KINH TE - PHAP LUAT CHAU AU
BnO HICM Xfl HOI CHO NGUdi NONG DAN O M LAN Dirdl GOC NHlN CdNG fifiNG PHHN PHOI
Dang iVIinh Dire*
Tran Nam Trung Tom tat: Bdo hiem xa hdi cho nong ddn dugc thuc hien khd tdt a Ba Lan, vdi cdc che dp trg cdp him tri, bdo hiim tai nan lao dpng, dm dau, tic tudt, bdo hiim y ti... Cdc chi dp ndy cua Ba Lan gop phdn thuc hiin muc tieu phdt trien con nguai, ddm bdo cdng bang, binh ddng, hanh phuc cho ngu&i ddn chdu Au. Bdi viet ndy tap trung phdn tich nhiing kinh nghiem ciia Ba Lan trong thuc hien chinh sdch Bdo hiim xd hdi cho ngu&i ndng ddn du&i gdc nhin cdng bdng phdn phdi, tic do dua ra mpt so khuyen nghi ddi v&i Viit Nam.
Tir khoa: Bdo hiim xd hpi cong bdng, phdn phdi, Ba Lan, Viet Nam
Abstract: Social insurance for farmers has been done quite well in Poland, with regimes of pension, labor accident, sickness, death, health insurance, etc. However, the insurance regime for farmers has contributed to the goal of human development, ensuring equity, equality and happiness for the Europeans. The paper focuses on analyzing Poland's experience in implementing social insurance policies for farmers from the perspective of equal distribution, from which to draw some recommendations for Vietnam
Keywords: Social insurance, fairness, distribution, Poland, Vietnam
Tren the gidi ciing nhu d Viet Nam, cac loai hinh bao hiem da va dang dugc frien
PGS.TS, Vien Nghien cun Ch5u Au
" T h s , Vien Han lam Khoa hpc Xa hoi Viet Nam
Nhdn bdi ngdy: 3/6/2019 Phdn bien xong 20/6/2019 Chdp nhdn ddng 5/7/2019
khai nhu: bao hilm xa hdi; bao hilm y tl;
bao hiem that nghiep; bao hiem thuong mai va bao hiem tiln giii... Cac loai hinh bao hiem nay deu phai tuan thu quy luat "so ddng bu sd it" de de dang "chia se nii ro" va "san se tai chinh" giira nhirng ngudi tham gia bao hiem. Mac dii cac loai hinh bao hilm nay cd ddi tupng tham gia khac nhau, pham vi bao
(Bdo- hiim aea hoi.. 25
hiem, sd tien bao hiem va phi bao hiem cung khac nhau..., song diing fren gde dd xa hgi chiing lai gidng nhau kha nhilu ve muc dich.
Dd la, cac loai hinh bao hiem fren deu gdp phan bao dam an sinh xa hdi, dn dinh cudc sdng va san xuat cho ngudi tham gia.
Bao hiem xa hgi cd the hudng tdi mgt vai nhdm ddi tupng nhat djnh. Tai Ba Lan, mdt ttong nhirng nhdm ddi tugng ma bao hiem xa hgi hudng tdi la ndng dan, va loai hinh bao hiem nay dugc thuc hien kha tdt ttong nhung nam qua, vdi cac che dp huu tti, bao hiem tai nan lao ddng, dm dau, tu tuat, bao hilm y tl... Kinh nghiem cua Ba Lan ve trien khai chinh sach bao hiem xa hdi cho ngudi ndng dan se la ngudn tham khao tdt cho Viet Nam frong muc tieu hudng tdi dam bao an sinh xa hdi cho ngudi ndng dan.
1. Cong bang phan phoi va bao hiem xa hoi: Nhirng quan he bien chung
Khai niem "cdng bang" va "binh dang"
dil cd lien quan vdi nhau, nhung dd la hai khai niem va hai thuc tien khac nhau. Cdng bang cd khia canh binh dang, ddng thdi cd khia canh bat binh dang. Binh dang ve quyen va nghTa vu cdng dan trudc phap Iuat, binh dang ve nhan pham, chung tdc, gidi tinh, tin ngudng tdn giao chdng lai mgi su ky thi, phan biet ddi xir la nhiing yeu cau cua cdng bang xa hdi. Tuy nhien, su bat bfrih dang ve hudng thu do sir khdng ngang nhau ve pham chat va nang luc ttong lao ddng, cdng hien ciing la mgt yeu cdu cua cdng bang xa hdi.
Cdng bang phan phdi cd nhieu each tiep can khac nhau, dudi nhieu gdc do, dugc hieu nhieu khia canh khac nhau, phu thudc vao ttinh do phat frien kinh te - xa hdi, vao tmyen thdng van boa ciing nhu quan niem dao diic d mdi nudc. "Cdng bdng phdn phdi Id mpt hinh thiic biiu hiin cu thi aia cdng bdng xa hdi ve khia cgnh kinh te. Cdng bdng trong phdn phdi la su phdn phdi mpt each hgp ly. phdn dnh dimg tuang quan giUa cdng hien vd hu&ng thu. giica trdch nhiem vd Icri ich "
Lam the nao de thuc hien dugc cdng bang phan phdi frong mgt xa hdi hien nay?
Ddi vdi mdt qudc gia, nha nudc, vdi chirc nang xa hdi cua minh, cd nhiem vu dieu tiet nham giam bdt su phan hoa giau ngheo, duy fri khoang each thu nhap frong gidi ban hgp ly, dam bao hai boa mdi quan he phat trien kinh te va cdng bang xa hdi. Nha nudc cd the su dung nhieu cdng cu de thuc hien vai trd dilu tilt cua minh nhu: thul, ngan sach nha nudc, tin dung nha nudc va he thdng an sinh xa hgi. Nha nudc thdng qua kenh chinh sach an sinh xa hdi d l gdp phdn thuc hien dugc cdng bang xa hdi cho ngudi dan d mpi che dp khac nhau.
Tuy nhien, ngi ham ciia an sinh xa hgi cd ndi dung rat rdng va ngay cang hoan thien
'CIEM, Cong bang xd hgi vd cong bdng phdn phoi &
Viet Nam hien nay,
http://vneporg.vn/Modules/CMS/Upioad/6/NOI%20 DUNG%20CHUYEN%20DE[l][l][l].pdf, tai ngay 15 thang 4 nam 2019.
26 NGHIEN COu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7(226}.2019
v8 nban thiic va thuc tien thuc hien tren toan the gidi. An sinh xa hgi theo quan diem cua mdt sd td chiic qudc t l ciing cd miic dp rdng, hep va ddi tugng hudng tdi khac nhau.
Chang ban, theo Lien hiep qudc, an sinh xa hdi tiep can tren quyen ciia ngudi dan (Dieu 25, Hien chuong Lien hiep qudc nam 1948) la: "...Mgi nguai ddn vd hp gia dinh deu cd quyin co mpt muc tdi thieu ve sue khde vd cdc phuc lgi xd hgi bao gdm dn, mac, chdm sdc y te (bao gdm cd thai sdn), djch VIA. xa hpi thiet yeu vd co quyen dugc an sinh khi cd cdc biin CO vi viec ldm, dm dau, tdn tdt, goa phu, tudi gid... hogc cdc tru&ng hgp bdt khd khdng khdc... ". Quan diem ciia Td chiic Lao ddng qudc te (ILO) la: "An sinh xd hpi Id mdt su bdo vi md xd hpi cung cdp cho cdc thdnh viin aia minh thdng qua mpt sd bien phdp dugc dp dung rpng rdi de duang ddu v&i nhiing khd khdn, cdc cii soc ve kinh te vd xd hpi ldm mdt hogc suy gidm nghiim trgng thu nhap do dm dau, thai sdn, thuong tat do lao dpng, mdt siic lao dpng hoac tti vong.
Cung cdp chdm soc y te vd trg cdp cho cdc gia dinh nan nhdn co tre em "^.
Mac dil cdn cd cac quan diem khae nhau ve an sinh xa hdi lihung nhin chung deu thdng nhat cho rdng he thdng an sinh xa hdi cd cac chiic nang co ban sau day:
Mpt la, bao dam thu nhap d miic tdi thieu. Day la cbiic nang ca ban nhat cua an
sinh xa hdi. An sinh xa hdi cd vai trd cung cap (cd dieu kien hoac khdng cd dieu kien) miic tdi thilu thu nhap (miic san) bao dam quyen sdng tdi thieu cua con ngudi, bao gdm cac quyen ve an, siic khde, giao due, nha d va mgt sd dich vu xa hgi ca ban nhdm bao vS con ngudi khdi hi ddi ngheo do khdng cd thu nhap tam thdi hoac vTnh vien .
Hai Id, phan phoi thu nhap. Mgt frong nhiing chiic nang quan frgng cua an sinh xa hdi la bao dam thu nhap cho nhiing ngudi/nhdm ddi tupng khi khdng cd kha nang tao thu nhap. Cac chinh sach ve xoa ddi giam ngheo, cac hinh thiic frg giiip xa hdi thudng xuyen va dot xuat cho cae nhdm ddi tugng yeu the, de bi tdn thuong, va phuang cham "ngudi tre ddng - ngu'di gia hudng"
frong bao hilm xa hdi, hay "ngudi khde ddng - ngudi dm hudng" frong bao hiem y te the hien rd chirc nang chia se nii ro, phan phdi Iai thu nhap cua an sinh xa hdi, ngay ca khi phan phdi khdng dua fren su ddng gdp, ma dua vao nhu cau cua ca nhan ciing nhu kha nang bao dam cua ngan sach nha nudc.
Ngoai ra, chinh sach an sinh xa hgi eiing nang cao hieu qua quan ly xa hdi, thiic day gan ket xa hdi va phat frien xa hdi; gdp phdn thuc day thi trudng lao ddng va phat frien
^ Beyond HEPR: A framework for intergrated national system of Social security in Vietnam UNDP- DFID 2005
Cac quyln ca ban cua con ngu&i da duoc LiSn hiep quoc de cap tai cac dieu 22, 25, va 26 IHliln chuang Lien hiep quoc nam 1948, dieu 10, 11 tai Cong ucrc vl Quyen Kinli tl, xahpi va van hoa (ICESCRi 1966
(Bdo hiem •xa, hoi... 11
bin viing thi tmdng lao ddng, nang cao nang luc ung phd vdi riii ro'*.
Trong khi dd, bao hiem xa hdi la su bao dam thay thi hay bii ddp mdt phan thu nhap cua ngudi dan khi hp gap rui ro frong ddi sdng (lien quan den sue khoe, tai nan, miia mang,..) thdng qua viec ddng thudng xuyen mdt khoan tien (phi bao hiem) cho td chiic (nha nudc hoac tu nhan) tucmg ting vdi xae suat xay ra va chi phi cua nil ro. Su phat trien cua che dp bao hiem xa hdi bat dau tir viec ban che nii ro, dau franh giua ngu'di lao ddng va gidi chii nen bugc nha nudc phai dimg ra can thiep va dieu hoa mau thuan. Su can thiep nay mgt mat lam tang cudng vai frd ciia Nha nudc, mat khac budc ca gidi chu va gidi thg phai ddng gdp mdt khoan tien nhat dinh hang thang dupe tinh toan chat che dua fren co sd xac suat nii ro xay ra ddi vdi ngudi lam thue. Sd tien ddng gdp cua ca chu va thg hinh thanh quy tap tmng tren pham vi qudc gia. Quy nay cdn dupe bd sung tir ngan sach Nha nudc khi can thiet nham dam bao ddi sdng cho ngudi lao ddng khi gap phai nhirng bien ddng bat Ipi. Chinh nhd nhiing mdi quan he rang budc dd ma nii ro, bat lgi cua ngudi lao ddng dugc giam bdt, cupc sdng ciia ngudi lao ddng va gia dinh hp dupe dam bao dn dinh. Gidi chu ciing thay minh
'' To churc Hop tac Phat trien Quoc te Cong hoa Lien bang DiJrc (GIZ) va Vien Lao dpng Xa hoi (Molisa), Phdt Irien he thong an sinh xa hoi Viet Nam den nam 2020,
http://khcn.molisagov.vn/books/BooldettiengVIETla yout_16-12.pdf, faingay 15 thang 4 nam 2019.
CO Ipi va dugc bao ve, san xuat kinh doanh dien ra binh thudng, franh dupe nhiing xao trdn khdng can thiet. Do vay, ngudn quy tap tmng dugc thiet lap ngay cang ldn va duge quan ly mdt each minh bach, dam bao an toan quy .
Vi the, chinh sach bao hiem tdt ddng vai trd tich cue cho su dn dinh kinh te - xa hgi, mang den trang thai an toan hon, giam bdt nhiing nii ro, bat frac cho ngudi dugc bao hiem; giam siic ep ddi vdi he thdng phuc lai xa hdi. Bao hiem xa hdi bao gdm cac hinh thiic chii ylu: (i) bao hilm y te, (ii) bao hiem xa hdi ttr nguyen, (iii) bao hiem xa hgi bat huge, (iv) bao hiem that nghiep,
Nhu vay, an sinh xa hdi gdp phan thuc bien mdt phan nao dd chiic nang cdng bang phan phdi ma bao hiem xa hdi gdp phan quan ttpng ttong thuc hien muc tieu nay.
Ngudi tham gia bao hiem thuc hien che dp tai chinh ddng - thu hudng cua ngudi lao ddng ndi chung va ngudi ndng dan ndi rieng, su hd ttg cua nha nudc va cua ngtrdi sir dung lao dgng gdp phan thuc hien dugc chiic nang cdng bang phan phdi, gdp phan thuc hien muc tieu phat trien con ngudi, muc tieu vi con ngudi trong mdt xa hdi nhat dinh.
2. Bao hilm xa hoi cho ngudi ndng dan 6- Ba Lan: gdc nhin cong bang phan phoi
^ TrJin Dinh Hung (2018), Thuc tiin trien khai bdo hiim xa hoi cho nguai nong ddn vd ham y cho Viet Nam, D I tai nghien ciru cap Vien, ViSn Nghien cuu Chau Au,
28 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7(2261.20l9
Ba Lan cd dien tich lanh thd rdng 312,7 nghin km^, dimg vi tri thii 6 ttong sd 28 nudc thanh vien EU va dimg thii 68 fren the gidi;
dan sd ban 38,2 trieu ngudi, trong dd ndng dan chiem khoang 9,4 trieu ngudi sdng tai khu vuc ndng thdn^. Sau khi trd thanh thanh vien ciia EU vao ngay 1/5/2004, Chinh phu Ba Lan da frien khai chien luge "bat kip - catch up", thuc hien cai each mgt each sau rdng va toan dien, dap iing nghiem ngat cac tieu chuan gia nhap cua EU dat ra tten tat ca cac gdc dp: Tir cai each the che luat phap, chinh tri den hoan thien khung the che kinh te thi tmdng vdi muc tieu tang tm'dng nhanh va ben viing, thu hep khoang each thu nhap dau ngudi vdi miie binh quan chung ciia EU15, thiic day cai each cac van de xa hot, cai each van de ndng nghiep, ndng dan va ndng thdn, tu do hda gia ca, tai chinh ndng thdn, chinh sach dat dai, tu nhan hda, phat frien ndng thdn va quy an sinh xa hdi ndng dan... trong tien hdi nhap toan dien vao EU.
Ndng dan la mgt frong nhiing ddi tugng dl bi tdn thuang nhat frong luc lugng lao ddng. Vi vay, viec dam bao dn dinh ddi sdng cua ngudi dan ndi chung, va ngudi ndng dan frong qua ttinh chuyen ddi ndi rieng la mgt thach thiic vd cimg khd khan ddi vdi cac chinh phii cua Ba Lan. Bao hiem xa hdi cho ngudi ndng dan la mgt frong nhiing nen tang ciia chinh sach phat ttien ndng nghiep, ndng
thdn d Ba Lan^ Dieu chinh chinh sach bao hiem xa hdi cho ndng dan da dupe dua ra tu Dao luat 20/12/1990 vl bao hilm xa hdi va da dugc sua doi nhilu ldn, tac ddng tdi nhiing ngudi dupe bao hiem ciing nhu thu hudng chinh sach nay.
6 Ba Lan, Quy an sinh xd hdi ndng ddn (KRUS) cung cdp bao hiem xa hdi theo hinh thiic nhu trg cdp huu tti, khuylt tat va tai nan, benh tat va bao hiem thai san cho ngudi dan ndng thdn. Quy nay do Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat triln ndng thdn quan ly, Tdc dp tang sd ngudi thu hudng chinh sach nay dupe ghi nhan cao nhat vao nhung nam dau chuyen ddi, tuy nhien sau dd giam dan. Chang ban, tdng chi cua Quy bao hiem xa hdi ndng dan KRUS ttong giai doan 2007-2011 giam frr miic 6,1% xudng 5% chi ngan sach ciia Ba Lan. Nam 2011 miic hd frp cua KRUS la 3,8 ti EUR^ Din nam 2014 chi cdn 1,43 frieu ngudi bao hiem thudc ddi tugng cua KRUS, trong dd khoang 1,2 trieu ngudi thu hudng.
Dao Iuat nay dugc siia ddi ngay 02/04/2004, ngay trudc klii Ba Lan gia tihap EU, theo dd cac chil hgp tae xa mudn d lai hudng chinh sach cua KRUS phai cd frach nhiem ddng phi gap ddi vdi ti le theo quy dinh. D I thu hep thdi gian frong he thdng thi thdi ban cua bao hiem xa hgi se keo dai tir 1 nam thanh 3
^ Dang Minh Diic (Cb, 2016), M o hiem nong nghiep:
Chinh sack, thdch thiec vd kinh nghiem tir chdu Au, Nha xuit ban Khoa hoc Xa hpi, tr.200-20!.
^ Xem them: Dang Mmh Diic {cb, 2016), tldd. tr 199- 220.
Joanna Pawlowska-Tyszko, Marian Podstawka, Pierre-Yves Lelong and Sebastian Filipek- Kazmierczak (2013), TTie social insurance system for farmers and its impact on public finances.
(Bde- kiim sea hoi... 29
nam trong tmdng hgp chuyen sang cac boat ddng kinh doanh phi ndng nghiep^.
Chinh sach bao hiem xa hgi cho ngudi ndng dan d Ba Lan nham muc dich dua ra mdt he thdng bao hiem tucmg tu nhu trong Imh vuc cdng nghiep, vdi cac che do bao hiem xa hdi ve y te, thai san, cham sdc con cai, that nghiep deu la nhiing tmdng hgp dugc thuc hien, chiing chi boat ddng trong he thdng bao hiem xa hdi frong Imh vuc ndng nghiep. Miic do thu hudng do bao hiem khi ve gia, hay mat kha nang lao ddng hoac dm dau cho ngudi ndng dan thap hon so vdi miic chung trong he thdng. Nam 2010, miic tmng binh luong him hang thang cua lao ddng khdng thudc linh vuc ndng nghiep la 411 EUR, trong khi d ITnh vuc ndng nghiep la 239 EUR.
Ngudn tai chinh cho KRUS dugc gdp tir 5 quy quan ly tai chinh la: Quy Huu tti va Ngudi cao tudi, Quy Ddng gdp, Quy Hanh chinh, Quy Phdng ngiia va Phuc hdi chiic nang va Quy Khuyen khich. Cac quy nay cd cac ngudn tai chinh khac nhau, nhung tien ttp cap cua mdi quy cd the ket ndi vdi cac quy khac vi chiing gan ket tai chinh vdi nhau. Duy nhat chi cd Quy Ddng gdp la ddc lap vdi cac khoan frg cdp cua Nha nudc. Nd dugc tai ttp chu ylu tir su ddng gdp cua cac ndng hd. Theo Luat Ngan sach, mdt fr le Idn
ngan sach hd ttg cho KRUS dupe nhan tii Quy huu tri va thuang tat. Chang ban, nam 2011 quy nay chi khoang 16.567 ttieu PLN (chi nhilu han nam 2010 la 219 frieu PLN).
Rd rang viec tao ra nhieu quy hd trp nhau dan xen giiia thu chi tao ra he thdng tai ehinh dn dinh hon eho cac chinh sach an sinh xa hdi frong ndng nghiep va ndng thdn d Ba Lan'"
Cd the thay, viec thye hien va trien khai chinh sach bao hiem xa hdi cho ngudi ndng dan d Ba Lan dudi gdc dp thuc thi cdng bang phan phdi d Ba Lan cd mgt sd diem dang chii y nhu sau:
Thuc hien chinh sdch bao hiem xd hpi cho ngu&i ndng dan nham thuc hien muc tieu vd gid tri trong qud tiinh lien kit &
toan bp cdc nu&c thdnh vien EU.
Nhirng muc tieu va gia fri trong qua frinh lien ket d cap Lien minh ludn dugc khang dinh frong cac hiep udc, nen tai Dieu 2, TEU da xac dinh: "Liin minh tu dgt cho minh nhiing muc tiiu sau: thuc day tien bp xa hpi vd kinh ti. ti li viec ldm cao vd dgt tai muc phdt triin ben vOng vd cdn doi, dac biet Id qua viec tao dung mpt khu vuc khong co bien gi&i npi bp, tdng cuang gdn kit kinh te vd xd hpi". Dilu 2, TEU ciing khdng dinh;
"Cpng dong... se thiic day su phdt trien ben vOng vd can ddi cdc hogt dpng kinh le, ti le
' The Polish Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) (2014); Social Insurance in Poland, http://www.2us.pl''fi les/Soci al_Insiir ance_in_Poland_
20I4.pdf, taingay3 thang3 nam20!9.
'" The Polish Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) (2014), Social Insurance in Poland, http://www,zus.pl/files/Social_hisurance_in_Poland_
2014,pdf, tai ngay 3 thang 3 nam 2017.
30 NGHIEN c a u CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7(226).2019
viec ldm vd bdo ve xd hpi cao... vd gdn kit kinh te, xa hpi, dodn kit giiia cdc quoc gia thdnh vien "''. De lam dupe dieu nay, EU ndi chung, va cac nudc thanh vien ndi rieng frong pham vi, tham quyen cua minh sir dung cac cdng cu de dam bao tbiic day phat trien can ddi tdng the, Cdng ddng se tao dung va thuc hien cac hanh ddng cu the hudng tdi gdn ket kmh te va xa hdi, eu the giam chenh lech v l frinh dp phat frien giiia cac vimg khac nhau va khac phuc sir tut hau cua cac vimg, khu vuc hai dao cd dieu kien it thuan lgi nhdt'^. Ddng thdi EU se phoi hpp vdi cac qudc gia thanh vien thuc Men cac chinh sach kinh te nham dat dugc cac muc tieu dat ra.
Gop phdn cdn bdng trong phdt trien cho ngu&i ddn sinh song & khu vuc nong thon Ba Lan
Siic sdng va tiem nang ciia nhieu vung ndng thdn gan lien vdi su hien dien ciia mgt nganh ndng nghiep canh tranh va nang ddng, hap dan ddi vdi ndng dan fre. Dieu nay dupe phan anh ngay cang ro net tai eac khu vuc ndng thdn Ba Lan, noi chiem khoang 5% gia tri gia tang va tao ra 16% viec lam. Ba Lan cd hon 9,3 trieu ngudi thudc lire lugng lao ddng trong ndng nghiep. Cac chuang frinh phat trien ndng nghiep ben vung d Ba Lan hudng tdi giai quyet eac van de xa hdi, dam
" Dang Mmh Diic (2013), Co sa ly ludn vd ihuc tien hoat dong cua Nghi vien Chdu Au, tldd, tr, 169, '^ Carlo Altomonte - Mario Nava (2004), Kinh te vd chinh sdch ciia EU ma rong. Nxb Chinh tri Quic gia, HaNoi, tr. 402^10.
bao viec thuc hien cac chinh sach an sinh xa hdi trong ndng nghiep gdp phan: (i) Giai quyet van de lao ddng khu vuc ndng thdn va dn dinh co cau xa hdi khu vuc ndng thdn; (ii) Cai thien kmh t l ndng thdn, thiic ddy da dang hda khu vuc ndng nghiep va tdi uu hda cac nguon luc dia phuang; (iii) Cho phep da dang hda vl ca cdu he thing canh tac, cai thi6n dilu kien san xudt tai cac trang ttai vua va nhd, phat ttiln thi ttudng dia phuang, dam bao ngudi ndng dan tham gia vao qua ttuih san xudt ndng nghiep mdt each ben viing d Ba Lan.
Bao hiem xa hpi cho ngu&i nong ddn Ba Lan gop phdn ndng cao chat lugng cupc song & nong thon vd da dgng hoa kinh te nong thon
Viec cai thien chat lupng cudc sdng d ndng thdn la muc tieu hen quan tdi ca viec phat trien kinh te xa hdi eua cac ttang trai thdng qua viee eung cd tiem lire, cai each ca cau va hien dai hda, ddng thdi dam bao dieu kien sdng tdt hem lien quan tdi cai thien chat lupng mdi trudng, ha tang ky thuat va xa hdi d Ba Lan. Trong bdi canh Ba Lan hdi nhap sau vao Lien minh Chau Au, cac chinh sach ve ndng nghiep, ndng thdn va cac van de xa hgi, ttong do cd muc tieu uu tien dam bao phat frien ben vung ddi vdi Quy bao hilm xa hdi cho ngudi ndng dan (KUS), da gdp phdn hudng tdi dam bao viec lam va thu nhap cua ngudi dan thdng qua phat frien cac boat dgng phi ndng nghiep. Thu nhap thdp la hau qua
(Bdo hiem aea hp-i... 31
tu viec sir dung ngudn luc lao ddng d ndng thdn kem hieu qua va la mdt van de kinh te xa hgi.
Trong thdi gian tdi, chinh sach phat trien nong nghiep d Ba Lan se budng tdi giam sii dung lao dgng va vi the can thiet phai tao ra nhieu viec lam phi ndng nghiep ttong khu vuc ndng thdn. Cac do thi se ddng vai frd tao ra cac cdng viec phi ndng nghiep cung nhu dao tao nang cao frinh dp va kT nang cho cu dan ndng thdn, ddng thdi dap img cac nhu cau ve siic khde va tinh than ciia ngudi dan. Viec phat frien cac do thi nhd true tiep hen quan tdi qua frinh tai co cau ndng thdn, bao gdm cac dich vu cham sdc site khde, dao tao tmng hpc, phat trien eac doanh nghiep nhd phi ndng nghiep, du ljch...
Mgt frong nhirng edng cu nham mue tieu cai thien ddi sdng vat ehat va tinh than cua khu vuc ndng thdn la quy an sinh xa hdi cho ngudi ndng dan, vdi nguyen tac ddng hudng, dac biet vdi sir hd trp cua nha nudc rapt phan kinh phi cho ngudi ndng dan, dam bao cho ngudi ndng dan dupe thu hudng cac cac che dp cua bao hiem xa hgi mdt each toan dien, mdt phan thdng qua viec Ba Lan su dung cac cdng eu ma Chinh sach Nong nghiep chung cua EU cho phep hd frg, tranh dupe viec "vo quy" KRUS trong boi canh khd khan cua nen kinh te khu vuc tac ddng manh tdi phat frien kinh te - xa hdi ciia Ba Lan.
Bdo hiem xd hpi cho ngu&i nong ddn gdp phdn phdn phdi cong bang giira khu vuc nong thon vd do thi &Ba Lan
Ba Lan ludn chu trpng tdi giam bdt bat binh dang thu nhap giii'a ndng nghiep vdi cac khu vuc kinh te khac, giiia thanh thi va ndng thdn va ngay giiia cac ndng frai ldn va nhd vdi nhieu cac cdng eu ehinh sach khac nhau tir thue, tin dung, tdi an sinh xa hgi.
Cac hd frg nay dua fren su thiet ke cac quy theo cac tru cdt ciia che do an sinh xa hdi ciing nhu chuong trinh muc tieu viia cu the vira phong phii va cd su gan ket Iinh boat giii'a cac cdng cu, tao ra dien bao phii rdng va khdng lam anh hudng tdi su canh franh theo CO che thi trudng frong khu vuc ciing nhu tren toan cau'^ Bao cao ciia Bp Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn Ba Lan cho thay, thu nhap tmng binh khu vuc ndng thdn nudc nay chi dat miic 80% so vdi miic thu nhap do thi va chi bdng 69% muc thu nhap trung binh cua EU
4. Mot so vdn de dat ra vdi Viet Nam Viet Nam hien nay cd dan sd hon 96,2 trieu ngudi'^, frong dd khoang 33,05 frieu ngudi (34,4% dan s6) song d thanh thi va 63,15 trieu ngudi sdng d khu vuc ndng thdn '^ Manueia Samek Lodovici, Chiara Crepaidi, Marcella Corsi (2011), The socio-economic impact of pension systems on the respective situations of women and men and the effects of recent trends in pension reforms, http;//ec.europa.eu/justice/gender- equality/files/equal_economic_independence/pensions
report_en pdf, tai ngay 4 thang 3 nam 2019
^ Van phong Thing ke Uy ban Chau Au (Eurostat), so sanh ting thu nhap tren dau ngiroi toan EU dua tren s6 lieu cua cac nu6c trong nam 2013, Tai Ba Lan chi CO khu vuc Mazowieckie la nam tren trung binh ciia EU, dat !07%. Tuy vay van khong nam trong 20 khu vuc CO CO binh quan thu nhap cao nhat EU (Praha - Tiep, Bratyslawa - Slowacja o trong so nay), '^ S6 lieu ciia Tong cue Dan so va Ke hoach hoa gia dmh, tinh din ngay 1/4/2019.
32 NGHIEN C0U CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7(226).2019
(chiem ban 2/3 tdng dan sd). Mac dii frong thdi gian qua lao ddng da cd su dich chuyen dan cu va lao ddng tir ndng thdn ra thanh thi, tir khu vuc ndng nghiep sang phi ndng nghiep, nhimg vin cdn 42,2% lao dgng lam viee frong khu vuc san xuat ndng nghiep (khoang 22,4 frieu ngudi)^*^, frong dd sd lupng ngudi tham gia bao hiem xa hdi bat bugc la hon 13,52 trieu ngudi va tham gia bao hiem xa hdi tu nguyen la hon 291.000 ngudi (sd lieu 2018)'^. Dieu nay cho thay, eac giai phap md rdng ddi tugng tham gia bao hiem xa hdi tai Viet Nam chua thuc su hieu qua, nhat la ddi vdi sd lao ddng d khu vuc phi chinh thiic'^ cho du Luat Sua ddi, bd sung ve Bao hiem xa hdi da dupe Qudc hdi thdng qua nam 2014 va cd hieu luc tir ngay 1/1/2016,
Tai Viet Nam, frong nhiing nam tmdc day, mgt sd huyen d Nghe An, Ha Ndi, Bac Giang da cd ehe dp bao hiem xa hdi cho ngudi ndng dan, nhu bao hiem xa hdi ndng dan Nghe An, Quy huu ndng dan xa Dai Hda (Tan Yen, Bac Giang) hay "Quy Bao hiem va phuc lgi nhan dan" xa Thanh Van (Thanh Oai, Ha Ndi). Hinh thirc nay mang tinh chat tu nguyen cdng ddng, miic ddng gdp thap phu hop vdi kha nang thu nhap cua ngudi lao
'^ B6 Lao dong Thuong bmh va Xa hpi, 2018.
" NguIn Bao Cong thuong, http://baocongthuong.com.vn/1352-tneu-nguoi-tham- gia-bao-hiem-xa-hoi-bat-buochtml, tai ngay 15 thang 4 nam 2019.
'^ Ting cue thing ke, 1/4/2019
ddng, nen miic hudng thu cung thap. Tuy nhien, qua frinh van hanh Quy bao hiem xa hdi cho ngudi ndng dan d cac dia phuang bi
"vd quy", ma nguyen nhan la do: dp tudi tham gia, miic ddng phi, each thirc quan ly, md hinh to chiic cdn ylu kem va chua phu hop... khiln hinh thiic bao hilm xa hdi cho ngudi ndng dan trien khai kem hieu qua.
Nghi quyet Dai hdi Dang ldn thii Xll da chi ra: Tiep tuc hodn thien chinh sdch an sinh xd hpi phit hgp vdi qud trinh phdt tnen kinh te - xa hpi. M& rpng doi tugng vd ndng cao hieu qud ciia he thdng an sinh xa hpi den mgi nguai ddn; tgo dieu kien de trg giup cd hieu qud cho tdng lap yiu the, de tdn thuang hogc nhiing nguai gap nii ro trong cugc song. Phdt trien vd thuc hiin tdt cdc chinh sdch bdo hiem xd hpi, bdo hiem thdt nghiip, bdo hiim tai nan lao ddng... . Vi the, Bao hiem xa hdi la mgt bd phan cua chinh sach an sinh xa hdi ma Nha nudc Viet Nam hudng tdi dam bao cho ngudi dan, nhat la ddi vdi ngudi ndng dan, gdp phan dam bao phdng ngira nii ro, giam thieu riii ro va khac phuc nii ro thuc hien hieu qua cac quyen ca ban ciia con ngudi dugc quy dinh trong Hiln phap^''.
Tir kinh nghiem chinh sach bao hilm xa hdi cho ngudi ndng dan d Ba Lan dupe thuc hien va trien khai frong giai doan chuyen ddi.
Nghi quyet DH Dang Cpng san Viet Nam ian thii XU, tr.74.
^^ Dieu 34, Hien phap 2013.
^do hiem. xd hoi... 33
dudi gdc nhin phan phdi, cd tbl dua ra mdt sd hudng nghien ciiu va hoan thiSn chinh sach cho ngudi Viet Nam thdng qua thuc hien che do bao hiem xa hdi ddi vdi ngudi ndng dan nhu sau:
- Nha nudc can cd nhirng nghien ciru day dii ve che dp bao hiem xa hpi ddi vdi ngudi ndng dan hudng den dam bao han che dupe nii ro cho ngudi ndng dan, thuc hien dupe nguyen tac ddng - thu hudng theo Luat Bao hiem xa hdi tuong tu nhu Ba Lan da frien khai. Ve mat thuc te, Luat Bao hiem xa hpi Viet Nam cd che do bao hiem tu nguyen cd the van dung de ngudi ndng dan tham gia d hinh thiic nay, song luc lupng lao ddng d nong thdn nudc ta kha ldn, thu nhap ndng nghiep chua cao, dich chuyen lao ddng giiia nong thdn sang dd thi, tir san xuat ndng nghiep vao cac doanh nghiep chua dupe nhieu khi8n nhieu ndng dan van "diing ngoai le" chinh sach bao hiem xa hdi.
- Chirc nang xa hdi cua nha nudc, vai fro cua nha nudc nham gdp phan thuc hien cdng bang phan phdi cho ngudi ndng dan Viet Nam thdng qua viec hoan thien co che bao hiem xa hdi cho khu vuc ndng thdn can phai cd su ddng bd boa vdi cac chinh sach phat friln kmh te xa hdi khac dang dugc ttien khai thuc hien nhu chinh sach an sinh xa hdi, chinh sach bao hiem xa hdi, chinh sich ndng nghiep, nong dan va ndng thdn, chinh sach xoa ddi giam ngheo...
- Nha nudc thuc hien dieu tiet thu nhap giira cac ehu the tham gia vao qua trinh san xuat, kinh doanh sao cho dam bao su hai hda vl thu nhap giiia nhung chu tbl nay (thdng qua chinh saeh tien luong, tien cdng...).
Ddng thdi, su dung cac cdng cu khuyen khich phat ttien doanh nghiep, thiic day thi trudng lao dpng, chuyen dieh co cau ndng - cdng - dich vu, phat huy dugc the manh cua san xuat ndng nghiep... ciing se gdp phan vao viec thu hiit ngudi ndng dan tham gia vao che dp bao hilm xa hdi.
- Xay dung va hoan thien chinh sach bao hiem xa hdi cho ngudi ndng dan, vdi ca che tai chinh, md hinh td chiic quan ly phu hgp, tang cudng tuyen tmyen cac che dp ve bao hiem xa hdi cho ngudi ndng dan, md rdng cac che do nhu bao hilm y te, bao hiem tai nan lao ddng, frg cap huu fri, tu tuat...
cho ddi tugng ngudi ndng dan Viet Nam se gdp phan thuc hien dupe muc tieu an sinh xa hdi, dam bao su dn dinh va cai thien thu nhap cho ngudi ndng dan,
Ket luan
Chinh sach bao hiem xa hdi danh cho ddi tupng ndng dan ciia Ba Lan vdi cac che do trg cdp huu fri, bao hiem that nghiep, bao hilm y tl, bao hilm tai nan nghe nghiep...
da gdp phan thuc hien dupe muc tieu va gia tti lien ket cua qudc gia nay vao Lien minh Chau Au, gdp phdn duy tri dn dinh, hai boa xa hdi, cudc sdng yen binh, trat tu, nen nep
34 NGHIEN ClJU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°7(226).2019
va dam bao cdng bdng thu nhap cho ngudi ndng dan trudc nhiing riii ro bat trac, ddng thdi thuc hien dugc cdng bang frong phan phdi thu nhap xa hdi. Thuc tiln trien khai va ap dung che dp bao hiem xa hdi cho ngudi ndng dan d Ba Lan kha thanh cdng la nhirng kinh nghiem tham khao tdt cho Viet Nam frong viec thuc hien bao hiem xa hdi danh cho ngudi ndng dan, gdp phan dam bao phan phdi edng bang, dam bao dn dinh va phat frien khu vue ndng thdn,
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