vi^c dan su de bdo v$ quyen vd lai ich hop phdp cua minh.
Ci nhan, co quan, td chirc muon co quySn khdi kien hoac yeu cau giai quySt vu viec din sy dl bio ve quyen va lpi ich hpp phip cua mmh thi ngudi khdi kien, yeu cau phai CO quyen vi lpi ich hap phap hi xam pham hoac co quyen va lpi ich hpp phip can dupe bio vp. CJuyen khdi kien, yeu ciu d diy cd the hmh thanh trong hai trudng hpp: mpt la trudng hop chii the da tham gia vio quan he phip luat dan sy; hai li trudng hop chu the kh6ng tham gia vao quan hp phip lugt dan sy nhung dupe the quyen, ke quyen ho|ic cd quyen ddi v6i ngudi thii ba. Ke quyen dupe hieu li viec dupe tiep noi, chuyen giao quyen tu chii the khic. Vi dy, trong cic trudng hop hpp nhit, chia, tich phip nhin thi phap nhan mdi dupe ke thda quyen va nghia vy cua phip nhan trude do, trong do cd quyin khdi kipn'^ hoac ngudi thiia ke hing thii nhit ciia ngudi cho vay tien co quyen khdi kipn de yeu cau ngudi vay tien thye hien nghia vu'^. The quyen dupe hieu li vipe thay thi dl thda hudng quyen tii chii the khac. Vi dy, ben cd quySn yeu cau thye hien nghia vy CO thS chuyen giao quyen y8u cau do cho ngudi thS quyen theo quy dinh ciia Bp luit dan sy nam 2015 (BLDS nam 2015).
Thic hai, ca quan, to chirc, cd nhan co quyen khai ki$n vu dn dan su, yeu cau gidi quyet viec dan sif de bdo ve quyen vd lai ich hap phdp cua nguai khdc.
Khong phii bit ky co quan, to chiic, ci nhin nio ciing ed quyen khdi kipn, yeu ciu de bio vp quyen lpi hpp phip ciia ngudi khac. Quyen khdi kien, yeu cau giii quyet vu viec dan sy trong trudng hpp niy duoc xac dinh can eii vao quy dinh ciia phap !u|it npi dung, cu thS:
- Theo quy dinh cua BLDS nam 2015 thi ngudi dai di$n theo phip luat cua ngudi chua thinh nien tru ngudi tu du mudi lam tudi den chua dii mudi tim tudi da tham gia lao dpng theo hpp dong lao dpng ho|ic giao dich dan sy bang tai sin rieng ciia minh; ngudi mat nang lye hinh vi dan sy; ngudi bi h^n che nang lye hinh vi din su; ngudi cd khd khan trong nhin thiic vi lim chii hanh vi ciia minh CO quyen khdi kipn, yeu eau giii quyet vy vipe din su de bio vp quyen vi lpi ich hmj phip cua ngudi chua thinh nien, ngudi mat hoac han che nang lye hinh vi dan sy, ngudi cd khd khan trong nhein thiic va lim chii hinh vi.
- Co quan quin ly nhi nude ve gia dhih, CO quan quin ly nha nude vl tr6 em, Hpi lien hi^p phu nu Vipt Nam trong pham vi nhiem vy, quyin h^n cua minh ed quyen khdi kipn, yeu ciu vu viec ve hdn nhin vi gia dinh theo quy dinh tai khoin 2 Dieu 10, Idioin 5 Dieu 84, khoin 2 Dilu 86, khoin 3 Dilu 102, khoin 2 Dilu 119 Luat Hdn nhan vi gia dinh nam 2014. Theo do, cic co quan niy ed quyen khdi ki^n, yeu cau ve huy vipe ket hon trii phip lu^t, yeu ciu thay doi ngudi tryc tiSp nuoi con sau khi ly hdn, yeu cau h ^ che quyen cua cha, me ddi vdi con chua thinh nien, tranh chip xic dinh cha, mp, con, tranh chip ve nghia vy cip duong.
- Co quan lao dpng, thuong binh va xa hpi, hpi lien hipp phy nii cd quyin yeu ciu
11 Xem Dilu 88 din Dieu 92 Bp lu|t Dan sy nam 2015.
12 Xem them Dilu 590, Dilu 591 Bp luat Dan sy nam 2015, nguoi thira ke ciia nguiri bi xam ph^m v^ nhin than c6 quyen khdi kipn vy in dan sy de yeu cau bdi thudng thi?t h^ii ngoii hpp dong.
13 Xem Dilu 68 BLTTDS nam 2015.
1 9 iNOHltN CUU I
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cham diit vipe nudi eon nudi theo Dieu 26 Luat Nudi eon nu6i.
- To chiic dai dipn t^p thi lao dpng eo quy6n khdi kipn vu in lao dpng trong trudng hpp cin bio vp quyin vi loi ich hop phap cua tap the ngudi lao dpng.
- Td chiic xa hpi tham gia bio ve quyen lai ngudi tieu diing cd quy§n dai dipn cho ngudi tieu dung khdi kipn bao ve quyen Ipd ngudi tieu dung.
- Ca nhin cd quyen khdi kien vy in hdn nhan va gia dinh dl bio ve quyin, lpi ich hpp phip cua ngudi khic theo quy dinh tai khoin 2 Dilu 10, khoin 5 Dilu 84, khoin 2 Dilu 86, khoin 3 Dilu 102, khoin 2 Dilu 119, khoin 2 Dilu 51 Luat Hdn nhin vi gia dinh nam 2014 vi Dieu 26 Luat Nudi con nudi. Trong trudng hpp niy thi cac ci nhan sau diy co quyen khdi kien:
+ Vp, ehong cua ngudi dang c6 vp, c6 ch6ng ma k8t hdn vdi ngudi khac; cha, mp, con, ngudi giim h0 hoac ngudi dai dipn theo p h ^ luat khic cua ngudi kit hon trii phap luat.
+Ngudi than thich cd quyin yeu ciu thay d6i ngudi tryc tiep nudi con sau khi ly hdn.
+ Ngudi than thich eo quyin yeu ciu Tda in ban chi quyin cua cha, mp doi vdi con chua thinh ni6n.
+ Cha, me, con, ngudi giam hp co quyen yeu ciu Tda in xic dinh cha, mp cho con chua thinh niSn, con da thinh nien mit nang lye hanh vi din sy; xic dinh con cho cha, mp chua thanh nien hoac mit nang lye hanh vi din sy hong cic trudng hpp dupe quy dinh tai khoin 2 Dilu 101 eua Luat Hon nhan gia dinh.
+ Ngudi than thich cd quyin yeu ciu Toa an bupc ngudi khdng ty nguypn thye hien nghia vu cip duong phii thye hien nghia vu dd.
+ Cha, mp, ngudi than thich khic cd
quyen yeu cau Tda an giii quyet ly hon khi mpt ben va, ehong do hi benh tam thin hoac mac benh khac mi khdng the nhan thiic, lam chu dupe hinh vi cua minh, dong thdi la nan nhan cua bao lye gia dinh do ehong, vp ciia hp gay ra lam inh hudng nghiem trpng den tinh mang, siic khde, tinh thin cua hp.
+ Cha me nudi, con nudi da thanh nien, cha me de hoac ngudi giim hp ciia con nuoi cd quyen yeu ciu chim diit viec nudi con nuoi.
Thu ba, ca quan, to chirc khai ki$n de bdo ve lai ich Nhd nuac, lai ich cong cpng:
Cling gidng nhu trudng hap thii hai, khdng phii bit ky co quan, to chiic nio ciing cd quyin de khdi kien vi lpi ich Nhi nude, lpi ieh cdng cong. Nhiing ca quan, td chiic CO quyin khdi kiSn trong trudng hpp nay phai dupe Nhi nude trao quyen quin ly trong pham vi linh vyc nhat dinh. Vi du: co quan Tai nguyen vi Moi trudng cd quyen khdi kien vy in din sy de yeu cau Toi in bupc ci nhin, co quan, td chiic co hinh vi gay d nhiem mdi trudng phii bdi thudng thiet hai, khic phuc sy cd gay 6 nhiem moi trudng. CJ day, ca quan, td chiic khdi kipn khong CO quyen lpi hpp phip hi xim p h ^ nhung vin dupe xac dinh tu cich li nguyen don trong vu in dan sy'''. Hien nay, khong cd quy dinh cho phep ci nhan dupe khdi kien vi lpi ich Nha nude, lpi ich cdng epng.
Co le xuit phit tu sy phiic tap trong nhiing vy in lien quan din lai ich Nhi nude, lpi ieh cdng cong vi nhiing kho khan, ban che trong hoat dpng ehiing minh ciia ci nhan di kipn cho lpi ich chung nen phip luat chi ghi nhin quyin khdi kipn eua ca quan, td chvrc trong trudng hpp niy.
1.2. Trdch nhifm gidi quyet vu vifc d&n sif cua Toa dn trong truotng h^ chua co diiu luat dp dung
Nguyin Van Tuin, Md rpng nguln phap lu^t dim bao quyin tilp cin cong ly t^i Vi?t Nam, T^p chi Nghien ciru l|ip phip, so 17/2018, tT.15.
S6 13 (413) - T7/2020\_ L A P P H A P NGHltN CUU I 1 4
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT Muon xiy dung mpt nhi nude phip quyen vi hinh thinh tu duy song, lim vipe theo phip luit tiii ddi bdi dat ra li phai bio dam cho xa hpi ludn ed dii phip luat de tuin theo. Quan diem triet hpc Mic-Lenin cho rang, nhan thiic la eii eo sau thye tai'^. Theo do, de nhan thay, phip luat ciing co nhiing ban che ve tim nhin nen khdng thi dy lipu trude mpi tinh buong phip ly cd the xiy ra trong ddi song. Them vio do, quan hp din sy la mpt trong nhiing quan he phong phii, da dang vi pho biln nhit ciia ddi sdng. Dudi tic dpng eua hpi nhip, doi mdi vi phit trien, cic quan he din sy ludn vgn dpng, thay ddi cing dat ra nhilu thich thiie d^i vdi phip lu$t. Vipe mong muon phip luit thinh van (hay luiit viet) cd thi dilu chinh mpi quan hp dan sy li dilu bit khi thi. Ciing nhu bat ky sy tdn t^i khich quan nio, luit vilt luon d trong tinh trang van dpng hudng tdi su hoin thipn nhung khdng bao gid dat din sy myet ddi'*. Chinh vi vgy, vipe d^t ra nguyen tac giii quyet cic quan he din sy khi chua cd lu^t ip dyng li dieu rit quan npng.
De giii quyet cic hiin che ciia viec thilu luit dieu chinh, nhieu quoc gia tren thi gidi da ghi nh$n nguy6n tic tda in khdng dupe tii choi thy 1^' hay cdn dupe gpi li nguyen tic "bat khang thy ly" trong Hien phip vi eie bp luit ciia minh. Nguyen tic nay da tao ra CO sd phip ly quan trpng de ngudi din budc diu dupe tiep c$n cdng ly tai Tda in vi h ^ chi dupe tinh trang Tda in tri lai don khdi ki$n thieu can cii. Ke thua sy phit triln cCia phip lu£it to tung dan sy tren the gidi, lin dau tien trong lich sir lip phip ciia Nhi nude ta, quy dinh Toa in khdng dupe tii chdi giii quylt vy vipe din sy vi ly do chua cd luit ap dyng da dupe ghi nhin. Cu thi, khoin 2
Dilu 4 BLTTDS nam 2015 quy dinh: "Toa dn khong duac tir choi gidi quyet vu viec dan sir vi ly do chua co dieu luat de dp dying. Vyi viec dan syc chua co diiu lu^t de dp dtiing la vy vi4c dan sif thuocph^m vi dieu chinh ciia phdp lu4t dan sir nhung tqi thai diem vyi vi4c dan su do phat sinh vd ca quan, to chuc, cd nhan yeu cau Toa dn gidi quyet chua co dieu luat de dp dung ". Vipe bd sung quy dinh nay lim ket cau ciia Dieu 4 trd nen ch^t che. NIU khoin 1 Dieu 4 ghi nhJin quyen cua ngudi dan trong vipe "cau vien" cdng ly thi khoin 2 Dieu 4 d p ra trich nhipm vi cich ling xii ciia Tda in trude sy "thinh ciu" ciia ngudi dan. Quy dinh tren vua dat ra thich thiic de cic tham phin phai ludn trau d^i nang lye chuyen mdn cua minh, vua li eo hpi de tham phin the hien ddng vai trd la "dai dipn cong ly", li "dinh cao cua nghe luat".
Ben c^nh dd, quy dinh cua khoin 2 Dilu 4 BLTTDS nam 2015 cin dupe hilu d phgm vi rpng ban nhu sau:
Thir nhat, ve dieu ki^n toa dn khong duo'c tir choi gidi qttyet vu vi^c dan s^r:
Khdng phai tit ca cac trudng hpp khi ngudi dan cd don khdi kipn, yeu eau giii quylt vy viec dan sy la Tda an dIu thy ly giii quyet. Toa in chi cd trich nhipm thy ly vy viec din sy neu vy vipe dan sy dd thoi man dong thdi cic dieu kien sau day: (i) quan hp dupe yeu ciu giii quyet thupc pham vi dilu ehinh eua phip lu^t dan sy tiic li cic quyen, nghia vyi ve nhan than vd tdi sdn eiia ci nhin, phip nhin trong cic quan hp dupe hinh thinh tren ca sd binh ding, ty do y chi, dpc lip ve tai sin vi ty chiu trich nhipm; (ii) quan hp dupe yeu cau giii quyet thupc tham quyen giii quyet ciia toi in theo thu tuc to tyng din su, tiic li quan h$ dd khdng thupc
15 Nguyen Ngpc Di?n, Mpt si v ^ dl ly lu|n ve cic phuong phip phan tich luit viet, Nxb. Tu phip. Hi N$i nam2016,tr.ll.
16 Xem khoin 12 Dilu 25, khoin 8 Dieu 26, khoin 6 Dilu 27, khoin 7 D i ^ 28, khoin 4 Dieu 29, khoin 4 Dilu 30, khoin 3 Dilu 31, Idioan 3 Dieu 32 BLTTDS nam 2004 (sua ddi, bo sung nim 2011).
U
lHOHllNCUU /L A P P H A P _ / S 6 1 3 ( 4 1 3 ) - T 7 / 2 0 2 0
tham quyen giii quySt c\la c4c co quan, t6 cliuc khac hoac khong du^c giai quyet a Toa an theo thii tyc Idiac nhu thu t\ic t6 tung hanh chinh, thii tyc to tung hinh sy, thu tyc tuyen bo pha san; (iii) quan h? dir^c yeu cau giai quyet chua c6 dieu luat ap dyng.
Vi dy, c4c b6n trong quan h? hdn nhan yeu cau toa an gidi quylt ly t h ^ . Diy duoc coi la quan hp dan su chua co dieu luat ap dung vi hi?n nay ly than chua dugc quy dinh trong Luit Hdn nhan va gia dinh. Ly than la vin dh phip ly c6 inh huang den cac quan he nhan thin vi tii sin li doi tuong dieu chinh cua phip luit dan su va khong thuoc thim quyen giii quyet cua co quan, to chiic khic nen toa in c6 trach nhi?m thy ly giii quySt theo thu tyc t6 tung dan sy.
Thv hai, nguyen tac gidi quyet vu vi4c dan sw trong truang h^ chua co dieu lucit dp dung: MOt trong nhung nguy&i tic chung duoc ghi nhin trong phip luit to tyng cua Viet Nam li nguyen tic thim phan xet xu dpc lap va chi tuan theo phap luat. Ciu hoi dat ra la lim thi nio dS vi$c giai quyet cac vu viec dan su chua co luit diiu chinh khong vi pham nguySn tic tren. Giii phap dat ra la phii xic dinh duoc nguySn tic giii quySt quan h$ dan sy khi chua co luat. DiSu niy giup ip dyng thdng nhat phap lu^t vi trinh sy l?m quySn ciia thim phin. Theo Biiu 45 BLTTDS nam 2015, vi|c giii quylt vu viec dan sy chua co luat ip dyng duoc thuc Men theo thu ty sau: (1) Ap dyng t?p quan; (2)
Ap dyng tuong ty phip luat; (3) Ap dyng nguyen tac co bin ciia phap luat, an 1§, le cong bang. Voi quy dinh niy, nhan thiic ve nguon phap luat co sy thay doi mang tinh dQt phi chii khong chi bo hep trong luat thinh van va t|lp quan nhu tu duy cii.
Thu ba, anh hucmg ciia nguyen tac tda dn khong dugc tit choi gidi quyet v^ vi$c dan stf vi ly do chua co dieu luat dp di^ng tdi cdc quy dinh cua BLTTDS nam 2015: Mpt trong nhiiDg vai tro ciia nguyen t3c li dinh hudng cho vi?c xay dyng vi thye hiSn phip luat.
Tinh thin ciia khoin 2 Dilu 4 co anh hudng sau sic ted cic quy dinh ve tham quyen din sy cua toa in. Trade day, khoin cuoi ciing cua mSi dieu luat trong phan thim quyen dan sy cua Tda an theo loai viec deu quy dinh:
"Cdc tranh chap hoac yeu cau khdc ma phdp ludt CO quy dinh "". Theo quy djnh niy,
vdi nhimg tranh chip phit sinh sau khi BLTTDS nam 2004 (siia ddi, bl sung nam 2011) dupe ban hinh, nlu khdng cd van bin phap luat khic quy djnh tranh chip dd thupc thim quyen giii quySt ciia Tda in thi Tda in khdng cd thim quyin giai quylt. Hi?n nay, dl phu hop vdi quy dinh tai khoin 2 Dieu 4 BLTTDS 2015, khoin cudi cung ciia cic dilu luit vl thim quyin din sy ciia Tda in theo loai viec trong BLTTDS 2015 da sua ddi nhu sau: "Cdc tranh chap, yeu cdu khdc vi dan su, trir truang hap thuoc thim quyen gidi quyet cua ca quan, to chirc khdc theo quy dinh dm phdp ludt"'". Vdi quy dinh niy,
17 Xem khoto 14 Dilu 26, khoan 10 Dieu 27, khoan 8 Dieu 28, khoto 11 Dieu 29, khoto 6 Dieu 30, khoan 6 Dieu 31, khoan 5 Diiu 32, khoin 5 Dieu 33 BLTTDS nam 2015.
18 BLTTDS PMp quy dinh: "Thim phin nio tCi choi x4t xil, v « 1^ do phap lu?t khong c6 quy dph, quy d|nh khong ro ring hojc khong Oky ii thi c6 thS bi truy t6 tOi tii choi congly". Nham cy the quy d|nh niy, Dieu 434-7-15 BO lujt Htah sw Phip ngiy 01/03/1994 quy dinh: Neu Tham phin * cl-"! cong ly kta di dupe yeu e k vi tiW til ch6i c6ng !>• mac di. da dwe cinh bio hoiic cap tren ral?nhtta b,ph,t tien 7500 FS^C vi elm dim nhi#m cic ch4c v^ cong quyin tir 5 din 20 nam T^ Bi, khi Thamphin W cho. c6ng ly se bi phat tiJn tir 200 euro din 500 Euro hojc c6 thi cam dam nta?m chuc vi|hp,c cong vrfc trong hnh vvo c6ng quyin. Hay trong Lujt hinh sy cua Luxembourg c6 quy dpih: neu Thm. phan xam ph?m cic
^ y l n tifdo vi cic quyin hiln djnh khac se bi phjl tu tir 15 ngay den 1 nan. Xem: Ngo Qu^c Ctacn
?2016), "Q^yln tilp cSn cong If cua cong din vi nghia vu x6t xu cua Toa an'. Tap eta Nhi nude vi phip Iu8t,(0'3),tr.l5-16.
. HOHIlH Cini I I E S 6 1 3 ( 4 1 3 ) - T 7 / 2 0 2 0 ^ I A P P H A P ' "
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT tru nhiing tranh chap dan su da dugc ghi nhan ro la thuoc tham quyen giai quyet cua cac ca quan, to chiic khac thi cac tranh chap dSn su con lai thupc pham vi dieu chinh ciia phap luat dan su dSu thuoc tham quyen giai quyet ciia Toa an. Nhu v^y, quy dinh ciia khoan 2 Dieu 4 da ma rpng tham quyen giai quyet vy viec dan su ciia Toa an.
Ngoai ra, khi Toa an giai quyet vu viec chua CO dieu luat ap dung thi bat bupc phai CO svr tham gia ciia Vien kiem sat theo quy dinh tai khoan 2 Didu 21 BLTTDS nam 2015 nham dam bao Tea an giai quyet vy viec dan sy nay diing dan, chinh xac. Hoac dd co can cur cho Hpi dong tham phan To^ an nhan dan toi cao lua chgn an le thi trong cac phan quyet cua Toa dn khi giai quyet cac vu viec dan sy chua c6 dieu luat ap dung, hpi dong xet xu- sa thSm, phiic tham ngoai viec phai can cii vao tai li?u, chiing cii da dupe xem xet tai phien toa, ket qua tranh tung tai phien toa d£ phan tich, danh gia, nhan dinh ve yeu chi, cac tinh tiet ciia vu an, nhung can cu phap Iu$t ma Tda an ap dyng, thi con phai can cii vao tap quan, tuang tu phap luat, nhung nguyen tac ca ban ciia phap luiit dan s\c, an le hoac le cdng bang, d8 chap nh^n ho^c khong chap nhan yeu cau va giai quyet cac v4n de khac co lien quan (Dieu 266,313 BLTTDS nam 2015).
Thu tu. che tdi phdp ly dp d{ing cho thdmphdn vipham nguyen tac Toa dn khong duac tir choi gidi quyet vu viec dan su vi ly do chua CO luat dp dung: Mpt quy dinh dlu CO gid tri den dau ciing tra thanh vo nghia n6u khong d^t ra che tdi phu hpp danh cho no. Vi?c xOr ly trdch nhiem d6i voi tham phan mpt each cong bdng, kjp thai, khdch quan va nghiem minh la mpt doi hoi quan trpng de bao dam th\rc hi?n tot nguyen tac tren.
Nghien ciiu phap luat to tyng dan su mpt so nu6c, CO the thay che tai dp dung cho tham phdn til chdi cong ly dupe dp dung khac nhau. Tuy theo mure dp vi ph^m ma tham
| e iHOHilH cuu /
• " L ^ PHAP_/S613(413)-T7/2020
phdn CO thi hi phat tiln, cdm dam nhiem chiic vy hoac chiu hinh phat tu'. 6 Vi?t Nam, Toa an Nhan dan t6i cao da ban hanh quylt dinh s6 120/QD-TANDTC ngay 19/06/2017 quy dinh vl xu ly trdch nhi^m nguoi givf chuc danh tu phdp trong Tod an nhan dan. Theo do, Dilu 9 va Dieu 10 cua Quyet djnh nay quy dinh, tham phdn se bi xu ly trach nhiem bdng hinh thiic kiem diem trude ca quan, dan vi khi: "Trd Igi dan khai ki^n khong dung quy dinh cua phdp lu4t, gay dnh huang den quyen, Igi ich hap phdp cua ca quan. to chirc, cd nhan hoac gay du ludn xdu, dnh huang den uy tin cua TAND ". Neu vin tilp tyc vi pham, tham phdn cd the bi tam dung thuc hipn nhi?m vy dupe giao trong 30 ngay. De ngudi dan bdo v? tdt quyin lpi ciia minh, khodn 2 Dieu 192 BLTTDS nam 2015 quy djnh: khi trd lai dan khdi ki?n cho ngudi khdi ki?n, tham phan phai cd van ban neu ro ly do trd lai dan. Van ban nay la ca sd de duong s\r thye hi$n quyen khieu nai ve viec trd Igi dan khdi ki?n cua Tda dn neu cho rang hanh vi dd Id khong diing quy dinh ciia phdp ludt.
2. Nhung hki cap trong quy djnh ciia phdp luat vl nguyen t^c quyin ySu c4u Toa an bdo v^ quyin va loi ich hgp phdp Thu nhat, viec sii dung thuat ngu" "vy viec dan su" tai khoan 2 Dieu 4 BLTTDS nam 2015 la chua phu hpp ve logic. X6t ve trinh ty td tyng, trude khi vao sd thy ly vy viec dan su, tham phdn phai th\rc hipn thii tyc tien thy ly. Thii tyc tien thu ly bao gom cdc cdng vipe nhu xem xet quyen ciia chu the khdi kien, nang luc hdnh vi td tyng dan su ciia chii the khdi kien, tham quyen ciia Tda dn... Neu tranh chap hoac yeu cau dan su khdng dap ling cac dieu kipn thy ly thi Tda dn se tra lai dan khdi kipn, dan yeu cau.
Mpt tranh chap dan sy hoac mot yeu cdu dan sy chi trd thdnh mpt vu dn dan su ho§c mpt vi^c dan su neu Tda an chap nhan thy ly quan he dd. Khi Tda dn tu choi gidi quylt
m0t quan hp phdp luat chinh la vipe Tda dn tu choi thy ly giai quyet quan hp dd, viec tu choi liic ndy dupe diln ra d giai doan tiln thy ly nen vy viec dan sy chua thi dupe hinh thanh.
Thir hai, khoan 1 Dilu 4 BLTTDS nam 2015 quy djnh chu the cd quyin khdi kipn, yeu cau giai quyet vy viec dan su bao gdm CO quan, to chiic, cd nhan. Dieu ndy ddn din cac cdch hieu khac nhau ve chu thi khdi ki§n, yeu cdu gidi quylt vy vi^c dan su la td chiic. Cdch hieu thir nhat cho rang, khi BLTTDS nam 2015 diing tir td chiic thi cdn hiSu la se cd to chiic cd tu each phdp nhan nhung cimg cd nhiing td chiic khong co tu cdch phdp nhan va cd hai td chiic nay deu c6 quyin khdi kipn, yeu cau nhan danh cho chinh td chiic dd va cd thi Id duong su trong vy viec dan sy. Cdch hieu thir hai cho rang, chu the dupe gan vdi tii "td chiic" se luon cd tu cdch phdp nhan de dpc l?p tham gia td tyng tai tod an''.
Ngodi ra, quy dinh tai khodn 1 Dieu 4 BLTTDS nam 2015 cdn mau thuan vdi quy dinh ciia BLDS nam 2015. Theo quy dinh ciia BLDS nam 2015, chi cdn hai loai chii thi tham gia quan hp dan sy Id ca nhan va phdp nhan; cdc chu the nhu hp gia dinh, td hop tdc, doanh nghiep tu nhan, van phong luat su vd cdc td chiic khac khdng cd tir cdch phdp nhdn, khdng duac coi
!a chu the tham gia quan hp dan sy. Vi vay, khi tham gia quan hp dan sy, td hpp tac, hd gia duih, td chiic khdc se tham gia vdi tu cdch Id cd nhan hoac nhdm ca nhan. Dieu 101 BLDS nam 2015 quy djnh, "hp gio- dinh, to hap tdc, to chirc khdc khong co tu cdch phdp nhdn tham gia quan h? dan su thi cdc^
thdnh vien cua ho gia dinh. to hop tdc, to chirc khdc khong co tu cdch phdp nhdn Id
chu the tham gia xdc lap, thuc hien giao dich ddn su hogc uy quyen cho nguai dai dien tham gia xdc lap, thuc hien giao dich ddn su... Truang hap thdnh vien cua ho gia dinh, to hap tdc, to chuc khdc khong co tu cdch phdp nhdn tham gia quan he ddn sv khong duac cdc thdnh vien khdc uy quyen Idm nguai dai dien thi thdnh vien do Id chu the cua quan he ddn syr do minh xdc lap, thyrc hien". Dieu ndy cd nghia Id, khi to hop tac, hp gia dinh, td chiic khdc khdng cd tu cdch phap nhan khdng cd nang lye chu the dpc lap tham gia vao cdc quan he phdp luat npi dimg thi cung khdng the trd thdnh chii the dpc Idp nhan danh chinh td chuc trong cac quan hp to tyng. Hay noi each khac, td hpp tdc, hd gia dinh, td chiic khdc khdng cd tu each phdp nhan xdc lap, thuc hien cac giao dich dan sy vdi tu cdch Id ca nhan hoac nhdm cd nhan thi khi xiy ra tranh chap lien quan den cdc giao dich dan su do cdc thanh vien ciia td hpp tdc, hd gia dinh, td chiic khdng cd tu cdch phdp nhan thye hien thi cac thdnh vien ciia td hpp tdc, hp gia dinh, td chiic khdng cd tu each phdp nhan se la ngudi khdi ki§n vd dupe xdc dinh Id duong sy trong vy dn dan sy chu hp gia dinh, td hpp tdc, td chiie khac khdng ed tu each phdp nhan khdng phai la duong sy. Dilu nay ciing tuang thich vdi Luat daanh nghiep nam 2014 khi quy dinh chu doanh nghiep tu nhan la nguyen don, bi dan hoac ngudi cd quyen Igi, nghia vu lien quan trude Tda dn trong cdc tranh chdp lien quan din doanh nghiep (khodn 3 Dilu 185 Luat doanh nghiep nam 2014).
Thu ba, Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 266 va Dilu 313 BLTTDS nam 2015 thi trong bdn dn so thim, ban dn phuc tham deu c6 quy dinh rd Hdi ddng xet xu cdn cd phdn tich, ly gidi, l^p luan vl cdch ap dyng phdp luat khi
19 NguySn Thi Huang, Khdi ki?n va thy ly vy ^ dan sv - Nhirng vin dl ly luan vi thvc tiln, Luan in Tign sT Lu^it h(?c, Truimg D^ii hpc Lu(it m Npi, 2019, tr.89.
S413(413)-T7/2020\
NGHltN CUU I 1 7 IAPPHAP I'
NHA NUdC VA PHAP LUAT ra piian quyet de giai quyet vu vi^c dan s\r chua CO diSu luat ap d\uig. Tuy nhien, d6i vdi quyet dinh giam doc tham thi lai clii d6 cgp chung chung la pliai plian tich quan diem ve viec giai quyet vu an va nhiing can cii de chap nhan hoac Idiong cliip nhan kliang nglii (khoan 2 BiSu 348 BLTTDS nam 2015) hoac clii de cap den tniong hop quy dinh cua phap lu$t chua ro rang, con co each liieu Idiac nhau tili Hpi dong xet xtr giam d6c tham cua Hpi dong Thim phan Toa an nhan dan t6i cao can CO lap luan de lam ro quy dinh cua phap luat con CO each hieu khac nhau; phan tich, giai thich cac van de, s\r kien phap ly va chi ra nguyen nhan, duong loi xij ly, quy pham phap luat c ^ ^p dung neu c6 (khoan 3 Dieu 348 BLTTDS nam 2015). Trong quy6t dinh giam d6c thim chua dS cap djn trucmg hpp vi^ an thu0c trudng hpp quy dinh tai khoan 2 BiSu 4 BLTTDS nam 2015 thi hpi ddng xet xii gidm d6c thim d\ra tren can cii phap ly nao d^ giai quyet.
Thii tu, theo quy dinh cua DiSu 44 BLTTDS nam 2015, thu mc thy ly, giai quyet vy vi$c dan svr chua co dieu luSt ap dung dupe th\rc hi$n theo quy djnh ciia BLTTDS nam 2015. Tuy nhien, vu vi$c dan su chua c6 dilu lu^t kp d\mg co nhung diem khdc bi?t so voi cac vu viec dan sir thong thudng khac, thucmg la phiic tap hon. Vi vay, ngoii vi?c phap lugt quy dinh Toa an th\i ly giai quyet v\i viec dan s\r chua co dieu luat 4p d\mg theo cac quy dinh chung ve thu ly, giai quy^t cac loai vv vi|c dan su khac thi phap luat can phai co nhiing quy dinh rieng vi thy ly, giii quySt lo?i vu vi?c dan su niy.
3. Ki^n nghi
Thii nhat, cin sua doi quy dinh ciia khoin 2 DiSu 4 BLTTDS nam 2015 nhu sau:
2. Toa in khong dupe tvr chdi giii quy6t tranh chdp, yeu cdu dan su vi ly do chua co
diau luat dS ip dung. Tranh chdp, yeu cau ddn sir chua CO di6u luat ii ap dung \3 tranh chdp, yeu cdu dan sv thupc pham vi dieu chinh cua phap luat dan su nhung tai then diSm tranh chdp, yeu cdu dan su do phit sinh vi ca quan, t6 chiic, ca nhan yeu ciu Toa in giii quylt chua co dieu luit de ap dung.
Thir hai, sOta d6i quy djnh cua khoin 1 DiSu 4 BLTTDS nam 2015 ve chu thS co quySn khdi ki^n, yeu ciu va cic diSu c6 lien quan trong Bp luit niy che phii hpp vcri BLDS nam 2015; theo do, chi co ci nhan, phap nhan co quyjn khdi ki$n, yen ciu vi dupe xac dinh la duong su trong vy vice dan su. D6ng thdi, Toi in nhan din tdi cao can ban hanh van bin hudng dan vi quyen khdi ki^n vi vif c xic dinh tu each duong svr ciia hp gia dinh, td hpp tie, td chiic khic khdng CO tu cich phip nhin thep hudng: tianh chip lien quan djn td hpp tic, hd gia dmh, to chiic khic khdng co tu cich phap nhan thi thinh vien cua td hpp tic, hp gia dinh, to chiic khdng cd tu cich phap nhan la ngudi khdi ki$n vi dupe xac dinh la duong svr trong vy in dan svr.
TTiii- ba, siia ddi Di6u 348 BLTTDS nam 2015 theo hudng, khi giii quyet vy vi$c dan sir thupc trudng hpp quy dinh tai khoin 2 Dieu 4 BLTTDS nam 2015, Hpi dong xft xii cin can cii vio tap quan, tuong tvr phip luat, nhiing nguyen tic ca bin cua phip luat din svr, in 1? hoic le cdng bing, de chip nhan hoac khdng chap nhin khing nghj vi giii quyet cic van de khac cd lien quan.
Thic tu, sua ddi BLTTDS nam 2015 theo hudng, bd stmg quy dinh khdng ap dyng cac quy dinh vi thu tuc nit gpn de giai quySt cic vy viec dan Su chua cd dilu luit ip dyng ddng thdi cd quy dinh rieng ve trinh tvr, thii tyc thy ly vi giii quylt cic vy vi?c dan sy chua cd dilu luit ap dyng •
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NGHltN CUU IL A P P H A P ^ S 6 13 (413) - T7/2020
