THACH THU'C
T O A NCAU VE BINH DANG GlCfl TRONG LAO DONG - VIEC L A M VA
MOT SO NGUYEN N H A N
Ha Thi Hoa Phuang*
Tom tdt: Thifc hien binh idng gidi trong lao dgng viec ldm (BDG-TLBVL) Id linh vUc quan trgng ciia ddi song kinh te - xd hgi (KT-XH) se gdp phdn phdt huy quyen ddn chu ciia phu nUvd nam gidi, bdo idm cong bdng xd hgi, nhUngyeu to cd bdn cua mdt xd hdi vdn minh, vi con ngUdi. Bdi viet phdn tich rd thUc tirqng bdt binh idng gidi (BBBG) trong tiep can viec ldm, thdng tien cung nhU ddm bdo cdc dieu kien lao dgng vd an sinh xd hdi (ASXH) dang ton tqi d khdp cdc quoc gia vd khu vifc tren the gidi, qua do id xdc iinh cdc nguyen nhdn ehinh ve KT-XH vd the che ldm ddn ien fmh trang ndy.
Tii khod: binh ddng gidi, quoc te, lao dgng, viec ldm Abstract: Implementation of gender equality in employment and labor is an important area of socio-economic life that will contribute to promoting the democratic rights of women and men, ensuring social justice, the basic elements of a civilized society, for the people. The paper clearly analyzes
the real situation of gender inequality in accessing jobs, advancing as well as ensuring the working conditions and social security exist in all countries and regions in the world, thereby identifying the main causes of socio-economy and institutions leading to this situation.
Keywords: gender equality, international, labor and employment
Ngdynhdnbdi: 16/8/2019 Ngdy sUa bdi: 20/8/2019 Ngdy duyet ddng: 25/11/2019 1. Th ach thflc toan cau ve BBDG Hien nay, BBDG dang tdn tai tren tat ca trong lao dgng - viec Iam cac chu ky cua viec lam, tfl dd ngan can phu nfl cung nhfl nam gidi tham gia vao BDG-TLDVL la viee tat ea lao ddng . y trfldng lao ddng (TTLD), lam viec va nam va lao ddng nfl de u cd cd hdi nhfl ^udng thu cac thanh qua lao ddng. Trin nhau trong tilp can vdi vile lam, dao tao, thflc te, khoang each gidi trong TTLD phat triln sfl nghiep, dflg e ddi xfl binh ij yfc dl cd tinh chat toan cau ma tat ca dang trong tra cdng, cac die u kien lam cac khu vfle va cac qudc gia deu phai ddi viec, an toan viec liun, can bang gifla cdng mat. Theo dd, phu nfl khdng chi ed it kha viec vdi cuoc sdng gia dinh va ASXH. nang tham gia Ifle Iflgng lao ddng hon
" ThS, Bai hgc Ludt Hd Ngi 92 I Tap ehi Khoa hgc Noi vu
\ \ \ DliNDAN I nam gidi, kha nang bi that nghiep cao hon
ma cdn phai lam viee trong cac dilu kien lao ddng va dilu kiln an sinh khdng dflgc dam bao. Sau day la danh gia chi tilt ve thflc trang BBDG trong linh vfle lao ddng tren pham vi toan thi gidi, viec danh gia dflgc thflc hien thdng qua cac chi sd thdng ke gidi kem phan tieh vl khoang each gidi va nguyln nhan dan din BBDG.
ThU nhdt, ty lephu nit tham gia vdo life lUdng lao dgng it hdn nam gidi
Tinh trin tdng dan sd toan cau, nam 2018, ty 11 phu nfl va nam gidi tham gia vao TTLD lan Iflgt la 48,5% va 75%. Nhfl vay, mflc do chinh lech (cdn ggi la khoang each gidi) la 26,5%. Khoang each nay it hon d cac nfldc phat triln (Tay Au va Bae My, chi 15,6%) do viec tham gia vao he thong giao due - dao tao cua nam gidi va phu nfl d nhdm eac nfldc nay gan nhfl bang nhau, ddng thdi phu nfl cung it phai ddi mat vdi cae rao can xa hdi khi tham gia vao TTLD [2]. Cac chinh sach hd trg ngfldi lao ddng ed trach nhiem gia dinh (cham sdc eon cai va cac thanh vien phu thudc), quy dinh ve quyen dfloc nghi thai san cd tra lflong va dflgc trd lai cdng vile tflong dflo ng sau khi ket thuc thdi gian nghi thai san cua lao ddng nfl, cung nhfl vile hinh thanh dich vu cham sdc tre em vdi gia ca phai chang cung ddng gdp dang ke trong vi|c nang cao ty 11 tham gia lao ddng eua phu nfl, dac bilt la cac ba me d cac nfldc nay [3]. Cung nam trong nhdm ed khoang each gidi vl ty 11 tham gia Iflc Ifldng lao ddng thap la khu vfle mdt sd nfldc chau Phi can Sahara (nhfl Nam Phi, Uganda, Liberia, Angola, Nigeria...
). Theo dd, khoang each gidi chi cd 9,3%
(ty 1| cua nfl la 64,7% so vdi nam la 74%).
Tuy vay, day cung khdng ban la dau hiiu dang mflng bdi phan ldn cac qudc gia nay la nfldc d ang phat trien, viec phu nfl tai day cd ty 11 tham gia lao ddng cao nhat the gidi (64,7%) la do sfl ngheo ddi budc phu nfl phai tim kilm vile lam cung vdi nam gidi, trong khi phan ldn ngfldi lao ddng phai lam viec trong khu vfle phi chinh thflc va it dflgc tilp can vdi cac ehinh sach ASXH [4].
Thit hai, cd hgi tiep can viec Um cua phu nU it hdn nam gidi (hay ty le thdt nghiep cao hdn)
Tham gia Ifle Ifldng lao ddng khdng cd nghia la ngfldi lao ddng se cd dflgc vile lam. Theo Td chfle Lao ddng Qudc t l (ILO), thSt nghiip la tinh trang cua mdt ngfldi trong do tudi lao dgng, trong mdt khoang thdi gian ngan gan nhat (thfldng la mgt hoac hai tuan), khdng cd viec lam, dang sin sang lam viec va tim mgt viec lam ed thdi ban it nhat mgt gid trd len [5].
Mac du trong thap ky qua, ty le viec lam eua phu nfl da tang len diu dan d ban hit cac qudc gia, song phu nfl hau nhfl d khap mgi noi dang that nghiep d mflc do ldn hon nam gidi. Tinh den nam 2018, ty 11 that nghiep toan cau cua phu nfl d mflc 6%, cao hdn Idioang 0,8% so vdi nam gidi.
Rieng d cac nfldc A Rap va Bac Phi, phu nfl phai ddi mat vdi ty le that nghiep cao hdn gap ddi so vdi nam gidi. Nhflng bao eao gin day eua ILO cho thay, chinh cac ylu td KT-XH va chuan mflc xa hgi hien hanh da va dang tiep tuc can trd sfl tham Tap chi Khoa hgc Ndi vu I 93
gia eua nfl gidi vao vile lam ed trd cdng, dae bilt Id d ede qude gia ed nin Idnh te mdi ndi (trong dd cd A Rap va Bae Phi) [61.
Thd ha, phu nd cd it cd hgi tiep can vi tri kinh doanh vd qudn ly tren TTLD
Trong vdng 20 nam qua, lao ddng nfl da tham gia nhieu hdn vao eae vi tri qudn ly cap trung va cao cap. Tuy nhiln, tren thflc te hp van tilp tuc phdi ddi mat vdi eae rao can khi tilp can vi tri Idm vile kinh doanh va quan ly trong TTLD, rat it ngfldi dflpc bd nhilm ldm edng vile dfl ng dau, dae biet la d eae edng ty ldn. Theo fld e tinh mdi nhat, phu nfl ehilm chfla dl n rapt phan ba vi tri quan ly cap trung va cao cap d phan ldn eae nfldc phat trien vd ehfla din 5% gifl chfle vu tdng gidm ddc dieu hanh (CEO) efla cae cdng ty dai chung [7].
Thd td, phu nd mang thai bi phdn biit doi xd ve viic ldm vd sa thdi d khap cdc khu vdc tren the gidi
Hien nay, khoang 70 quoe gia trin the gidi da phi ehuan it nhdt mdt trong ba edng flde cfla ILO lien quan den bao vl thai san (Cdng fldc sd 3 nam 1919, sd 103 nam 1952 va sd 183 nam 2000). Nhflng thflc te Id nhieu pbu nfl raang thai va eho con bfl van pbdi cbiu nhflng tdn thfldng tai ndi lam viee. Phdn biet doi xfl vdi phu nfl raang thai va cbo eon bfl dang xay ra d tat ea cac qude gia tren the gidi, bat ke trinh dp phat tril'n kinh tl, tham chi tinh trang nay edn tdi tl hdn do hdu qud eua cupc khung hoang kinh t l toan cau. Nghien cflu efla ILO nam 2014da phdt biln ra nhflng trfldng hpp lao ddng nfl hi ylu cdu
ky cam kit rang hp se khdng mang thai, bi budc phai trai qua xet nghiem mang thai cfla ngfldi sfl dung lao ddng, pbu nfl bi quay rdi, bi tfl choi nghi thai san vd sa tbdi sau khi mang thai d khap mpi ndi tren the gidi [8].
Ngay tai chdu Au - khu vfle ma eae qude gia d dd ed Ludt Chdng phdn bilt ddi xfl, eung cho thdy tinh trang phdn biet ddi xfl dfla trin thai san. Viec ngfldi sfl dung lao ddng gdy dp Ifle bude lao ddng nfl mang thai va eho eon bu tfl ehflc van dien ra phd biln mpt sd nfldc nhfl d Romania; Tdy Ban Nha; Lithuania... Ngoai ra, nhflng ddn
"tfl chfle trdng" rad ngfldi lao ddng budc phai ky kit khi tuyen dung, sau dd dflpc ngfldi sfl dung lao ddng dflng de eho tbdi vile ngfldi lao dpng mang thai, dm dau lau ngay hoac cd trdch nhilm gia dinh cflng dflpc tira thay d Croatia, Hy Lap, Y va Bd Dao Nha. Tinh trang nay tilp tuc gia tang trong cude khflng hoang kinh te toan eau [9].
0 Kenya, mpt so pbu nfl bude phai ky thda thuan hfla hen rang, hp se khdng mang thai. Lao ddng nfl lam cdng viec dpn dep vl sinh d Honduras thfldng xuyln dflde ylu edu ed eac xet nghiem mang thai de dflp c tuyen dung bode dflp e tilp tuc Iam vile. Tinb trang nay eung phd bien d mdt sd qude gia Ddng A.
Nhflng vu kiln ve phdn bilt ddi xfl vi ly do thai san ngdy cang tang tren pham vi todn thi gidi. Uy ban Nhdn quyen Saskatchewan d Canada tuyen bo 10%
khieu nai ve phdn biet ddi xfl tai ndi Iam vile ed liln quan din vile mang thai. Tinh 94 I Tap ehi Khoa hgc Ngi vu
\ \ \ DliNDANi trang khieu n ^ ve phdn biet ddi xfl lien
quan din thai ky d Hoa Ky da tang 35%
trong thap ky qua. Tfl nam 2001, cae tda an Hoa Kyda ra phan quyet vl vile bdi thfldng den 150 trieu dd la thiet hai trong cac trfldng hpp ky thi mang thai.
Mdt cude khao sat nam 2015 do Chinh pbu Nbat Ban uy quyin cbo thay 48,7%
phu nfl lam viee trong eae hdp ddng ngan ban la nan nhan efla vile sa thai bat cdng, doi xfl bat cdng hoac xuc pham bang ldi ndi. Nhflng vdi ngfldi lao ddng ed hpp ddng thfldng xuyen toan thdi gian van bi ngflpc dai tfldng tfl vdi ty 11 21,8%. Sd Iflpng cac vu kien ve phan bilt ddi xfl vi ly do thai sdn da tang 18% kl tfl ndm 2009, song song vdi nhu cdu efla lao ddng nfl trd lai lam vile sau khi nghi thai san.
Thd ndm, lao ddng nam ldm them gid nhieu hdn lao ddng nd, tuy vgy, thdi gian phu nd ldm cdc cdng viic gia dinh nhieu hdn vd tong thdi gian ldm viec trong ngdy nhieu hdn nam gidi
Phan dnh vl thdi gian lam viec cua lao ddng nam vd lao ddng nfl cho thdy nhflng tae ddng cfla khudn mau gidi len qud trinh tham gia vdo quan he lao ddng cfla mdi gidi, nhin ehung de u ed nhflng ban ehl nhat dinh, dac bilt la ddi vdi lao ddng nfl.
Tbeo sd lieu cua Liln blip qudc, d eac nfldc phdt triln, thdi gian pbu nfl thflc hien cae edng viec gia d inh (ndi trp va cham sde eae thanb vien) gdp ddi so vdi nam gidi (4 gid 20 pbflt so vdi 2 gid va 16 phflt, moi ngay). Khoang each nay ldn hdn d eae nfldc dang phdt trien, gap bdn 3 lan (4 gid 30 phflt so vdi 1 gid 20 phut, mdi
ngdy). Sfl eblnh lech trong viec sfl dung thdi gian gifla hai gidi chfl yeu xuat phat tfl khudn mau gidi eoi trach nhiem gia dinb thude vl phu nfl, trong khi sfl eblnh lech gifla hai nhdm qudc gia lai xuat phat tfl vile thieu edc dich vu va cd sd ha tang dl giam gdnh nang trdch nhiem gia dinh d eae nfldc dang phat trien. Vi phai danh nbieu thdi gian eho cae edng viec gia dinb, lao ddng nfl ed xu hfldng lam cac cdng vile ban tbdi gian nbieu bdn lao ddng nam, chiem den 57% sd ngfldi ldm viec ban thdi gian (trong khi chi thfle bien kbdng den 40% sd vile lam trin TTLD).
Tinb trang lam thim gid qua mflc dang dan din cae rui ro vl an toan va sflc khoe eua ngfldi lao ddng. Khao sat efla ILO tren 100 qudc gia trin the gidi eho thay, hdn 35,5% lao ddng nara va 25,7% lao ddng nfl lam viec hdn 48 gid/tuan. Tinb trang nay dac biet pbd bien d chau A, dae bilt la d cae vflng Ddng, Tdy va Trung A, ndi gan rapt nfla sd nam gidi va phu nfl dang lam vile hon 48 gid/tudn. Sd lieu cflng ehi ra nara gidi cd khuynh hfldng lam them gid nbilu gid hdn phu nfl, khdng chi xudt phat tfl viec bp danh it thdi gian lam cdc cdng vile gia dinb bdn ma edn do xa hpi mong dp i vai trd efla ngfldi d an dng la phai phat trien kinh t l gia dinh.
Tuy nhien, khi xem xet tat ea cde boat dpng, bao gdm ea vile lam ed tra IflPng va ede edng vile gia dinh, thi thdi gian md phu nfl sfl dung nhilu hdn so vdi nam gidi. Dieu nay ed ngbia la tbdi gian ngbi ngdi efla phu nfl eung it hdn, trong kbi dia vi kinh te eua bp trong gia dinh lai thap hon nara gidi (vi sd gid lam viec ed tra Tap ebl Khoa hgc Ndi vu I 95
Ifldng cua ho it hdn dan den chenh lech trong tfldng quan thu nhap ddng gdp eho kinh t l gia dinh). BBDG trong lao ddng la nguyen nhdn eung ed BBDG trong gia dinh.
Thd sdu, chenh lech gidi vdn tiep tuc ton tgi lien quan den thu nhgp cua phu nd vd nam gidi
Theo sd lieu thdng ke nam 2016, mflc Ifldng trung binh cfla phu nfl thap hdn 20% so vdi nam gidL Cd tinh trang nay la bdi phu nfl thara gia it hdn vao edc edng vile cd tra lUdng tren TTLD va do cdn tdn tai tinb trang phdn bilt ddi xfl trong linh vfle tra Ifldng.
Xem xet riing d khu vfle kinh t l chinh thflc, bdi vi phu nfl da eai thien dang kl vl nang Iflc (tren ed sd giao due va tich luy kinh nghiira), nen nhflng nghien cflu mdi day da chi ra rang phu nfl kbdng dfldc tra edng binh dang vdi nam gidi bat ngudn tfl viec ngfldi sfl dung lao ddng cd sfl phdn biet ddi xfl ve gidi vdi ngfldi lao ddng cfla minh. Phan biet ddi xfl trong linh vfle tra Ifldng thfldng dien ra rapt cdch gidn tilp va tfldng ddi tinb vi. Vi du, ngfldi sfl dung lao ddng thue lao dpng nam vd lao ddng nfl ldm mdt edng viec gidng nhau nhflng dfldi ehflc danh kbde nbau, thdng qua dd trd Iflpng cbo pbu nfl It hdn nara gidi.
Chang ban d Anh nhdn viln bdn hang (salesraan), trp ly giam ddc (assistant manager), nhdn viln ky thudt (technician) va gidm ddc thdng tin (information manager) la nhflng ehflc danh pbd biln cua nam trong khi cde ehflc danh tfldng dfldng efla nfl la: ngfldi ban hang (shop
96 I Tap ehi Khoa hpc Npi vu
assistant), thfl ky gidm ddc (managers assistant), nhdn viln tdng ddi (operator) va nhdn viln thfl viln (librarian).
Mat khdc, sfl yeu kera trong nang Ifle cfla td chfle dai diln ngfldi lao ddng khi tham gia tbflPng Ifldng tap the vd ede chinh sach TTLD chfla hieu qua (nhfl Ifldng tdi thieu) cflng Id nhflng nguyln nhdn ddn din viec duy tri sfl bat binh dang ve gidi trong linh vfle trd Ifldng.
Thd bdy, khodng cdch gidi trong TTLD ldm trdm trgng thim khodng cdch trong linh vdc ASXH
Van dl kbdng tiep can day dfl chinb sacb ASXH la tinh trang cbung efla ngfldi lao ddng tren khap the gidi hiln nay. Chinh sdeh "that Iflng bude bung" d nhflng nfldc gidu bdn vd sfl phat triln kem bin vflng vl kinh t l d cac nfldc ngheo bdn deu dan den vile tdn tai khoang each vl ASXH ddi vdi ngfldi lao ddng. Tuy nhien, nhfl da phan tich, ty 11 phu nfl thara gia vao TTLD, tilp can vdi cae edng viec ed trd IflPng vd toan thdi gian efla pbu nfl it hdn nara gidi.
Dieu nay da ddn tdi sfl chenh lech gidi khi lao ddng nfl va lao ddng nam hfldng thu eac cbinb sach ASXH. Vi du die n hinh Id sfl tiep can cbinb sdeh bflu tri efla bao hiem xa hdi. Vi thdi gian tham gia vao TTLD (tfldng flng vdi thdi gian ddng gdp bao hiem xa hpi) ngan bPn vd mfle Ifldng tham gia bao hiem thap hdn, ty 11 lUdng hflu va rafle Ifldng hflu cfla pbu nfl thap bon nara gidi, anh hfldng den thu nhap eua phu nfl khi vl hflu. Ngoai ra, vdi ehe dp bao hiem thai san, do eac van de nhfl nhdn thflc ve quyen efla ngfldi lao dpng, y
\ V \ DIEN DAN \
thfle cfla ngfldi sfl dung lao ddng va kha nang td ehflc thfle hien d eac qudc gia, ehi cd khoang 330 trieu lao ddng nfl, tflong dfldng vdi mdt phdn tfl (28,2%) pbu nfl lam viec tren toan the gidi dflde bao ve bdi che dp nay.
2. Nguyen nhan dan din tinh trang BBDG cua ngfldi lao dong tren binh dien quoc te
Qua phdn tich, cd the thay rang BBDG toan eau vdn dang tdn tai trong linb vfle lao ddng, nan nhdn chu yeu la nfl gidi.
Theo ngfldi viet bai nay, nguyen nhan dan den bat binh dang vd eung da dang, phong phu, tuy vay cd thi tap hpp vao hai nhdm chfl ylu sau day:
Mdt la, do chudn mdc xd hgi:
Cd 79,2% phu nfl tren toan cdu mong mudn dflp c lam nhflng edng viec cd tra Ifldng trong khi thflc t l la cbi ed khoang mdt nfla trong sd hp cd the tham gia vao Iflc Iflpng lao ddng. Cde ehuan mfle xa hpi, thfldng dflpe binh thanh bdi sfl tfldng tac cua ede ylu to nhfl khu vfle, tdn giao, sac tde va dang cap, da dinh hinh vai trd cua pbu nfl va nam gidi. Phu nfl thfldng bi budc phai tuan thfl ede vai trd gidi md gia d inh, edng ddng hoac xa hdi cua bp yeu cau, nlu khdng se bi xa hpi loai trfl hoae ddi mat vdi nhflng xung dot khae.
Cac chuan mflc xa bdi nay khdng cbi phdn eJip thi gidi edng viee thanb eae phdn eua phu nfl hoac cfla nam gidi ma cdn budc phu nfl phai gdnh ehiu eae trach nhilm gia dinh khdng can xflng.
d mdt vai noi, ehuan mfle xa hdi edn
trilt tieu quyen thara gia vdo quan he lao ddng cua phu nfl. Vi du, tai An Dp, xa hdi rat quan tdm din dflc banh ("purity" - sfl tinb khilt) eua ngfldi phu nfl. Nguyen ly efla he thdng dang cap Hindu quy di nb phu nfl can dflpc bao ve khdi "sfl d nhiem"
tfl cae yeu td ben ngodi gia (inh cfla hp, bao gdm ca eae nam gidi khdc. Vi vdy, de duy tri sfl tinh khiet/dfle hanh, ngfldi ta khdng cho phep pbu nfl lara vile ben ngodi gia dinh. Nhflng han chl ndy thdm cbi edn dp dung nghiim ngat hdn ddi vdi phu nfl ed dang cap eao so vdi pbu nfl dang cap thap.
Mdt vi du khdc la tai cae nfldc Hdi gido, mdt trong nhflng nguyen ly quan trpng cfla da o Hdi la quan niem nara nfl tach bilt ("purdah") eung da trd thanh rao can ddi vdi vile thara gia Iflc Ifldng lao ddng va cO hdi lfla chpn vile lara eua pbu nfl.
Tai nhflng ndi nay, phu nfl chfl ylu d nha va lam cde edng vile gia dinh.
Hai Id do nhdng hgn che ve KT-XH - the che:
- Tfl gdc dp kinh te. Trinh do phdt trien kinh t l ed the dan din sfl khde nbau ve sfl sdn cd eua cdng vile va chat Iflpng edng viec, vi vay dnh hfldng d i n eo hdi vile ldm cfla phu nfl d cde qudc gia vd kbu vfle khae nhau. Ngoai ra, suy thoai kinh te trong nhflng giai doan nhat dinh eung ed thi dan den dp Iflc eua TTLD nhieu hpn ddi vdi phu nfl, bdi vi trong khi vile eat giam lao ddng dien ra thfldng xuyen, rat nhieu pbu nfl dang d nha cflng cd nhu eau ehuyen sang lam viee cd trd lflong de trang trai cbi tieu gia dinb, chinh sfl chenh lech gifla nhu cdu tham gia va kha nang dap flng eua tbi trfldng khiln cho bp rPi vao Tap cbi Khoa hpc Ndi vu I 97
trang thai that nghiep.
- Tfl gde dp xa hdi. Chinh vile thilu dich vu hd trp edc trdch nhiira gia dinb (nhfl eham sdc tre em, ngfldi gid, om dau, benh tat) hoae cbi phi dich vu qua cao cflng vdi chuan rafle xa hdi eho rang trach nhiem gia dinh thude vl pbu nfl se khien eho nbieu lao dpng nfl tfl bd cd hdi vile lam. BBDG trong he thdng giao due ket hpp vdi phan bilt ddi xfl trong tuyen dung, thang tien va tra edng ma phu nfl Id nan nhdn cflng tao ra ty 11 gidi tinh eblnh lech trong TTLD vd bat binh dang vl thu nhdp cfla phu nfl.
- Tfl gdc dp the chl. Cbinb nhflng cbinb sdch va quy dinh trong linh vfle lao ddng bi dnh hfldng bdi dinb kiln gidi (gidi ban vile lam efla tat cd phu nfl, quy dinb tudi ngbi bflu khde nhau... ) se kbdng cbi ban ehe ed bdi eua pbu nfl ma cdn eung ed thira eae ehuan rafle xa hdi bien hanh.
Vile mdt sd qude gia chdu Au dp dat thue suat eao doi vdi thu nhdp efla eac hp gia dinh ed ca vp va chdng di ldm cflng tao ra khd nang la rapt ngfldi se lfla chpn d nhd dl cdn ddi lpi ieh kinh te - nlu nhfl rafle tien cdng eua ngfldi nay thdp (thfldng Id phu nfl.
Vile nhan dien cac nguyen nhdn dan din BBDG trong lao ddng - viee lara cd y nghia rat quan trpng. Nd giup nha hoach dinh chinh sach ed the xac dinh gidi phap toan dien, thiet ke phu hdp vdi dac trflng vl gidi (thfla nhdn nhflng hoan canh xa hpi va nhu eau khdc nhau cua phu nfl va nam gidi) de tfl do lam giam dan khoang each gidi trong TTLD. Dilu ndy ylu eau
edc qude gia phai xay dflng mdt he thdng pbap ludt lao ddng ve binh dang gidi phfl hdp, khac phuc nhflng ban chl vd thfle thi hieu qud trin thflc tl./.
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2,4,6. ILO (2012), Maternity protection:
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