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T a i n g u y e nTUYEN TRUYEN, PHO BIEN KIEN THLTC PHUC vy QUAN LY,
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v u THANH CA
Vien Nghien cifu quan ly bien & hai dao
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5 6 - Tapchi HdnghdiVilNaia • 3/g9<;^. l ' ••.'. t ' J / ^ 4^''
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ien va dai ducmg - ngudn eung d p thuc phIm va nhieu loai san vat cho loai ngudi - dang phai ddi mat vdi rit nhieu nguy co.Cac tai nguyen sinh vat bien dang cd nguy co can kiet do suy thoai mdi trudng. 0 nhiem tucac hoat ddng xa thai ciia eon ngudi cung vdi viee danh bat, khai thae qua mue dang lam thay ddi he sinh thai, giam sd luang nhieu loai sinh vat, ttiam ehi mdt sd loai sinh vat bien quy hiem dimg d ngudng bj diet vong. 0 nhiem mdi trudng edn lam han ehe kha nang khai thae bien phue vu eho cac hoat ddng du Ijeh, vui choi giai tri. 6 nhiem mdi trudng cQng ed the gay tham hpa ddi vdi sue khde cdng ddng. Ljch su da timg ghi nhan nhung tham hpa thudc loai nay. Vi du, tai Nhat Ban, thuy ngan do nha may hda chit e d Cdng ty Chisso thai ra vjnh Minamata vao nhimg nam 50 da gay nhiem ddc cho rit nhieu ngudi tieu thu hai san danh bat tai khu vuc nay. Do anh hudng cua nhiem ddc, nhieu ngudi trd thanh tri ddn, CO rut chan tay, dj dang, dien dai, hdn me, tham chi tif vong. Anh hudng cua chat ddc tdn tai mai tdi 30 nam sau va gay nhung thiet hai vo eung to Idn tdi sue khde cua ngudi dan cQng nhu tdi kinh te, xa hdi.
Suy thoai mdi trudng bien anh hudng manh me nhit tdi cdng ddng eu dan ven bien, dac biet nhung ngudi ngheo, vi eudc sdng cua hg chii yeu dua vao khai thae tai nguyen tren bien. 6 nhiem mdi trudng lam suy giam cac ngudn lpi bien, do vay anh hudng Idn den thu nhap eua hp. Vi ngheo ddi, hp ddi khi phai sir dung each thuc khai thae hiiy diet, lam can kiet tai nguyen bien va diy chinh ban than hp vao tinh eanh bi dat hon. Bdi vay, bao ve mdi trudng bien va khdi phue lai nhung tai nguyen cd the tai tao tu bien la mdt nhiem vu d p thiet khdng chi cho hien tai ma cdn eho d cae the he tuang lai. Bao ve mdi trudng bien gdp phan xda ddi, giam ngheo, nang cao chat lupng eudc sdng cho tat d mpi ngudi, nhat la cdng ddng cu dan ven bien.
Khdng chi la ngudn Ipi, bien va dai duang cdn la ngudn gdc eua rat nhieu loai thien tai ed sue tan pha ghe gdm. Nhung thien tai ed ngudn gde tu bien nhu bao, sdng Idn, nudc dang, sdng thin... hang nam giet hai hang ngan ngudi va gay thiet hai rat Idn ve kinh te. Theo thdi gian.
MOI TRUONG T^i n g u y e n
thiet hai do thien tai cd ngudn gdc tu bien ngay mdt gia tang do con ngudi dang ngay cang tap trung ddng tai vung ven bien, do day thudng la khu vuc cd tdc dp phat tnen kinh te nhanh nhat trong pham VI ca nudc. Cung vdi su tap trung ddng dan cu la su gia tang cac hoat ddng kinh te, xa hdi va gia tn tai san tren bien, vung ven bien, tuc la tang rui ro thiet hai do thien tai.
Bien ddi khi hau toan d u dang gia tang sue ep len tai nguyen, mdi trudng va CO kha nang lam tang thien tai tren bien.
Qua trinh hip thu khi C02 du thua tu khi quyen dang lam gia tang do a-xit trong bien. Mdi trudng a-xit anh hudng rat manh tdi he sinh thai, lam suy giam kha nang tich tu vdi cua nhumg loai sinh vat bie'n CO vd cirng, va do vay dan tdi suy giam d ve sd lupng va chit lupng cua cac ca the thudc nhumg loai nay. Su gia tang nhiet do cua nudc bien cQng lam thay ddi mdi trucmg sdng, cd the dan tdi su suy giam, tham chi tuyet diet mdt sd loai sinh vat bien. Mac du chua dupc ehimg minh, nhung mdt sd ket qua phan tich gin day cho thay bien ddi khi hau dang lam gia tang thien tai. Trong nhieu nam qua, nhimg con bao cd cudng dp sieu manh tren bien dudng nhu ngay cang trd nen phd bien va gia tang sue tan pha ddi vdi kinh te, xa hdi va mdi trudng tren pham vi toan the gidi. Chi trong khoanp 15 nam trd lai day, tai khu vuc Nam A da xult hien 2 con bao Idn, giet hai hang tram ngan ngudi. Nam 1993, mot con bao dd bd vao Bangladesh da lam nudc dang, 138 nghin ngudi ehet va mlt tich, gay nhumg thiet hai vd cung to ldn ve tai san. Gin day nhit, vao diu nam 2008, can bao Nargis dd bd vao Mien Oien kem nudc dang tdi 6m da lam khoang 140 nghin ngudi ehet va mlt tieh.
Oac biet, tran sdng thin ngay 24/12/2004 tai An Od duong da lam ehet gin 300 nghin ngudi va hang trieu ngudi mat nha cd.
Thdng thudng, nhung ngudi ngheo la nhung ngudi cd nguy co bj anh hudng manh nhit bdi thien tai. Do khdng du kha nang ve d kien thuc va tai chinh de ddi phd, thien tai da lam cho hg mlt ca hdi d l thien cudc sdng cua minh va trong nhieu trudng hop, lam gia tang ddi ngheo.
Va, ngheo ddi, thieu kien thuc ludn dan tdi viec khai thae qua miic nhung ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien va lam suy thoai mdi trudng, ti/e la cang lam gia tang ngheo ddi.
Viet Nam khdng phai la ngoai le!
Nhimg nam gin day, eae loai hinh thien tai tren bien nhu bao, nude dang, sdng lan tren bien, sat Id dit, ddng dit la
Tong cue Bien va Hal dao Viet Nam to chuc Hoi thao 'Then khai nhiem vu eiia Tdng cue Bien va Hai dao Viet Nam theo Quyet dinh so 116/2008/QD-TTg eiia Thii tudng Chinh phii".
Hoi thao nham xic dinh nhirng dinh hudng, nhiem vu cabin, eae hinh thirc hoat dpng, giai phap va eae doi tie phoi hep co tinh chat ehien luac cua Tong cue de then kiiai eong tic tuyen truyen ve quan ly, bao ve vi phit then ben viing viing bien Viet Nam.
Tai Hoi thao, cic tham luan tap trung lim ro tim quan trong eiia eong tie tuyen truyen, ning cao hon nira nhin thire cho ein bo, dang vien va nhan dan ve vi tri vi tam quan trong eiia bien, dao Viet Nam tren eae Unh vuc kinh te, xa hoi, an ninh quoc phdng, quyen vi ehii quyen quoc gia tren bien, dio, dong gop via si/ nghiep eong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa de Viet Nam thue su tra thinh mot quoc gia manh len tir bien, giiu len tir bien vi thuc hien tot nhiem vu then khai Nghi quyet Hoi nghi Trung uong 4 khoa X ve Chien luac bien Viet Nam den nam 2020.
T.Q
nhumg mdi de dpa thudng true ddi vdi mdi trudng va su phat trien ben vung. Bdi vay, phdng chdng va giam nhe hau qua tac hai cua thien tai la mdt trong nhiimg van de tien quyet de xda ddi, giam ngheo, d i thien ddi sdng nhan dan ven bien.
Cac ket qua nghien cuu tren the gidi va trong nudc deu cho thay, cdng tae tuyen truyen, giao due, nang eao kien thuc cd vai trd rit quan trgng de phdng chdng, giam nhe thiet hai tif thien tai va bao ve mdi trudng bien. Cdng tac tuyen truyen giao due nang cao kien thuc phdng ehdng thien tai va bao ve mdi trudng bien d n tap trung trudc het vao nhQng can bd thuc hien edng tac quan ly Nha nudc d tat ea cac d p , cac nganh, cac dia phuang ve phdng chdng va giam nhe hau qua eua thien tai cung nhu bao ve mdi trudng. Chi bang each dd mdi cd the nang cao hieu qua quan ly, phdng, ehdng thien tai va bao ve mdi trudng bien. Ngoai ra, d n ehu trgng tang eucmg tuyen truyen giao due, nang eao nhan thuc cho cdng ddng dan cu ven bien ve thien tai va phdng ehdng, giam nhe hau qua eua thien tai va bao ve mdi trudng bien. Khdng chi d cac nudc dang phat then vdi dieu kien ca sd vat chat ngheo nan, nhan thuc va kha nang kinh te ciia ngudi dan edn thIp nhu d Viet Nam, ma ngay d tai nhQng nudc phat trien, nhan thuc ve thien tai cung giup giam nhe rit nhieu hau qua cua thien tai. Thi du, nghien cuu gin day nhat tai Nhat Ban eho thIy, khi thien tai xay ra, 70% sd ngudi sdng sdt sau thien tai la do ban than cd kien thuc ve thien tai va da sif dung kien thue de tu cifu minh, 20% sd ngudi sdng sdt la do su tro giup ciia cdng ddng va ehi 10% sd ngudi sdng sdt sau thien tai la do su giup dd eua chinh quyen cae d p .
Quan ly thien tai va bao ve moi tnrong
Quan ly thien tai
Thien tai thudng dugc xem xet tren hai phuang dien: Cac tac ddng cua tu nhien vupt qua mot gidi han nao dd va tinh de bj tdn thuang cua mpt cdng ddng nao dd ddi vdi nhung tac dpng nay. Cac tac ddng cua tu nhien thudng la khdng the tranh khdi. Tuy vay, neu cdng ddng chju anh hudng c d nhumg tac ddng nay da chu ddng ehuan bj ddi phd lai cac tac ddng, tham hga se khdng xay ra. Vi du, bao la mot loai thien tai, tdn tai ddc lap vdi y mudn cua con ngudi va con ngudi hien tai chua co kha nang lam thay ddi sue tan pha cua bao. Tuy vay, neu bao kem nudc dang dd bd vao mot vQng bd bie'n vdi cao do mat dit thIp, dan ehung sdng trong nha c d so sai va khdng dupe so tan de tranh bao, bao se trd thanh tham hpa.
Ngupc lai, ciing can bao dd, neu dd bd len mot vQng vdi nha cira dupc xay dung vimg chae, cd kha nang chdng lai bao va nude dang, dan chung dupc du bao trudc va chuIn bj day dii de tranh bao, tham hga se khdng xay ra.
Ngoai tham hga tu nhien, cdn cd tham hga do con ngudi gay ra (cac vu nd, ro ri phdng xa, cac chat ddc hai, diu tran...). Thdng thudng, tham hga do con ngudi gay ra la do su thieu trach nhiem eiia chinh chung ta. Tuy nhien, ddi khi tham hga nhan tao lai xay ra khi cd thien tai (lde xoay tren bien lam dam tau va gay ra hien tupng tran dau hay su rd ri cua cac hda chat ddc hai...).
De xem xet thien tai cd kha nang gay ra tham hga hay khdng, phai xet tdi tinh de bi ton thuang ciia cdng ddng. Tinh de bj tdn thuang cua mpt cdng ddng cd the
Tapchi HdnghaiVidtNam • 3/2009 - 5 7
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T a i n g u y e n dupc chia thanh tinh de bj ton thuang ve mat vat ly va tinh de bi tdn thuong ve mat kinh te-xa hdi. Tinh de bj tdn thuong ve mat vat ly lien quan tdi kha nang chdng chpi eua he thdng ha ting (dudng sa, de dieu, nhacd...); tinh de bj tdn thuong ve mat kinh te-xa hdi the hien d muc dp tdn thuang phu thude vao dieu kien kinh te- xa hdi (nhung ngudi ngheo khdng ed kha nang xay dung nha c d kien cd se bj anh hudng nhieu hon, va nhumg ngudi nay cung khd ed kha nang phue hdi sau khi bj thien tai).De cd kha nang img phd vdi thien tai, cin xay dung nang lue img phd. Dieu nay bieu hien d cac ngudn lue, phuang tien va sue manh trong mdi gia dinh va edng ddng de img phd, ehuIn bj phdng tranh, giam nhe hau qua va phue hdi sau thien tai.
Thien tai ludn ton tai, nhung thien tai cd trd thanh tham hpa hay khdng tuy thude vao muc dp riii ro. Muc dp riii ro la thude do nhQmg thiet hai ed the xay ra do thien tai tai mdt dja diem trong mdt thdi gian nhit djnh. Rui ro la ham eiia xae suit xay ra mdt su cd tu nhien (thien tai) va mue dp thiet hai do su ed gay ra.
Quan ly riii ro thien tai bao gdm mpi bien phap nham qiam thieu mat mat ve ngudi va tai san bang each hoae la giam nhe anh hudng eua thien tai, hoae lam giam thieu tinh de bj tdn thuang do thien tai.
Viee giam thieu rui ro do thien tai cd the dupc thue hien theo cac phuang thuc:
Chuan bi doi pho vai thien tai, bao gdm xay dung cac giai phap de Chinh phu, cdng ddng va cac ea nhan phan ung vdi nhung tinh trang thien tai nham ung phd mdt each hieu qua (xay dung cac ke hoach ddi phd vdi tinh trang khIn d p ; xay dung eae he thdng d n h bao; duy tu
bao dudng thiet bi va ea sd ha ting eung nhu dao tao ngudn nhan luc). Cdng tac nay bao gdm cdng tac tim kiem ciru nan, ke hoaeh so tan ddi vdi nhumg khu vue ed nguy co eao.
Cong tic giam nhe thiet hai do thien tai, bao gdm eae giai phap giam nhe thien tai va giam nhe mifc dp tdn thuang (xay nha e d kien ed, gia ed de dieu, trdng rimg phdng hd ven bien phdng chdng sdng Idn, nudc dang hay tai djnh cu nhiJmg gia dinh dang sdng trong viing ed nguy co thien tai eao).
Cong tic quan ly thien tai, gdm tat d cac boat ddng, cac chuang trinh hanh ddng va nhQmg giai phap ed the dupc thue hien trude, trong va sau khi xay ra thien tai vdi mue dich phdng tranh thien tai, giam nhe tae hai ciia thien tai hay khdi phue nhung tan pha do thien tai. Ba boat ddng ehinh ciia quan ly thien tai bao gdm:
Trudc thien tai: Thuc hien cae chuang trinh giao due edng ddng; tu bd nhQmg edng trinh ha ting; ehuan bj cac phuong an quan ly thien tai tai timg gia dinh va edng ddng. Cae hoat ddng trong giai doan nay dupe gpi la hoat ddng ehuan bi va giam nhe.
Trong luc thien tai: Cin tien hanh eae boat ddng de dam bao thda man nhung nhu d u tdi thieu cho cac nan nhan va giam thieu nhumg tdn thuang ma cae nan nhan phai himg ehju. Cac hanh ddng trong giai doan nay dupc gpi la phan ung vdi tinh trang nguy d p .
Sau thien tai: Cae hoat ddng thue hien sau khi thien tai cham dut nham giup cae hd gia dinh va cdng ddng bi anh hudng bdi thien tai cd the sdm phue hdi.
Cae hoat ddng nay dupe gpi la phan img va phue hdi.
Bao ve moi trudng
Muc dieh ehung bao ve mdi trudng la nang eao chit lupng cude sdng va sife khde eua ngudi dan, bao dam su phat trien ben vung. Bao ve mdi trudng bien bao gdm ngan ngua va kiem soat d nhiem bien va bao ve, bao tdn, sir dung ben vung tai nguyen thien nhien va da dang sinh hpc bien.
Bao ve mdi trudng bien bao gdm quan ly eae boat ddng xa thai, ban che tdi muc tdi da viec xa thai ra mdi trudng rac, cac chit ddc hai, cac chat huu co, chat dinh dudng va cac chat thai cd nguy ea gay d nhiem mdi trudng. Bao ve mdi trudng bien edn bao gdm nhQmg hoat ddng xif ly eae chit thai tu hoat ddng c d eon ngudi (hoat ddng san xuat va sinh boat) va eae boat ddng nham lam sach va khdi phue lai mdi trudng tu nhien vdn ed cua bien. Mdt trong nhiimg vin de rit quan trpng c d edng tae bao ve mdi trudng bien la bao ve he sinh thai va da dang sinh hpc. He sinh thai va da dang sinh hpe bien vua la mdt thanh phin cua mdi trudng bien, vua la mdt trong nhiJmg ngudn tai nguyen quan trpng nhit cua bien va dai duang.
Van de quan ly mdi trudng bien phai dupc thuc hien bdi cac co quan quan ly Nha nudc (Trung uong va dja phuong) cQng nhu eae elp, cae nganh. De nang cao hieu lue eiia cac co quan quan ly Nha nudc ve mdi trudng, d n tuyen truyen, giao due nang cao nhan thuc ve edng tac bao ve mdi trudng bien eho eae can bp quan ly. Bao ve mdi trudng d n ludn gan vdi edng ddng (cac ca the trong edng ddng chinh la nhung ngudi tnjc tiep boat ddng trong mdi trudng bien, khai thae, sir dung ngudn tai nguyen bien va thuc hien cae hoat ddng cd nguy co gay d nhiem mdi trudng; ddng thdi, hp cQng la nhumg
MOI TRUONG T^i n g u y e n |
ngudi true tiep thuc hien cae hoat ddng bao ve mdi trudng). Nhan thuc va nang luc cua cdng ddng dja phuang la mdt trong nhimg yeu td cd tinh quyet dinh cho su thanh cdng ciia cac chinh sach va ke hoach bao ve mdi trudng a co sd, NhQng td chifc quan chiing d co sd ed vai trd hpp tac va ho trg dac luc ehinh quyen dja phuang va cac d p .
Tuyen truyen giao due, nang cao km Uiirc piiuc vu phbng ehong thien tai va bao v^ moi tnrdng d Viet Nam
Theo Hdi Bao ve thien nhien va mdi trudng Viet Nam, ba vin de Idn gay sue ep chinh len mdi trudng bien la gia tang dan sd va ngheo ddi, ldi sdng gian don va dan tri thIp, the che chinh saeh bit cap.
Theo cac sd lieu thdng ke, do dan tri thIp, ldi sdng gian don va ngheo ddi, cong tac tuyen truyen giao due ve ke hoach hda gia dinh dat hieu qua khdng cao trong cdng ddng eu dan ven bien.
Ngheo ddi va chenh lech giau ngheo ngay cang gia tang lam tang ap lue khai thae tai nguyen, gay suy thoai mdi trudng, dan tdi ddi ngheo hon. Odi ngheo va thieu kien thuc lam dan eu ven bien giam kha nang phdng chdng thien tai bien, lam gia tang thiet hai do thien tai va do vay, ngheo ddi lai ddi ngheo them.
Trong dieu kien hien nay cua Viet Nam, cong ddng dan cu ven bien ehu yeu tham gia san xult ndng nghiep, ngu nghiep vdi trinh do ndi chung cdn kha thap, kha nang xif ly cac vin de ve phdng chdng thien tai va mdi trudng bien rit han
che. Ngucri dan tham gia cac hoat ddng nudi trdng thiiy san va cae hoat ddng kinh te-xa hdi khac tren bien chua cd y thuc day du ve xir ly chit thai, nudc thai. Rat nhieu chit thai, dae biet la nudc thai sinh hoat va thuc an chan nudi thua, dupe thai true tiep, khdng qua xir ly va gay d nhiem mdi trudng bien. Vi vay, de nang cao hieu qua phdng chdng thien tai va bao ve mdi trudng bien eua edng ddng, rat can quan tam tdi nang cao nhan thuc ve phdng chdng thien tai va bao ve mdi trudng, tang cudng nang luc cua cac cdng dong dja phuang cQng nhQng td chuc cua hg nham hd trp va thQc day cac hoat dpng phdng ehdng thien tai va bao ve mdi trudng d dja phuang.
Cong nghe mdi gjup hien Sai hoa nganh Ddng tau, giam thieu 6 nhiem
Cdng ty Odng tau Pha Rung da ket hop vdi cae chuyen gia cua Vinashin va Vien Nghien cuu co khi (Bd Cdng Thuang) nghien cuu hoan thien cdng nghe va che tao thanh cdng day ehuyen lam sach va son ket d u tdng doan.
Day chuyen nay cd tinh nang ky thuat tuang ducmg vdi day chuyen cua nudc ngoai nhung gia chi bing 1/3 so vdi gia nhap ngoai. Cdng ty hien da hoan toan lam chii dupc cdng nghe va san sang chuyen giao cho cac nha may ddng tau khac tren d nudc. Day ehuyen nay dupe thiet ke bao gdm mot budng lam sach va he thdng budng son rdng 12m, dai 14m, cao 8m, cung cac he thdng thiet bj. Cdng suit cua day chuyen dat 300 tdng doan/nam (tucmg duang 300.000m^) va dp lam sach be mat dat tieu chuan. Cdng nghg nay mang lai hieu qua kinh te va kha nang eanh tranh cua san pham, rut ngan thdi gian so vdi cac phuang phap trudc day, chat lupng san pham dupc nang cao, dat cac tieu chuan qudc te, dap ung yeu clu chit lupng cua khach hang, thu hiit khach hang mdi den vdi nganh Cdng nghiep ddng tau VN. Cung vdi dd, vin de mdi trudng nganh Odng tau da dupe d i thien: tai budng phun bi va budng phun son, khdng khi lln bui va son trudc khi thai ra ngoai duac dua qua hg thdng xir ly byi va son, dam bao cac tn sd dudi mue eho phep theo tieu chuan VN.
Mdt thuc te hien nay la cdng tac tuyen truyen giao due nang cao kien thuc phdng, chdng thien tai va bao ve mdi trudng dii da dupc Oang va Nha nudc chu trgng, nhung van chua dat dupc ket qua nhu mong mudn. Oe nang cao hieu qua cdng tac nay, d n thuc hien mot sd cdng viec:
Bien soan va xult ban nhQmg tai lieu phd bien kien thuc cdng ddng ve thien tai va phdng chdng thien tai bien, ke d cdng tac cuu nan, ciru hp cQng nhu cdng tac khac phuc hau qua thien tai; sir dung ngon tu don gian, de hieu (cd kem cac hinh ve minh hga sinh ddng).
Thudng xuyen td chuc cac Idp tap huln, nang cao kien thuc phdng chdng thien tai cho cac can bg phu trach cdng tac quan ly Nha nudc ve phdng chdng thien tai va ngudi dan dja phuang; td chuc cac dot dien tap de nang cao ky nang phdng, chdng thien tai cho cdng ddng...
Xay dung ddi ngu cdng tac vien tuyen truyen, giao due nang cao kien thifc phdng chdng thien tai va bao ve mdi trudng, xay dung cac co che de ddi ngu nay hoat ddng hieu qua.
Cac Idp tap huln nang cao kien thuc ve bao ve mdi trudng can cung d p nhimg kien thuc can thiet, gan vdi cac hoat ddng eu the cua timg hd gia dinh va cdng ddng.
Tuyen truyen, phd bien, nang cao kien thue eho cac can bd quan ly va cdng ddng la mdt cdng tac cd vai tro quyet dinh nang cao hieu qua phdng tranh thien tai va bao ve mdi to/dng Can huy ddng tat d cac ngudn luc de thuc hien thuang xuyen cdng tac nay •
Tapchi H a n g h d i V i d t N a m • 3 / 2 0 0 9 - 5 9
