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2. Giannotti E. (1994). Biologi of the wasps {Hymenoptera: Vespidae) o vuon quoc gia Kon Ka Polistesm (Epicnemius) cinerascenns Sausure Kinh, Gia Lai, H^i nghi con triing toan quoc lan (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Universidade Estadual thii 5, NXB nflng nghiep, trang: 543-546.
Paulista, 199:1-8. 7. Mulkey S.S. (1999), Dry season migration by 3. Harris A.G. (1979). Occurrence and nesting of costa rican lowland paper wasps to high the yellow oriental paper wasp, Polistes elevation cold dormancy sites, Biotroica, 31(1):
olivaceus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), in New 192-196.
Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist, 7(1): 4 1 ^ . g. Pham Huy Phong (2014), Hibernation on the 4. Hunt J.H. (2009). Interspecific Adoption of Nest of the paper wasps, Polistes (Gyrostoma) Orphaned Nest by Polistes paper wasp, Polistes Olivaceus (Degeer) (Hymenoplera. vespidae), olivaceus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). The Biological Forum - An International Journal, 6(1):
international society of hymenopterists, 18(2): 116-119.
^36-139. 9 Picket K.M. and Capenter J.M. (2010), 5 Nguyen Thi P h u o n g Lien va Ph^m Hong Simultaneous analysis and the origin of Phong (2011). Nghien a i u ve cac loai ong xa hgi eusociality in the Vespidae {Insecta:
bat mbi (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) 6 m$t so khu bao Hymenoptera), Arthropod systematics and ton 6 vimg Tay B5c Vi#t Nam. Hpi nghi con Phylogen, 68(1): 3-33.
trimg toan quoc lan thii 7, NXB nSng nghiep, JQ. Wilson E.G. (1971), The Insect Societies, Trang: 848-851. Harvard University press. Pp: 4-25 and 426-456.
6 Nguyen Thj Phirang Lien (2013), Nghien ciiu ve cac loai ong b5t moi thupe hp ong vang
PHUC LOI DONG VAT 6 LON NAI: MQT SO THANH T U U CUA CAC Nl/OC PHAT TRIEN VA XU H U ' 6 N G 6 VIET NAM
5 "^ ^ 7 ^/ Hdn Quang Hqnh^' vd Vu Dinh Tdn^
Ngay nhgn bai bao: 28/03/2016 - Ngay nhan bai phan bien: 13/04/2016 Ngay bai bao dugc chap nhan dang: 22/04/2016
TOM
T A TVan d e p h i i c lgi d g n g vat n g a y c a n g d u g c q u a n t a m b a i n g u o i tieu d u n g , n g u a i chan n u o i , cac n h a k h o a h p c va n h a h o g c h d j n h c h i n h sach tren t h e gioi. Bai viet tong q u a n n a y se c u n g c a p mpt so t h o n g tin l a m k i n h n g h i d m cho n g a n h c h a n n u o i 6 Viet N a m . Lgn nai t h u d n g bj vi p h g m ve phiic lgi d g n g v5t k h i bj n u o i n h o t h o a n t o a n t r o n g cac cui sat. 6 n h i e u n u a c p h a t trien, chinh phii d a b a n h a n h i ? n h c a m n u o i lgn nai t r o n g cui (nam 2013 6 loan c h a u A u ) . D u d i s u e e p cua x l hgi, thj trucmg v a cac d i e u luat, n g u a i c h a n n u o i d a c h u y e n d o i sang cac h$ t h o n g n u o i moi d a m bao phiic Igi h o n n h u : n u o i lgn nai m a n g thai t h e o n h o m ; n u o i tren n e n d ^ m lot; n u o i tha lgn ra ngoai m o i t r u o n g . 6 cac p h u o n g thiic n a y lgn n a i d u g c tg d o van d g n g va the h i ? n tap tinh, siic k h 6 e tot vh k e o d a i t h d i g i a n k h a i thac, d o n g thoi k h o n g a n h h u o n g toi n l n g s u a t sinh san cua lgn. Khi a p d y n g cac p h u o n g thiic chSn n u o i m o i nay, n g u a i chan n u o i can q u a n !y d i n h d u o n g tot, giam s\ji c a n h t r a n h g i u a cac ca t h e n h S m h a n che a n h h u o n g tdi n a n g suat c h a n n u o i . O Vift N a m , v a n d e vS p h i i c lgi d g n g v | t b a t d a u d u g c q u a n t a m va t i m g b u d c d u g c t h u c h i ^ n khi q u a trinh hgi n h a p q u d c te n g a y c a n g s a u r g n g .
TUkhoa: Phuc lgi dong vat, lan ndi, he thd'ng chan nuoi lgn
' Khoa Ch5n nuoi, Hpc vi^n Nong nghifp Vi^t Nam
• Tdc gia de lien h§: TS. Han Quang Hanh, Khoa Chan nuoi, Hpc viJjn N6ng nghifp Vi^t Nam, Trau Qu^, Gia Lam, Ha N6i. Di^n tho?i: 0982041382 Email: [email protected]
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ABSTRACT _|
Review on welfare of sows: Advancements of developed countries and prospects for Vietnam
Han Quang Hanh and Vu Dinh Ton Animal welfare is of increasing concern to consumers, producers, scientists and policv-makers in many countries around the world. This paper reviews sow welfare issues that mav serve as the basis for the development of the livestock sector in Vietnam. Sows have welfare issues related to confinement in metal stalls. Many developed countries have issued regulation to ban these systems (since 2013 In European Union). As a consequence of pressure from society and the dictates of state laws, sow productions system have converted into improved welfare production systems, such as the sow group housing system, the deep-bedded floor system, and the outdoor or free-range system. In these new production systems, the sows are not only provided with opportunities to move around and expresses the natural behaviors, but also in good health condition, productive longevity, and the sow's reproductive performance is not affected. Nevertheless, when applying these improved welfare production systems, producers should take into account the management of sow's nutrition
<uid' aggression among individuals to limit the negative impacts of group housing on sow performance. In Vietnam, animal welfare has become a topic of interest, and there is a great prospect that animal welfare in Vietnam will improve through the deep international integration.
Keywords: Animal welfare, sows, pig production systems
1. DAT VAN DE
Tren tihe gioi, van de phiic Icri dpng vat (Animal welfare) (mpt so tai lieu con goi la
"quyen Igd dgng vat") ngay cang dupc quan tam bai cac nha khoa hpc, cac nha hoach djnh chinh sach, cac cong ty phan phoi thuc pham va nguoi tieu dimg va xa hpi noi chung. Dieu nay bat nguon tu van de dgo diic ciia con nguoi can phai doi xii nhan dgo v6i dpng vat, dong thai lien quan toi quan niem cho rang i ^ u n g con vat
"hgnh phiic" la nhihig con vat khoe manh v^ vi?c cham soc tot se giiip cho chiing san xu§ft ra cac san pham an toan va co chat lupng tot hon (European Commission, 2002). 6 cac nu6c phat trien (Au, My, Uc,...), van de ve phiic lpi dpng vat rat dupc quan tam va da dupc dua vao cac dieu lugt bupc nguoi chan nuoi, van chuyen va giet mo dong vat phai tuan ttiii.
Duoi siic ep ciia nguoi tieu dung va xa hpi noi chung va ciia cac dieu luat noi rieng, cac he thong chan nuoi tren the gioi da co nhieu thay doi nham nang cao hon niia chat Iupng phiic lpi ciia con vat. Hi?n nay, o^mpt so nuoc phat trieh da dat dupc mot so thanh tuu nhat djnh trong viec dam bao
chat Iupng phiic lpi dpng vgt noi chung ciing n h u chan nuoi Ipn noi rieng. Day la nhiing bai hpc kinh nghiem quan trpng cho cac nuoc dang phat trien tiep can va ling dung n h a m cai t i a i p h u o n g thiic chan nu6i cho phil h p p voi xu the chung, hpi nhgp tot hon vao nen kinh te die gioi.
tb Viet Nam, chSn nuoi Ipn van la nganh quan trpng nhat do nhu cau tieu dimg thit Ipn lu6n chiem ty 1$ cao den 76- 77% trong tong lupng thjt cac logi san xuat trong n u a c (Bp Nong Nghi^p&PTNT, 2008). Trong giai doan 1999-2009, miic tSng truang tieu thu binh quan dau ngucri dffl voi thjt Ipn a n u a c ta dgt cao nhat (6,3%/nam). De dap iing nhu cau nay, phuong thiic chan nuoi Ion trang trai tap trung quy m o Ion ngay cang phat trieh.
Tuy-nhien, khi chan nuoi Ipn phat hien theo h u o n g trang trai cong nghiep, van de ve phiic lpi dpng vgt cang dupc dat ra khi ma Ipn (chii yeu la Ipn nai) ttiucmg dugic nuoi nhot hoan toan trong cac cui sat, it hoac khong co kha nang vgn dpng va di lai Bai viet nay de cap den van de phiic Ipi dpng vat 6 Ipn nai nhlim tong ket va d ^
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gia u u , n h u p c diem ciia mpt so p h u a n g thiic chan nuoi moi, lam co so cho viec nghien ciiu va iing d v n g 6 n u o c ta trong nhimg n a m toi. Chuong trgi va phuong thiic chan nuoi la mpt trong nhirng vaii de quan trpng nhat lien quan tai chat lupng phiic lpi o i a Ipn nai khi cac h? thong chan nuoi Ipn tham canh hi?n nay deu hoan toan nuoi nhot Ipn nai trong cac ciii (ciii Ion mang thai, ciii Ipn de). Do vay, nhiing cai tien n h a m nang cao chat lupng phiic lpi ciia Ipn nai ciia cac n u o c chii yeu tap trung vao vipc cai tieh cac ki^u chuong ciing n h u phuong thiic chan nuoi. Nhiing tien bo Hen quan den chuong trai va cac p h u o n g thiic dian nuoi a cac n u o c phat tri&i d i n g dupc tong hop, p h a n tich nham d u a ra nhiing uu, nhupc di&n va kha nang ap dung ciia cac kieu chuong trai do. Cuoi cimg d u a ra mpt so nhgn dinh ve xu h u o n g phat trien chan nuoi va vien canh ve van de phiic lpi dpng vat a i a Ipn 6 Viet Nam.
2. KHAI NIEM VE PHUC Lgfl DQNG VAT Phiic lpi dpng vgt la mot khai niem tuong doi rpng, va dupc dinh nghla theo nhieu each khac n h a u (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2012). Phiic lpi dpng vat the hien s u lien quan voi cac n h u cau, s u t u do, s v thoai mai, kha nang chong chiu, kha nang kiem soat, kha nang d u bao, cam nhgn, s u sp hai, s u dau don, su cang thang, su kho sa, va tinh trang siic khoe a i a con vat (Luigi va Allan, 2008).
Phiic Ipi dpng vgt co the dupc dinh nghia la "tinh trang cua con vat khi chiing c8 g ^ g thich ling voi cac dieu kien ciia moi t r u a n g song" (Broom, 1986), hay "kha hMng tranh khdi linh trang phai chiu d u n g va duy tri sir phii h p p " (Webster, 1995).
N h u vay, d o la tinh trang ciia con vat tai mOt thoi diem nhat dinh va phai do luang dupc mpt each khoa hpc nham danh gia chat l u a n g phiic lpi dpng vat. Duncan (1993) cho rang "phiic lpi dpng vat phu thuoc vao nhihig gi con vat cam nhan dupc". Vi vay, danh gia chat lupng phiic
lpi dpng vat thuong tap tnmg vao viec danli gia tien ban than con vat.
Nhin chung, phiic lpi dpng vat la su tong h p p ciia ba khia canh co ban la dam bao siic khoe ve the chat, ve tinh than va cac tap tinh t u nhien ciia con vat. Con vat dupc danh gia la co chat lupng tot ve phiic lpi khi chiing dupc dam bao ca ve siic khoe the chat (khong hi thuang, hi benh), siic khoe ve tinh than (khong hi sp hai, kho chiu, cang thang,...) va khong bi can tra viec the hipn cac tap tinh tu nhien cua chiing. Mpt tiong nhiing khung danh gia phiic lpi dpng vgt dupc dua ra hi rat sdm (1992) va dupc chap nhan rpng rai boi Hpi dong phiic lpi dong vat nong nghiep 6 Anh la d u a vao tieu chi "5 Idiong", bao gom: (1) Khong hi doi khat; (2) Khong hi kho chiu, biic boi; (3) Khong hi dau dan, ton thucmg va benh t a t ; (4) Khong hi can tro bieu hien cac tap tinh tu nhien; va (5) Khong bi so hai va kho so (Farm Animal Welfare Council, 2009). Nam tieu chi tien dupc sii dung rong rai khong chi trong viec cap cac giay chiing nhan ve phiic lai dgng vat (vi du chiing nhgn ve thuc pham dam bao 5 khong) ma con dupc sir dung tiong cac huong dan thuc hanh chan nuoi hoac dua vao trong cac dieu Iuat.
Cgng dong chimg chau Au da de xuat sir dung bon nhom tieu chi chinh de danh gia chat lupng phiic lpi dgng vat la: nuoi d u a n g tot, chuong trai tot, siic khoe tot va the hien tap tinh tiieo ban nang. Moi nhom tieu chi Iai dugc phat tiien thanh cac tieu chl cu the hon, bao gom 12 tieu chl la:
khong bj bo doi, khong hi bo khat, co noi nam nghi thoai mai, co tieu khi hau chuong nuoi phil hpp, co the de dang van dpng, khong bi thuong tat, khong hi benh, khong bj dau do qua trinh chan nuoi gay ra, tu do the hien tap tinh bay dan, tu do the hien cac tap tinh khac, co moi quan he tot giiia nguoi chan nuoi va vat nuoi, co trang thai tinh than tich cue (Welfare Quality, 2009).
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3. Sir CAN TmtT DAM BAO PHUC LQtl DONG VAT TRONG CHAN NUOI
T m a c nhiing nam 1960, Ipn chii yeu dupc nuoi theo p h u a n g tiuic quang canh, vai quy mo tir nho den trung binh. Tir giiia the ky XX, cac he tiiong chan nuoi Ipn tham canh voi quy mo Ion dirge phat tiien rpng rai dau tien 6 My va sau do la a cac nuoc khac (Humane Society International, 2014).
Tren toan the gioi, co khoang 1000 trieu con lan, tiong do khoang 2/3 dupc nuoi 6 cac nuoc phat tiien va 1/3 la a cac nuoc dang phat trien, cung cap khoang 40% tong lupng thit tieu dimg tren toan tiie gioi (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2012).
Van de ve phiic lpi dpng vat doi voi vat nuoi 6 cac he thong nuoi nhot dugc tianh luan dau tien tir nam 1964 khi cuon sach nhan de "nhihig co may gia siic" (Animal Machines) (Harrison, 1964) dupc xuat ban.
Tac gia cho r t n g cac he thong chan nuoi nhot da Iam cho gia siic phai chju dimg keo dai, dan gian vi cac he thong nay dupc thiet ke nham toi da hoa h a n g suat, hieu qua va Igi nhuan. Dieu nay dan den su quan tam ldn bat dau tir Anh va sau do la cac nudc khac ve van de the nao la phiic Ipi dpng vat, cac yeu to cau thanh phiic lgi ciia dgng vat va cac bang chiing de chi ra mgt con vat CO dupc dam bao hay khong dupc dam bao phiic lpi cua chiing (Luigi va Allan, 2008).
Co ba yeu to co ban doi hoi quan tam den phiic lpi dpng vat, do la d&i xir nhan dgo vol dpng vat, yeu cau tir tiij truang va chuoi cung iing san pham, va su bat bupc cua cac dieu luat. Nguoi tieu dimg khong chi doi hoi cac san phaim co chat lupng tot ma hp con quan tam toi nhiing san pham bat nguon tir nhiing con vat dupc nuoi mot each than thien voi con nguoi. Cac chu6i cung ling thuc pham co nguon goc dpng vgt hi?n nay tap trung nhieu vao viec phan phoi cac san pham dam bao phiic lpi dpng vat gan voi van de dam bao chat lupng thuc pham. Do do, nguoi chan nuoi (chSng han n h u 6 chau Au) deu coi van de ve
phiic lpi dpng vat la m6t tiong nhimg khia cgnh quan tipng ciia chan nuoi va hp co xu hudng tuan theo cac tieu chusm ciia cac hang che bien va cung iing thtrc pham neu n h u hg muon tiep can voi thi truong
(Blokhuis va ctv, 2013). ^ Mpt cau hoi dupc ngucri chan nuoi
thuong quan tam la van de ve phiic lpi dpng vat CO moi lien h? n h u the nao vii nang suat chan nuoi? Nha kinh te hpc n6ng nghiep John Mclnemey (Mclnemey, 2004) da dua ra mpt moi tuong quan phi tuyen tinh giiia phdc lpi dgng vgt va nang suat chan nuoi. Khi xem xet den khia cgnh chat lupng phiic lpi dpng tang len thi anh huong n h u the nao tdi nang suat va hieu qua noi chung, tac gia d i n g nhan thay co mpt moi tuong quan phi tuyen tinh, phu thuoc vao miic dp cai thi^n phiic lpi dpng vgt anh h u a n g toi cac chiic nang sinh hpc.
Theo tac gia, nang suat chan nuoi co the dupc tang len n h o nuoi duong tot, chuong trgi tot va cham soc siic khoe tot cho v|t nuoi. Tuy nhien, khi tiep tuc nang cao nang suat thong qua mot so bi?n phap nhu tham canh hoa, chpn lgc giong va sii dung cac loai dupc pham thi phiic lpi ciia con vgt Iai bi anh h u o n g nghiem tipng. Ve mat sinh ly, gia siic phai diiu d u n g cac stiess Igp di lap Iai hoac keo dai khi do con vat thudng hi thay doi ve npi tiet va lam anh hisong tm siic san xuat n h u tich liiy co (ngc), tiet sira, thu nhan va hi?u qua sir dyng thiic an, kha nang de tning hay siic song ciia con non de ra (Farm Animal Welfare Committee, 2011).
4. YEU T 6 CHINH ANH HUOfNG T 6 I PHOC L(;ncuALgfNNAi
Ve CO ban, nhihig van de lien quan den chat Iupng phiic lpi dpng vat 6 Ipn g^p phai tiong chan nuoi la khi co su khong phil h p p giiia ban nang ciia con vat vdi moi truong xung quanh. Lpn tiong dieu ki?n hoang da thuang hoat dpng tich cue. Trong ca ngay, 75% so thoi gian hoat dpng ciia chiing la cac hoat dgng lien quan den tim kiem thiic Sn nhu: iii diii, tim thiic an va
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kham pha moi trucmg^aia chiing (Stolba va Wood-Gush, 1984, d a n theo Kittawomrat va Jeffrey, 2010). Lpn khi dupc nuoi thuong pham, hang ngay d u g c cung cap nhiing nhu cau co ban (thiic an, nudc uong, nai tni ngu), chiing van tiep tyc the hi?n cac tap tinh kham pha va lua chpn moi tiuong (chuong tigi) (Van Putten va Dammersn, 1976; Wood-Gush va Vestergaard, 1991, dan theo Kittawomrat va Jeffrey, 2010).
Tuy nhien, khi chan nuoi ngay cang tham canh till cac van de lien quan den phiic lgi ciia lpn ngay cang dupc cpng dong de cap den. Cac van de ve phiic lpi ciia lpn co the dugc thay ro a cac khia canh theo tieu chi
"5 khong" n h u da dupc n e u tai muc 2. Co 2 yeu to chinh dang luu y:
Thli nhat, s u h a n che thiic an tiong giai dogn mang thai va viec cung cap nudc uong cho diiing. Con vat chi dupc an 1-2 biia bang thurc 3n hon hgfp hoan chinh nen VOT lugng kha it, khong thoa man tinh pham an va cac bieu hien tap tinh an uong oia chiing (Rushen va ctv, 1993, dan theo Luigi va Allan, 2008). Viec cho an han che, cimg voi tinh tiang khong dupc di tim kiem thiic an, co lien quan tai su xuat hien cua cac tap tinh bat thuang, nhat la ngay sau khi cho an (Rushen, 1984, 1985;
Appleby va Lawrence, 1987; Terlouw va ctv, 1991; Lawrence va Terlouw, 1993;
Spoorder va ctv, 1995, dan theo Luigi va Allan, 2008). Cac bieu hien tap tinh bat thuong n h u nghien rang, nhai ba tiau, can diubng,.. dupc coi la dau hieu ciia su khong dam bao phtic Igi dgng vat. Tuy nhien, Ign nai mang thai khong the an tu do vi se dan tai tinh trang beo phi va nhung anh h u a n g co hai tiong liic de va nuoi con nSn co the cung cap cho lpn nai mpt khau phan giau chat xo hon nhSm tang lupng thiic an ma lpn dupc an tiong khi khong lam v u p t qua miic dinh duong yeu cau.
Thli hai, lpn nai mang thai dupc nuoi nhot hoan toan trong cac ciii kim loai.
P h u a n g thiic nay d u g c gidi thieu tir 1969,
roi nhanh chong dupc ap dimg tiong cac co so chan nuoi vao nhiing nam 1980 va 1990 a My va cac quoc gia khac tien toan the giai (Karczewski, 2012, dan theo The H u m a n e Society of die United States, 2013).
Cac ciii cho lpn nai mang thai la cui don (0,6-0,7 m chieu rgng va 2,0-2,1 m chieu dai) va hgn che con vat co the quay dau (Commission of the European Communities, 2001, dan theo The Humane Society of the United States, 2013). Lpn nai hi nuoi nhot phai chiu d u n g nhieu ve: nguy co nhiem trimg d u o n g tiet nieu, he xuong yeu, que, ban che kha nang bieu hien cac tap tinh va xuat hien cac tap tinh bat thuong (European Commission, 1997, dan theo The Humane Society of tiie United States, 2012).
5. TIEN Bp DAT D U Q C CUA MOT SO N U 6 C VE PHUC L(?I CUA LON NAI'
5.1. Cam nuoi nhot Ipn nai tiong cui Viec cam nuoi nhot Ion nai tiong ciii dupc d u a ra dau tien 6 Anh va Thuy Dien.
Theo Chi tiii So 91/630/EEC, 19/11/1991 cua Hgi dong Cgng dong chau Au (The Council of the European Communities, 1991), cac tieu chuan toi thieu de dam bao phiic lpi cua Ipn da dupc dua ra. Nam 1994, lenh cam chan nuoi lpn nai tiong dii co hieu luc cap quoc gia 6 Thuy Dieh. Nam 1999, lenh cam nay ding co hieu luc 6 Anh (Compassion in World Farming Trust, 2000).
Nam 2001, Cpng dong chimg chau Au tiep tuc ra Chi tiij hpi dong (so 2001/88/EC) de bo stmg cho Chi thi hgi dong so 91/630/EEC nh^m cam toan bg cac he thong nuoi lpn nai trong dii. Theo Chi thi nay, tir 01/01/2003, cac co so chan nuoi moi dupc xay d u n g hoac cai tao lai de b^t dau nuoi lgn khong dupc sir dung cac ciii cho Ign nai (trir 4 tuan dau ciia ki mang thai). Dieu Iuat nay ap d u n g cho tat ca cac CO so chan nuoi co tien 10 lpn nai. Ttr ngay 01/01/2013, lpn nai khong dupe phep nuoi trong cui 6 cac co so chan nuoi 6 bat ki lira tuoi nao (The Council of the European Communities, 2001).
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Nam 2010, he thong nuoi lgn nai tiong ciii hi csan a Tasmania (Austialia) va 6 New Zealand. 6 Uc, nganh chan nuoi lpn bat dau khuyen khich viec logi bo chan nuoi lgn nai tiong ciii. Con a Nam Phi, vem de khong cap phep chan nuoi 1cm nai tiong cui dang dupc thao luan va d u kien se cam vao nam 2020 (The Humane Society of the United States, 2013).
CJ My, viec ban hanh lenh cam chan nuoi lpn nai tiong ciii la khac nhau 6 cac bang. Nam 2002, 6 bang Florida dieu luat cain chan nuoi Ion nai tiong ciii d u kien co hieu Ivc ke tir thang 11/2008. Nam 2006, bang Arizona da thong qua dieu luat ve
"Doi xii nhan dao doi vdi dpng vat nong nghilp", tiong do, khong cho phep sir dung cac ciii dio lpn nai mang thai bat dau tir 1/1/2013. Nam 2007, bang Oregon cam sii d i ^ g cui cho lpn nai mang thai co hieu luc Iru 1/1/2012. Mgt so bang khac cung xem xet va dan dua viec cam nuoi Ign nai tiong ciii vao cac dieu luat cua tieu bang va phan dau sdm co hieu luc, bao gom bang Colorado (nam 2008), California (1/1/2015) Maine (1/1/2011), Michigan (10/2009), Ohio (sau nam 2025), Rhode Island (2012) (The Humane Society of the United States, 2013).
5.2, Nudi Ipn nai theo nhom
Lpn nai dupc nuoi theo nhom se co chat Itrpng phiic loi cao hon nho tang dien tich cho lpn vgn dpng, the hien cac tap tinh bay dan, kham pha moi truong xung quanh va dupc lua chpn noi nam ngii nghi. Tuy nhien, viec nuoi Ipn nai theo nhdm ciing co the dan deh anh huong xau tdi phiic Ipi oia con vgt neu chuong khong dugc thiet ke phil hpp va su quan ly dan khong tot do cgnh tianh ve thiic an, va danh nhau. Vi vay, de hgn che nhugc diem nay, chuong tigi va mang an can dupc thiet ke vira dam bao lpn CO the thu nhan dupc khau phan theo yeu cau, vira han che toi da su canh tianh giiia chiing. Theo Compassion in World Farming Trust (2000), mot so phuang thiic nuoi dugc dua ra nhu sau.
5.2.1. Cho lgn dn tren san
Lgn nai dugc nuoi theo nhom ldn va dupc cho an cimg n h a u tren san (khoang dudi 30 con tiong mpt chuong ldn). Thiic an se dugc do tir tien xuong san qua mgt ong rtiio hoac mpt tnic quay de phan phoi thiic an ra nhi&u vi tii. d hp ttiong nay, nguoi ta tiiuong rai chat dpn chuong (chu yeu la rom cho lpn). Day la he thong nuoi nhom CO chi phi thap nhat. Tuy nhien, co nhugc diem la xay ra canh tianh gay gat giiia cac ca the va khong kiem soat dupc khau phan an cho ttmg ca the.
5.2.2. Dung mdng an cd the
Cac mang 3n ca the dupc ngan each vdi nhau boi mpt tam chan. Thiic an dupc cho vao mang tir tir. Tuy nhi§n, co nhupc diem la mgt so ca the an rat nhanh roi tianh khau phan a i a ca the khac (do ciii khong dupc dong lgi).
5.2.3. Dung ciii cho dn cd the
Lon nai co cac d i i an rieng va khu vuc nam chung nhau. U u diem la khi cho Ion nai an, moi ca the se co khu vuc an rieng (tiong ciii) ma khong bj cac ca the khac canh tianh. Cac ciii nay ciing la khu vuc nghi ngoi yen finh cho timg ca the neii chiing khong m u o n niim 6 khu vuc chung ciia nhom.
5.2.4. DUng cUi dn tit do l^a chgn Doi voi h? thong nay, lpn nai co the chui vao bat ki ciii ca the nao de an. Lupng thiic an cho Sn la n h u nhau giiia cac ca the, vi vay khong the dieu chinh theo the tigng cua con vgt. H o n niia, khu vuc chung cho lpn chii yeu la p h a n di?n tich giiia hai day ciii nen rat han che. Day chinh la nhung rtiiupc diein cua he thong nay so vai cac he thong nuoi nhom khac.
5.2.5. DUng mdng dn dien tvt
Day la he tiiong cho an ca the dupc cai dgt thong qua he tiiong may tinh dien ttr
CHAN NU6l D O N G V A T VA CAC VAN DE KHAC
nham xac dinh khau p h a n an rieng doi voi moi ca the. Lpn t h u a n g dupc ma hoa thong qua so hieu dien t u deo 6 tai ciia chiing.
Chi duy nhat mgt ca the co ma so phu hpp moi CO the chui vao tiong cui de Sn (tiong khoang 20 phiit) theo diing khau phan an phil h p p vol chiing. M6i mang an dii cho 30-40 lgn nai. U u diem ciia h? thong nay la CO the nuoi lpn nai theo nhom Ion (tien 200 nai) va kiem soat dupc khau p h ^ an cua timg ca the, n h u n g lgi co chi phi dau tu cao.
Mpt van de ma n g u a i chan nuoi thuang dat ra la nuoi lpn nai mang thai theo rfiom anh h u o n g the nao toi nang suat chan nuoi. Cac nghien ciiu tir nhieu nuoc khac nhau deu chi ra rang nang suat chan nuoi Ipn nai 6 he thong nuoi theo nhom khong bi giam, thgm chi con co nhiing chi tieu cao h o n so voi nuoi theo d i i truyen thong. Nam 1998, khi hau het cac tiang tigi chan nuoi lgn 6 Anh chuyen hoan toan sang hp tiiong nuoi lpn nai tiieo nhom, so Ipn con cai siia/nai/nam van tuong d u a n g so voi 6 Ha Lan, Dan Mach, va Phap, nhihig n a i ma h? thong nuoi lgn nai tiong d i i van rat p h o bien (Compassion in World Farming Trust, 2000).
5.3. Bo simg chal dpn chuong cho Ipn nai nuoi theo n h o m
Co rat nhieu bang chiing cho thay viec bo sung d i a t dgn chuong (dem lot cho Ipn nai) mang lgi nhieu lpi ich khi lpn dupc n5m 6 hen chuong em, an toan (it tion trupt) va dugc the hi?n mgt so tap tinh theo ban nang a i a chiing (Iam o, iii diii, nhai,...). Lpn tiiich n a m 6 khu vuc kho rao han la am u d t (80-90% thoi gian nam 6 vimg kho h o n la vimg uot). Bo sung dem lot cho lpn vao miia dong con giiip lpn it hi Ignh hon, giam chi phi nang lupng dio suoi am.
Chan nuoi lpn nai tien hen dem lot rom dupc nghien ciiu va ap dtmg 6 Thuy Dieh tir nhihig n a m 1970 (Halverson, 1998, d i n theo Humane Society International, 2011). C* he thong nay, lpn nai dugc nuoi theo nhom, tiong chuong va co dem lot
rom day. Lgn dupc cho an rieng biing ciii ra vao ti^ do nham giam su cgnh tianh ve thiic an. Khi lpn dugc phoi giong hogc tiem vac-xin, chimg se dupc nhot lgi tiong cac cdi nay. Ket qua cho thay, ty lp diet aia lpn nai thap hon, thai gian khai thac cua lpn nai dai hon. He thong nay ciing dupc nghien a i u va ap dung d My va dat ket qua tot (Humane Society International, 2011).
Tuang tu, 6 My he thong nuoi Ipn theo nhom tiong chuong mai vom co bo sung dem lot ciing phat tiien. Lpn co the dupc nuoi vol so lupng tang len. Viec chong nong va chong lanh, mua he co the sir dung h? thong phun suang de lam mat, con miia dong khong can sudi vi phan va chat dpn chuong len men sinh nhiet.
5.4. Chan nuoi Ipn nai co tha ra ben ngoai O Anh va mpt so nudc chau Au, p h u a n g thiic chan nuoi nay kha pho bien.
Ty le lgn dupc nuoi tha 6 Anh: 20-25%, 6 Phap: 7-9%, 6 Dan Mach: 2-4%, 6 Italy va Ha Lan: 1% (von Borell va ctv, 1997;
Hendriks va ctv, 1998; Berger va ctv, 1998;
Hendriks va ctv, 1998, dan theo Bamett va ctv, 2001). Uac tinh, ty Ie dan Ipn nuoi tha 6 Uc la 7-10% (Agribiz Engineering 1999) va 6 New Zealand la 28% (Gregory va Devine, 1999, dan theo Bamett va ctv, 2001). Kieu he thong nay ding dupc nghien ciiu va ap dung a Bac My va Nam Phi. Cac tiang tigi nuoi lpn nai tha ra ben ngoai co the chi 10 con hoac len den 10.000 con.
H | thong chan nuoi lpn tha ra ben ngoai vai mat dp dan chi 7-15 con/100 m^
Tren canh dong, nguoi ta thuong lap d5t cac leu nho bang nhua va co the di chuyen dugc. Cac Ieu nay dupc lot r a m va la noi nghi ngai cho lpn (Humane Society International, 2011). Nhupc diem ciia he thong nay la gia siic bi phu thupe hay anh huong nhieu tir dieu kien ttr nhien, nhat la trong cac vimg khi hau kh^c nghiet (nong, lanh, am uot, gio...), su de dpa ciia cac con vat san moi, va kho khan tiong quan Iy dinh d u a n g dan vat nuoi ciing n h u kiem
CHAN NUOI D Q N G VAT VA CAC VAN DE KHAC
m
soat nguon nuoc uong, quan ly chat thai (Schau va ctv, 2013).
6. XU HUdNG PHAT TRifeN CHAN NU6l LON VA VAN DE PHUC L(;« DONG V ^ T O VIETNAM
Theo ket qua dieu tia nong nghiep nong thon nam 2011, san lupng thit lpn hoi ciia ca nudc tang 24% tiong 5 nam (2006- 2011). Sd hg chan nuoi lgn quy mo nho (<10 con) giam 38,5%, tiong khi sd hg chan nuoi lpn quy mo Ion (>50 con) tang 80% so voi nam 2006. Muc tieu den nam 2020, nganh chan nuoi ca ban chuyen sang p h u a n g thiic tiang tiai, vdi ty tipng dat tien 42%.
Doi vdi lpn, chan nuoi theo theo hudng tiang tiai, cong nghiep dgt 37% tong dan (Bp Nong Nghiep va PTNT, 2008).
VE&I d^ phiic lpi dpng vgt la mpt khai niem con tucmg doi moi va ngay cang dupc quan tam a Viet Nam. Khai niem nay mdi dupc cac nha khoa hpc trong Iinh vuc chan nuoi, thu y de cap den va mon hoc ve Tap tinh va Phiic lpi dpng vgt ciing bat dau dugc d u a vao giang day tai mot so truong dai hpc nong nghidp. Mpt so to chiic quoc te n h u To chiic nhan dgo quoc te tai My (Humane Society International) da h p p tac va ho tip Khoa Chan nuoi - Hpc vien Nong nghiep Viet Nam thuc hien mpt so nghien ciiu ve phiic lgi dpng vat a lpn; to chiic Bao ve Dpng v a t T h e gioi (World Animal Protection) da ho tip viec dao tao, tgp huan va xay dung bai giang ve phiic lpi dpng vgt.
Van de phiic Ipi dpng vgt b^t dau dupc dua vao Lugt thu y 2015 vdi quy dinh "Td chiic, ca nhan chan nuoi ... co tiach nhi?m quan ly, cham soc, nuoi duang, van chuyen phu hpp vdi ttmg loai dpng vgt va giam tiiieu dau ddn, sg hai doi xtr nhan dao voi dpng vat tiong chan nuoi... van chuyen, giet md, tieu hiiy, phong b?nh, chtra benh va nghien ciiu khoa hpc..." (Dieu 21 ve doi xir vdi dong vat, Lugt Thii y So 79/2015/QH13) [Quoc hpi nuoc Cpng hoa Xa hpi chii nghla Viet Nam (2015), Luat Thu y 79/2015/QH13].
Trong boi canh hgi nhgp quoc te hi§n nay, co nhieu cac quy udc quoc te bupc cic nha hogch djnh chinh sach ciia Vi?t Nam phai quan tam h a n tdi van de ve phiic lgi dOng vgt. Khi Vipt Nam gia nhap To diiic thuong mai the gidi (WTO) va dac bi?t tio thanh tiianh vien o i a To chiic Thu y the gioi (OIE), mpt so tieu chuan ve phiic Ipi dgng vgt dupc de ra, bupc cac nudc thanh vien phai tuan thu.
Trong giai doan hien nay, de van de ve phuc Ipi dpng vgt dupc quan tam va ap dung tiong thuc hen thl viec nghien cihi thli nghiem cac phucmg Ihiic dian nuoi m a i phil h g p voi dieu kien 6 nudc ta la rat can thiet. Cac nghien cihi nay nen tap trung vao vipc cai tien kieu chuong tiai, dgc bipt la thli nghiem kieu nuoi lpn nai theo nhom tiong 6 chuong de tianh viec nhot gia sue tiong ciii. Doi voi cac kieu chuong moi nay can dac bi$t quan tam den phuong thiic cho an sao cho giam toi da su cgnh tianh thtic an giua cac ca the tiong dan, dam bao chiing thu nhgn d u khau phan theo tieu chuan. Cac nghien ciin nay can chi ra duoc anh h u o n g cua cac phucmg tiuic chan nuoi moi tdi cac chi tieu ve phiic lpi dpng vgt (siic khoe va tap tinh aia con vat) va nang suat, hipu qua kinh te tiong chan nuoi. Tir do, cd the chuyen giao cho mgt so tiang tiai lam thi diem de tiep tuc danh gia tiong dieu kien thtrc tien aia nong dan. Day cung se la cac mo hinh tiinh dien de nhan rpng ra cac tiang tiai khac.
Viec nghien ciiu va xay d u n g cac mo hinh thi diem nay rat can si^ dau tu, ho tip cua Nha nudc, nhat la tiong giai dogn dau cua su chuyen doi.
C) cac n u a c phat tiien, phuc lpi dpng vat ciia lpn nai la vaoi de rat dupc quan tam va da dgt dupc nhieu thanh tuu. Phuong thiic chan nuoi lgn nai theo nhdm da dupc sir dung de thay the hinh Ihiic nuoi nhot trong ciii cho thay tinh kha thi tiong vi?c vira dam bao phuc lpi cho con vgt, dong thdi khong anh h u d n g toi nang suat chan
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nuoi. Tuy nhi^n, khi ap d u n g p h u a n g tiiiic dian nuoi moi nay, n g u o i chan nuoi can quan tam den van de quan ly dinh duong, giam s u canh tianh va sy: h u n g hang giiia cac ca tii^ tiong dan, va can nhac sao cho phil h p p vdi quy md dau tu, trinh do ky thuat va cac yeu to khac cua tiang tigi.
6f Viet Nam, van de ve phiic lpi dpng vat bat dau d u g c quan tam va timg budc dupc tiii^c hien khi qua tiinh hpi n h a p quoc te ngay cang sau rpng. Trong giai doan hien nay, viec nghien ciiu thir nghiem cac phuang thiic chan nudi moi vira dam bao phiic lpi cho con vat, dong thdi khong anh hudng tdi nang suat chan nuoi la rat can thiet trudc khi chuyen giao cho cac tiang tiai chan nuoi.
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Nhom tac gid chdn thdnh cdm cm to chiec Nhdn dao the gi&i tai My (Humane Society Intematiorml, USA) dd giup da vd gop y vi noi dung cua hdi viel.
TAI Lifu THAM KHAO
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