CHAN LAP TH6| KY OAU (550 - 790)
N G O VAN D O A N H *
L DIA BAN KHOl THUY CUA CHAN LAP Theo cac n h a n g h i e n cflu, cai ten Chela ldn dau tien xiua't hien trong lich sif khi ma bd sach Tuy thU thdi n h a Tfly (589- 618) cua T r u n g Qudc cho biet rdng, vao n a m 616 hoac 617, nu'dc: nay cd gfli sfl bg den trieu dinh T r u n g Qudc. Khi dd, nUdc C h a n L a p do v u a I s a n a v a r m a n (I Xa Na Tien) cai tri. C u n g chinh bg Tfly thfl cua T r u n g Qudc da cd nhflng ghi chep k h a ky ve dat nflde C h a n Laj). Tfly thit (Quyen 82. Liet t r u y e n 47) viet: "Nudc Chdn Lgp dphia tdy nam Ldm Ap. Vdn Id mdt thudc qudc cua Phii Nam. Cdch qudn Nhdt Nam 60 ngdy di thuy in. Phia nam gidp nUdc Xa Cd, phia tdy gidp nUdc Chdu Giang.
Vua nUdc dd hgc Id Sdt Ldi (Kshatrya- ddng ca'ii chieii bmh), ten Id Chdt Da Tii A''a(Sitrasena)"*". Cho den nay, cac nha khoa hgc vdn c h u a tim r a nghia cua cai ten C h a n Lap (ca trong tieng P h a n va tieng C h a n Lap, k h d n g cd mdt t h u a t ngfl nao tfldng flng) ma ngifdi T r u n g Qud'c dflng de ggi mdt diit nu'dc ma theo nha nghien cflu ndi tieng Pelliot, C h a n Lap (Chenla) ma Tfly thfl ndi tdi chfnh la Cambodia sau nay; cdn Cha't Da T u Na, ngfldi tan cong va kiem tfnh Phfl Nam chinh la Sitrasena''-'. Khi sfl bd cua C h a n
Lap dUdc nhae tdi vao n a m 616 hoac 617, thi nUdc C h a n Lap da tdn tai dUdc gan hai the ky.
Qua nhflng ghi chep cua sfl lieu cflng nhfl qua nhflng da'u tfch khao cd hgc, cac nha khoa hgc cho rang, dia ban gdc ban dau cua nude C h a n Lap la vflng Basak (nay la C h a m p a s a k d Hii Lao), ben bd sdng Me Cdng. Trong nhflng tha]i nien cudi the ky XX, cac nha khoa hgc da p h a t hicn nhieu da'u tich kien trflc va hien vat cua mdt k h u vfle cfl trfl ldn gan Vat Phu.
Rat cd the, day la da'u tfch cdn lai cua dd t h a n h S r e s h t h a p u r a , thu phu dau tien cua nflde C h a n Lap ma cac tai heu cd thfldng nhae tdi. Roi thi, cung tai khu vfle Vat Phu, cd mgt khoi da tren dinh nui (nfli Phu Kau - nfli Bui Tdc) cd ten tieng T r u n g Qud'c (nfli Ling-kia-po-po) va tieng chau Au (de chi cac ngdi chfla) la Ling (Lanh), ma cac nha nghien cflu cho la ten ggi cua L i n g a p a r v a t a (Linga vT dai). Cdn vi t h a n ma sif sach T r u n g Qud'c ghi la Po- to-li thi cac n h a n g h i e n cflu cho la B h a d r e s v a r a (tflc Siva), vi t h a n dflde thd d Vat Phu.
P u a cac ghi chep ciia sif lieu T r u n g Qudc va cac da'u tfch vat chat, cac n h a khoa hgc cho rang, cai ndi cua n h a nflde
* PGS.TS Ngo Van Doanh, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A
Nghien ci'cu Dong Nam A 6/2009
C h a n Lap la vflng Basac, dgc hai bd song Me Cdng (nay la vflng Ha Lao) x u n g q u a n h h a ngudn sdng M u n . Cac vi vua ddu tien cua C h a n Lap da md rdng dan l a n h thd xud'ng phfa n a m .
II. K A M B U J A D E S A KHO'I D A U CUA
NU6c
CHAN LAPVao budi binh m m h cua lich sif, trong k h u viic ma sau nay trd t h a n h cai noi cua n h a nflde C h a n Lap, nhflng ngfldi Khdme da cd m a t d k h u vfle, ndi sdng M u n hda vao sdng Me Cong. Theo cac n h a khoa hgc, dfl khdng phai la dan b a n dia, thi ngu'di Khdme cflng hoac theo sdng M u n xud'ng, hoac di qua nhflng ndi m a n a y thudc da't Thai Lan va Lao de tdi lap quo'c d vflng B a s a c . T h o n g qua nhflng t h a n h q u a nghien cflu khac n h a u , cac n h a khoa hgc cho rang, nhflng ngfldi K h m e r da chiem vflng da't Basac (Champasac) cua ngu'di C h a m va, tai day, hg da tiep n h a n nhflng a n h hfldng cua tdn giiio, van hda... An Do.
Lflc dau, ngfldi Khmer, nhif ciic tin lieu T r u n g Qudc da ghi, cdn n a m trong vdng cai q u a n cua Phfl N a m . Nhflng rdi, S r u t a v a r m a n "da giiii phdng dUdc dan b a n dia khdi xich xieng ciia trieu cdng".
Rd r a n g la, S r u t a v a r m a n da giai phdng Kambuja khdi sii p h u ihugc vao Phu Nam va nitdc C h a n Lap dgc lap da ra ddi. Sii kien nay, Iheo cac n h a khoa hgc, cd the xay ra vao ddu the ky V. Cac truyen t h u y e t ve cac vudng t r i e u ciia ngUdi K h m e r (difdc luu gifl Irong mgt bia ky the ky X, bia ky Baksei Chamkrong)''", ke rang, S r u t a v a r m a n , vi vua C h a n Lap dau tien la con trai cua vi t h a y lu an sT Kambu S v a y a m b h u v a , vi td m a n g ten ggi cua nhflng ngu'di Kambuja va n a n g lien nfl
Mora t r e n t h i e n gidi m a t h a n Siva da ban cho. Tfl cap hon phdi K a m b u - Mora nay da sinh ra ddng hg nhflng n h a v u a C h a n Lap d a u tien. C u n g theo cac t r u y e n thuyet, S r u t a v a r m a n , vi v u a lich sif h a y nifa lich sfl, nifa t r u y e n t h u y e t cua ngudi Kambuja, h a u due cua K a m b u va Mora, da de lai ngdi b a u cho con t r a i minh la S r e s h t h a v a r m a n , ngfldi m a bia ky Baksei C h a m k r o n g cho biet, la cd ngudn gdc tfl mot ddng lgc vua chfla Iflng d a n h , ditdc s m h ra d nui Levant. Va, dieu dac biet la, ten cua vi vua thfl hai cfla Kambuja dugc dflng de dat ten cho t h u dd ciia nflde Chan Lap: S r e s h t h a p u r a . Theo G.Coedes, thu dd S r e s h t h a p u r a cua nUdc C h a n Lap nam d chan qua nui m a t r e n dd cd ngdi den Vat Phu d C h a m p a s a c (Ha Lao)*'**.
Khdng chi ndi ve ngudn go'c cac vi vua dau lien cua Kambujadesa, bia ky Baksei Chamkrong cd de cap tdi cac khia canh khac ve ddi sd'ng van hda, tin ngUdng cua ngudi Khdme xUa. Do vay, chung tdi xin trich dan dfldi day mgt vai doan cua bia ky nay. Ve hai vi td cua cac vua Kambujadesa, bia ky viet: "Tdn sung Kambu Svayambhuva md niem uinh quang gidng nhu mdt vi tinh tu mgc d chdn trdi, md dong doi cao quy khi thiic hien dUdc sii hdp nhdt tdc Mat trdi vdi tgc Mat trdng dd ggt bo sii ngu dd't ra khoi td't cd cdc sustra, dd toa rdng sdc mgnh cua minh, dd ddnh thue nhe vd hodn thien trong mgi nghe thudt...".
Sau hai doan ndi ve h a i vi td, bia ky bat ddu ngcii ca vi v u a ddu tien cua Kambujadesa la S r u t a v a r m a n : "Nhdng ngiidi mang ganh ngng cua trdi ddt cua Sri Kambu bdt ddu tii Srutavarman, dd kieu hdnh gigt ddt ngay td ddu, sdi ddy trdi huge cua sii cdng ngp..."
Ngo Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lgp thai ky ddu (550 - 790)
N h u vay, cac v u a d a u t i e n cua K a m b u j a d e s a coi m i n h la thudc ddng tgc hay vifdng trieu M a t trdi chfl khdng phai cd ngudn gdc tfl ddng tdc M a t t r a n g nhfl cac vua Phfl N a m . Ngudn go'c ten ggi cua hai ddng tdc hay hai vUdng trieu M a t trdi va M a t t r a n g vd'n b a t ngudn tfl cac truyen t h u y e t sif thi cua An Do: tdc M a t t r a n g hay S o m a v a m s a (lay ten cua tien nfl Soma) vdi ngfldi dai dien tieu bieu nha't la K r i s h n a , hda t h a n cua t h a n Visnu; cdn tgc M a t trdi hay S u r y a v a m s a (la'y ten cua vi t h a n M a t trdi Surya) vdi ngfldi dai dien vT dai la R a m a , cflng la mdt trong nhflng hda t h a n cua t h a n Visnu. Dieu dac biet d day la ca hai thudc tinh M a t trdi va M a t t r a n g cua hai vfldng t n e u (theo tieng Sanskrit, v a m s a cd ca hai nghia: ddng tgc va vfldng trieu) K a m b u j a d e s a va Phfl Nam deu gan vdi ddng me: Mora la tien nfl d thien gidi.
Lieu Diep hay nagiri Soma la con gai cua vua ran Naga diidi nu'dc.
Chac chan la ngu'di dan Kambujadesa da tiep thu nhieu iinh hudng cua An Do (cd the la qua ngUdi C h a m ) , the nhUng, trong phong tuc va sinh hoat cua hg, van cdn gifl lai nhieu ban sac rieng. Chinh sach Tfly thfl cua T r u n g Qud'c da ft nhieu cho biet ve dieu nay: "NgUdi nUdc dy di ddu, Idm gi cung mang do gidp, gdy gdc, neu cd viec chinh phuc Id tien dung ngay. Tuc cua hg, neu khdng phdi Id con do vd cd cua vua de ra thi khdng ctUdc Idm vua....Gdn kinh dd CO nui Ldng Gid Bdt Bd (Ling-kia-po-po).
Tren nui co den thd thdn, thudng cd 5.000 qudn ddng gid. Phia dong thdnh cd than Bd Ldi Da (Po-to-li), tethdn ndy phdi diing thit ngiidi. Mdi ndm, vua niidc dy phdi giet mdt ngiicfi, ban dem dem tdi dd cdu ddo thdn. d ddy cung co hdn 1.000 qudn tuc ve
canh gid. Hg kinh trgng quy thdn den nhU vdy. Phdn ddng nhdn ddn thd Phdt, hg cdng tin dgo si. Phdt vd dgo si deu lap tUdng dqudn'^^K
Nhflng tai lieu bia ky (bia Ta Prohm) ndi r a n g S r e s h t h a v a r m a n cd ngudn go'c tfl ddng vua chfla Iflng d a n h , la ngUdi con trai thudc ddng tgc Sri Kambu, dUdc sinh ra d nfli Levant, lai dflde viet rat muon ve s a u . Hdn t h e nfla, bia ky Baksei C h a m k r o n g cflng khdng cho biet ai la ngfldi tri vi sau khi S r e s h t h a v a r m a n chet cung nhfl ve do dai cua k h o a n g thdi gian gifla vi vua nay va B h a d r a v a r m a n , ngfldi dflde coi la do K a m b u j a r a j a l a k s h m i dita len ngdi vua C h a n Lap. Cdn bia ky cua Chan Lap sau nay (bia ky Ta Prohm, cd nien dai the ky XII)'''*, khi ndi ve viec K a m b u j a r a j a l a k s h m i tri vi Chan Lap, cd cho biet, ba sinh ra Irong ddng me cua vua (vua S r e s h t h a v a r m a n ) . Bia ky cdn ndi rang, B h a v a v a r m a d e v a la chdng cua ba L a k s h m i , vi nfl h o a n g cfla Kambuja (Kambujaraja), h a u due cua ddng me cua vua S r e s h t h a v a r m a n . Rd r a n g B h a v a v a r m a n khong phiii la ngifdi thugc vfldng tdc Mat trdi cua Kambu va Mora, cdn viec B h a v a v a r m a n dflde de nghi len lam vua C h a n Lap la nhd vao cudc hdn n h a n cua dng vdi nfl h o a n g Lakshmi. Vay, B h a v a v a r m a n la ai va vi sao con ngfldi nay lai trd t h a n h vua cua Kabujadesa?
III. BHAVAVARMAN I v A KHOl D A U S U H U N G THINH CUA C H A N LAP
Trong mdt sd' bia ky cd ndi rdng, cha cua B h a v a v a r m a n la V i r a v a r m a n . Ong cua B h a v a v a r m a n cflng du'dc bia ky ndi tdi vdi cai ten S a r v a b h a u m a . T h e o
Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 6/2009
G.Coedes, do cai ten S a r v a b h a u m a cd nghTa la "vua cua the gidi", nen dng cua B h a v a v a r m a n cd the la Rudravarman"''*.
Cha ciia B h a v a v a r m a n cd the d a la mdt vi vua chfl h a u cua Phfl N a m . Cd bia ky ndi rang, V i r a v a r m a n da chet n a m 514, trong Iran chien vdi J a y a v a r m a n . Cflng cd bia ky cho biet cha va me ciia B h a v a v a r m a n van cdn sd'ng s a u khi dng da trd t h a n h vua C h a n Lap. Cdn, ngfldi em trai S i t r a s e n a cua B h a v a v a r m a n , thi, trong ca thdi tri vi cua ngfldi a n h , ludn la tdng chf h u y q u a n ddi. Va, khi ngfldi a n h mat, S i t r a s e n a da len ngoi ke vi vdi tfldc h i e u M a h e n d r a v a r m a n . Dfldng nhfl B h a v a v a r m a n cflng cd mdt ngfldi con trai, ngUdi da tflng t h a y cha tri vi da't nflde mot thdi gian ngan, khi (vao cud! ddi) dng vao tu vien sdng, nhifng lai khdng ke vi ngoi bau khi dng mat.
Cflng cd nhflng y kitui kliiic ve nguon gdc cua B h a v a v a r m a n . Vi du, Pelliot cho r a n g B h a v a v a r m a n khdng jihai la h a u due cua cac v u a Phfl N a m , vi r a n g S o m a v a m s a (tdc Miil Trang) la cua ddng Balamdn, trong khi dd thi B h a v a v a r m a n lai la mdt K s h a t r i y a . T h e o Pelliot, B h a v a v a r m a n cd the la ngfldi cua n g a n h ben'"". Cdn F i n o t lai n g h i r a n g V i r a v a r m a n la t h a n h vien cua dong tdc Mat T r a n g , nen B h a v a v a r m a n van thugc ddng Somavamsa'''"'.
Vi cd ngudn gdc vUdng gia d a n h gia cua mgt nflde vd'n la chit ciia C h a n Lap, cho nen, B h a v a v a r m a n da khdng khd k h a n gi khi la'y mgt nfl h o a n g cua mdt nflde chfl h a u (d day la nfl h o a n g L a k s h m i cua Kambuja). Va, nhfl mgi hien tfldng kha phd bien trong lich sif cac qudc gia cd d Ddng Nam a, s a u khi lay vg la nfl hoang,
B h a v a v a r m a n da len l a m v u a tri vi da't nflde cua vfldng trieu n h a vcl. Cflng nhfl mdt hien tfldng vd'n k h a phd bien trong lich sif, s a u khi len l a m v u a (dfl la nhd vd), B h a v a v a r m a n b a t d a u k h d n g cha'p n h a n vfldng trieu M a t trdi khdi t h u y cua nifdc Kambuja. Cac bia ky cua C h a n Lap hau nhfl khdng ndi gi ve Kambuja, K a m b u hay ve S r u t a v a r m a n va S r e s h t h a v a r m a n . Cac bia ky ciia B h a v a v a r m a n va cua cac vua ke vi lien tuc nhdc di, n h a e lai r a n g hg la nhflng t h a n h vien cua vfldng trieu Mat T r a n g cua K a u n d i n y a - Soma. C u n g trong cac bia ky C h a n Lap, ten nflde va cac lanh dia dflde ggi t h e e t e n ciia thii dd cua cac v u a , nhfl B h a v a p u r a , I s a n a p u r a , V y a d h a p u r a , S a m b h u p u r a . . . T h e nhflng, nhfl cac n h a khoa hgc da chflng minh. Cai ten C h a n Lap ma sif sach T r u n g Qud'c dflng la de ggi va chi vfldng qud'c cd Kambuja cua ngfldi Khdme. Do vay, chi sau thdi tri vi cua vfldng trieu M a t Trang do B h a v a v a r m a n khdi d a u , cac vua Chan Lap sau dd lai trd ve vdi viec cdng n h a n vfldng trieu M a t Trdi la gdc. Theo cac nha nghien cflu, k h d n g chi cac sif lieu ma ngiidi Cambodia h i e n dai deu k h d n g dinh nhflng ngfldi K a m b u j a den dinh cfl d C h a n Lap, chfl k h d n g phai nhflng ngfldi Phfl Nam, la nhflng td tien ciia minh'^'.
Dfl khdng cdng n h a n vfldng trieu Mat Trdi ciia K a m b u - M o r a , nhUng B h a v a v a r m a n da b a t d a u q u a t r i n h chinh phuc Phfl N a m va md rdng l a n h thd cho C h a n Lap. Va, nhfl cac n h a n g h i e n cflu da xac dinh, sfl kien S i t r a s e n a kiem tfnh Phfl N a m dien ra vao k h o a n g gifla the ky VI, khi B h a v a v a r m a n cdn tri vi. Khdng chi chiem Phfl N a m , B h a v a v a r m a n cdn, nhfl cac bia ky (bia Hanchey) cho biet, da d a n h
Ngd Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lgp thdi ky ddu (550 - 790)
bai cac v u a cai q u a n cac vflng nfli, da chiem doat n h i e u voi de dem dflng vao cac cudc chien, da md nhflng cudc ta'n cong vao cac tdc ngfldi ngoai tdc, s a u khi da d a n h bai cac v u a mien nfli, da chiem da't nflde cua hg...Sfl cd m a t rdng k h a p cua cac bia ky cflng nhfl nhflng da'u tich kien true da cho tha'y, l a n h t h d cua C h a n Lap thdi B h a v a v a r m a n I da md rdng tfl t h u p h u S r e s h t h a p u r a ve phfa t a y ngflde sdng Se M u n va xud'ng phfa n a m tdi k h u vfle h a lflu sdng Me Cdng. T h e nhflng, nhfl cac nha nghien cflu suy l u a n , do k h d n g tha'y cd m a t nhflng bia ky d vflng ha lflu sdng Me Cdng, n e n , r a t cd t h e , vao thdi B h a v a v a r m a n , Phfl N a m chi la mdt vflng tu tri cua C h a n L a p m a thdi, chfl chfla hi sap n h a p h o a n t o a n vao C h a n Lap.
Cac bia ky dflde k h a c ghi vao thdi nay cho biet, ngay tfl khi r a ddi, C h a n Lap da tiep t h u nhflng chi d a n tfl nhflng cud'n sach t h i e n g cua An Do. Vi du bia ky Veal K a n t e l ndi r a n g h i n h t h a n T r i b h u v a n e s v a r a (Siva) cdn phai dflde t h e hien theo h i n h M a t Trdi. Theo ndi d u n g cua cac bia ky, t r o n g nhflng dd d a n g cflng cua vi b a l a m d n t e n la S o m a s a r m a n , chdng cua em gai BhavfTvarman, cd cac ban sao chep ddy dii sit thi M a h a b h a r a t a , sif thi R a m a y a n a va cac P u r a n a . . . Rd r a n g la, n h u cac bia ky t h u d n g h a y ndi tdi, he thd'ng d d n g cap cua An Do da di vao cudc sd'ng ctia t r i e u d i n h C h a n L a p . T h e nhUng, d C h a n Lap, nhflng quy dinh ciia cac ddng cap t h o a n g va tfl do hdn so vdi d An Do. Vf du, d C h a n Lap, chuyen ket hdn gifla nhflng ngfldi k h a c ddng ca'p la kha phd bien (ngiidi b a l a m d n lay ngfldi ksha- triya). Rdi thi, neu nhU d An Do, trong nhflng tritdng hdp hdn n h a n hdn hdp (rat
hiem xay ra), con cai thudc ve dang ca'p ngUdi cha; thi ngUde lai, d C h a n Lap- thudc ve d a n g cap ngfldi me.
VI.
N H U N GN G U d i K E VI
BHAVAVARMAN vA CONG CUOC MCi RONG LANH THO
Dfla t r e n so' Ifldng cac bia ky de lai cflng nhfl cac vflng da't chiem dflgc, cac n h a k h o a hgc cho r a n g , dudng nhfl B h a v a v a r m a n da tai vi t r e n ngai vang k h a lau, cd t h e s a n g den ca dau the ky VII. Ngfldi ke vi B h a v a v a r m a n chinh la S i t r a s e n a (khi len ngoi la'y vfldng hieu la M a h e n d r a v a r m a n ) , ngfldi em trai, ddng thdi la ngfldi da giup minh chinh phuc Phfl N a m . Chac la vi vua ke tiep ciia B h a v a v a r m a n tri vi khong dflde lau, vi rdng nhflng bia ky dfldng thdi va nhflng sif lieu cua T r u n g Qud'c chfl yeu ndi ve thdi ky trfldc khi len ngdi cua vi vua nay, thdi cdn la S i t r a s e n a .
Gid'ng nhfl ngfldi anh, vi vua tien bdi, M a h e n d r a v a r m a n dflde cac bia ky ca t u n g nhfl mdt chien binh vT dai. Mdt bia ky cua C h a m p a (bia My Sdn khac n a m 657 cua P r a k a s a d h a r m a ) cd ndi r d n g , dng ( M a h e n d r a v a r m a n ) la ngfldi anh hflng t r e n the gidi nay, la ngfldi tieu diet cac lien minh day tfl hao cua cac ke thfl, la ngfldi s a n h n g a n g vdi cac t h a n I n d r a , vua ciia cac t h d n ve quyen lflc. Chfnh cac sif lieu lich sit va bia ky da chflng minh rang, khi vi vua tien bdi cdn tri vi, dng da d a n h chiem dflde Phfl N a m , cdn khi tri vi, dng da chiem dflcSc ca vflng chau thd ha lflu sdng Mun. Cflng gid'ng nhfl ngfldi anh, M a h e n d r a v a r m a n da r a t sflng kinh t h a n Siva va da lap nhflng den thd ldn nhd cho
Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 6/2009
vi t h a n tdi thfldng nay. Ngdai ra, cac bia ky cdn cho biet, M a h e n d r a v a r m a n da p h a i mgt sfl bg do S i m h a d e v a d a n d a u s a n g gap vua C h a m p a . Ra't tiec la cac bia ky khdng cho biet vi vua C h a m p a la ai, nhflng, theo cac n h a nghien cflu, cd the la Fan Chi ( S i m h a v a r m a n ) .
Khong cd mgt tai lieu v a n bia nao va cflng khdng cd mgt tai lieu T r u n g Qud'c nao cho biet dflde chfnh xac thdi gian tri vi cua h a i a n h em B h a v a v a r m a n va M a h e n d r a v a r m a n . Cac tai lieu t r e n chf cho biet la hg da song vao k h o a n g thdi gian gifla tfl n a m 540, nien dai sdm n h a t ma Tuy thU xep vao n a m C h a n Lap dflde giai phdng, den n a m 616/17 (nam Dai Nghiep thfl 13), nien dai ciia doan sfl t h a n dau tien dflde n h a vua ke vi hg giii tdi T r u n g Qud'c. Vi vua ke vi nay la con cua M a h e n d r a v a r m a n lay vifdng hieu hi I s a n a v a r m a n .
Cflng cac tai lieu T r u n g Qudc cho biet I s a n a v a r m a n da chinh phuc du'dc nhieu t h a n h va da cai qudn mgt da't nitdc rdng ldn vdi thii p h u la I s a n a p u r a (dflng ten vua de dat ten cho t h u dd). Sach Tfly thfl cd doan chep ve C h a n Lap thdi vua I s a n a v a r m a n nhfl sau: "... Vua d thdnh Y Xa Na (Isanapura), dudi thdnh cd hdn hai
vgn nhd. Trong thdnh co mdt toa nhd ldn.
Dd Id chd vua coi chdu. Vua thd'ng linh 30 thdnh ldn. Mdi thdnh cd udi ngdn nhd, ud deu cd bg siiy""*.
Khdng chi cac tai lieu cua T r u n g Qud'c, ma nhflng bia ky hien dflde biet dflde khac vao thdi ky niiy cflng cho biet nhflng thdng tm ve cdng c:ugc md rc)ng lanh thd cua I s a n a v a r m a n . Cho den nay, da p h a t hien dUdc hdn mgt chuc bia ky cua
I s a n a v a r m a n , t r o n g dd cd nhflng bia ky cd nien dai, nhfl cac bia ky P r a s a t Toe (nam 620), B a y a n g (624), V a t C h a k r e t (626- 627), Sambor- Prei K u k (627- 628) va Kdei Ang C h u m n i k (628- 629). Qua sfl p h a n bd' va ngi d u n g cua cac bia ky cflng nhfl cac di tfch, cac n h a khoa hgc cho rang, I s a n a v a r m a n da chinh p h u c dugc ca vflng tay bac C a m p u c h i a h i e n nay va vflng giap vdi ddng b a n g song M e n a m (den t a n v u n g da't giap vdi n h a nflde Mon cd Dvaravati). C h i n h vi l a n h thd dflde md rong t h e m , nen, I s a n a v a r m a n da ddi dd tfl t h u phii b a n d a u d k h u vfle Vat P h u xud'ng gan tdi Bien Hd (nay la k h u di tfch S a m b o r P r e i - K u k , each t h a n h pho' Kompong Thom h i e n n a y chflng 20 dam ve phfa bac).
Cac bia ky da cho biet, dfldi thdi tri vi cua I s a n a v a r m a n , viec thd p h u n g Siva k h a p h a t trien. Bia ky Ang Pou ndi tdi viec dflng Imga. Bia ky ciia Ang Chumnik cho biet ve sii p h u c diing va td diem cho chiec l i n g a d a dUdc l a m tfl thdi M a h e n d r a v a r m a n . H a i bia ky ciia Bayang ndi ve viec dflng S i v a p a d a (da'u c h a n cua Siva). T h e nhflng, vao thdi I s a n a v a r m a n , B a l a m d n giao d C h a n L a p m a n g hinh thflc thd H a r i h a r a - V i s n u va Siva dUcic t h e h i e n vao c h u n g m d t t h a n the.
Khong chi la mdt q u a n vfldng cd tai chinh chien va td chflc, I s a n a v a r m a n cdn la mgt vi v u a de lai n h i e u cdng t r i n h xay dflng.
T h u dd I s a n a p u r a m a vi v u a nay cho xay dflng d S a m b o r Prei Kuk, k h d n g t i n h den nhflng bo s u n g t h e m cua cac vua sau nay, la qudn the kien t r u e ldn nha't cua nflde C a m p u c h i a thdi ky tien Angco.
Nhd vao mgt bia ky ciia C h a m p a ma c h u n g ta biet dflde ddi chflt ve gia dinh
Ngd) Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lcip thai ky ddu (550 - 790)
cua I s a n a v a r m a n . Bia ky C h a m p a cho biet, I s a n a v a r m a n cd mdt co con gai ten la Sri S a r v a n i . Con gai cua I s a n a v a r m a n da la'y chdng la mdt h o a n g tfl C h a m p a ten la J a g a d d h a r m a , ngfldi ma, vi mgt t i n h hud'ng nao da'y, da den B h a v a p u r a (cd the vao thdi B h a v a v a r m a n I). Hai ngfldi da cd mdt ngfldi con t r a i ten la P r a k a s a d h a r m a , ngitdi sau nay da trd ve que va len lam vua C h a m p a vdi vfldng h i e u la V i k r a n t a v a r m a n (tac gia cua bai bia ky khde n a m 657).
Vao k h o a n g n a m 630, khi I s a n a v a r m a n thdi tri, trong trieu dinh C h a n Lap, h i n h nhfl da xay r a mdt bien cd Idn: mdt ngfldi ngoai tgc da len ngoi vua vdi vfldng hieu la B h a v a v a r m a n (II). Do vay, cd the tha'y, vdi sfl len ngdi cua vi vua ngoai tdc nay, da ket thflc ca mdt thdi ky tri vi cua vfldng trieu B h a v a v a r m a n I. Khdng phai ngau nhien ma mdt bia ky cua C h a m p a (bia My Sdn khde n a m 657 cua ngfldi con re P r a k a s a d h a r m a ) da khai q u a t ve ta't ca bd'n vi vua cua vifdng t n e u nay nhfl sau:
"Vua Bhauavarman, ngiicfi sinh ra trong mdt dong una tinh khiet, md cho den gid, vdn con Id niem kieu hdnh ciia thdn ddn nhd ddc do khdng the khien trdch diidc cua minh. Ngdi, ddc uua Bhauavarman ndi danh ha ldn sdc mgnh ud da ddnh tan niem kieu hdnh nggo mgn cua nhdng ke thu qud thda long qud cam vd sdc mgnh chien binh, cd mgt ngUdi em trai (tdc Sitrasena) Id anh hung cdi the, Id ngUdi huy diet nhdng lien minh ddy kieu hdnh cua cdc ke thu. Id ngiidi md uy liic tdng len nhd sdc mgnh. Id ngiidi md ue ddng uy nghi tdi thUdng nhU mat trdi toa sdng td trong ra. Ngdi, Sri Mahendravarma ldng danh, sdnh ngang ue long qud cdm vdi
Indra, vua cda cdc thdn, dd sinh ra ngUdi con trai dUdc men chudng khdng khde gi qud nui ndy sinh ra td cdch xd sU cua nhdng con ngUdi thdng tue. Ngdi, Sri Isanavarma, vua cua mgi ngUdi, ngUdi md dnh sdng rUc rd toa chieu tdi mudn phUdng, dd sinh ra ngUdi con gdi vi sU
thinh vUdng duy nhdt, gid'ng nhU nhdng le hien te'ldm ndy sinh ra cd sU thinh vUdng vgt chdt ldn sdc mgnh sieu nhien"''^'^\
Cho den nay, 'viec I s a n a v a r m a n ma't nhfl the nao va B h a v a v a r m a n II len ke vi ngdi vua ra lam sao van cdn la mdt da'u hdi.
The nhflng, chdc chdn B h a v a v a r m a n khdng phai la con hay ngfldi ke vi dflde chap t h u a n ctia I s a n a v a r m a n . Khong chi len ngdi mdt each khdng binh thfldng, ma thdi ky tri vi ciia B h a v a v a r m a n II cflng lai r a t ngdn ngiii. Qua cac da'u tfch cdn lai ciia cac bia ky va cac cdng trinh xay dflng, cac nha khoa hgc doan rang B h a v a v a r m a n II da ddng dd d Angkor Borei. Cflng cac bia ky cho biet, Balamdn giao van la ton giao chfnh cua Chan Lap thdi ky nay.
Trong k h o a n g thdi gian cudi cflng cua B h a v a v a r m a n II, tfl 640 den 657, theo cac tai lieu bia ky, mdt ngfldi (cd the la con trai cua B h a v a v a r m a n II) da len ngoi vua Chan Lap vdi vfldng hieu la J a y a v a r m a n . Rat may la J a y a v a r m a n da de lai kha nhieu bia ky, trong dd cd 13 bia ky cd nien dai. Hdu bet cac bia ky nay dflde viet bang chfl Sanskrit, chi mgt sd'bia ky la cd tflng doan b a n g chfl Khdme. Cac bia ky deu ngdi ca J a y a v a r m a n d ca hai khia canh:
chien binh va con ngfldi, Mgt sd bia ky coi vua "la ngfldi chinh phuc cac ke thfl", "la con sfl tfl lay Iflng gifla cac vua chfla", "la vi vua ludn chien t h a n g mgi ke thfl"...
10 Nghien cdu Dc'mg Nam A 6/2009
Qua cac bia ky, cac n h a khoa hgc cho rang, ngay viio nhflng n a m d a u tri vi, J a y a v a r m a n da chinh phuc vflng da't ma nay la mien T r u n g va Thfldng Lao. Cac tai lieu T r u n g Qud'c cho biet, vao k h o a n g nhflng n a m 650 - 656, nu'dc S a n g Kao (d vflng C a m m o n va mgt so nu'dc nhd khac- nhflng nflde da phai sfl t h a n den T r u n g Qud'c vao n a m 638, da bi C h a n Lap chiem.
Cac qudc gia nay cd the da md rong ve phfa bac tdi nhflng vflng ngitdi Kha sinh sdng, giap vdi k h u viic cua n h a nUdc N a m Chieu mdi hinh t h a n h d Van N a m .
V. CHAN LAP BI CHLA DOI THANH
LUC CHAN LAP vA THUY
C H A NLAP
Su hien dien cua nhieu bia ky trong nhflng thdi diem khac n h a u da p h a n nao cho tha'y thdi ky tri vi cua J a y a v a r m a n la kha dai (ft nha't la den n a m 681). Sau n a m 681, bail libit khdng cd mgt bia ky cd nien dai nao du'dc tim thiiy. Chi cd mot bia ky tim tha'y d Baray Tii\' cua .Angkor Thom la n h a e tdi mgt ngitdi tri vi cd ten la Jayadevi. Theo nghien cifu cua G.(Coedes (ngifdi dich bia ky nay), Ja\'adevi la vd gda cua J a y a v a r m a n I va da Iri vi C h a n Lap sau khi chong mat. Hai mfldi lam hoac ba mudi n a m nay la cd mcit thdi ky mfl md n h a t cua lich sif C a m p u c h i a . Khong mdt tai lieu niio cho biet khi nao thi J a y a v a r m a n thdi n a m quyen life va khi inio thi ngitdi vd cua dng len Iri vi. The nluing, nigt so tiii lieu bia ky vii sfl lieu cfla T r u n g Quo'c cho biel, s a n g den ddu the ky VIII, Chim Laj) bi chia lam hai nu'dc 111 Luc C h a n Laj) vii Thiiy C h a n Lap.
Sfl siich T r u n g Qudc, nhif "Van hien thdng khao" cua Mii Doan Liini, cho biet:
"Ddi Dudng, td ndm Vii Ddc (618- 626) den ndm Thdnh Lich (698), Chdn Lgp tdt cd bd'n ldn tdi trieu ed'ng. Td nien hieu Thdn Long (705-706) ue sau chia ldm hai.
Nda niidc phia bdc nhieu nui ldn nen ggi Id Luc Chdn Lgp. Nda nUdc phia nam bd bien, ddt thap, phi nhieu, ddm nhieu, ggi Id thiiy Chdn Lgp'^^K T h e nhflng, cac tai lieu lai cho biet ra't ft ve Luc C h a n Lap.
N h u cac n h a nghien cflu da nhiin tha'y, ve Luc C h a n Lap, cac tai lieu chi cho biet ve hai sfl kien: mdt la vao nfla dau the ky VIII cd mdt sfl bg n a m 717 va mdt cucic vien chinh tdi T r u n g Ky n a m 722 de giflp mdt t h u linh b a n sfl t r o n g cudc ndi loan cua dng chong T r u n g Hoa. T h u linh bdn sfl ndi day d T r u n g Bd chfnh la Mai Thuc Loan (Mai Hac De).
Vdi nhflng tai lieu t h a t it di va tiin man, nen viec dflng lai lich sfl cfla Thuy Chim L.ap la mgt cdng vice thiit khd khan.
The nhifng, cac n h a khoa hgc cflng da phiic d u n g dflde mdt bfle t r a n h k h a i litdc ve T h u y C h a n Lap. Cd le, ngay sau khi J a y a v a r m a n I chet, la ca mdt thdi ky xung dot ndi bg. Hai vfldng trieu mdi da ndi len va t r a n h cha'p quyen life ten cao vdi vfldng t n e u cua V y a d h a p u r a . Rd r a n g la N r i p a t i n d r a v a r m a n , I s v a r a cua A n i n d i t a p u r a da p h u c hdi lai vfldng qud'c xfla cua hg va da kiem soat dflde ca dai phfa lay ciia ddng b d n g sdng Md Cdng vdi t h u phu la B a l a d i t y a p u r a d Angkor Borei.
Trong khi dd thi vfldng trieu mdi cua S a m b h u p u r a lai thiet liip vfldng qud'c d bd dong cua sdng Me Cdng, d vflng Sambdr- Kralie hien nay. P u s h k a r a k s h a , cen trai cua N r i p a t i n d r a v a r m a n , cifdi con gai vua cua S a m b h u p u r a va trd t h a n h vua cua nu'dc nav. Su viec nav cd the da xav ra
Ngd Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lgp llufi ky ddu (550 - 790) U
trUdc khi N r i p a t i n d r a v a r m a n ma't. Do Ngoai cac vfldng trieu va cac dng vua vay, dfldng nhfl P u s h k a r a k s h a len tri vi ldn ra, tai T h u y C h a n Lap hdi dd, cdn cd S a m b h u j i u r a vao n a m 716. Cdn cac vua nhflng vfldng trieu khac, cd the la cac tdi cao (Adhiraja) cua V y a d h a p u r a , nhflng vfldng trieu chfl h a u cua cac vfldng trieu ngfldi ke vi cfla J a y a v a r m a n I lhi sao? Icin. Trong sd cac vi vua nhd dd, dang ke Theo cac n h a nghicMi cflu, thi, dfldng nhfl n h a t la mdt J a y a v a r m a n khac (G.Coedes cac vua V y a d h a p u r a da t h u minh vao deo ^ a t la J a y a v a r m a n I his) m a cac bia ndi dai hep dgc sdng Me Cdng d vflng thfl do ^di. Dfl khong gdn vdi mdt vfldng tgc ldn Xfla cfla J a y a v a r m a n I (vflng Ba Phnom- "^o- "^^^i^^ J a y a v a r m a n I hi^ nay, theo B a n t e a v Prei Nokor ^^^ "^'^ ^'^^^ ^°'^' ^^^ ^^ ^^^ '^^^^ ^^° vfldng
, trieu cua I n d r a p u r a , mdt n h a n h cua Cucic hdn n h a n cua P u s h k a r a k s h a vdi ,, , , „ , , , , , \,> , , 3 ». ,
S a m b h u p u r a . Co ba ly do de k h a n g oinh
ngfldi thfla ke nfl cua S a m b h u p u r a . , ,, . - , , . - , ^.-^ . »~- -..
gia t h u y e t tren: 1. t a t ca deu m a n g mgt (G.Coedes coi day la cudc xam Ifldc tra . . v - •-.' 1 o ^-'.^ ' j - - - A-
J • • ten hieu giong n h a u ; 2. t a t ca deu gan vdi hinh) cd the' la n g u y e n n h a n d i n de'n sfl ly ^ . ^ ^-^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^
khai ciia Luc C h a n Lap, ma sd sach 3 ^^^ ^^^ ^^ j ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^g^ J a y a v a r m a n II T r u n g Qud'c ndi la xay ra vao k'hodng nam (^g^^j ^^^^ l^^p ^..^ ^^^,^g ^^.^g^ Angkor) 707. S a u n a m 716 mgt thdi gian, ^ p ^hfl dd d a u tien cfla minh tax P u s h k a r a k s h a len ngdi ke vi cha minh d i n d r a p u r a . Cd the la J a y a v a r m a n I bis, A n i n d i t a p u r a , va, cd^the da de.con trai cha cua J a y a v a r m a n II, la ngfldi sang lap minh la S a m b h u v a r m a n d liii cai tri ^a nha nflde chfl h a u I n d r a p u r a ngay sau S a m b h u p u r a . Va, dc'n day thi gia tdc nay khi S a m b h u p u r a n h a p vao Thuy Chan da cai q u a n toan bg vflng ddng bang. Sau Liip. Chdc la J a y a v a r m a n I bis da trj vi d da'y, S a m b h u v a r m a n cudi nfl n h a n thfla vflng I n d r a p u r a vao dau nhflng t h a p nien ke ngdi bau cac Adhiraja ciia V y a d h a p u r a cudi cua the ky VIII. Va, dang le ngfldi con (cd the la mdt cudc xam Iflclc nfla?). Nhfl trai ciia J a y a v a r m a n I his phai dflOc len vay la, toan bd Thiiy C h a n Liip da dflde ke vi ngdi vua t h a y cho vi vua b a t h a n h hi thd'ng nha't. Den R a j e n d r a v a r m a n , con giet, thi mdt sfl cd q u a n trgng da xay ra:
trai va hi ngfldi ke vj cda S a m b h u v a r m a n , Snvijaya chiem mien n a m Campuchia.
thi da hi sfl hda huyet cfla ca ba ddng mau Mgt trong nhflng nguyen n h a n quan cua ba viidng tricu ldn ddi dich n h a u d trgng khien cac dai vfldng Srivijaya t a n T h u y C h a n Lap. Sfl viec nay cd the da xay cdng mien n a m C a m p u c h i a la de t h a u tdm ra vao gifla the ky VIII. R a j e n d r a v a r m a n cac m a n g Ifl-di budn b a n vd'n da tflng tdn 1 cd the da tri vi cho de'n t a n mdt hai t h a p tai tfl trfldc dd d vflng ven bien ciia Viet nien cudi cua the ky VIII, khi con trai dng Nam. Cac tai lieu cua ngfldi A Rap sau la M a h i p a t i v a r m a n len k e v i ong. Thu do nay cho biet cac c h i e n t h u y e n cda khi dd cd the d a t d B a l a d i t y a p u r a . Srivijaya da t a n cdng l a n h dia I n d r a p u r a
d mien n a m C a m p u c h i a vao k h o a n g VII. I N D R A P U R A BI SRIVIJAYA XAM nhflng n a m tfl 782 den 790, dfldi thdi tri vi CHIEM ctia vi vua S a n g r a m a d h a n a n j a y a (ngfldi
12 Nghien ci'di Dong Nam A 6/2009
ke vi cua D h a r m a s e t u ) t h u d c ddng Sailendra. Cuoc x a m Ifldc nay da dflde sif gia ngu'di A Rap Abu Zaid H a s a n chep trong van b a n cd nien dai k h o a n g n a m 916 va cd ten la "Zabag" (ten ma ngu'di A Rap thfldng dflng de chi S n v i j a y a ) ' " ' .
Dfl cd nhieu chi tiet h o a n g dfldng, tai lieu cua Abu Zaid v a n cho cac-nha n g h i e n cflu nhflng cfl lieu lich sfl q u a n trgng. Tfl lieu A Rap nay da gdp p h d n k h d n g dinh cho viec Srivijaya da nha't thdi (tfl n a m 782 den n a m 802) kiem soat dUdc vudng qudc C a m b o d i a , cdn mgt h o a n g t h a n Cambodia ten la J a y a v a r m a n II dflde S a m a r a t u n g a , ngfldi ke vi ciia S a n g r a m a d h a n a n j a y a , phai tfl J a v a ve niidc de cai q u a n do thi T n d r a p u r a cfla Cambodia. Ma, ngiidi cai quiin thfldng chi dflde cfl di den nhflng nflde chit h a u . Do vay, I n d r a p u r a chac la da naiii dudi sii kiem soat cua Srivijaya. Chf den n a m 802, vi vua K h m e r cd ten la J a y a v a r m a n II, ngUdi s a n g lap ra vfldng t n e u Angco va cflng la ngitdi cd g a n bd n h i e u vdi Srivijaya vao thdi tri vi cua dai vfldng S a m a r a t u n g a , mdi gidi phdng dflde mien n a m Cambodia khdi sfl kiem soat cua Srivijaya.
Nhfl vay hi, trong sud't 240 n a m (tfl 550 den 790), tfl mgt k h u vuc nhd d nien t r u n g sdng Me Cdng, nhflng ngu'di Khdme da xay dflng cho minh mgt vfldng quo'c n e n g : vfldng qud'c Kambuja, rdi r a t n h a n h chdng theo thdi gian, cac trieu vua ndi tiep n h a u da cirng cd'va md rdng l a n h thd cita vfldng qud'c minh ra cd mgt vflng rdng ldn keo dai tfl bac Lao d jihia bac tcii bien d phia n a m va tfl phfa lay day Tru'dng Sdn phfa ddng ldi k h u giap ddng b a n g sdng M e n a m d phfa lay. Dfl rang, trong suot 240 n a m tdn
tai, cd luc t h i n h , lflc suy, lflc tan, luc hdp, nhiing vfldng qud'c C h a n L a p ludn p h a t trien va da tao ra ca mdt n e n mdng vflng chac ve n h i e u m a t cho da't nflde ciia ngfldi Khdme bfldc vao ky n g u y e n Angkor huy h o a n g (802- 1432)./.
C H U T H I C H
1. Dan theo ban dich tieng Viet cua Nguyen Hiiu Tam trong "Vdn hoa Oc Eo & vUdng quo'c Phil Nam, Nxb.The gidi, Ha Ngi, 2008, tr.298-300.
2. P.Pelliot, Le Fou-nan. BEFEO. Ill, tr.272.
3. G.Coedes, Inscriptions du Cambodge, Hanoi. 1937. IV, tr.96. Ban dich tieng Viet ciic bia ky Chan Liip cua GS.LUdng Ninh trong: "Vuong quo'c Phd Nam- lich sd vd vdn hoa", Nxb. Van boa thong tin, Ha Noi, 2005, tr. 239- 291.
4. G.Coedes, The indianized states of Southeast Asia. Honolulu, 1968, tr.66 5. G.Coedes, La stele de Ta Prohm, B.E. 6
(1906):44-81.
6. G.Coedes, The indianized states of Southeast Asia, Sdd., tr. 61.
7. P.Pelhot, Le Fou-nan, tr.302
8. L.Finot, Sur quelqiies traditions indochi- noises, B.C.A.I. 11 (1911), tr.36.
9. L.P. Briggs, The ancient Khmer empire, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1951, tr.40.
10. R.C. Majumdar, The inscriptions of Champa, Gian Publishing House, Shakti Nagar, Delhi, 1985, tr.23- 24
11. Ve viec Srivijaya tan cdng Campuchia, xem:
Paul Michel Munoz, Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay
