H H Mr-uieigctfULyLUijlNVATdNGKgrTHlfCTJEN
0NGPH6V6IBIENDOIKHIHAU-
CACH TIEP CAN D U A TREN QUYEN CON NGUfOl
• TS H O A N G VAN N G H I A Vien Nghien cieu Quyen con nguai.
Hoc vien Chinh tri - Hdnh chinh quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
1. Bien doi khi hau - thach thirc toan cau d6i vdi phit trien vi bao dim quyen con nguM
Bifln ddi khi hau (BDKH) li mflt trong nhimg vin de thdi su va thieh thuc nhat hien nay cua cflng ddng qudc te. BDKH khdng chi li vin de mpi trudng, mpt vin de xa hdi mang tinh toin cau can cd mflt giai phap toin ciu vi trich nhiem chung eua tat ca cic qudc gia mi cdn li mflt vin dfl eua sir phit trien vi quyen phit trien eua mfli ngufli va cflng ddng. Dd eung ehinh li mpt vin de lifln quan true tiep dgn chu the nghia vu efl trieh nhiem thuc thi cic chinh sieh bio dim cie quyfln cpn ngudi eo bin chp tit ca mpi ngudi trpng bdi cinh thaeh thiic va de dpa ghfl gflm cua cic tic ddng tigu cue mi BDKH giy ra. Ddng thdi, nd eiing li vin de Uen quan dgn chu the eua eic quyfln cpn ngudi, dd li viee tigp can, thu hudng eic quyfln eon ngudi ttpng dieu kien tie dpng tiflu cue Clia BDKH eiing nhu qui trinh beach dinh vi thuc tM chinh sieh lien quan.
LiflnhopqudceoiirngphflvdiBDKHli mflt trong nhting uu tifln cap nhit. Tdng Thu ky Lifln hpp qudc Ban Ki Mun trong dien van ti^c eic nhi linh dao the gidi ngiy 22-9-2009 da die biflt nhin manh: "KU hiu li vin dfl dia - kmh tfl quan trpng nhat eua thfl ky XH; no diflu chinh lai can can toin cau ve phit ttidn, hoa binh vi thinh vupng; nd se lam tieu tan nhiing thinh qui phit trien trong nhieu nam. Doi nghflo sfl ttim ttpng ban; sfl khifln nhieu chlnh phu trd nfln mong manh, dfl hi lit dfi; chiing ta se phii tra mot cii gia qua dit nflu chiing ta khflng hinh ddng ngay biy gid""'.
BDKH khong chi li vin de mfli trudng, mi digu quan trpng hon diy li mdt vin dg xi hpi mang tinh toin eau, li van dfl cua quyen con ngudi vi phit trien bfln vtrng, ddi hdi can phai cd mpt giai phip toin ciu vi mpt trich nhiflm tip thfl ciia toin thg eflng ddng nhin loai, su phdi hap vi hop tic chit chg eda cic qudc gia vi cic td chiic qudc tg hfln ehinh phu vi khu vue.
Bao cip eua Ngin hing thg gidi nim 2009 da cM ra ring Ddng Nam A la mpt khu vyc bi anh hudng ning nfl nhat cua BDKH; mi Viflt Nam li mpt trong 5 qufic gia cMu anh hudng tdi tfl nhit khi cd tdi 80% din cu sfing d dpc eic khu vuc duyfln hii cich bd bign tdi da
LYLUAN CHfNH TRI-So9/2013
m
lOOkm, 40% dan cu sdng bing ndng nghiep, 45% sdng dudi miic 2 USD/ngiy, dung thii 3 thd gidi v^ dp dii bd bi^n...
Cic qudc gia Ddng Nam A se true tiep bi de dpa v6 su sdng cdn, an ninh Iuong thuc vi thim hpa benh tit, mdi trudng. Nhiet dp tang, muc nudc biSn ting, cao hem so vdi miic trung bmh toan ciu,... la tieng chudng bio dOng ddi vdi su sdng cdn va phat trien cua cac qudc gia trong khu vuc Dong Nam A ndi rieng vi tren thd gidi ndi chung. Cic bio cio ciing chl ra su iing phd ch^m chgp vi kem hi$u qua ciia cic qudc gia Ddng Nam A ddi vdi su BDKH: cic chinh sich ling phd thidu tam chien Iupc vi phin iing ti'ch ci,rc, chua thi;c su quan tam den vin de giim thilu tic hai vi tip trung vao nhiing nhdm d§
bj tdn thuong, nSng ne nhit la ngudi ngheo, ngudi sdng d viing duyen hii, vung nui cao va cic nhom ydu thd khac; chua cd he thdng du bio tdt ciing vol co chd phin iing thidu hieu qui ddi vdi cic thien tai,... da va dang la nhiing nguyen nhin chii quan tic ddng ddn miic dp thy hudng cic quy^n dupc sdng vi phit tri^n cua cic cdng ddng dan cu bi anh hudng true ti^p tu qui trinh BDKH.
Cic din chiing tir Malaisia, Inddnesia, Phillipin vi Thai Lan, Viet Nam,... da cho thiy sy ling phd cua cic chinh phii cdn nhieu han chd, chua th^c su chii ddng vi higu qui. Mdt trong nhung ban chd do xuit phit tii phuong phip, cich tidp can trong iing pho chua thuc su hi$u qui vi diing cich - dd Ii viec van dung cich tidp cgn dua tren quyen con ngudi.
Bio cio Phit trign The gioi nam 2010 vdi chii d^ Phit triSn va bidn ddi khi hau, dupc drinh biy tai cic cupc dim phin toin ciu ve BDKH di6n ra vio thing 12 tai Copenhagen (Dan Mgch) cho thiy: udc tinh mdi nam, cic nudc ngh^o se phii tieu ldn mOt phan Idn GDP dd chi phi cho vi^ phdng chdng lu lut, sa mac hda
gia tang va cic thim hpa thien tai; cic nudc 6 chau Phi vi Nam chiu A dir kidn se mat den 5%
GDP mdi nam cho viec khic phuc thi^n tai.
Bio cao niy cung chi ra ring, du tinh den nam 2020, se cd tir 75 den 250 trieu ngudi khd cd co hdi tiep can nudc sach.
BDKH tie dpng true tiep ddn khdng chi sinh kd, quydn sdng va quydn phit trien cua mdi ngudi hay cdng ddng nhit dinh mi cdn Ii mpt thach thiic va ttd ngai vd ciing Idn cho viec thu hudng cic quy^n con ngudi khac, dac biet la quydn vi siic khde. Khi muc nudc bidn dang cao se day hing ttam trieu ngudi ra khdi nhiing vimg dat thap, duySn hii hay chau thd, noi tao ra viec lam va sinh ke ciia hp. Thuc ti§n va nghien ciiu deu chi ra mdi iien he chat che ciia BDKH vdi nhiing dich benh toan cau, nhu SARC, H5N1,... Ngay rti diu nam 2000, Td chiic Y td thd gidi (WHO) da cho ring xuit hien nhieu benh dich gin li^n vdi BDKH, ching han 2,4%
cic benh ve tieu chay vi 6% benh sdt ret tten toin thd gidi li do hgu qui ciia BDKH.
BDKH Iam gia tang su bit dn ve xa hpi, de dpa den hoa bmh, phit trien va su thinh vupng - nhung tien de quan trpng bac nhit cho viec thu huong cic quyen vi tu do co ban ciia mdi ngudi. Nan ngap lut giy thiet hai kinh te, tinh ttang thidu Iuong thuc vi di cubing loat va Iim ttam ttpng them xung dot giua cic nhdm xa hdi. Mdt bio cao gin day cua UNICEF udc ti'nh 2,7 ty ngudi sdng trong khu vuc BDKH se ddi dien vdi cic vin d^ kinh te, xa hgi vi chinh tri CO bin, vdi nguy ca cupc xung dot bao luc. Rd ring nhiing hgu qui vi tic dpng ghe gdm cua BDKH dang dat ra thich thiic toan ciu cho cpng ddng qudc td vi cic chinh phii, cung nhu tit ci mpi ngudi. Dieu niy ddi hdi khdng chi cdng ddng qudc te va cic chmh phii cin cd chidn lupc, chinh sich iing phd vi thich iing kip thdi, mi quan ttpng hon phii cd su tham gia
Lf LUAN CHfNH TRj-Sd9/2013
l a ">--"ISN ctfu L» LUijlN VATdNG KgTTHtfCTIJN
siu rpng, thuc ehit vi Mflu qui cua cic epng ddng dia phuang vi ngudi din, die biflt la cie nhdm dfl hi tfin thuong vao qui trinh iy. Nhu viy, BDKH dit ra nhung thich thuc to ldn doi vdi su phit trifln bfln vimg vi bio dim diy du cie quyen con ngudi ca ban.
2. Tiflp can dira tren quyen con ngu*i trong ung pho vdi bien doi khi h^u
Tiflp can dua tren quyen eon ngudi trong lingphdvdiBDKHkhing dinh sirthamgiacua ngudi din, dac biet li nhung nhdm chiu tic ddng ldn nhat cua qua trinh BDKH vi cic ehinh sieh lifln quan ttong img phd vdi BDKH, eung nhu cae quyen cua hp dupc tham gia vio qui ttinh ay Nd cung ddi hdi mpi cMnh sich vi ehupng trinh ung phu BDICH phii xuit phit tir loi ieh cua eic nhdm dfl bi tdn thuong vi ehiu thiflt thdi nhit eua nhting tic dflng tiflu cue tu BDKH.
Chifln luoe ling phd vi thich ung vdi BDKH phii gin lien vdi nhiing chifln lupc phit trien tdng the kinh tfl - xa hpi. Ddng thdi, cic cMfln lupc ay can phai duoe xiy dung trfln ca sd bio vfl nhimg ngudi dfl bi tdn thuong nhat. Dd la nhtrng ngudl ndng din, cdng nhan va ngudi thu nhap thap, phu nir d dp tudi mang thai sdng trong cpng ddng nflng thfln, phu nu nghflo, tre em, ngudi gii, ngudi khuyet tat vi cae nhdm din tpc it ngudi.
BDKH ciing vdi nhimg su suy thoai mdi trudng do qua trinh edng nghiflp hoi nhanh ehdng li nhdng nguyfln nhin eau thinh nhirng van de tic dpng den qui trinh phat tiien ben vimg ndi chung vi vifle bip dam cie quyfln cpn ngudi, nhat la quyen cua cie nhdm dfl bi ten thuong ndi rieng.
Viec bio dam vi hien thuc hda cic quyfl'n eon ngudi sfl bi tie ddng manh mfl bdi qui trtnh BDKH mflt cich toin difln vi sau rpng, khflng cM thuan tuy eic quyfln vfl kinh tfl - xa
hdi vi vin hda (nhu quyen ed viflc lim, quyfln cd nha d, quyfln cd mrdc sach,... ma ca cic quyfl'n ve din su - chfnh tri (nhu quyfln song, quyen tij do di l?i, quyfln eu tru, quyfln dupc tham gia quin ly xi hdi,..). Cac quyen con nguai chu yflu hfln quan tdi BDKH, hay chiu tic dpng cua BDKH dp li:
- Quygn song
- Quyfln an ninh luong tiiuc - Quyfln ed nude sach
- Quyfln ed viflc lim, quyfl'n sinh kg - Quyfln ve sire khde
- Quyfln giio due
- Quyfln cua ngudi nhip cu, di eu - Quyfl'n phu nir, tre em, ngudi gii vi eic nhdm dfl bi tdn thuong khac,
Vin dg BDKH chi ed thfl dupc ling phd Mflu qui neu dupc tigp cin tii gde dp quygn con ngudi trong hoach dinh, thue tM va giim sat eic chinh sich vi qui ttinh phat trifln.
Nhifl'u nha khoa hpe vi lip phap cho ring cic cudc tranh luin ve BDKH toin ciu hifln nay phin ldn la ddng khung bdi lpi ich kinh tfl, cae nha lanh dao ehinh tri khdng mudn hy sinh tang trudng ngin ban qude gia eua hp dfl thay ddi cau true vi dau tu can thigt dfl cit giam lupng khi thii, dac biflt la vdi cudc khiing hoing tai chinh toin eau de dpa cdng an vi?c lam vi su thinh vuong'^'.
Tuy nhien, cie nguyfln tie vi ehuin muc qudc tfl ve quyfl'n con ngudi da ehi ra ttich nMflm, nghia vu eua cie qudc gia thinh vien, thong qua eic CO ehe, thfl chfl, chiu ring bufle phip ly trong vige xiy dung va trien khai cac ehinh sich ddi phd vdi BDKH.
Hdi nghi qudc tg vdi chu de "siic khde, phit ttien vi quyfln con ngudi" to chue tai Hi N6i thing 10-2009, vdi su tiiam du cua gin 500 dai bieu trong nude vi qufic tfl da ban vfl mflt ttong nhung ttpng tim ehinh li BDBCH vi tic
LVLUllN CHiNH TRj-So 9/2013
dpng Clia nd ddi vdi viec thu hudng cic quy^n cpn ngudi vi su phit tri^n ciia tat ci mpi ngudi, dac bi§t Ii nhung nhdm di hi tdn thucmg. Hpi nghi da khing dinh cich tiep can dya tten quydn cpn ngudi Ii mdt trong nhiing giii phip hiiu hieu nhat de iing phd vdi BDKH, giim thidu tic ddng tieu cue ciia bien ddi khi hau thdng qua viec ttao quyin, tSng cudng su tham gia va tinh Imh hogt, tich cue, chii dgng, sing tao vi nang dgng ciia cic cgng ddng dia phuong vio qui trinh hogch dinh, thuc thi vi giam sit qui trinh thuc thi chinh sich'^'.
3. Viet Nam triro'c nhihig thach thuc cua bien doi khi hau va bao dam quyen con ngirM Vi$t Nam la mgt trudng hpp dien hinh ve su tic ddng Clia BDKH ddi voi qua trinh phat ttiln kinh td - xa hdi cung nhu viec bao dam cic quyen con nguoi cho tat ca mpi ngudi.
Nhi?t do da tang 0,5''C, va muc nudc biin da ting len 0,2m trong 50 nam qua. Cic tic ddng se li: (a) cgn kiet tai nguyen nudc; (b) inh hudng siic khde cdng cdng (benh sdt ret va sdt ving da khic nhau vdi chu ky khi hiu), (c) muc nudc bien tang (d ddng bing sdng Ciiu Long);
(d) Iu(pig mua tang, giam (mua nhieu hon Irong miia lu d miin Nam)''".
BDKH Cling se tic ddng vd cung ldn den nhung van di xa hpi nhu t^ le that nghiep gia tang, tinh ttang mit nhi ciia, mat cic phuong ti0n sin xuit, sinh kd ciia ngudi dan (nhu mgng, vudn, ao...), dich b^nh, ginh nang vi chi phi cham sdc siic khde, vi tinh ttgng di din tii vung duyen hii den thanh thi vi viing cao,... Tit ci diiu niy dat ra thich thiic ghe gdm ca ve trudc mit va liu dai ddi vdi viec thu hudng cac quyin con ngudi co ban. Mdt qudc gia cd tdi hon 70% din sd sdng d khu vuc ndng thdn vi sin xuit chii ydu dua vio ndng nghiep, BDKH tic dpng manh me tdi cic quyen cd viec lam, quyin vi stic khde, quyin giio due va quyin
phat trien ndi chung ciia ngudi dan. Nhung tic ddng tieu cue ciia Iu lut, hgn ban va cic hien tupng thien nhien khic nghiet da Iam gia tang nhiing rio can ttong viec thu hudng cic quyen con ngudi cua nhdm din sd vdn sdng dua vio su dn dinh cua thien nhien, thdi tiet.
Nghien ciiu ciia cic nhi khoa hgc Viet Nam vi qudc td, ciing nhu cac chuyen gia cua Ngan hing The gidi vi Ngin hing Phit trien chiu A da cho thiy Viet Nam se Ii mpt trong nhung qudc gia chiu inh hudng nang ne nhat cua BDKH. De ling phd vdi van di niy, Dang va Nhi nuoc Vi&t Nam da va dang no Iuc khong ngiing xay dung vi trien khai nhiiu chien lugc va chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia.
Tu gdc dp tiep can dua tten quyen ttong iing phd va thich iing vdi BDKH, Viet Nam da vi dang tham gia tich cue vio cac khung khd phip luat, CO chd thuc thi qudc td vi khu vuc nhim ling phd toan dien vi hieu qua vdi BDKH. Vi^t Nam da ky kit Nghi dinh thu Kyoto, long ghep van di BDKH vio cac ke hogch phat trien, tuyen truyin, giio due nang cao nhan thiic ngudi dan, phe duyet chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia vi phip Iuat ve bao ve moi trudng trong ling phd vdi BDKH (bao gdm ca quy hoach thien tai. va mpt ke hogch cho cac llnh vuc cua Chinh phu dl iing phd vol BDKH).
4. Mpt so giai phap, kien ngh|
Thu nhat, day mgnh viec ldng ghep vi ap dung phuong phip tiep can dua tren quyen con nguoi ddi vdi phat trien ndi rieng va ttong toin bd qui trinh xiy dung, thuc thi va giim sit qui trinh thuc thi chinh sich va phip lugt lien quan ddn quyen vi lpi ich hop phap ciia ngudi dan, dac biet la nhiing nhdm di bi tdn thuong.
Thdhai, Nhi nudc can day mgnh viec hoin thien khung chinh sich vi phap iuat, cung nhu cic CO chd. the che can thiet, nhim tang cudng trich nhiem giii trmh, tinh minh bgch
LYLUAN CHfNH TRI-So 9/2013
fSL
NGHieNCtfULfLUANVAldNGK^TTHtfCTfeN vi chiu ttach nMflm cua cic ehd the ngMa vu (Nhi nude) ttong qui ttinh hoach dinh ehinh sieh ling pho vdi BDKH.Thd ba, ting euong ttich nhiflm giii trinh Clia cic ca quan nhi nudc vi ddi ngu cin bp hoach dinh, thuc thi vi giim sit qui tiinh thue tM chinh saeh, phip luat lifln quan dfln su phat trifln kinh tg-xahpinoiehungvabaodimcae quyen con ngudi ndi riflng. Qui trinh xiy dung vi thue till cic cMfln liroc, ke hoaeh, chirtmg trinh giim thieu tic dflng ciia BDKH vi tMch ling can phii dupe giai trinh diy du va thudng xuygn trude nhin din, dfl dam bao ring eie chinh sich. cMfln lupc iy se phue vu Mflu qui vi bio dim tdt nhit cic quyfln vi lai ich hpp phip cua ngudi din trudc thich thiic BDKH.
Thd tu, ting cirdng su tham gia eua cic td chuc ehinh tri - xa hpi vi cdng ddng vio qua trinh hoaeh dinh vi thuc thi chinh sich iing phd vdi BDKH.
Cac td chirc chinh tri - xa hdi (nhu JVlat ttin Te qude, Hpi Nong din, Hpi Phu nu, Dpin Thanh mfln,...) cd vai ttd dflc biet quan tipng ttong viee tang eudng su tham gia eua ngudi dan vio qui trinh hoaeh dinh ehinh sich. Bfln eanh do, vai ttd vi su tham gia eiia cdng ddng vip qui trinh hpaeh dinh, thue thi vi giim sat eie chinh sich ling phe BDKH la vd eimg quan ttpng. Nhung loi ieh eua nhiflu sing kien toin cau ddi kM khong tdi dupc cap epng dfing, cM don giin vi ehung tich biflt khdi qui trinh thue tU, giim sit vi thu hudng cua cflng ddng.
Thich thuc cua BDKH vdi phit tiien ben vdng vi bao dam quyen con nguai la vd cimg ldn, nhat la ddi voi cic cdng ddng vi nhdm din eu dia phuong o nhimg vimg cMu inh hudng rd ret vi nhay cam nhit ddi vdi BDKH. Vi viy, tang cudng vai ttd vi su diam gia cua cic cdng dfing vio qua tiinh img phd vdi BDKH la mfit yflu eau biic tMflt. Trong ung phfi vdi BDKH,
van de flat ra Ii lim dig nio thuc Mfln hieu qua trigt If "suy ngM toin ciu, hinh dpng dja phuang". Dfl lim duoc diflu dd, ngudi din va cie cdng ddng phai dupc trao cic quyfln vi dupc tham gia tich ci,tc vio qui trinh xiy dvmg chinh sieh, dupc cic cic nhi lanh dao qufic gia vi toin cau ling nghe vi tiflp thu y kign.
Tbir nim, tang cudng viee ttao quyfln vi md rdng cic eo hpi tham gia vi khi nang tigp can cua cic chu the quyfln nhim ting phd Ueu qui vdi BDKH, die biet li cic nhdm xa hfii dfl bi tdn thuang (nhu ngudi ngheo, phu nu nflng thdn, dfing bio din tpc it ngudl, tte em, ngudi gii, ngudi khuyflt tat,..).
Tang cudng ttao quyfln vi md rdng cac co hdi tham gia vi kha nang tiflp can cua cic chii thfl quyfln nhim irng phd Mflu qua vdi BDKH li mpt tifl'n dfl vd cimg quan ttpng cua viec thieh ung vdi BDKH. Trao quygn eho ngufli din, die biflt li nhQng nhdm dfl bj ton thuong, sfl khdng chi huy ddng vi khieh lfl Mflu qua duoc nguon vdn xa hdi ddi dio va tifl'm nang mi nflu cM dua vio ngudn luc cua CMnh phu se khd dim bio, mi edn phit huy diroc tinh tich cue, chu dpng, sing tap cua cdng dfing vao qui trinh ung phd Mflu qui vdi BDKH •
(1) Secretary-General's remarks. Ban Ki-moon, to United Nations Leadership Fomm on Climate Change, 22-09-2009, NewYork.
(2) www.smh.com.au, Octobers, 2009.
(3), (4) Intemational Conference on Releasing the Right to Health and Development for All, Final Re- port, available atwww.ihhr.unsw.edu.au (accessed 25.12.2012)
LfLUANCHfNHTR|-So 9/2013
