\vh — ™ l ^ N C D*l Hpc sa VHAM TP H 6 CH( MINH n u t m M I N M tlTT UNIVEioii T ur E U U ^ > •"•- L » = l JJ^P CHI KHOA HQC JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
ISSN: KHOA HQC GlAO DUG EDUCATION SCIENCE 1859-3100 T j p 14, S6 1 (2017); 5-15 Vol. 14. No. 1 (2017): 5-15
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^j D I l l M M d H i N H DANH GIA HQC SINH THEO HlTdNG TifeP C ^ NANG UfC TRONG CHlTOfNG T R I N H GIAO DVC P H 6 T H 6 N G M 6 I
Hodng Thf Tuyit*
UgAy Tda so^n nlJ$n iRivc bdi: 25-10-2016: ngAyf^in t»$n Odnti gi6:28-11-2016: ngiycttSp nh&n i^ng: 06-01-2017
T6MTAT
Bdi viet bat dau tie l^ lugn ve sir can thiet phdi xdc l^p mgt mo hinh khoa hgc chi qud trinh ddnh gid hgc sinh (HS) nhdm giup dinh hudng phdt trien ndng liic ngudi hgc cua chuang trinh gido dye pho thong (GDP7) mdi. Bdng phucmg ph^ hdi cihituli^uvd phdn tich tong hop, bdiviit md td vd phan tich nhQng xu hu&ng ddnh gid hqc tgp cua the giai trong vdi thgp Id qua cimg v&i h4 thSng khdi ni^m chd chot thi hi$n nhOng quan diem ca bdn cua cdc xu hu&ng dy, dong th&i xem xet cdc xu hu&ng tiem an trong thtfc tien triin khai ddnh gid hgc tgp cua chuang trinh GDPT & Vi$t Nam. Tren ca s& do, bdi viit di xudt mgt s6 ^ kiin vi mo hinh ddnh gid HS nin dugc dp dyng trong chucmg trinh GDPTm&i.
Tit khda: mt hinh, kilm tm, dinh gid.
ABSTRACT
Looking for a model of student learning assessment in the new con^etemy-based curriculum for general education
The article starts with an argument for a suggestion about the necessity ofdeterminatitm of a scientifically rigorous model for student leaming assessment in order to support that the new competency-based'curricidumfor general education is implemented with high efficiency. Next, the article makes a brief literature review of principle trends and models for student leaming assessment in the world accompanied with their relevant concepts and practices. Then, the article considers approaches that are implied fi-om the description of student leaming assessment in the competency based- ctariculum text for after 2015 Viemam general education, in light of which, the article proposes some ideas on a model of student leaning assessment that would be shaped and developed in the new competency-based curriculum for the general education in Vietnam.
Keywonb: model, testing, assessment.
I, D $ t v ^ n d^ gido dye, hinh th^nh th^ h§ con nguM V i ^ Chiromg trinh GDPT tong t h i m6i tgp Nam todn di?n v^ Diic, Tri, The, MT, tnmg thye hi?n quan dilm Nghj huong tdi la nhOng "c6ng dan todn c4u"
quylt so 88/2014/QH13 cua Qu6c hpi va cua the gidi. Ddnh gid gido dye Id mpt Qiiyk djnh s6 404/QD-Trg cdn Tliu tu6ng thdnh phan chu yeu. Li6n quan den ddnh Chinh phii c6 t h i se 1dm cho h? thong gido gid Chirong trinh GDPT, vdn bdn n i y da dye ciia dat nudc c6 nhflng chuyin biln cdn nhan mgnh c ^ tilp c§n ndng lyre (TCNL) bdn, todn di?n v l chat lupng, dat hi§u qud vd phdt triln ngudi h p c todn di?n. Theo
' Khoa Gido dge Tidu hoc - Tnrdng B^i hpc Sif ph^m TPHCM; Email: [email protected]
Hoing Thj Tiiyit
xem xft cua chdng tfli, vin bin Chuong trinh GDPT ting thi sau 2015 [2] c6 \i nhu chi mdi xic Ifp vifc dinh kit qui hpc t ^ 6 d p df djnh hudng tu tii6ng chung.
E)l mft dfnh hirdng giio dpe nio do d u ^ triln khai thanh cfng, cin c6 mft mo hinh khoa hpc cho qui trinh vi hf thing giao dpe theo djnh hudng dd. Cp thi, dl chiln lupc dinh gii cd thi trd thinh mit xich trpng ylu cho qui trinh triln khai thinh cfng chuong tiinh GDPT theo hudng TCNL, cic nlii chiln lupc xiy dpng chucmg trinh d n xic Ifp m6 hinh dinh gii phii hpp vdi hudng tilp cfn dd. Sd di nhu vfy vi mo hinh la sp mf ta hoin chinh cd tinh gia Ifp mft hf thing theo mft quan dilm/dinh hudng tu tudng cp thi [10].
Theo Ritchey [12], vifc xiy dpng mft md hinh ddi hdi sp tritu tupng hda. NghTa li, mft mf hinh chi cd thi gii!ip t^o nen nhihig dp doin chinh xic cho cic giii phip khi vifc xay dpng mo hinh iy dupc thpc hifn dpa tr€n mft tfp hpp cic khii nifm, 11 diuylt Uen quan dupc xem x^t mft cich hf thing theo quan dilm phit triln ljch silr cua chibig. Mo hinh gii ifp tdt nhat kiii nd phu hpp vdi thi gidi thpc, nghia li vdi thpc tl vi b6i cinh ho^t dfng ciia hf thong. Vifc mf hinh nio dupc chpn dl t$o Ifp cd inh hudng thilt thpc vi siu sic din cich giii quylt van dl vi cich hinh thinh cic giii phip cho mft hf thing ho^t dfng cp thi.
2. Qui trinh phit triln cic xu hiring vi mf hlnh dinh gii giio dpe tren the gidi
Nghifn ciru cho thiy giio dpe thi gidi di trii qua hai xu hudng vi mo hinh
chinh trong danh gia hpc tap ciia HS: (1) kilm tra chuln hda phpc vp vifc giii trinh trich nhifm (the era of standardized testing for accountability); (2) chuyin dli til kilm tra chuan mpc (dinh gii truyln thing) sang dinh gia the hifn ning Ipc; vi (3) kit hpp giiia kiem tra chuan hda phpc vp vifc giai trinh trich nhifm vdi dinh gii thi hifn ning Ipc.
2.1. Ki nguyen kiim tra chuan hda phtfc v{f vi§c giai trinh trdch nht$m
Theo Stecher [14], thi gidi di diln m mft cupc cai cich vl giao dpe Idn vio thfp nien 80 cua the ki XX. Giai do^n niy dupc dinh diu bing vifc tiep tpc sir dpng vi sir dpng ngiy cing biing nd va siu rfng cic bii kilm tra chuin hda nhim mpc dich giii trinh hifu qui ciia giio dpe doi vdi nhi trudng vi HS. Cic chuong trinh kilm tra ning Ipc tdi thilu nhudng budc cho hf thing giii trinh, trong dd kit qui kilm tra xic dinh vifc HS dupc len ldp hay khdng, vifc xip h?ng trudng hpc vi vifc dupc nhfn tii trp. Trong thdi kl niy, cic nhi giio dpe cung bit dau co xiiy cho ^ tudng li nhihig bai kilm tra chuin hda cd thi dupc sd dpng dl dilu khiln, dan dudng cho cii cich giio dpe. Thuft ngQ "giing dpy dupc dilu khiln bdi do ludng"
("measurement-driven instruction") dupc xic lap dl md ta vifc sir dpng kilm tra chuin hda mft cich chu dinh nhim thay ddi nhi trudng vi hf thdng hinh vi ldp hpc.
22. M^t tien trinh chuyin Si mgnh ml tit kiim tra chuin m\fc (ddnh gid trtiyin thing) sang ddnh gid thi hifn ndng Itfc
157
nVtHB Bk\ HQC I U PHAV TP HO CHl aiHH
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r # 14, si 1 (2017): 156-168 Theo Stecher [14], vio thfp nifn 90ciia thi ki XX, cic nhi giio dpe bit dau nhfn ra nhilu h ^ chl lien quan din kilm tra chuin hda nhu sp giing day xudng d p (vi dp nhu thu h?p chuong trinh day hpe thinh nhfing dl tai dupc kilm tra, danh nhilu thdi gian d ldp hpc dl chuin bj thi va kilm tra) din din dilm kilm tra bi lam phit. IChdng mudn tir bd sure mpnh ciia
"giing day dupc dilu khiln bdi do ludng"
trong vifc Hinh thinh hinh vi cOa HS va giio vifn (GV), nhilu nhi giio dpe bit diu k£u gpi phit triln mft thi hf cic bii kilm tra cd gii tri cho giing dpy. Dudi khiu hifu
"dilu b?n kilm tra l i dilu ban d?t dupc", Resnick & Resnick (1992) (din theo [14]) Png hf "dinh gii the hifn" khi chiing cd the t ^ nen nhihig thay ddi tich cpc trong chucmg tiinh, giing day vi kit qui hpc tfp bing cich kit hpp ngay cing nhilu dinh gii thi hifn ban vao cac chuong trinh kilm tra chuin hda. Cing ngiy dinh gii thi hifn cing dupc nhfn ra ring cd the gidp nhfn difn ra nhihig kT ning eao cap d ngudi hpc, bao gim kT ning tu duy phan bifn vi giii quylt vin dl. Thi li mft cugc chuyin dli til dinh gii truyen thong kilu kilm tra chuan hda sang dinh gia thi hifn da thpc sp bung nd. Ttr day md thuc chuyin ddi tvr vin hda kilm tra (testing culture) sang vin hda dinh gii (assessment culture) di diln ra vi thpc sp dupc tilp tpc khi cd nhilu nghifn cuu cung d p chiing cii diy du cic phucmg difn khic nhau ve chit lupng cda vin hda danh gii mdi, ddng thai chi ra nhihig bat cap cda Idem tra chuin hda phpc vp cho giii trinh giio dpe. Ben cgnh do, sp
tiln hda phiic hpp trong quan nifm vl thinh tpu hpc tfp cua HS tix culi t h ^ nien 80 cung ddi hdi dinh gii cin phii d p bich thay doi hon. Cp thi, tiln trinh thay dli quan dilm vl bin chit ciia dinh gii dien ra trong khudn khi phit triln cic li thuylt hpc tfp dudi inh sing cda nhihig thanh tpu nghien cdu cua tim li hpc nhfn thiic, tim U hpc giing day, khoa hpc vl hpc tfp. Vi trong xu thi thay dli iy, dinh gii thi hifn (performance assessment) ngiy cing dupc khing djnh vi phit triln. [13]
Thpc vfy, hifn tpi giio dpe thi gidi dang thi hifn mft sp nhit tri cao trong nhh vpc tim 11 hpc su phgm ciing nhu xuySn quIc gia ring hpc tfp nliit thilt phii hda hpp vdi dinh gii. Sp nhit tri niy din din vifc phit sinh cii dupc gpi l i vin hda dinh gii (the so-called assessment culture). Cufc chuyin dfng thay doi til kilm tra (testmg) sang dinh gii da dgng (multiple assessment) vi tir dinh gii cf Ifp, don nhit sang dinh gii ting hpp, tich hpp [9], til vdn hda kiim tra sang vdn hda ddnh gid [ t l ] , [15] di vi dang diln ra manh me vi sau rpng trfn thi gidi.
2.3. Xu hu&ng thtfC tien kit hgp giOii kiim tra chuin Ha vdi dinh gid thi hifn ndng Itfc
Stecher [14] trong ting quan nghifn cdu vl nhihig chuyin biln trong dinh gii giio dpe tgi Hoa Ki tin ring thpc tien kilm tra chuin hda cho vifc giii trinh giio dpe cd thi dirpc cii tiln tich cpc bing sp hpp nhit tuih tl vdi Sdnh gid thi hifn chuin hda {standardized performance assessment - thuft ngii cua Stecher [14]).
Tiirftia t f i HOC IV PHia TP »6 CHI HiiH
KyJQAHOC
Hoing Thj Tityit Hibbard et al [7] eOng cho ring hai cichtilp cfn dinh gii: kilm tra chuin hda va dinh gii thi hifn khdng dli khing nhau.
Nhung thich thiic Idn nhit cin ddi mft thpc hifn dd li thn thiy sp cin bing ddng giQa chdng. Sp cii tiln theo hudng kit hpp niy cd thi dat dupc bing each md ti mft cich hf thing vi rd hon cic chuan npi dung (content standards) cda chuong trinh giio dpe, dfc bift cic chuin thi hifn (performance standards) ddi hdi phii d nhihig mdc dp nhfn thiic cao; bing cich gidp GV hinh dung rd cic diu hifu bilu hifn cho cic lopi ning Ipc cua ngudi hpc;
vi bing cich lim giim thilu nhitaig ip Ipc phii hit chudc hay sao chdp "trgng thii tuih thin da phucmg in chpn Ipa" (the multiple-choice firame-of mind) trong giing dgy tr€n ldp hpc. Hai dilu diu tiSn can quan tim din GV trpng tiln trinh hp chuyin hudng din dinh gii thi hifn dd li lupng thdi gian can cho vifc tl chiic thpc hifn cic nhifm vp dinh gii thi hifn vi tinh chd quan 'iham ein c6 dl" trong dinh gii vi cho dilm ciia GV.
3. Hf thing khii nifm chd chit thi hifn nhjhig quan dilm cv bin cua cic mf hlnh dinh gii HS tren the gidi 3.1. Kiim tra (testing), djnh gid (evaluation) vi ddnh gid (assessment)
Stecher [14] nhfn ra ring tt^n thpc tl, thuft ngQ Mim tra (test), ddnh gid {assessment) vi dinh gid (evaluation) Ihudng dupc sd dpng theo cich hoin doi nhau, mfc dd "trie nghifm nhilu chpn Ipa"
(multiple-choice) ludn dupc di cfp vdi
"test" (bii kilm ha) vi sp thi hifn
(performance) di cfp vdi "dinh gii"
(assessment). >niQng cau hdi nhilu Ipa chpn rifng 14 dupc gpi li "mpc" (items), cdn nhihig hogt dpng thi hifn riSng li dupc gpi li "nhifm vp" (tasks). Tuy vfy, ting quan tu lifu cda Dikil [4] vi Manitoba Education [9] cho thiy nfi him cda thuft ngQ dinh gii (assessment), dinh gii (evaluation) va kilm tra (testing) khic nhau mft cich ding kl vl mft ljch sd phit triln.
Kiim tra vi ^nh gii: dinh gia vifc hgc (assessment of leaming)
Kiim tra (testing) thudng trang trpng vi dupc chuin hda vdi nhQng quy trinh chinh xic dl quin li kit qui hoc tfp vi cho dilm HS. Kilm tra cd tbi dupc djnh nghia nhu la mpt bii tfp cd quy djnh thdi gian, vd hudng vi chi mpt djp thi hifn ("single- occasion, unidimensional, timed exercise).
Cdng cp kilm tra chuan hda dupc sd dpng rfng rai nhit li trie nghifm nhieu Ipa chpn, trie nghifm ddng sai, tri ldi ngin, diln khuyet vi tp lugn. X^t vl mpc dich, Manitoba Education [9] xem kilm tra chuin hda la danh gii vifc hfc (assessment of leaming). Trong nghTa dpn giin, mpt bii kilm tra (test) li mft mlu kiln thdc hofc hinh vi dupc chpn til mft ITnh vpc kiln thdc Idn hon. Ngudi tl chiic kiem tra hi vpng ring kit qui cic bii kilm tra cho phep hp suy lufn dupc sp nim vQng lihh vpc kiln thdc iy. Trong mft thdi gian rit dii, cic chuang trinh giio dpe trong nhQng bdi cinh nhi trudng truyln thing di do ludng kit qui hpc tfp cua ngudi hpc chu ylu bing kilm tra chuin
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r^p 14, si 1 (2017): 156-168 hda Trong tai lifu ting quan cda minh,Stecher [14] kit lugn ring qua trinh thpc hifn kilm tra chuin hda siu rfng di vi dang li mpt chinh sich tuong dli cd sdc thuylt phpc d ch5 nd di mang din nhihig thay dli trong phgm vi nhi trudng vi Idp hpc. Tuy nhiSn, theo Stecher, kilm tra thudng tfp trung vao khi ning ghi nhd vi tii hifn vin thupc kT ning nhfn thdc thip.
Kit qui td kilm tra do ludng dilu HS lim dupc trong mft thdi dilm cp thi nhung lpi khdng cung d p phin hii din ngudi hpc, khdng cho thiy sp tiln triln cung nhu nhQng khd khin cda HS trong hpc tfp.
Hifn nay, kilm tra chi dupe xem la mft phin cda danh gii dang dupc sd dpng rfng rii vdi mft nghTa rpng Idn hem.
Djnh gid (evaluation) dupc xem li cfp bii trdng vdi kiem tra chuan hda.
Tuong tp nhu "kiem tra" (testing), djnh gii (evaluation) cung xiy ra trong mft ngQ cinh trang trpng, khi mpt diem sl, mft phan logi, mft danh hifu hay mft nhfn djnh dupc cho sau khi mpt bai test, mft bii hpc hay mft hogt dfng, nhifm vp hpc tfp dupc hoin thinh. Dinh gii thinh tich cda HS gidp nhi giio dpe hilu dupc mdc df thinh cdng cda HS hxjng hpc tgp. Tuy nhifn, mpc dich cda djnh gii, khdng chi li
"din nhin hifu" cho HS (gidi, trung binh, kto) vi thinh tpu cda cic em mi cdn li vifc dgt dupc mpt sp nhfn thdc hoic hilu bilt rd ring vl vifc hpc da dien ra dl cd thi dua ra nhiSng bifn phip cin thpc hifn dl ning cao vifc hpc.
Ddnh gid
Trong luc dd, xet theo mpc dich, dinh gii (assessment) dupc Manibota Education [9] gpi la dinh gii vl vifc hfc (assessment for leaming) vi dinh gii nhir la vifc hpc (assessment as leaming).
Dinh gii li qui trinh thu thfp, md t i bilu hifn hay thi hifn cda HS ve nhQng gi HS bilt (knowledge performance - sp thf hifn kiln thdc) vi nhiing gi cic em cd thi lim dupc (skill performance - sp thi hifn kT ning, ning Ipc) trong suit qui trinh hpc tfp dl nang cao vifc hpc cda cic em. Mit khic, trong danh gii, cd nhilu phucmg thdc dl thu thfp thdng tin vl vifc hpc d nhttng thdi gian vi ngQ cinh khic nhau. Do vfy, dinh gia dupc djnh nghTa li bit kl phuang phap nao dupc sd dpng dl hilu rS hem kiln thdc va kT ning mi HS hifn dang cd.
Dinh gii the hifn (performance assessment)
Ngiy nay, khi trao luu cii cich chucmg trinh giio dpe theo cich tiep cgn kit qua ning Ipc nd rf va ngiy cing pho bien thi npi him thugt ngQ dinh gia (assessment) dupc phit triln vi gin liln vdi khii nifm dinh gii thi hifn (performance assessment) hofc li dinh gii chan thpc (authentic assessment).
Cic nha nghign ciiu vi nhi giio dpe sd dpng thuft ngQ dinh gii thi hifn vi dinh gii chin thpc theo cich hoin dli nhau.
Trong bai vilt niy, chdng tdi s5 thing nhat sd dpng thuft ngO "dinh gii thi hifn".
Nhin chung, ddnh gid thi hifn dupc hilu la nhiSng logi hogt dpng nao dd mi tp bin than chdng cd gii tri nhu nhttng bilu hifn cho mft tfp hpp eic hieu bilt vi khi ning.
flirftllG DAI HJC ] l f PHiU TP HO CHt VINH
Kr-IOAHOC
Hodng Thi Tuyet chii kh6ng chi la nhung "mlu dai dien" chophep nhGng khai quat hoa v§ mpt ngi dung hpc tap Idn hem.
Danh gid nhu- Id vi^c hpc (Assessment as learning)
Hibbard et al [7] mo ta npi dung danh gia ciia loai danh gia the hien bang each so sanh vdi kiem tra. Theo cac tac gia nay, trong luc kiem tra giup tra ldi cau hoi "Ban bik dieu do phai khong?" thi danh gia the hi?n giup tra ldi cau hoi "Ban co the su dyng dieu ban biet tot nhu the nao?"
Kulieke, Bakker, Collins, Fennimore, Fine, Herman, Jones, Raack, & Tinzmann [8]
dien td nhimg ddnh gid the hien la nhimg hogt dgng hdng ngay co dac linh chdn thuc vd lam lo ro cdc bieu hi^n khd ndng cm HS trong viec doi mat vd "vgt Ion" v&i nhimg thach thuc chu chot cua mot mon hgc a nhieu ngit cdnh khac nhau cua thuc te cugc song" [7, tr.2].
Tucmg tir, cung vao nhung nam 90, cong trinh hudng dan GV thuc hi?n danh gia cua nhom Hibbard et al [7] da chi ra nh&ng kha nang va pham chat ma HS can the hien trong hpc tap mon hpc theo hudng danh gia the hifn. Do la kien thuc npi dung (content knowledge), cac ki nang tien trinh hay con gpi la cac kT nang tu duy cao cap (process skills or high order thinking skills) va cac thoi quen hoat dpng, lam viec (work habits). Hem nua, Hibbard et al [7] con phan tich ve moi lien h? giua cac kha nSng nay trong tien trinh thi hi?n ket qua hpc tap cua ngudi hpc, tir day xac lap ban ch^t tich hpp tu nhien va tdt ykw giua danh gia va hpc tap trong tien trinh thurc hien cac
chuong trinh giao dye theo each TCNL.
Noi each khac, cac hoat dpng hpc tap tren ldp vira la mpt bp phan tich hpp cua tiSn trinh hpc (an integral part of the learning) vTja la ca hpi de danh gia chSt lupng th^
hien hpe tap cua HS {opportunity to assess the quality of student performance). DSc biet, Manibota Education [9] gpi danh gia the hien bang thuat ngu nhu mpt loai
•'curriculum - embedded assessment", tam dich la "danh gia dupc cai dat ben trong bai day/chucmg trinh day". Danh gia vdi nghTa nay chu yeu la danh gia qua trinh (formative/on-going assessment) va danh gia chan doan (diagnosis assessment). Nhu vay, danh gia lien quan va tac dpng tryc tiep den ngudi giang day, den day va hpc, va viec danh gia mon hpc khong tach rdi chucmg trinh hpc, hay noi khac di trong pham vi tien trinh bai hpc va ldp hpc, ranh gidi giua danh gia va hpc tap lu md dang la mpt xu the hi?n thuc. Thuc vay, mo ta cua Dikli [4], Manibota Education [91 va Stecher [14] ve phucmg phap va cong e\i danh gia cho thay ro su giao thoa va tich hop hoat dpng danh gia vao hoat dpng hpc tap d cap dp ldp hpc. Theo hp, trong danh gia the hien, thay cho viec chpn lira nhung phuong an cho san hay xac dinh trudc, ngudi hpc phai hoac xay dung hoac cung cap mpt cau tra ldi, tao nen mpt san pham, hay the hien mpt hoat dpng. Nhu vay, danh gia the hien bao gom rat nhieu kieu loai hoat dpng tu nho den Idn, tir dem gian den phue tap, chang han nhu tu viec hoan thanh mpt cau bang vai tu den viet mpt bai bao cao phan tich tien trinh khao sat hay thi
TRlrANa B f l HOC I t r PHfll TP H S C H I H I N H
f^'^OAHOC
Tfp 14, SS1 (2017): 156-168 nghifm, thpc hifn nhftng md phdng gii liptrSn miy tinh, dp in, hi sa hpc tfp, sim vai, bii diln vin, bii trinh bay da phuong tifn... Chit lupng cda sin phim hofc phin hii td dinh gii thi hifn sS dupc xem xet bing cich sd dpng nhfhig tidu chi rd ring.
Nhihig cdng cp dinh gii cd tinh "chan thpc" niy cho phdp ngudi hpc diln ta theo hudng rifng cda minh bing cich sd dpng nhfhig kilu tri thdng minh khic nhau, dong thdi cdn cho hp ca hpi lim vifc hpp tic va chuyin di kiln thdc vio nhQng bii cinh khic nhau cda thi gidi thpc.
Dinh gii thi hifn: dinh gii vl vifc hpc (Assessment for leaming)
Xft vl mpc dich sd dpng thdiig tm dQ lifu dinh gii, danh gii thi hifn li dinh gia vl sp hpc va sp tiln bf cda ngudi hpc.
Hibbard et al [7], Earl [6] vi Manibota Education [9] md ti nhihig danh mpc cic nhifm vp dinh gii thi hifn (performance task assessment Hsts) gidp GV cd thi cung cip mft cich hifu qui cho HS nhQng thdng tin vl dilm mgnh vi dilm chua mgnh cda hogt dfng hay sin phim hpc tgp cda cic em; gidp ngudi hpc thiet Ifp dupc mpc dich hpc tgp, lim vifc dl thpc hifn mpc dich mft cich dfc Igp hpn vi chd y hon vio chit lupng ciia cdng vifc. Vifc sd dpng danh mpc cic nhifm vp dinh gii thi hifn tgo dilu kifn cho GV ngiy cang nhit quin hon vi cdng bing han trong dinh gii, cimg nhu tfp trung vio vifc dilu chinh hoic chd dfng fliilt Igp kl hoach giing dgy kl tilp. Php huynh cQng cd the sd dpng danh mpc dinh gii HS dl theo ddi vifc hpc cda HS tgi hudng, gidp dd con cii kilm ha
vifc hpc cda mhih tai nlii. Nhu vfy, vifc nhin vio sin phim hofc hogt dfng cda HS chd khdng phii dilm sl cd thi cho phfp ngudi dgy vi php huynh cd dupc nhQng cim nhfn siu ban vl kiln tiidc, ning Ipc vi phim chit cda cic em.
3.2. Bdnh gii thi hifn li ddnh gii cia cic chuang trinh gido dfic Iheo cich tiip cfn phit triin ndng Itfc
Qua xem xdt phin tich tai lifu trfn, cd thi thay vl mft trilt li tu tudng giio dpe, danh gii thi hifn hay dinh gii vl vifc hpc vi dinh gii nhu la vifc hpe la dinh gii mang bin chit cda chuong trinh giio dpe theo each tilp cfn phit triln ning Ipc eda ngudi hpc.
Domaleski et al [S] nhin mgnh mft chd thuylt cit 151 cda chuong trinh giio dpe theo cich TCNL l i thdng tin dinh gii HS chinh xic, dang tin cfy va hfhi ich ddng mpt vai trd chd ylu trong tiln hhih hi trp hpc tfp cda cic em. Dinh gii phii li mft kinh nghifm hpc tfp cd y nghTa dli vdi HS, cung d p thdng tin phong phd cho cic nhi giio dpe dl hp cd thf dl xuit nhiing ho trp sit hpp vdi mpc tieu vi nhu d u hpc tfp cda cic em, mang din cho HS vi php huynh nhfing diu hifu rd ring vl sp sin sing eho cic budc hpc tfp kl tilp. Hf thing danh gii phii dupc thilt kl dl hS tip theo ddi chat lirpng va bio dim tinh nhit quin cda nhftng xic djnh vl vifc mft HS sin sing di chuyin tiln l€n chua vi cda nhQng djnh nghia nghiem ngft vl cic diu hifu thi hifn sp nim vQng hay trinh dp thinh tiigo trong hpc tfp. Dinh gii phii linh hogt sao cho cd thi phin inh dupe tiln
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Hoing niTityii trinh ci nhin hda v6n diln ra theo nhihigcon dudng khic nhau, mi vin tuong ddi dim bio dupc chit lupng giio dpe.
Trong mft hf thing dpa vio ning Ipc, giing nhu trong mft hf thong giio dpe huyln thong, dinh gii cd nhihig chdc ning khic nhau nhu l i thdng tin giing dgy, chin doin nhu d u cda HS, trao dli kit qui hpc tgp vi sp tiln bp cda HS. Dinh gia trong hf thing dpa vio ning Ipc cd thdm mpt mpc dich sd dpng - gidp kilm ehdng nhfhig xic djnh hay quylt djnh mi GV dua ra vl vifc HS nim vQng cic chuin hpc tfp. Hon ntta, dinh gii theo hudng TCNL nhit tiiilt phii thi hifn nhiing dfc dilm sau: (i) Cho p h ^ HS thi hifn vifc hpc d thdi dilm ma bin thin cic em sin sing; (2) Khuyin khich cic em ip dpng vi md rfng kiln thdc; (3) Sdi hdi HS phii tiipc sp bfc If, till hifn kiln thdc; cho HS sp Imh boat trong vifc thi hifn trong bit cd hogt dfng hpc tfp nio; vi (4) dli vdi dinh gii ting kit hay djnh ki, can lim sing td den mdc cao nhit eic thich thdc dinh gii, cic tifu chi dinh gii, vi cung d p cac vi dp vi hudng din thilt kl vi thpc hifn cdng cp dinh gii.
Dfc bift, dinh gii hpc tfp cda HS trong chuang trinh giio dpe theo cich TCNL nhat tiult phii till hifn tinh chit tich hpp. Hibbard et al [7] hudng din GV thpc hifn nhfing nhifm vp dinh gia the hifn bing cich trudc hit xem xdt ki|n thdc nfi dung, kl ning tiln trinh vi tiidi quen lim vifc, v i roi dft 3 yeu t l niy vio bii hpc hay don vj bai hpc mft cich chiln lupe dl ed thi "kdo tit ci 3 yeu td dd vio cdng vdi nhau" nhim ning cao vifc hpc cda HS.
Stecher [14] cflng di Ifp lufn dng hf lli dinh gii tich hpp. Theo hi, nhi trudng truyln thing thudng dft ti^ng tim vio nhttng khii nifm, sp kifn, kT ning vi thdi quen hpc tfp don le. Thi nhung, each mft hogt dfng dupc thpc hifn hay mpt sin phim dupc tgo ra trong thi gidi thpc ludn ddi hdi ci nhin phii bilt "dft tat ca ylu t l liSn quan vio cdng nhau v i kit chung Igi vdi nhau". Ching hgn, mft HS thpc sp budc vio san v i chai bdng rd trong thpc tl nhu till nio? De choi bdng rl, HS niy chic chin phii tfp din bdng, chuyin bdng, vi nf m bdng; th€ nhung dl choi thpc sp, HS iy cin phii "thpc sp choi bdng!" NghTa li phii thpc hifn lien hoin it nhat ba hinh dfng din bdng, chuyin bdng vi n^m bdng.
Tupng tp, Ifp lufn hpc cich dit cau hdi, cich sip xip dtt lifu, cich tinh toin vi vilt li quan trpng, nhung dl lim cho cic Id ning niy trd nen cd y nghTa, HS cin cd co hpi sd dpng tit ci cic )a ning niy theo nhiing cich cd y nghTa. Trong chuong trinh giio dpe theo cich TCNL, chu ki hpc tfp (the cycle of leaming) thi hifn tit ci cic bude ma thdng qua dd ngudi hpc se thpc hifn dl hoin thinh mft nhifm vp hpc tfp Idn. Depdiknas [3] khing djnh bit cd ngudi hpc nio hoin thinh thinh cdng chu ki hpc tfp cQng d i sd dpng kit hpp ba logi ning Ipc: (1) Cic ning Ipc mfn h^c (Disciplinary competencies) bao gim kiln thdc v i Id ning td cic lihh vpc hpc tfp nhu ngdn ngtt, khoa hpc, cdng nghf, toin...; (2) Cic nang ipc liSn ci nhan (Interpersonal competencies) bao gom ning Ipc giao tilp, tu duy, giii quyet van
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Tgp 14, si 1(2017): 156-168 dl, hpp tic, phdp lich sp tao nha...; vi (3)Cic ning Ipc trong ci nhan (Intrapersonal competencies) bao gim nhfing thdi quen Iim vifc hay hoat dfng nhu t l chdc, quin li thdi gian vi tinh kien hi.
Ml)t lieu cite cia sic dfing dinh gii thi hifn
Tuy cd nhilu die dilm tich cpc song dinh gii thi hifn cung cd thi mang Igi nhiing tic dpng tieu cpc din vifc hpc ciia HS. Stecher [14] cho ring nhilu nghien cdu di ghi nhgn hifn tupng "phan logi giio dpe", d dd GV tap trung cic nguon dgy hpc cho nhQng ngudi hpc gin dgt din mdc dilm thi hifn trinh df thinh thgo mi ggt qua nhQng HS khac. Mfc dd cic nghiSn cdu niy dupc thpc hifn trong ngQ einh kilm tra nhilu lua chpn, nhung ba cho ring nhiing tic dfng tuang tp nay cflng cd thi xuit hifn trong nhiing dinh gii thi hifn nlu nhu chdng chi tfp trung vio mft vii phin cda chuong trinh, vio nhQng nft rieng bift eda nhifm vp danh gii hem li nhiing kT ning rfng Idn hon, hofc so HS niy hon nhQng HS khic. Ndi khac di, dinh gii thi hifn khdng mien nhiem khdi nhQng tic dfng tieu cpc khi ehdng dupc ip dpng trong mft pham vi siu rfng.
4. Cic xu hvdng dirpc phan inh trong dinh gii hpc tfp cua HS trong chinmg trioh GDPT tong thi sau 2015
Phan inh xu hudng tgp trung dinh gii thi hifn ning Itfc
Phit bilu vl dinh gia HS qua cic mdn hpc cda chuang trinh GDPT tdng till cho thay cd mft sp tfp trung vio quan
dilm chd trpng kit qui diu ra ning Ipc. O mdn Tilng Vift/NgQ vin, dinh gii kit qui hpc tfp tfp trung dinh gii ning Ipc dpe, vilt, ndi, nghe, qua dd dinh gii ning Ipc tu duy; khuyin khich nhQng suy nghT dfc Ifp, sing tgo, hgn chl kilm tra khi ning ghi nhd miy mdc. 6 mdn hpc cdt 15i thufc ITnh vpc giio dpe dgo dde - cdng din, vifc dinh gii hpc tfp theo hudng kit hpp nhilu hinh thdc, phuang phap kilm tra dinh gii ning Ipc dgo dire - cdng dan thdng qua nhfn thdc, thii dp, hinh vi dng xd trong cic tinh hulng cda ddi sing thpc tiln. Mdn hpc elt Idi thupc lihh vpc giio dpe khoa hpc xi hfi nhin mgnh npi dung kilm tra dinh gii phii tuin theo yeu eiu cin dgt vl ning Ipc. De gidp ngudi hpc till hifn ning Ipc, hlnh thdc kilm tra dupc kit hpp sd dpng vdi trinh biy kit qui dp in/sin phim hpc tgp, kit hpp tp dinh gii vdi dinh gii qui trinh.
Tuang tp, d mdn hpc c6t ldi thufc ITnh vpc giio dpe khoa hpc tp nhien, hinh thdc vi phuong phip kilm tra dinh gii dupc thpc hifn theo djnh hudng phit triln ning Ipc HS; trong dd tfp trung dinh gii ning Ipc tim tdi khim phi tp nhifn vi ning Ipc phit hifn vi giii quylt cic vin de thpc tien. Sd dpng da dgng cic hinh thdc vi phuang phip kilm tra dinh gii; phii hpp dinh gii cda GV vi HS, dinh gii trong nhi tavdng vi ngoii nha trudng, bii thi (bai kilm tra) theo hinh thdc tp lufn vi trie nghifm khich quan, eac dp in hpc tfp, nghifn cdu khoa hpc ki thuft... cung li yfu eiu dupc nhin mgnh trong chuong trinh GDPT ting till.
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Hoing Thj Tuyit Vdi djnh hudng tfp trung phit trilnning Ipc nhu di neu trSn, cic phit bilu vl djnh hudng triln khai dinh gii hpc tgp mdn hpc cda HS trong chuong trinh GDPT ting thi sau 201S rd ring dang chuyen dfng vio xu thi dinh gii thi hifn ning Ipc (performance assessment) hay vin hda dinh gii (assessment culture).
Phin inh xu hudng kit hgp-cin bing giiia kiim tra chuin hda truyin thing vi dinh gid thi hifn ndng Itfc
d d p df ting quit, chuang trinh GDPT ting till sau 2015 di nhin manh mpc tifu dli mdi cin bin hlnh thdc vi phuang phip thi, kilm tra vi dinh gii chit lupng giio dpe, bio dim trung thpc, khich quan, gdp phin hudng din, dilu chinh cich hpc vi cich dgy. Cich thdc tiln hinh qui trinh dli mdi niy Ii phii hpp sd dpng kit qui dinh gii trong qui trinh hpc vdi dinh gii culi ki, culi nim hpc; dinh gii cda ngudi dgy vdi tp dinh gii cda ngudi hpe;
dinh gii eiia nhi tnrdng vdi dinh gii cda gia dmh va cda xi hfi. Bfn cgnh do, d d p df quIc gia, vifc thpc hifn dinh gii chit lupng GDPT d cip df quIc gia, dja phuong dupc kit hpp vdi vifc tham gia cic Id dinh gii quIc tl de ed cin cd dl xuit chmh sich, giii phip eii thifn chat lupng GDPT.[2,tr.8]
6 eic mdn hpc cp thi, cd till thiy khdng it phit bilu d 12 mdn hpe cda chuong trinh GDPT cho thiy vifc dinh gii kit qua hpc tfp dupc bing each kit hpp hlnh thiic tp lufn, kit hpp trie nghifm khach quan vdi tp dinh gii, vdi dp in hpc tfp, hogt dong nghiSn cdu... ching hgn d
mdn Toin, d mdn hpc cot 161 thufc IMi vpc giio due khoa hpc xi hfi, khoa hpc tp nhien, chuyfn dl hpc tfp, tin hpc. Do vfy, phii ching cd the ndi dinh hudng dinh gii HS tiung chuong tiinh GDPT ting till ndi chung cflng nhu trong hf thing mdn hpc sau 2015 ndi rifng di phin inh nhit quin quan dilm cda md hinh hpp nhit dinh gii thi hifn vdi kilm tra chuin hda hofc hpp nhit cic kilu dinh gii till hifn (performance assessment) vio cic chuong trinh kilm tra ehuin hda truyln thdng (standardized testing)?
Danh gii phii dpa vio y6u d u cin dgt vl phim chit va ning Ipc cda HS dupc quy djnh trong chuang trinh; phdi hpp dinh gii qui trinh vdi danh gii djnh ki- ting kit, dinh gii ciia GV vdi tp dinh gii, dinh gia cda nha trudng vdi gia dinh nhim tao dfng Ipc diy mgnh ddi mdi phuang phip dgy va hpe, gidp ngudi hpc tien bf vi phat triln toan difn. Trong phin trinh biy vl 12 mdn hpc cda chuong trinh GDPT ting th6, nfi dung dinh gia giio dpe qua cic mdn hpc niy cung di dupc triln khai tfp trung theo dinh hudng phit triln ning Ipc vi phim chit cda HS dpa trin qui trinh, kit qui hogt dfng hpc tfp cda cic em.
Xu hudng thpc hifn phoi hpp giQa dinh gii theo hudng thS hifn ning Ipc, nhin mgnh dinh gii qui trinh vdi kilm tra chuin hda nhin manh dinh gia ting kit cflng dupc nhfn ra trong thpc tien dinh gii d chuong trinh.
d bfc tilu hpc, tu sau khi Thdng tu 30/2014/TT-BGDDT [1] danh gii tiieo
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Tfp 14, si 1 (2017): 156-168 hudng thi hifn ning Ipc nhin mgnh dinhgia qua trinh dang dupc triln khai. Theo Thdng tu nay, vifc dinh gii hpc tfp cda HS thudng xuyfn khdng ddng dilm sl mi ddng nhfn xdt Trong qua trinh dgy hpc, cin cd vio die (film va mpc tieu cda bai hpc, cda mli hoat dfng ma HS phii thpc hifn trong bii hpc, GV nhfn xet vl nhQng kit qua da lam dupc hoic chua Iam dupc;
mdc dp hilu bilt v i ning Ipc vfn dpng kiln thdc; mdc df thinh thgo cic thao tic, id ning cin thilt, phd hpp vdi ydu eiu cda bai hpc, hogt dpng cda HS. Kit qui dinh gii lim CO sd cho GV dilu chinh phuong phip dgy hpc va lien tpc thdc diy sp tiln bp va phit trien ciia HS trong tien trinh hpc tfp.
Ben cgnh do, vifc dinh gii djnh ki kit qui hpc tfp, mdc dp dgt ehuin kiln thdc, kT ning theo chuong trinh GDPT cap tilu hpc vio culi hpc ki I va cuoi nim hpc doi vdi cic mdn hpc: Tilng Vift, Toin, Khoa hpc, Lich sd va Dia Ii, Ngogi ngQ, Tm hpc, Tilng din tfc dupc thpc hifn bing bii kiem tra dinh ki. Vao culi hpc ki I vi cudi nam hpc, dpa vao nhgn xet qua trinh vi kit qua hpc tfp, hoat dfng giao dpe khic, mdc dp hinh thanh va phit triln ning Ipc, phim chit cda tdng HS trong hpc tgp mdn hpc, miic dp hlnh thanh vi phit trien ning Ipc phim chit chung sS dupc xic Ifp. HS dupc xic nhfn hoan tiiinh chucmg trinh ldp hpc phai dat ding thdi hai dieu kifn: Dinh gii thudng xuySn ddi vdi tat ci cac mdn hpc, hogt dpng giio dpe:
Hoan thinh; Dinh gia dinh ki cudi nim hpc cic mdn hpc theo quy dinh: dat dilm 5
trd ISn; Mdc df hhih tiiinh v i phit tiiln ning Ipc: Dgt; Mdc df hhih tiiinh v i phit triln pham chit: Dgt.
Trong khi dd, vifc dinh gii hpc tfp d tnmg hpc CO sd vi trung hpc phd thdng ve ca bin van ip dpng kilm ha chuin hda Kit qui hpc tgp cic mdn hpc cda HS van dupc xem xdt vi giii trinh thdng qua kit qui ciia chuSi cic bii kilm tra: kilm tra bii eii, kilm tra 15 phdt, kilm ha 1 tilt, kilm tra hpc kl vi kilm tra culi nim. Nhin chung, cic hogt dfng dinh gii vin diln ra trong vin hda kilm tra, dilm so li phuong tifn xic nhfn thinh tpu hpc tfp ciia HS, tinh thin kilm tra thi cd vin dfm ndt.
5. Kit lufn
Nhu di dl cfp tixmg phin dit vin dl cda bii vilt, dl vifc phit triln chuang trinh GDPT hda hpp vdi dinh gii giio dpe theo cich TCNL vi phit triln ngudi hpc toin difn, mft md hlnh khoa hpc cho qui trinh dinh gii nhu mft hf thing cic khii nifm, li thuyet cp till lifn quan nhit tiiilt phii dupc xic Ifp dl cd thi tgo nen dupc nhflng dp doin chinh xic cho cic giii phip dinh gii hpc tgp cda HS 6 d p df Idp hpc cung nhu cic hogt dfng giio dpe d d p dp cao hon.
Td nhfing md ti, phan tich ting hpp vi bin bgc trfn, chiing tdi nhgn thiy md hinh kit hpp giiia kilm tra chuin mpc vi dinh gii thi hifn ning Ipc cd Id l i md Unh thich hpp vdi lili cinh giio dpe Vift Nam hifn tgi. Vl dgi the, cd thi dua ra mft nhfn djnh ting quit la: tiipc tiln dinh gii HS trong chuang tiinh GDPT hifn hanh chd ylu dang dupc triln khai tiieo co chl kilm
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Hoing Thj Tiiyittia chuin hda, trong dd cd diu hifu dang chuyin biln tiln vio co chl dinh gii thi hifn, cp thi d d p tilu hpc. NhQng phit bilu ed tinh ^nh hudng cho dinh gii HS phi thdng qua cic mdn hpe trong chuang trinh GDPT ting thi sau 2015 cQng thf hifn rd ndt quan dilm hfi nhfp xu hudng dinh gii thi hifn ning Ipc cda ngudi hpc.
Nhu vfy, cd thi ndi, xu thi phit triln dinh gii hpc tfp cda HS d nude ta khi tuong thich vdi hai xu thi phit triln v i md hinh dinh gii chinh trfn till gidi. Dfc bift vl mft thpc tiln, xu hudng kit hpp giOa kilm tra vdi dinh gii, nghia li vdi kilm tra chuin mpc dl phpc vp giii trinh trach nhifm vdi dinh gii vi sp tiln bf cda HS
tixmg hpc tfp, hay ndi cich khac la danh gii theo hudng thdc diy sp phit triln ning Ipc di v i dang diln ra cd thi nhfn thiy trong cic chuang trinh giio dpe hifn hinh, dfc bift d d p tilu hpc. Han nQa, xu thi kit hpp va cfn bing gifla hai md hinh dinh gii HS: kilm tra chuin hda v i dinh gii till hifn ning Ipc d i v i dang dupc ip dpng thinh cdng d nhilu quIc gia trSn till gidi.
Do vfy, hpp nhit danh gii thi hifn vdi kilm tra chuin hda cd ve nhu li mft md thiie d i dupc thi hifn khi nhit quin v i hda h^n cd khi ning phd hpp vdi bii cinh thpc tiln giio dpe vin d i trii qua nhieu thfp ki eda vdn hda kiim Ira nhu d Vift Nam.
TAI LIIU THAM KHAO
Bf Giio dpe Dao tgo (2014), Thong tu 30/2014/Tr-BGDDT vi quy dinh ddnh pd hoc sinh tieu hgc, Chuong trinh Giio dpe pho thong cap tilu hoc.
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Domaleski, C , Gong, B., Hess, K., Marion, S., Curl, C , Peltzman, A. (2015). Assessment to Stupor! Competency-Based Pathways. Washington, DC: Achieve.
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Felletier, Kelly; Larkins, Beth; OTIonnell Judith. Dooling; Ella, Elizabeth; Fahna, Susan;
Maier, Judith; Johnson, Don; Honan, Maureen; McKeon Nelson, Deborah; and Wislocki, Jo (1996), Teacher's Guide to Performance-Based Leaming and Assessment. Association for Supervision and Cuiriculum Development (ASCD).
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T^HSS 1(2017): 156-1689, Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth (2006), Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind: assessment for leaming, assessment as leaming, assessment oflec^ningy Cataloguing in Publication Data.
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