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BAOVE QUYEN CON NGl/Oll TRONG TO TUNG HINH Sir
• ThS PH4JVI HONG PHONG Tda dn nhdn ddn tinh Hgu Giang
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rong xa hdi dan chii, quyln con ngudi ludn giii vj tri thugng tdn va dugc phap luat ghi nhan, bdo ve. Ddc biet, quyen ciia nhdm ngirdi ylu dil ludn dugc quan tam va cd CO chi dae thu dl ddm bag quyen dugc thuc thi tten thuc te.Nhdm ban chi nhiing sai sdt ttong boat dOng td tung hinh sg, bao vl quyln con ngudi ciia ca nhan va nhdm thilu sd trong xa hdi, hau hit cdc nha nudc dan chii deu dat ra nhirng nguyen tdc nhdm ngan ehdn hanh vi biic cung, nhuc hinh.
Mdt Ii, nguyin tic bit khi xam pham ve than tiii
Quyln bdt kha xam pham ve than thi la mot ttong nhung gid tri xd hgi cao nhat can phai dugc bdo v$, ddc biet ttong td tung hinh su. Vile tudc doat quyln con ngirdi, quyen cdng dan chi dupc dp dung khi cd cac dilu kiln, can cii luat dmh vd phdi chiu su giam sat chat che ciia Tda dn hodc Viln kilm sat. Dilu nay Ididng cd nghla Id quylt dinh ciia Tda an va Viln kilm sat la myet ddi, md ngirdi cd hdnh vi pham tdi vdn cd quyen phdn khdng: "Ngirdi bi bdt, tam giii, tam giam, khdi td dilu tta, truy td, xet xu thi hanh
an ttdi phdp luat cd quyln dugc bdi thudng thilt hai vl vat chdt, tinh thdn va phuc hdi danh du. Ngudi vi pham phdp luat ttong vile bdt giam, khdi td dilu tta, truy td, xet xu thi hanh an gay thiet hai cho ngudi khdc phai bi xu ly theo phdp ludt"{khoan 5, Dilu 31 Hiln phdp Viet Nam nam 2013).
Quy dinh ndy the hien tinh cdng bdng giiia mdt bin mang quyen luc nhd nudc vd mdt ben Id nhdm thilu sd hi dp deit. Nguyen tdc nay dam bdo cho quyen con ngudi dugc thuc thi ngay ca ttong trudng hgp hg hi dp dat.
Hai la, nguyen tic suy doan v6 tdi Tuyen ngdn nhdn quyen nam 1948 va Cdng ude qudc te ve quyln chinh tri va dan su cila Lien Hpp qudc nam 1966 dlu quy dinh: "Bat ky ngudi bi bupc tdi ndo dlu cd quyln suy dodn Id khdng pham tdi cho din khi loi cua ngudi dd dugc xac dinh theo mdt trinh tu do phdp luat quy dinh bdng phien tda xet xu cdng khai ciia Tda an vdi su bao dam day dii kha nang bao chiia ciia ngudi dd". Dilu dd cd nghia, mdt ngudi chi dupc xem la cd tdi khi bi tda dn xet xu.
Nguyen tdc suy dodn vd tdi ddi hdi bdt ky hanh vi pham tdi nao cflng phai dugc co quan tien hanh td tung chiing minh theo mot ttmh tu, thu tiic do phdp luat quy dinh. Hiln phdp 2013 ghi nhan nguyen tdc: "Ngudi bi budc tdi dugc coi
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la khdng cd toi cho den khi dugc chiing minh theo trinh tu luat dinh va cd ban an kit tdi ciia Tda an dacd hilu luc phdp ludt" (khoan 1, Dilu 31). Nguyin tdc ndy dd dugc ghi nhan tu Hiln phap 1992. Noi dung cua nguyin tdc nay: Tda an Id CO quan duy nhdt cd quyen kit toi mdt ngudi nao dd. Mpt ngudi chi coi Id ed tdi khi Tda an ra mot ban an va bdn dn dd da phdt sinh bleu luc phdp luat. Trong trudng hgp, ngudi dugc cho Id cd hanh vi pham tdi (bi can, bi cdo) khi chua cd phdn xet cd hilu luc cua Tda an thi phai dugc xem la ngudi vd tdi, dugc hudng cdc quyen va nghia vu ciia cdng ddn. Su glii nhan ciia nguyen tdc ndy cd tdc dung kep: Thu nhit, ylu cdu nhirng ngudi mang quyln luc nha nudc phai thuc hiln nhiem vu cua minh mdt cdch nghilm tiic, khdch quan, than trpng va chat che. Hp phai hilu rihiem vu cua hp khdng chi la chiing minh mdt ngudi nao dd la cd tdi hay khdng ed tdi, ma cdn phai bao ve ngudi tinh nghi nhu mdt cdng ddn binh thudng, khdng dugc cd thai dp dinh kiln ddi vdi ngudi hi tam giii, t ^ giam, hi can, bi cdo. Thiihai, mdra mdt ldi thoat cho nhiing vu an roi vao bl tdc, budc CO quan tiln hanh td tung phai tuyen bd cd nhan vd tdi va quyln cua ngudi bi tinh nghi dugc uu tien bao vl.
Nguyen tdc ndy thi hiln su tiln bp, nhdn dao cua nha nudc va phap luat ddi vdi con ngudi.
Viec ghi nhan nguyin tdc nay khdng phai Id phii dinh hoan toan gia tri phdp ly cua cdc quylt dinh to tung da dugc thuc hien cac boat ddng td tung trudc dd dlu la tien de cho boat ddng xet xu cua Tda dn. Ban an chi that su thuyet phuc khi ma tat ca cdc giai doan cua quy trinh gidi quyet vu dn that sukhdch quan, minh bach va tdn ttgng quyln con ngudi.
Ba li, nguyen tic duoc Tda an xet xu Vi|c phan xet mdt ngudi c6 tdi hay khdng cd tdi chi cd thi dugc thuc hien bdi co quan thuc
hiln quyen m phdp cua qudc gia, theo Hiln phdp 2013 dd la Tda dn nhan ddn'"': "Ngudi bj budc toi phai dupc Tda an xet xii". Vdi nguyen tdc nay, ngudi bi cho Id cd hanh vi phEun toi dugc yeu cdu Tda an xet xu dl hg nhan dupc phdn xet cdng bdng la cd tdi hay khdng cd toi, ngay ca khi hg dd chit. Nguyin tdc nay gop phdn bao vl quyln ciia con ngudi ttong trudng hgp cd su vi pham cua eg quan tiln hanh t6 tung. Thue te, cd rdt nhilu trudng hgp bi can, hi cdo trudc khi dugc dua ra xet xii edng khai tai Tda thi chit nhung ngudi thdn, gia ffinh khong thi minh oan cho hp ngay cd khi bilt ehdn ch3n la hp khdng pham tdi. Quy dinh nay la phii hgp vdi thuc tiin xa hdi, thdo gd nhiing vudng mk ttong td tung hinh su\^et Nam hien hanh, ddng thdi phii hgp vdi xu hudng phdt triln.
Bon la, nguyen tic xet xii mdt lin Vl nguyen tdc chung, mdt hanh vi vi pham phdp luat chi bi xu ly mdt lan. Tuy nhiln, thuc riln ciing khdng hilm gdp trudng hgp mot ngudi thuc hien mdt hdnh vi pham tdi nhimgbi xet xu nhilu Idn va cung mot hanh vi pham toi ma ngudi pham tdi phai chap hanh nhilu ban an eda nhilu tda an khac nhau. Dl ngdn chan dilu nay, Hien phdp 1992 quy dinh: "Khdng ai bi kit an hai Idn \d mdt tdi ph^mi". Khoan 3, Dilu 31 Hien phdp 2013 ghi "Khdng ai hi kit an hai Idn vi mOt toi pham" nghia la ttong mit khoang thdi gian Hen tuc neu mpt ngudi thuc hiln hdnh vi pham tdi thi hg chi bi xet xd b6i mot Tda an va chi phdi gdnh chiu ttdch nhiem phdp ly bdi mot ban an. Do dd, niu ngirdi pham tdi sau khi hi kit an lai tilp tuc thuc hien hdnh vl pham tdi da hi xlt xu thi vdn phdi tilp tuc bj xet xu vl hanh vi thuc hiln tdi pham sau nay.
Nim la, nguyen tic duoc quyen bao chua Xa hdi phdt triln thi y thirc va hieu bilt phap ly ciia ngirdi dan ciing dan dugc nang cao. Tuy nhiln, ngay cd vdi nhting ngudi cd hieu biltv^
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phdp ly, dd chuan bi san ndi dung ttanh tung tai phien tda, nhung niu khdng cd cdc ky ndng vl ttanh tung tai phien tda thi cung khong bilt cdch dl chung minh su vd tdi cua minh. Hiln phdp 2013 thira nhan nguyin tdc: "Ngudi bi bdt, tam giii, tam giam, khdi td dieu tra, truy td, xlt xu cd quyen tu bao chiia nhd ludt su hodc ngudi khdc bdo chiia" (khodn 4, Dilu 31).
Nguyen tdc nay rdt phii hgp vdi Nghi quyet 49 cua Bp Ciiinh tri (2005) ve chien luge cai cdch tu phdp din nam 2020, dd Id "ndng cao chdt lugng ttanh tgng t ^ cac phien tda xet xii, coi day la khau dot pha cua hoat ddng tu phdp".
Su tham gia ciia ngudi bdo chira ttong edc giai dogn td tung se bdo ve kip thdi cdc quyln va nghia vu cua ngudi cd hanh vi pham tdi; ddng thdi ngdn chan cdc hanh vi xdm pham hoat dgng tu phdp cua co quan tiln hanh td tung, ngudi tien hanh td tung. Dilu nay mang lai mdt nln tu phdp ttong Scich va ndng cao chdt lugng giai quylt dn hinh su va dilu quan trgng la bdo ve tdi da quyen lgi ciia nhdm ngudi hi hgn che mdt sd quyln cdng dan.
Ben canh nhiing nguyin tdc coban neu ttIn, dl dam bao quyln con ngirdi, ttong hoat ddng xet xu cua toa an cdn xdc dinh mdt sd quyen ciia ngirdi tham gia td tung va dupc ngirdi tiln hdnh td tung tdn ttpng, man thu nghiem ngat.
Nhdm cdc quyln dd bao gdm:
- Quyin duoc su dung tieng ndi va ch u viit cua dan tdc minh trong td tung:
Day Id nguyen tdc dupc ghii nhan ttong Hiln phdp va Bd lu9.t td tung hinh su vdi tu each la mdt ttong nhirng nguyin tdc eo ban cua td tung hinh sg. Quy dinh nay tao dilu kien cho ngirdi tiln hdnh vd tham gia td tung hinh su kha ndng tich cue tham gia vao viec xem xlt, gjai quylt vu an. Trong trudng hgp ngirdi tham gia td tiing diing tiing ndi va chii vilt cua dan tpc minh cdn phdi cd ngudi phien dich. Hp cd quyln thdng
qua ngudi phien dich dl tim hieu hd so, tham gia cde boat dpng td tung va phdt bilu ttong philn tda bdng tieng ndi cua dan tdc minh.
Dilu nay phai dugc co quan tien hanh td tung dam bao thuc hiln. Bin canh dd, cac vdn ban theo luat can phdi tdng dat cho ngirdi tham gia td tung phai dugc dich ra ngdn ngii dan tdc md ngudi dd dang su dung.
- Quyin duoc giai thich ve quyin va n^a vu khi tham gia to tung:
Qud trinh tham gia td tiing Id qua trinh thuc liiln quyln va nghia vu phap ly ciia dirong su.
Dl thuc hien dugc ddy du, cu thi va dung ddn cdc quyen va nghia vu ciia minh, nhung ngudi tham gia td tung cd quyln dugc gidi thich vl nhirng van dl lien quan den vile thuc hiln quyln va nghla vu cua hp ttong td tiing.
- Quyin duoc xem va yeu ciu sua dSi, bd sung vao bien ban phien tda:
Bien ban phien tda la van ban ghi lai toan bd qua trinh dien bien ciia pliiln tda theo diing trinh tu, thu tuc do ludt dinh, bao gdm: thu tuc bat dau phien tda, ndi dung budi tham van, ttanh luan tai phien tda va ndi dung ban dn da tuyen. Dd id co sd dl xdc dinh ndi dung phdn quylt cua Tda dn vl quyen vd nghia vu phdp ly cua nhung ngudi cd quyen va nghia vu phdp ly lien quan ttong vu dn.
Tuy vay, thuc tl rdt It Tda dn gidi thich quyln nay cho ngirdi tham gia td tung hilu nen hdu bet cdc vu dn nhirng ngudi tham gia td tung khdng thuc hiln quyln ndy, kl cd trudng hgp hg khdng ddng tinh vdi diln bien tai pliien tda Cling nhu ban an da myen. Dac bilt Id cac vu an hinh su ma bi cao bi tam giu, tam giam.
- Quyin dinghi thay ddi ngudi tiin hanh to tung, ngudi giam dinh, nguaiphiin dich:
Hoat ddng cua ngudi tien hanh td tung dugc thuc hien ttong boat dgng td tung mang tinh quyen luc nha nudc. Cdn ngudi gidm dinh,
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ngudi philn dich Id ngudi su dung nghe nghilp chuyen mdn eua minh de thue hiln cdc vile lien quan den vu an theo yeu cau cua co quan tiln hdnh td tung. Tdt ca cdc kit luan cua nhiing ngudi tten ttong boat dgng td tung deu anh hudng true tilp hay gian tilp din quyen vd lgi ich cua ngudi tham gia td tung. Vi vdy, khi xac dinh cd ngudi tien hanh td tung, ngirdi gidm dinh hay ngudi phien dich nao thilu khdch quan, trung thuc, anh hudng din quyen lgi hgp phdp cua minh, bi can, bi cdo vd nhting ngudi tham gia td tung khac dlu cd quyln yeu cau thay ddi ttong boat dgng td tung kl tir giai doan dilu tta din khi xet xii tai Tda an.
- Quyin tham gia phiin tda vi tranh luan tai phien tda:
Quyln tham gia philn tda vd ttanh ludn tai phien tda Id quyln dae biet quan ttgng cua nhiing ngudi tham gia td tung. Tai day hp se trinh bay dugc ddy du nhdt nhiing van dl Uen quan din vu an, bay td dugc y chi, nguyen vgng chinh ddng ciia minh ttong vile bdo ve quyln lgi hpp phdp. Ddng thdi qua phien tda hp nhan thuc day dii nhat quyen va n ^ a vu cua minh, dl tu do ndng cao them y thuc ttdch nhiem tiong viec man thu phdp ludt. Do vay, tham du phien tda ciia cdc bin duong su, bi cdo la ylu cdu bdt budc va phien tda se hoan niu vdng mat cdc ben duong su, trii cdc trudng hgp khac do tuat dinh.
- Quyen duoc cap trich luc ban in, khing cao ban an, quyit dinh cua Toa an:
Ddi vdi cdc vu an hinh su ma bi cao la ngudi chua thanh nien, ngudi bi nhirgc diem vl thi chat hoac tdm than thi ngoai quyln tu khang cdo, hp cdn dugc ngudi bao chiia va ngudi dai dien hgp phap thuc hien quyln khdng cao.
Bin canh cac quyen tren, bi cao, cac ben duong su cd quyen dugc thdng bdo vl noi dung khdng cdo, khdng nghi, dugc tiiay ddi ndi
dung khdng cdo, nit khdng cdo... theo quy dinli cua td tung.
Nhu v^y, dam bdo quyln con ngirdi ttong x6t xu hinh su la mdt Iinh vuc ddm bao quyln con ngudi trong boat dgng tu phdp. De thuc hi^n diing nguyin tdc cua xet xu hinh sg cdn phai dJit nd ttong mdi quan he mat thilt vol cdc linh vuc khdc cua ddi sdng xa hdi.
Bin canh viec ciing cd va tang cudng bao dam quyln con ngudi ndi chung, phdi bdo d§m cac ylu td mang tinh ddc trung rieng cd trong hoat ddng xet xu nhu he thdng cdc van bdn quy pham phdp ludt vl dam bao quyln con ngudi trong td tung hinh su can dugc ciing cd va khdng ngung hoan thien dl dilu chinh cac quan hi phdp luat liln quan din linh vuc nay, Dl ddm bao quyln con ngudi ttong boat dpng xet xu hinh su, nhiing ngudi tiln hanh cdc hogt ddng tu phdp phai la ngudi cd trinh dO chuyen mdn, nghiep vu viing vang, cd kuih nghiem cdng tdc, ddng thdi phai cd pham chat dao diic ttong sdng. Dd la ylu td can va du dl cho hoat dgngtuphdp ndi chungva boat ddng xlt xd an hinh su ndi rieng.
Phai xay dung he thdng cde quy pham phip luat hoan chinh, thudng xuyen lam tdt cdng tk he thdng hda cac van ban quy pham phdp luat;
kip thdi loai bd nhiing quy pham phdp luat khdng phii hgp, siia ddi, bd sung nhiing quy pham phdp luat ehua sat hgp vdi thuc tiln; phai xay dung co chi phdi hgp giiia cdc co quan tiln hanh td tung thdng qua vile xdc djnh vl mat phdp ly vl mdi quan he giiia cdc co quan tiln hanh td tung vdi nhau va mdi quan hi giua dc co quan tiln hdnh td tiing vdi cdc co quan bd ttg tu phap 0
I*" Xem Dilu 107 Hiln phdp sua ddi, bd sung 2013.
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