NCHIENCDV - TMO BOI
BAN VE NHOM CAC QUYEN KHAC DOI VOI TAI SAN TRONG BO LUAT DAN SU NAM 2015
PHUNG TRUNG TAP*
Quyen hirdng dyng, quyen dii vol bat dpng san liin ke (dia dich) v^
quyen be mat la nhom cac quyen khac doi voi tai san, mdi dirtfc bo sung vao Bo lu|t D3n sv nam 2015. Qua trinh ap dung nhirng quy dinh ve nhom quyen nay trong thyc ti^n phat sinh nhirng tinh huong mdi ckn dirge tiep tuc nghien ciru de hoan thi^n.
Tic khda: Quyen hudng dung: quyen be mat; bdt ddng sdn lien ke.
Nhan bdi: 22/5/2019; hien tap xong: 06/6/2019; duyet bdi: 19/6/2019.
1. Vat quyen hirdng dung va viec gop vin d^u tu vao san xuat, kinh doanh, tam dich vy
Ll. Bdi tugrng cua quyen hudng dung id tdi sdn mang gid tri thanh todn vd cd the chuyen giao
Dya vdo can cii xdc lap quyen cua ngudi hudng dung de xac dinh ngudi hudng dyng dugc thuc hien cdc hanh vi phdp ly theo hieu lyc va trong thdi ban ndo.
Theo quy dinh tai Diiu 261 vd Diiu 264 Bd ludt Dan su (BLDS) nam 2015, ngudi hudng dung cd quyen tu minh hoac cho phep ngudi khdc khai thdc, su dung, thu hoa lgi, lgi tiic tu ddi tugng ciia quyen hudng dung.
Quyin hudng dung cho du dugc xac lap tir cdc can cir nao, thi ddi tugng ciia quyen hudng dung Id bit dgng sdn va nhiing ddng
san budc phdi dang ky quyen sd hiiu. Theo dd, ddi tugng cua quyen hudng dung huge phdi dang ky tai ca quan nhd nude cd thdm quyen. Hay ndi each khac, tdi san la ddi tugng ciia quyen hudng dyng theo quy dinh cua phap luat budc phdi dang ky quyen sd huu hodc dang ky quyen sii dung. Vdi nguyen tac ndy, chu the ciia quyen hudng dung cd quyen cho phep ngudi thii ba khai thdc, sii dyng tai sdn Id ddi tugng ciia quyen hudng dung de thu hoa lgi, lgi tiic. Hoa Igi, lgi tiic thu dugc tic viec khai thdc, sii dung tai san hudng dyng va cd the dimg de gdp vdn, ddu tu vdo cdc doanh nghiep san xudt, kinh doanh, lam dich vu.
Viec khai thac, sir dimg tai san la ddi
* Pho Giao sw, Tien sT, Giang vien cao cap Tnrdng Dai hoc Luat Ha NoL
Tap chi
2 2 I KlfiMSAT /So16(than9»2019)
NGHIEN cut) - TRAO DOI tugng cua quyen hudng dyng de thu hoa
lgi, Igi tiic khi diing de gdp vdn dau tu vao mdt doanh nghiep, mdt cdng ty hay tap doan sdn xudt ciing tudn theo cdc dieu kien, trinh ty, hmh thirc, thu tuc ve gdp vdn.
Quyen cua ngudi hudng dung dugc xdc dinh theo hieu luc cua quyen hudng dung va thdi ban ciia quyen hudng dung dugc xdc dinh. Khi sir dung quyen hudng dung de gdp vdn vao doanh nghiep, cdng ty thugc linh vyc sdn xudt, kinh doanh, lam dich vy nhdt dinh, thi ngudi hudng dyng la chii sd hiiu cua nhung hoa lgi, lgi tiic thu dugc trong qud trinh su dung tai sdn ddi tugng ciia quyen hudng dung. Vi vdy, viec hudng lgi nhuan, chiu riii ro trong thdi han ddu tu quyen hudng dung tai san thudc ve ngudi cd quyen hudng dung. Khi cd tranh chdp xdy ra, chii the ciia quyin hudng dung tdi sdn CO the vdi tu cdch la nguyen don hoac bi don trudc Tda an.
Ngudi hudng dung cd quyin yeu ciu ngudi xdm pham quyen hudng dung trong viec khai thac, sir dung tai sdn Id ddi tugng cua quyen hudng dung va hudng hoa Igi, lgi tiic tir viec khai thac, sir dung tdi sdn. Nguyen tac khai thdc, sir dung tdi san la ddi tugng cua quyen hudng dung la phdi bdo qudn, duy tri khdng dugc 1dm hu hdng, lam han che gid tri sii dung, lam mdt mdt, that lac.
Chil the kinh doanh la doanh nghiep, cdng ty, tap dodn sdn xudt, kinh doanh, lam dich vu dugc chuyen giao va khai thdc, sir dung tai sdn Id ddi tugng cua quyen hudng dung do ngudi cd quyen hudng dung dung quyen nay de gdp vdn, phdi sir dung tai san diing vdi chiic nang vd cdng dung ciia tai sdn. Khi ngudi thii ba cdn trd, chiem huu, sii dung tdi san Id ddi tugng cua quyen
hudng dyng khdng diing thda thuan, thi ngudi hudng dyng cd quyen ty bdo ve, yeu cdu chdm diit hdnh vi xdm pham, trd lai tai sdn la ddi tugng ciia quyen hudng dung vd yeu cau bdi thudng thiet hai.
L2. Dfa viphdp ly cua ngiroi cd quyin hu&ng dung
Quyen cua ngudi hudng dung la quyen khai thac cdng dung vd hudng hoa lgi, lgi tiic ddi vdi tai sdn thudc quyen sd hiiu cua ngudi khac trong mdt thdi ban nhdt dinh.
Ngudi hudng dyng chuyen giao quyen huang dung cua minh cho ngudi thii ba hoac diing quyen hudng dung de gdp vdn vao cac doanh nghiep, cdng ty vdi tu cdch cua mdt chii the gdp vdn vdo Irnh vuc sdn xuat, kinh doanh, lam dich vu nham thu lgi nhuan. Vi vay, ngudi hudng dung cd quyen ddi vdi phdn hoa lgi, lgi tire thu dugc tir viec khai thac cdng dung doi vdi tdi sdn la ddi tugng cita quyen hudng dung. Ngudi hudng dung Id chu sd huu cua phdn hoa lgi, lgi tiic thu dugc tir viec khai thac cdng dung ciia tai sdn Id ddi tugng ciia quyen hudng dung. Khi cd tranh chdp lien quan den tdi sdn la ddi tugng ciia quyen hudng dung va hoa Igi, lgi tiic do cd viec khai thdc cdng dung ciia tai san, thi ngudi hudng dung cd quyen yeu cdu ngan chan cdc hanh vi xdm pham va yeu cdu ngudi cd hdnh vi xdm pham phdi bdi thudng. Ngudi cd quyin hudng dung cdn cd quyin kien vat quyen trong trudng hgp tdi sdn la dii tugng cua quyin hudng dung dang bi ngudi khac chiem huu trdi phap ludt. Ngoai ra, ddi tugng ciia quyen hudng dung Id dit dai va cac bat dgng san khdc, thi cdc ddi tugng nay cdn chiu quyen ddi vdi bat dgng sdn lien ke (dia dich) trong trudng hgp cu the va chil the ciia quyen hudng dung phai thuc
So16(thanga«H9)\
Tap chi _KIEMSAT I
NCHIEN CW - TRAO DOI
hien cdc quy dinh vi quyin dia dich vd quyin bi mat.
1.3. Quyen hu&ng dung co vai tro bdo todn vSn vd duy tri, phdt triin sdn xudt, kinh doanh, lam dick v^
Theo each hieu tir trudc din nay vi thua ke, la chuyin dich tdi sdn ciia ngudi chit cho nhirng ngudi khdc cdn sing theo su dinh doat ciia ngudi di lai di chiic. Thira ki theo di chiic la ngudi thira ki Id chii sd hiiu cua phan di san thira ke cd quyin hudng.
Nhu vay, thira ke la can cii xdc lap (ki tiiira) quyin sd hmi tai sdn cua ngudi chit di lai sau khi chit.
Tuy nhien, quyen hudng dung ciing dugc xdc lap theo di chiic ciia ca nhan dinh doat cho cd nhdn hoac phdp nhan dugc hudng.
Can cii vdo Diiu 257 BLDS: "Quyin hudng dung la quyen ciia chii thS dugc khai thdc cdng dyng vd hudng hoa lgi, lgi tiic ddi vdi tai san thugc quyen sd huu ciia chii thd khac trong mpt thdi ban nhdt dinh". Theo dd, quyen hudng dung dugc xac lap theo di chiic, ngudi dugc chi dinh hudng dyng tdi sdn ciia ngudi chet de lai dugc quyen khai thac cong dyng vd hudng hoa lgi, lgi tiic tir viec khai thdc tai san. Vi vdy, ngudi dugc chi dinh la ngudi hudng dyng chi cd quyen khai thac cdng dung va hudng hoa lgi, lgi die tir viec khai thdc tai san, md khdng cd quyin sd hiru tai sdn Id ddi tugng cua quyen hudng dyng do ngudi lap di chiic xac dinh.
Quyin hudng dung theo di chiic dugc phdp luat quy dinh vd dugc bao dam thyc hien, tao ra nhiing khd nang khai thac cdng dung tai sdn cua ngudi khdc ma ngudi nay khdng phai la chu sd huu ciia tdi san.
Quyin hudng dung theo di chuc dugc thuc hien trong nhiing trudng hgp cy the
khdng nhiing bdo dam duy tri, phdt trien dugc khdi di sdn ciia ngudi chet de lai, md cdn giii dugc viec san xuat, kinh doanh, lam dich vu thdng qua viec khai thac cdng dung ciia tdi sdn; ddng thdi, ngan chan dugc nguy co phd vo mdt ca sd sdn xudt, kinh doanh, lam dich vu.
Thir nhdt, tdi sdn la ddi tugng cua quyen hudng dyng dugc chuyen giao cho cd nhan hoac phdp nhdn khai thac cdng dung de hudng hoa lgi, lgi tuc tir tai san cd thdi ban cho nen khdi di san ciia ngudi chet de lai chua dugc chia thua ke. Viec chua chia di sdn cua ngudi chet de lai la mgt doanh nghiep, mdt cdng ty, mgt ca sd san xudt, kinh doanh, lam dich vu nham duy tri san xudt, bao dam viec lam, bao dam sy binh dn trong quan he xa hdi, quan h& ddn sy, quan he lao ddng lien quan den tai san la ddi tugng cua quyen hudng dung.
Do tai sdn chua dugc chia thira ke, cho nSn tdi sdn nay khdng hi chia nhd thanh nhieu suat cho ngudi thira ke, theo dd, mdt CO sd sdn xudt, mdt cdng ty, mot doanh nghiep khai thac tdi sdn cua ca nhan de Isii sau khi qua ddi van dugc bao ddm tmh nguyen trang, vdn duy tri dugc sdn xudt vd bdo ddm viec lam cho nhieu ngudi, duy tri dugc thuang trudng, do sdn xudt khdng hi ngung tre, khdng bi pha vd do cd viec chia tai san la ca sd sdn xudt.
Thic hai, do khdng cd viec chia tai san la ddi tupng ciia quyen hudng dung theo di chiic, cho nen nang luc san xuat ciia ca sd vdn dugc duy tri va tranh dugc nhiing riii ro lien quan den ngudi thira ke khdng cd nang lyc qudn ly, khai thdc cdng dung ciia phdn tdi sdn dugc chia thua ke, tranh dugc lang phi tai san, ngan chan nguy ca pha vd sdn xudt, anh hudng den cdc hgp ddng ddn su.
Tap chi
KIEM SAT_ /So 16 (thang a^9)
NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI thuong mai, lao ddng va cdc hgp ddng khdc
da dugc xac Idp.
Thic ba, tao dieu kien cho cd nhdn cd tdi sdn khi lap di chiic cd quyen lya chgn cd nhan hoac phap nhan cd nang luc ve tri tue, ky thuat, kinh nghiem san xudt, kinh doanh, lam dich vu, cd uy tin trong san xudt, kinh doanh, lam dich vu dugc khai thdc cdng dung ciia tai san de duy tri san xuat, kinh doanh, giii dugc uy tin tren thuang trudng.
Neu quyen hudng dung khdng dugc xac lap theo di chuc, cd nhieu khd nang di san cua ca nhdn de lai sau khi qua ddi se dugc dem chia cho nhirng ngudi thira ki, khi do tai san la ca sd sdn xudt, sdn nghiep cua chii sd hiiu bi dem chia nhd cho cac sudt thira ke theo luat hoac phdn di sdn chia theo di chiic cho ngudi thua ke dugc hudng, theo do ca sd san xuat cd the gap nhieu rui ro vi tai sdn ciia ngudi chet de lai bi chia nhd ra lam nhieu phan. Viec chia nhd mdt ca sd san xuat, mpt san nghiep cua ca nhan sau khi qua ddi cd the cdn la nguyen nhdn lam mdt trat tu cdng cgng, phd vo quan he tinh cam trong mdt gia dinh, ddng tpc vd dnh hudng khdng nhd den quyen, lgi ich cua ngudi chdng, ngudi vg, cac con vi thanh nien, cha, me ciia ngudi de lai di sdn.
Khi mdt ca sd san xuat, kinh doanh, lam dich vu bi chia nhd thi cac lgi ich ciia cac chil the dugc chia cho dii Id ddng deu, nhu nhau nhung co sd san xudt bi pha vd do ngudi dugc chia khdng cd nang luc quan ly, td chiic san xudt trong viec khai thac cdng dyng ciia tdi san. Vi vay, phap luat quy dinh can cii xac lap quyen hudng dung theo di chiic la tao ra nhiing khd nang trong viec khai thac cdng dung vd hudng hoa lgi, lgi tire dii vdi tai sdn Id ddi tugng cua quyen hudng dung.
Thu tu, ddi tugng ciia quyen hudng dyng la tai san, theo do, mgi tai san deu cd the Id ddi tugng cua quyen hudng dung niu tai san nay dugc khai thdc cdng dung phat sinh boa lgi, lgi tiic. Cdc loai trai phieu, ngdn phieu, cd phieu va cac loai gidy td cd gid khdc Id ddi tugng cua quyen hudng dung phai tuan theo nhiing quy dmh cua phap ludt tai chinh, ngdn hdng va cdc van bdn phdp ludt cd lien quan.
2. Quyen ve loi di qua
Trudc day, Bd ddn luat Bac ky nam 1931 vd Bg dan ludt Trung ky nam 1936 deu cd nhiing quy dinh ve quyen di qua.
Diiu 620 Bg dan luat Bdc Ky nam 1931 quy dinh: "Ngudi chii dat nao bi bao bgc chung quanh khdng cd ldi di ra dudng cdng (ke ca cac sdng, ngdi thuyen be di lai dugc) hay cd ldi di md khdng du cho su kinh ly cac viec ndng - cdng trong nha ddt minh, thi cd the yeu cau dat ldi di tren ddt ciia ngudi lang gieng dugc, nhung thiet hai cho ngudi ta bao nhieu thi phai bdi thudng bay nhieu"; vd "Cii le thi ldi di phdi dat vdo ben ndo gdn nhdt ke tir ddt bi bao bgc cho den dudng cdng" (Dieu 621).
Ve quyen md ldi di qua, Bd dan luat Trung Ky nam 1936 quy dinh tai cdc Dieu 653 vd Dieu 654, cd cimg ndi dung vdi nhiing quy dinh tuang iing trong Bp dan ludt Bdc Ky nam 1931.
Quy dinh ve quyen md Idi di qua theo bai Bp dan luat tren cd nhiing npi dung co bdn Id chil sd hiiu mdt manh dat, do cdc phan dat thugc quyen sd hiru cua nhiing ngudi khdc vdy bgc, cd quyen yeu cau md ldi di thdng qua cac phdn ddt cd dia gidi lien ke va phai boi thudng nhiing hoa lgi dugc trdng tren dien tich dat md ldi di qua.
Hien nay, quyen ve ldi di qua dugc quy
So 16 (thang 8^9) \
Tap chi _KIEMSAT I 2 5
NCHIEN CUU - TRAO DPI
dinh tai D i i u 254 BLDS nam 2015:
" 1 . Chu sd hiiu cua bdt ddng sdn bi vdy bgc bdi cac bat dpng sdn cua cdc chu sd hiiu khdc md khdng cd hoac khdng du ldi di ra dudng cdng cdng, cd quyen yeu ciu chii sd hiiu bat ddng sdn vdy bpe danh cho minh mpt ldi di hgp ly tren phdn d i t ciia hg.
Ldi di dugc md tren bat ddng sdn lien ke nao ma dugc coi Id thuan tien va hgp ly nhdt, cd tmh den dac diem cu the ciia dia diem, Igi ich ciia bat dgng san bi vay bgc va thiet hai gay ra it nhat cho bat dgng san cd m d ldi di.
Chu sd hiiu bat ddng san hudng quyen ve ldi di qua phai den bu cho chu sd hiiu bat dgng sdn chiu hudng quyen, trir trudng hgp cd thda thuan khac.
2. Vi tri, gidi ban chieu ddi, chieu rdng, chieu cao ciia ldi di do cac ben thda thuan, bdo ddm thuan tien cho viec di lai vd it gdy phien ha cho cac ben; neu cd tranh chdp ve ldi di thi cd quyen yeu cau Tda dn, ca quan nha nude cd tham quyen khdc xdc dinh.
3. Trudng hgp bdt dgng san dugc chia thanh nhieu phan cho cdc chii sd hiiu, chu sii dyng khdc nhau thi khi chia phdi danh ldi di can thiet cho ngudi phia trong theo quy dinh tai khodn 2 Dieu nay ma khdng cd den bu".
Nhu vay, can xdc dinh rd ndi ham ciia quy dinh de dp dung vao viec gidi quyet nhiing tranh chap ve ldi di giiia cdc ben chu the trong cdng ddng ddn cu.
Chil sd hiiu cd bdt ddng san bi vdy bgc bdi cdc b i t ddng sdn ciia cdc chii sd hiiu khac ma khdng cd hoac khong du ldi di ra dudng cdng cgng, thi cd quyen yeu cdu chii sd hihi bit ddng san vdy bgc danh cho minh mgt ldi di hgp ly tren phdn ddt cua hg.
Mdt b i t ddng sdn hi vdy bgc dugc hieu
la bat ddng san bi vdy kin mpi phia. Cdc phia Dong - Tay - Nam - Bac ciia mpt bat dgng san bi vay bgc bdi cdc bdt ddng san khdc. Cac bdt dpng san la vdt vdy bpe cd the la cac phdn d i t hoac cac cdng trinh xay dung hodc cdy cdi hoac ao, hd, sdng, sudi thudc quyen qudn ly cua ngudi khac. Ngudi cd bdt ddng sdn bi vdy bgc bdi cac bdt dpng sdn cua ngudi khac khdng the sir dung, khai thac binh thudng phan bdt ddng sdn cua minh vi khdng cd ldi di ra dudng cdng cdng hoac ben sdng hoac khu phd khdc... Chii sd huu cua bdt ddng san dang d the bat lgi trong viec khai thdc nhu vay, phdp ludt da quy dinh quyen va nghia vu cua ngudi nay de tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho chu sd huu bat dpng san bi vay bgc bdi cdc bdt ddng sdn khdc thyc hien dugc quyen sd him hoac quyen sir dung binh thudng bat ddng sdn ciia minh.
Quyen md ldi di qua la mdt quyen dia dich cd can cii xac lap theo ludt dinh hoac do dia the tu nhien hoac theo thda thuan hoac theo di chiic. Neu khdng cd thda thuan, khdng theo dia the tu nhien hoac khdng cd di chuc thi chu sd huu bat ddng san bi cac bat dgng san cua ngudi khac vay bgc cd quyen yeu cau chii sd hiiu hoac chu sd hiiu cua nhieu bdt dpng san cho minh dugc md ldi di qua bat ddng sdn ciia hg.
Quyen ciia chii sd hiiu cd bdt ddng sdn bi vdy bgc bdi cdc bdt ddng sdn cua cdc chii sd hiiu khac khdng cd hoac khdng dii Idi di ra dudng cdng cdng, sdng, sudi thi cd quyen yeu cdu chu sd hiiu bdt ddng sdn vay bpe danh cho minh mpt ldi di hgp ly tren phan ddt cua hp.
Viec hieu the ndo la ldi di hgp ly that sy can thiet va can phai xac dinh the ndo la ldi di hop ly?
Tap chi
KIEM SAT_ /So 16 (thmg 8/2019)
NGHIEN c u t - TRAO DOI - Loi di hgp ly: Xdc dinh mdt ldi di cd
hgp ly hay bdt hgp ly, cin phdi xac dinh vi tri ma mdt bat dpng sdn mudn sii dyng, khai thac dugc thi chu sd hiiu hoac ngudi cd quyen qudn ly bat ddng san do can cd mpt ldi di ra dudng cdng cdng, hoac ra sdng, sudi bay khdng? Ldi di trudc hit la dimg vao viec luu thdng, vao vide di lai tir nhd den dudng cdng cdng, cd do dai ndi hen vdi bat bdt ddng sdn dupc quyen dia dich thdng qua bdt dpng san chiu dia dich den dudng cdng cpng hoac giao thdng thuy khac nhu sdng, sudi.
Tinh hgp ly cua ldi di khdng cd mdu sd chung cho mgi ldi di trong ciing khu vyc ddn cu hay trong phara vi mpt tinh, mpt qudc gia. Ldi di hgp ly cdn dugc xac dinh dua tren cac yeu td thuc te cd lien quan, nai md ldi di.
- Cdn cic vdo vi tri cdc bdt dgng sdn vdy boc bdt dpng sdn dugc hu&ng quyen dia dich. ma loi di: Neu bat dpng san d phia chinh dien cua bdt ddng sdn dugc hudng quyen md ldi di vd ldi di md theo hudng chinh dien ra dudng cdng cdng hoac giao thdng thuy la sdng, sudi thi can cii vao be rpng cua bdt ddng san phia trudc cdn khoang trdng de cd the md ldi di. Trudng hgp, be rdng cua khodng dat trdng do rat hep, khdng the md ldi di cho ngudi di bd thi hudng ldi di chinh dien khdng the thuc hien. Cdc hudng cdn lai cua bdt ddng sdn chiu dia dich can dugc lua chgn sao cho viec md ldi di dugc thuan lgi nhdt ve chiSu ddi, chiiu rdng. Trong trudng hgp ndy, ldi di cd thi dugc md theo hudng phia sau bat dgng san dugc hudng quyen dia dich vi chi cd thi theo hudng ndy mdi cd the md dugc ldi di thuan lgi ban hudng chinh dien. Chu sd hiiu ciia bit ddng sdn dugc hudng quyin
dia dich trong viec md ldi di khdng the yeu cau chii sd huu cita bat dgng sdn chiu dia dich phdi ddnh cho ldi di cd be rpng de d td vdo dugc nhd ciia minh, neu dien tich bit ddng san chiu dia dich rat nhd va khdng thi md rdng loi di chiSm phdn ddt khdng hgp ly tren phan dat chiu dia dich md Idi di. Tinh hgp ly can cii vao didn tich ciia bdt ddng san hoac cac bat dpng san chiu dia dich de md ldi di tr&i thuc te.
- Tncang hgp nhieu bdt dpng sdn vdy hgc cung chiu dia dich cho viec ma loi di cho chu sa hihi bdt dpng sdn huang quyen dia dich: Trudng hpp nhieu bdt dgng sdn chiu dia dich vay bgc bat ddng san dugc hudng quyen dia dich la hai bdt ddng sdn lien ke thupc cdc bdt ddng sdn vdy bgc mdt bdt dpng sdn, md mdt bdt ddng sdn vay bgc chiu dia dich cdn phdn trdng khdng dii be rdng de md ldi di, vd bdt ddng sdn chiu dia dich lien ke khac cung gap tinh trang tuang tu, thi khi dd hai bat dgng san vay bgc cimg chiu dia dich cho viec md ldi di ciia chu sd hiiu bat dpng san hudng quyen dia dich.
Theo dd, ti le dien tich ddt ddnh cho loi di dugc xac dinh dua tren thyc ti. Trong trudng hgp ndy, cdc chii sd hiiu ciia cac bdt ddng sdn vdy bgc chiu quyen dia dich ddi vdi bat dpng san hudng quyin thuc hien nghia vu theo phdn ddi vdi phan bat ddng sdn danh cho viec md ldi di ciia chii sd hiiu bdt ddng sdn hudng quyen dia dich.
Nhiing can cii xac dinh quyen dia dich tren ddy nham phuc vu cho viec giai quyit cac tranh chdp ve quyen md ldi di tren thuc te. Can cii vao thuc te ciia cac bit ddng san chiu dia dich va bat ddng san hudng dia dich de xdc dinh.
Ldi di dugc coi !a thuan tien cho viec luu thdng ca hgc cua chu sd hiru bit ddng
S6l6(thangaM19)\
Tap chi _KIEMSAT I 2 7
NCHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI
sdn dugc hudng quyin dia dich cin phdi can cCr vao chiiu dai, chiiu rdng va thuc tiang cua chii sd hiiu chiu dja dich. Thuan tien ciia ldi di cdn can cii vao khoang trdng ciia cac bit dgng sdn vdy bgc mdt bit ddng san khac md chiu nghla vu dia dich tucmg img. Niu khdng thi md ldi di theo dudng ngan nhat, thi lya chpn ldi di ddi hon nhung thuan tien ban, ldi di cd the la mdt dudng thang, cd the Id mpt dudng gdp khiic, dudng vdng theo dia gidi cac bat dpng san chiu dia dich. Vi vay, tren thuc te cd the cd nhieu bdt dpng san vdy hoc mpt bit ddng sdn hudng quyen dia dich cimg chiu dia dich theo nhiing dien tich dat ddnh cho viec md ldi di ciia chii sd hihi bdt dgng san dugc hudng quyen dia dich.
Khi md ldi di qua bdt ddng san liin ki ciia cdc chil sd cdc bdt dpng san vay bgc, cdn quan tam den lgi ich ciia cdc bit dpng sdn chiu dia dich khi md ldi di de ban che nhiing thiet hai cho bdt ddng sdn cd md ldi di nhu hoa lgi hoac cdc tai san phai giai tda khac danh cho viec md ldi di trong trudng hgp cdn thiet hoac theo thda thuan hoac theo di chuc. Viec den bii cho chu sd huu cd bat ddng sdn chiu dia dich do md ldi di cho chii sd huu bdt ddng sdn hudng quyen, can cii vao nhung thiet hai thuc te vd khoan den bii cd the do cac ben thda thuan, neu cdc ben khdng the thda thuan va cd yeu cdu thi Tda dn gidi quyet theo thu tye td tyng chung.
- Vi tri, giai han chieu ddi, chieu rpng, chieu cao cua loi di do cdc ben thoa thuan. bdo ddm thuan tien cho viec di lgi vd it gdy phien hd cho cdc ben: Khoan 2 Diiu 254 BLDS nam 2015 cung chi dimg lai d viec quy dinh mdt ldi di thdng thudng nhu vi tri, gidi ban chieu ddi.
chieu rdng, chieu cao cua ldi di. Cd nghia id chi dimg lai d viec xdc dinh mgt ldi di va theo nhung thdng sd md mdt ldi di bdt ky nao ciing can phdi cd.
Thuc te ddi hdi phdp ludt can phai cd nhung quy dinh ve quyen dia dich trong viec md ldi di trong nhiing trudng hgp dac biet. Nhiing trudng hgp dac biet ndy cd the vien din de cd each dp dung phap luat quy dinh ve quyen ddi vdi ldi di va la can cii de gidi quyet nhiing tranh chdp lien quan din viec md ldi di do quyen dia dich chi phdi.
Dat gid thiet mpt bat dpng sdn bi vdy hpc bdi cac bat ddng sdn khdc md trong trudng hgp khdng cdn bdt ky mdt khoang ddt trdng ndo de cd the md ldi di, thi quyen yeu ciu md ldi di ciia chu sd hiiu bdt dgng san hudng quyen dia dich cd dugc dap iing hay khdng? Neu khdng xdc dinh quyen nay trong hoan cdnh dac biet, thi khdng the gidi quyet dugc nhiing tranh chdp phdt sinh lien quan den quyen md ldi di. Trong tm:dng hgp dac biet nay, can phai xdc dinh ldi di dugc md tren cdc bdt ddng san vay bpe chiu dia dich nhu bac cau, xdy dung bang chuyen hoac ddo xudng ldng ddt de md ldi di cho chil sd hiru cd bat ddng sdn bi vdy bpe ma khdng cdn mdt dien tich ddt nao ddnh cho ldi di.
- Truang hpp bdt dgng sdn dugc chia thdnh nhieu phdn: Theo quy dinh tai khoan 3 Diiu 254 BLDS nam 2015, trudng hgp bdt ddng sdn dugc chia thanh nhieu phan cho cdc chil sd hiiu, chii su dung khdc nhau thi khi chia phdi ddnh ldi di cdn thiet cho ngudi phia trong phu hgp vdi vi tri, gidi han chiiu ddi, chieu rpng, chieu cao ciia ldi di do cdc ben thda thudo, bdo dam thuan tien cho viec di lai vd it gay phiin ha cho cac ben.
Tap chi
KIEM SAT_ /So16(th»g&2019)
NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI
3. V i q u y i n b i mat
Quyen be mat quy dinh trong BLDS nam 2015 tii Diiu 267 d i n Diiu 273.
Quyen be mat dugc quy dinh la quyen cua mdt chu the ddi vdi mat dat, mat nuac, khoang khdng tren mat ddt, mat nude va long dat ma quyen sir dung dat do khdng thudc ve chil the khdc.
Tuy nhien, can cii vao nhiing quy dinh ve quyen be mat trong BLDS nam 2015, cdn nhieu vdn de dugc dat ra can dugc gidi quyet va khi do dp dung nhiing quy dinh nao de giai quyet tranh chdp?
Thic nhdt, trudng hgp mdt chu sd huu nha d, cho ngudi khac xdy dung tang nha d tren mat trdn ngdi nha ciia minh theo thda thuan, ddy cd phai la quyen be mat dugc xdc lap theo thda thuan khdng? Neu coi la be mat, thi ddi tugng cua quyen be mat la mat dat, mat nude, khoang khdng gian tren mat ddt, mat nude va ldng dat ma khdng phdi be mat cua mdt bdt ddng sdn khdc. Thyc te da phdt sinh nhieu trudng hgp tuong tu, phap luat chua dieu chiiih va khi cd tranh chdp phat sinh, viec dp dung phdp ludt ndo de giai -quyet la mpt van de khdng de dang.
Thu hai, be mat cua bdt ddng san ngodi ddt dai, khoang khdng gian tren mat ddt, mat nude vd ldng ddt nhu nhd cua, cac cdng trinh xdy dung khac ma mat ngodi cua biic tudng nha, dugc sir dung treo bang quang cdo, treo cac tdm dp phich, logo ciia mdt cdng ty, mpt doanh nghiep thudc ITnh vyc san xuit, kinh doanh, Idm dich vu khdc nhau md chu sd huu nhd cua, vdt kien tnic khac thda thuan vdi chii the sir dung be mat diing ciia biic tudng ngdi nhd, vat kien tnic de treo cac bdng hieu ndy, thi day cd dugc xem nhu quyen be mat dugc xdc lap theo thda thuan khdng?
Thic ba, chii sd hiiu thda thuan cho ngudi khac sir dung be mat trdn nha d i dyng cot ang ten thu phdt sdng trong thdng tin lien lac, thu phat hinh cd dugc xem la quyen be mat xac lap theo thda thuan khdng? hay trudng hgp nay thudc quyen sir dyng, quyen dia dich?
Nhung van de dat ra cdn phdi dugc xac dinh chung thudc quan he nao, de cd can cir ap dyng cac quy pham phap ludt gidi quyet tranh chap phdt sinh.
Thic tu, nghien cuu md rdng pham vi ddi tugng cua quyin b i mat: Theo quy dinh cua phap luat hien hanh ve quyen be mat, ddi tugng cua quyen be mat gdm: Mat dat; mat nude; khodng khdng gian tren mat ddt; mat ddt va long dat.
Nhu vay, theo quy dinh ciia phdp ludt ve ddi tugng cua quyen be mat lien quan den ddt dai, khdng cd be mat cua cdc bdt ddng sdn khdc nhu nha ciia, cac vat kien tnic.
Be mat cua cac cdng trmh xay dung nhu nha cira, vat kien tnic khdc cd the khai thdc, sir dung tuong tu nhu khai thdc be mat ciia ddt dai, mat nude, khodng khdng gian tren mat dat, mat nude va long dat. Vi vdy, nen chang quy dinh be mat cua cdc cdng trinh xdy dyng nhu nhd d, vdt kien tnic khac la ddi tugng cua quyen be mat, neu cd thda thuan.
Quy dinh md rdng ddi tugng cua quyen be mat cdn bao gdm be mat bdt dgng sdn Id nhd ciia, cdc cdng trinh xdy dyng khac se md ra nhimg kha nang, dieu kien sir dyng be mat cua bdt ddng san khac ngoai be mat ddt, khoang khdng gian tren mat dit, mat nude, ldng dat nham khuyen khich cac quan he ddn sy lien quan den quyen be mat phat triin linh hoat trong diiu kien phdt trien cdng nghe nhu hien nay va trong tuong l a i . n
So16(thaiga^9)\
Tap chi _KIEMSAT I 2 9
