TAP CHl KHOA HOC TRlfpNG BAI H p C HONG BLfC - SOJUSl?
T H U C T R A N G DAY HOC CAC TAC P H A M VAN HQC CHC" H A N d NHA TRUCJNG P H 6 T H O N G HIEN NAY
Mx Quynh IJI*
TOM TAT
Ndi ve vai trd ciia Vdn hgc chit Hdn ddi vdi liin trinh vdn hgc Viet Nam la mdt vdn de khdng cdn xa lg ddng di bdn den nda. Nhung viic dgy hgc cdc tac phdm vdn hgc chu Hdn cd vai Pd quan trong trong suphdl triin nhdn cdch con ngudi, cUng nhu cung cdp din ngudi hoe nhirng gid tri vi van hda lich su. van hgc la vdn de ludn phdi ndi din. Dd cd rat nhiiu bdi nghien cuu khoa hoc, di tdi de cap den vdn de ndy trong nhirng ndm qua. Nhung rieng a dia bdn tinh Thanh Hda thi chua di cap din. Vi vdy, trong bdi viit ndy, chiing tdi de cap den vdn de "Thuc trgng viec dgy hgc ede tde phdm van hoc chu Hdn d trudng phd thong tgi dja bdn tinh Thanh Hda ". eu thi Id chuang trinh Ngu vdn lap 7 ldm vdn di nghiin cihi cita minh.
Tir khda: Vdn hgc chit Hdn. chucmg trinh vdn hgc pho thdng, gido viin, hgc sinh, chuang trinh Ngit vdn 7.
I . D A T V A N D E
Van hpc chir Han (cdn ggi la van hpc cd) chiem mdt phan quan trpng trong chuong trinh van hpc pbd thdng. Tuy nhien, dang cd mgt thuc trang dien ra la hpc sinh ngay cang khdng hiing thii vdi cac tac pham van hpc chu Han, dan den viec day hgc cac tac pham van ndi tren trd thanh ndi ngai cua ngudi day va su nham chan ddi vdi hgc sinh.
Ndi ve vai trd cua Van hpc chii Han ddi vdi tien trinh van hpc Viet Nam la mdt van de kbdng cdn xa la dang de ban den niia. Nhung viec day hpc cac tac pham van hgc chii Han cd vai trd quan trpng trong su phat trien nhan each con ngudi, ciing nhu cung cap den ngudi hpc nhiing gia tri ve van hda ljch sir, van hpc la van de luon phai ndi den. Da cd rSt nhieu bai nghien ciiu khoa bgc, de tai de cap den van de nay trong nhiing nam qua. Nhung rieng d dja ban tinli Thanh Hda thi chua de cap ddn. Vi vay, trong bai vidt nay, cbung tdi dd cap ddn vkn de "Thuc nang viec day hge cac tac pham van bgc chii Han d trudng phd thdng tai dja ban Thanh Hda", cu the la chuang trinh Ngir van lap 7 lam v4n dS nghien ciiu eua minh.
2. NOl DUNG
2.1. Thuc trang viec day hoc cac tac phdm van hgc chn Han
De lam ro ngi dung nay, chitng tdi dat trpng tam ciia v§n dd nghien ciru d chuang trinh Ngii van Idp 7 tap 1. Trong chuang trinh Ngu van lap 7 tap 1, cd 5 tac phdm thudc mang Van bpc chu Han, dd la cac tac pham: "Nam qudc son ha", "Hdi hucmg ngSu tbu",
"Thien Trudng van vpng", "Tinh da tii", "Lu son bdc bo".
' Kfioa Khoa lipc Xa lioi, Tnr&ng Dai hoc Hong Diec
T ^ P CHI KHOA HQC TRlTONG BAI HOC HONG BlTc - SO 47.2019
Dd tidn hanh nghien ciiu tim hieu viec day va hpc cac tac phim van hpc chii Han d chuong trinh NgiJ vSn lap 7 tap 1, chiing tdi tien hanh khao sat, du gid, tham Idp 40 giao vien Ngii van tren dia ban hnh Thanh Hda vao tukn bpc thii 17 - 18 hgc ky 1 nam hpc 2018 -2019.
Ndi dung khao sat la bang dieu tra muc dp "Rat hiing thii, hung thii, binh thudng va khdng biing tbii" cua giao vien khi day cac tae pham van bpc cbii Han. Ket qua khao sat nhu sau:
Bangl. K^t qua khao sat hung thu viec day c^c tac pham van hoc chu Han cua giao vi§n Ngir van Trung hoc co* sd tren dia ban tinh Thanh Hoa
Cac miic do Rat himg thu Hung thii Binh thuang Khong hirng thu
Ket qua 0
3 10 27
0%
7,5%
25%
67,5%
Tir ket qua khao sat tren, chung tdi thay day la mdt van de dang lo ngai trong viec day bpc cac tac pbSm van hgc chir Han d chuang trinh Ngii van Trung hpc co sd. Ti le giao vien hiing thii vdi cae tac phim Van hgc chii Han chiem ti le rat thap, chi chiem 7,5%.
Trong khi ti le giao vien khdng cd himg thu vdi cac tac pham van hpc nay chiem ti le kha cao, ddn 67,5%. Day la mdt con sd dang dd ehiing ta quan tam va hm hidu. Chiing tdi da tim thiy mgt sd ly do thdng qua hinh tbiic phdng vin, tham dd, chia se vdi cac giao vien thi dupc bidt nhiing nguyen nhan nhu: "Khd hidu, khd khan, khdng quan trpng, hgc sinh khdng thich hgc". Vdi cac ti le nhu sau:
Ly do Kho hieu Kho khan Khong quan trong Hoc sinh khong thich hpc
K6t qua 22
3 5 10
55%
7,5%
12,5%
25%
K6t qua tren cho chiing ta thiy co nhiSu ly do din dSn viec cac giao vien khong hiing thii vcri viec giang day cac tac phim Van hoc chii Han. Nhung ly do tap tmng nhat chinh la cac tac phjm thuoc dong van hoc nay kho hiSu chiSm din 55% va hoc sinh khong himg thii chiSm 25%. Ly do cac tac phjm nay "khong quan trong" my khong cao nhung ciing chi6m 12%. Chiing toi tiSp tuc tim hiiu thuc trang day hoc cac tac pham van hoc co dang diln ra 4 cac truong ph6 thong, cu thi la cac tac phim van hoc chQ Han o chuong trinh NgS van lop 7 bfag viec du gicr tham lop. Chiing toi nhan thay tinh ttang sau:
1. Gio hoc tram buon
2. Thieu su kit n6i gitia nguoi day va nguoi hoc
3. Giao vien giang day cho hpc sinh dua tren ban dich tha ttong Sach giao khoa.
2.2. Nguyen nh^n
Ngudi dgy vd ngudi hoc dang cd cdi nhin chua diing vi vai trd ciia cdc ldc phdm van hgc chii Hdn Irong chuang trinh hgc
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRLTdNG BAI HQC HONG B C C - SOjZJQL^
Tam ly "bai Tau" dang dien ra phd bidn d hiu hit ngudi dan. Tu tudng ciia nguai ldn da anh hudng den tam h tre con. "Khdng thich, khdng hiing tbii, khdng tbam gia, khdng hop tac" vdi nhung gi thudc vd "Tau" la tu tudng cua ngudi ldn va nd vd tinh anh hudng den tre con vdi tam ly "khdng thich hgc", khdng cin hgc".
Tam ly cac tac pham thude ddng van hgc chii Han "khdng quan trpng, khdng can thiet"
da quyet dinh tinb than hpc tap ciia cac em khi hpc cac tac pham van hgc nay. Tam ly "hpc de thi" la tam ly chung cua phu huynh, hgc sinh va ca giao vien trong qua trinh day - hgc.
Viec lua chgn giai doan van hgc dua vao cac chuang trinh tbi quan trgng nbu ky thi phd thdng qudc gia da khien thay cd va bd me nghi eai gi khdng quan trpng thi bd qua cho nhe.
Vl vay, cac bai hgc thudc ddng van bpc nay la mgt trong nhiing thii, nhiing dieu can phai bd qua hoac chi "bgc cho cd hpc". Dd chinli la ly do ciia gid hgc "tram budn" va thieu su tuang tac giiia ngudi day va ngudi hgc" trong gid day bgc cac tac pham van hgc chii Han.
Tu tudng va trayen thdng cd xua, gia tri cd xua trong cac tac pham van hpc chii Han la mdt rao can trong qua trinh tiep nhan tac pham cua cac em. Ndi mdt each khach quan, tinh than "ndi it, hieu nhieu"; chat 'thien"; nhiing tu tudng tham sau ma ngudi xua tmyen lai trong tac pham da trd nen khd khan khi mudn trd thanh nguon cam himg cho cac em trong qua trinh hpc tap. Nhiing tu tudng "tbam sau va cao sieu", "gia so vdi tudi" i y cd qua sue vdi mdt hpc sinh lop 7 la van de chiing ta can phai nghien ciru them.
Viec hieu sai hi Han Viet, biSu chua sau tii Han Viet din ddn truydn thu chua hdt y tu tudng, tinh cam, y mudn giao tiep cua cac tac gia thdng qua tac pham ciing la mdt ly do.
2.3. Mot so giai phap nang cao ch3t lu-ong day hoc cac tac ph^m van hgc chn Han 2.3.1. Cdn "da thdng " tu tudng chua dung cita ngudi hgc vi tu luang
Chiing ta cin "da thdng tu tudng "nhiing gi thudc vd cbii Han ddu la ciia ngudi Tau"
dang dien ra ma trudc bdt la hgc sinh. Trong pham vi bai vidt, tdi chi ndi vd eac tac phim van hpc chii Han va khang dinh khdng phai nhimg gi cd chii Han ddu la "cua ngudi Tau".
Dieu nay dupc minh chiing qua su kien lich sii vao nam 938 - chidn thing tren sdng Bach Ding ciia Ngd Quydn, nudc ta hoan toan ddc lap thi mgt sir kien v6 chu vidt dugc diln ra the hien tinh than ddc lap dan tgc rat ldn cua dan tgc ta, do la su ra ddi eiia "Tii Han Viet".
Tir Han Viet cd the hieu ndm na la chung ta giir chir vidt (chu Han) nhung dgc theo tidng ndi cua ngudi Viet. Rd ban la chung ta mugn cai vd cua ngdn ngu chinh la binh thd cua chir Han va khoac len minh mdt tim ao mdi vdi ten mdi "Tir Han Viet". Vi vay, nhung gi lien quan den chu Han ndi chung va cac tac phim van bgc chii Han ndi rieng da la san pham, la thanh qua cua dan tgc ta, khong phai la ciia ngudi Tau.
Nhung tac pham khac nhu "Hdi huang ngiu thu", "Tinh da tir", "Lu San bgc bd" tuy la tac pham van hgc Trung Qudc nhung cung dupc cam thu bing ehii v i ^ ciia ngudi Viet, (dugc dich nghia, chuyen tai y nghTa bing he thdng tir Han Viet cua ngudi Viet). Chua kd cac tac pham van hpc nay da gin bd vdi ngudi Viet hang nghin nam lich sir, la tu tudng, Xa tinh than trong ddi sdng ciia ngudi Viet, giao due ngudi Viet tinh yeu que huang, tinh yen thien nhien, va y nghia nhan van cao dep dugc thd hien trong cac tac pham. Mat khac tim 82
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRrCtNG B ^ I HQC HONG BlTC - SO 47.2Q19
hidu, nghien ciiu cac tac pham van hpc nudc ngoai la mdt each giao luu van hda tich cue, bd sung van bda tich cue va lam phong phii ban tinb thin va each nghT ciia chung ta.
2.3.2. Ndng eao trdch nhiem cua gido vien trong gidng dgy vi vai Pd viic hoc chit Hdn Ngudi day vira la ngudi truydn dat kidn thiic, vira la ngudi cho hoc sinh bi6u tim quan trgng cua tac pham van hpc. Vai trd cua tac pham van hpc ddi vdi ngudi bpc trudc h6t la d tinh giao due, tmh budng thien, tinh nhan van. Hpc trude hdt dk biSt each lam ngudi, cam nhan dupc eai hay eai dep d ddi va mang nhimg cai hay cai dep trong tac phim van hpc dudng nudi tam hdn, lan toa cai dep den cdng ddng, xa bdi. Nen trach nhiem ciia ngudi day kbi day cac tac pham van hpc chii Han khdng chi dan thuan la giai i ghla, truydn dat den ngudi hpc ndi dung tu tudng ciia tac pham van hpc ma trach nhiem cao ban ciia ngudi day dd la gia tri giao due, gia hi nhan van cua mdi tac pham den ngudi dpc.
Vi du: Ndi den "Nam qudc son ha" khdng chi don thuin ndi den tinh yen dat nudc qua niem tu hao dat nudc, quyet tam bao ve dat nudc, hanh ddng bao ve dat nudc ciia cha ong chiing ta, ma tac pham cdn la ldi nhac nhd, khuyen khich, chi dan chung ta ve tinh yeu nudc, tu hao ve dat nudc khdng chi bang ldi ndi ma bang ca hanh ddng. Hanh ddng yeu nude chiing ta cin phai lam tuy theo sire cua ehiing ta nhung dupc the hien trade bet bang viec cac em hoan thien ban than, nhan each, bdi duang tri thiic de trd thanh mdt con ngudi cd ich. Mdi mdt chung ta la mdt td bao cua ca the xa hdi. Te bao khde manh, ca the se khde manh. Ca thd khde manh se dii sire dd chdng ddi, mien nhidm vdi nhiing "bdnh tat"
dang lam la xam nhap vao ca the.
2.3.3. Gido vien cdn trang bi cho minh nhimg kien thiic lien ngdnh
Day la mdt thu thach va yeu ciu khit khe ddi vdi giao vien. NghTa la, ngudi thiy ngoai kidn thiic chuyen mdn, cdn cd su hidu bidt va trang bi cbo minh nhiing kien thiic lien nganh "van sir tridt bit phan". Nhiing kidn thiic nay se bd trp, lam ndn cho kien thiic chuyen nganh them sau sic. Dd chuydn tai dupc tu tudng cua nhimg tac phim thudc ddng van hpc cd xua, giao vien phai cd su bidu bidt vd lich sii tbdi dai, van hda xa hdi thdi dai, tu Urdng thdi dai va bidt each chuydn tai nhttng kidn thirc dd ddn ngudi hpc. Ndu lam dupc nhu vay thi ngudi day se thanh cdng trong viec nit ngin khoang each giiia ngudi hgc vdi tac pham van bpc, giiia ngudi hpc va ngudi day.
2.4. M6t s6 vi dii khi du giif nh^m phSn tich va du-a ra htfomg giai quyet Bdi 1. Nam qudc san hd
6 tac phim nay, giao vien dua tren ban dich tha trong Sach giao khoa dd giang day cho hgc sinh, can 1 dupc dich nhu sau:
"Nam qudc son ba Nam de cu"
(Sdng niii nudc Nam vua Nam d).
Ndu diing tir "cu" vai nghia la "d" trong can tren la giao vien da lam mat di tu the, khi phach oai himg cua mot vi vua, khidn hgc sinh cam thiy dng vua nay chang cd gi dang dh nguong md. Theo tir didn Han Viet (Thi^u Chira), chii "cu" cd nhirng nghTa sau: (d, cai quan, xii ly), Vay giao vien phai la ngudi lira chgn nghia nao pbii hap vdi nghia ciia toan
TAP CHJ KHOA HQC TRlTOfNG BAI HOC HONG BLI C - SO47j01_9
bai tha, vdi thdng diep tac gia muon gui gim la didu khdng di dang. Chi can chgn ngbTa khdng chinh xac thi bai tha coi nhu da mit di cai "thin" vdn cd ciia minh. Theo tdi, voi chu "cu" trong can "Nam qudc son ha Nam dd cu" phai chgn nghia la cai quan mdi diing vi tri, vai trd, khi phach ciia mdt dng vua cd tam ngang hang vdi dng vua cua nudc ban.
0 cau "Tiet nhien dinh phan tai thien thu" nhidu giao vien da bd qua tu "Tiet nhien".
Day la mdt tir rat quan trgng, cd y nghia quyet dinh ndi dung toan bd cau. "Tiet" la cat diit,
"nhien" la hu tu chi trang thai dimg sau ddng tir lam ro ngbia cbo dgng t£r. Nhu vay "Tiet nhien" nghTa la da cat ban, dut ban rdi. So sanh vdi ban djch "Ranh ranh", hoac "Vang vac"
giao vien phai lam rd each dich chi diing vdi tinh than ciia can ma chua rd het y cua ca cau.
Ridng d chii "Thien thu" vdi nghTa la sach trdi thi theo tdi, d trinh dp Idp 7, bpc sinh cung chua can pbai bieu tudng tan. Giao vien cbi can giang cho hpc sinh hieu "Thien thu" la bieu hien ciia "thien menh" (tuan tbeo menh trdi). Day la tu tudng cdt ldi ciia Nho gia va dupc ngudi phuong Bic thdi dd rat coi trpng. Vi vay, Ly Thudng Kiet da dya vao tu tudng nay de danh ddn tam ly vdi ddi phuong la dii.
Cf cau "Nbu ba nghich Id lai xam pham" nhieu giao vien da bd qua nghTa cua tir
"nghich Id" ma chi ndi chung chung la "bpn giac". Nhu vay la ngudi day da vd tinb bd qua y nghTa vd ciing quan trpng ciia ca ciu. "Nghich" la ngugc, lam trai dao ly thi ggi la
"nghich". "Ld" la giae bi bat sdng lam tii binh, khdng phai giac hi giet chet. Phai lam rd dieu nay thi mdi thay het duge sire manh cua quan dan Dai Viet, truyen den cac em ldng ty hao ve siic manh, y chi chien dau, quyet tam chien dau cita dan tgc, thdi thiic cac em tinh than yeu nudc, tinh than tu hao cua dan tpc ta.
Bdi 2. TTnh dg tu
0 bai "TTnh da tii" cua Ly Bach nhieu giao vien da didn xudi va "tan" kieu van chuang bai tho nay lam cbo gid day van khdng cdn tinb thin ciia mdt gid hgc Han van, Diem nhan ciia ca bai tha chi d hai ddng tir, hai ddng tac, trang thai doi lap: "De diu" va
"cir dau". Day la mdt boat ddng binh tbudng ciia con ngudi. Nhung, trong dem, thudng thi ngudi ta chi ngu, ma mdt ngudi chi "cir diu" (nging diu) rdi lai "de d i u " (cui diu) tbi bidu bien didu gi? Dd la hanh ddng ciia mdt ngudi dem khdng ngu, thao thiic, bdn chdn, nhd nhung. Ndu dat ta d hoan canh ciia ngudi xa que, ta cd gidng tac gia khdng? Tir dd huang cac em ndi nhd que cua ngudi xa que, xa hon la tinh ydu que huang, yeu dit nudc, ddng gdp cho que huong dit nudc.
Tren day la nhung vi du cu the chiing tdi da tdng hpp dupc trong qua trinh dy gid tham Idp de cd dugc cai nhin toan dien va dung din vd thyc trang giang day cac tac phim van bpc chu Han trong chuang trinh Van hgc cd ciia chuang trinli Ngtr van lap 7 tap 1.
Thiet nghT, nhutig kdt qua nghien ciiu tren se gdp phan nang cao chit lugng gid day cac tac pham van hgc nay d brong lai.
3. K£T LUAN
Cac tac pham van hgc chu Han thudc ddng Van bpc cd trong chuong trinh Ngtr van bac phd thdng ndi chung va chuang trinh Ngu van lap 7 ndi rieng da va dang la vin dd mang tinh thach thiic doi vdi nhilu giao vien va hpe sinh. Bai vidt tren la co sd tim hidu
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRirONG BAI HOC HONG BJfC - SO 4
thtrc ttang, tim ra nguyen nhan, de xuit giai phap khjc phuc vrii y muln se thay doi dugc tinh trang tren va thay doi dugc cai nhin cua nguoi day, ngugi hpc vl vai tro, vj tri, su anh huong tich cue cua dong van hpc nay d l i vgi ttach nhiem giang day va hgc tap ciia thiy tro noi rieng va nhinig anh hucmg tich cue doi vol tinh thin "van hpc la nhan hpc" noi chung.
Chiing toi mong ring, kit qua nghien ciiu se co tac dung khong nho cai thien thuc trang hpc tap tac pham van hgc chii Han hien nay. Nhiing vin d l sau sic va cin thilt hon se con dugc noi den 6 tuong lai.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
[1] Dao Duy Anh (2003), Tii diin Hdn Viet, Nxb. Van hoa Thong tin. Ha Npi.
[2] Thilu Chira (2017), Hdn Viet tu diin, Nxb. Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Npi, Ha Ngi.
[4] Nguyen Thi Bich Hai (2006), Thi phdp tha dudng, Nxb. Thuan Hca, Ha Npi.
[5] Nguyln Dang Na (chu bien) (2009), Vdn hge Trung dgi Viet Nam, Tl-2, Nxb. Dai hpc Su pham. Ha Npi.
[6] Nguyen Dang Na (2007), Con dudng gidi md Vdn hoc Trung dgi Viet Nam, Nxb.
Giao due, HaNpi.
[7] Dang Due Sieu (chu bien) (2009), Gido trinh Ngii vdn Hdn Ndm, Nxb. Dai hgc Su pham. Ha Ngi.
[8] Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi (2013), Hdn Nom hoc Irong nhd trudng, Nxb. Dai hpc Su Pham, HaNpi.
CURRENT SITUATION OF TEACHING CHINESE LITERARY WORKS IN THE SCHOOL NOW
My Quynii Le ABSTRACT
The role of Chinese Literary works in Ihe development of Vietnamese literature is not an unfamiliar issue lo discuss. But the leaching of Chinese Literary works plays an impgrlanl rale in the develgpmeni of human personality, as well as providing learners with historical and cultural values, literature is always a mailer of great concern. There have been many scientific papers, topics on this issue over the years. But in Thanh Hoa province this has not been mentioned. Therefore, in this article, we mention Ihe issue of
"The situation af teaching Chinese Literary works in high schools in Tiianh Hoa", specifically in Literature 7, as our research problem.
Keywords: Chinese Literary works, general literature curriculum, teachers, students, grade 7 Literature curriculum.
Ngdy nop hdi: 9/12/2019; Ngdyguiphdn bien: 10/12/2019; Ngdy duyet ddng: 30/12/2019
