y kien trao d6l S6 8(86) ndm 2016
C A C G I A I © O A N P H A T T R I E N C U A CHU" Q U 6 C NGU" V l f T N A M V A NHUTVG V A N B E C U A Tlt^G V I E T H I E N D A I V
teVINHQUCC*
T 6 M TAT
Bdi viit trinh bay 3 giai dogn phdt triin cUa chit Qudc ngtt Viet Nam tu thi ki XVII din nay: Tit ddu thi kiXVJl din 1860, tii 1861 din 1945 vd tii 1945 din nay. Ben cgnh do, bdi viet trinh bay mgt sd vdn di tdn tgi trong bdng chit cdi Qude ngii hien dgi cung nhu trong tiing Viet hien hdnh; tU dd, di xudt nhiing y tudng nhdm hodn thien tiing Vi^t trong tuong lai.
TU khda: chfl Qudc ngtt, sfl mdnh truydn gido, vdn hda Vidt Nam, ngdn ngtt Vidt Nam.
ABSTRACT
Development stages of Vietnamese National Language and problems of modern Vietnamese
The article presents three development stages of Vietnamese national language from the IT"' century to present: From the first half of the 1?"' century to I860, from 1861 to 1945 and from 1945 to present. Besides, the article presents some existing problems ofthe modern national language alphabets as well as of current Vietnamese; in light of which, some ideas to perfect Vietnamese for the future are suggested.
Keywords: Vietoamese national language, missionary work of Christian, Vietoamese culture, Vietnamese language.
1. Bdt vdn de
Do chtt viet so khai cfla ngudi Vipt cd sdm bj that truydn, dan tdc ta khdng cd chfl viit ridng nen frong suot 2000 ndm Ijch sfl ngudi Viet dd phdi mugn vdn ty Hdn lam chfl viit cfla minh (tflc chu Hdn-Vipt, cdn ggi Id chfl Nho), rdi dya theo dd sang tgo ra chfl Ndm (tfl thi ki XIII), vd coi cd Han Idn Ndm ddu la chfl Vipt (tflc "chtt ta") cho din ddu thi ki XX.
Tu tiid ki XVII, nudc ta cd thdm mOt logi vdn ty mdi: tidng Viet dugc ghi dm bdng chtt cdi Latin dd tdn tgi gan 400 ndm, dugc thfla nhgn la chtt Quoc ngtt cfla Viet Nam, thay tiii chfl Nho vao ddu
thi ki XX vd frd thanh chtt viit chfnh thuc cfla tiing Viet hidn dgi.
Vdy, qua trinh hmh thanh vd phdt tiiin cfla chtt Quoc ngtt dd trdi qua nhflng giai dogn nao? Qud trinh do cdn d i lgi cho tieng Vipt hipn dai nhihig vdn ^h gi can giai quydt?
2. Cac giai doan phdt triln ciJa chtt Qu6c ngtt Vipt Nam
Cdn cfl vao gid trj sfl dyng ttong xd hOi cung vdi su bidn ddi vd bdng chtt cdi, cdch ghep vdn, ghi am vd cfl phdp tiieo tildi gian, cd the nhgn tiidy qud tiinh phdt trien cfla chtt Qudc ngfl trai qua 3 giai dogn chu yiu.
2,L TU- dhu thi ki XVH ain 1860: Bg
' TS, Nguyen giang vi6n chlnh Tm-dng Dgi hpc S u phgm TPHCM; Email: [email protected] 162
TAP CHf KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM LS Vmh Qu6c
chit Vift Latin hda Id mpt cong cff tm^n gido eua Oao Thien Chua tgi yiet Nam
Nhd nhihig no Iuc bdn bi cua cac gjao sT Thidn Chua giao, bp chu Viet ^ Sm bdng chtt cm Latin ddn dan hinh thdnh trong sudt nua dau thd ki XVU, nhdm mye dich giijq) ngudi phuong Tdy hpc ti&ig Vipt va gjup ngudi Viet hgc cac i^on ngtt phuong Tay dugc dd dang, phye vu cho su mpnh tn^dn bd tdn gido tgi Viet Nam.
Theo nghien cfloi cfla Linh mye E>o Quang Chmh, vdo nhihig nam so khdi (tfl 1620 d ^ 1626), vdi nhihig ddng gdp ndi bat cua lmh mye Francisco de Pina, bO chfl Vipt Latin hda cd bdng Alphabet (bao gdm cdc chu cdi Latin vd may con chtt Hi Lgp) chua hodn chinh nhu bdng chft cai Qudc ngu hipn nay, each gjiep van vd {^dn am Iai cang khdc lg, tao thanh nhidu tfl da dm tidt va khdng cd dau gigng: Annam (tiic la An Nam), Quinhm (Quy Nhon), Hoaipho (Hai Phd tuc Hgi An), Faifo (cflng Id HOi An), Oundelinh (Ong E)i liiih), Ondedoc (Ong De ddc), unsai (dng sai), ungue (dng i ^ d ) , bafu (ba phfl), doij (ddi), scin mocaij (xin mOt cdi), sayc chiu (sach chtt), tuijciam biet (tdi chdng biit) [theo 3]... Nhung ndm tiip theo (1631-1648) vm nhflng ddng gdp chfl y i u cfla linh muc Gasparo d'Amiral, each phien am vd ghep van da dugc chinh sua thdnh nhihig chfl don dm tiit cd ddu gigr%: Nghp An, Bd Chuih (dflng each vidt ngay nay), ou ba phu (dng bd phu), huyen (huypn), sdy (sdi)... Cho din cdng trinh khdo cflu va bidn soan trong 3 ndm (1649-1651) cfla
gjao sT Alexandre de Rhodes la cudn Ty didn Vietnamese-Latin-Portugues (Ty dirai Viet-Bd-La) dugc xudt bdn tgi Rome nam 1651, tiii bO chu Viet Latin hda
&rgc coi la chinh thfle hinh thanh vdi bang Alphabet each phien dm va ghep vdn sat dung vdi tidng Viet duong tiidi (tiip can vdi tiing Viet hidn dgi). Theo do, mpt doan ban dich tieng Viet cua cudn "Kinh Lay Cha" viit: "Cha chdng tdi d tiin [trin] bldi [trdi], chung toi nguien [nguyen] danh Cha cd sdng..."
[dan theo 3]; va day Id tya dh cfla mdt cudn gjao li xudt bdn duong thdi: "Phep gidng tdm ngdy cho ke mudn [mudn] chiu phep rua [rua] tgi [tgi], ma [md] bedo [vdo] dgo thdnh due Chua bldi [trdi]"
[ddn theo 3].
Cudn Dictionarium Anamhico Latinum (Ty diin Vipt-Latin) cua gidm muc Pierre Pigneaux de Behaine (Bd Da Ldc) xudt bdn nam 1838 dd hoan chmh bd chu Vipt Latin hoa hon ntta frong viec chu gidi tiing Latin cd ddi chiiu vdi chtt Nho.
Tfl tiii ki XVU cho din khi tiiuc dan P h ^ bat ddu xdm luge nudc ta frong the ki XDC, chfl Viet Latin hda chi dugc sfl dyng de dich Kmh Thanh, truydn gidng giao li va thyc hdnh cac thdnh Id Thidn Chua gido mOt each bi mgt frong nhihig cOng ddng gido dan rdt hgn hep.
Khi dy, cac triiu dai phong kiin Vipt Nam thi hdnh chinh sdch cdm dgo n ^ i d m ngdt va gjdt hgi cdc giao sT Thidn Chfla mdt each da man nen chtt Vipt Latin hda khdng thi phdt tridn ra ngodi pham vi hgn hep dy. Bdi thi, logi chtt vidt mdi nay chi Id mdt cdng cu truydn giao
Y kien trao doi S6 8(86) nam 2016
va khdng cd dnh hudng gi den cudc sdng xa hdi Viet Nam duong thdi.
2.2. Tir 1861 din 1945: Chd- QuSc ngir dS khai sdng mpt Thdi dgi vdn hda Vi^t Nam mdi chfU dnh hudng tinh than vdn hda Phdp
Cudc xdm luge cfla chfl nghia thuc dan de bien Viet Nam thanh mOt xu thupc dia trong Lidn bang Ddng Duong thudc Phdp dd dua bd chtt Viet Latin hda trd thanh chtt Qudc ngu mdi, tao nen ndn vdn hda mdi d Viet Nam.
2.2.1. Cha Qudc ngii vd nin gido due mdi a Nam Ki
Thdng 9 ndm 1861, chi nua nam sau khi quan Phdp danh bgi qudn nha Nguydn vd chidm dugc Sai Gdn, Dd ddc Chamer da ki nghj djnh md Truang Bd Da Lgc (College d'Adran) dgy chfl Viet Latin hda cflng tiing Phap cho hpc sinh ngudi Viet di ddo tgo thdng ngdn va thu ki ldm vide frong cac co quan hanh chinh [4]. Vdi vipc md trudng hpc ndy, chu Vipt Latin hda ldn ddu tidn dd vugt khdi pham vi giao hdi de tham nhgp vao ddi sdng xd hpi ngudi Viet, frudc hit la d Sai Gdn.
Sau cac Hda udc Nhdm Tudi (1862) va Giap Tudt (1874), Nam Ki luc tinh chinh thuc bj cdt nhudng cho Phdp dh frd thdnh thudc dia cfla nudc ndy. Chinh quyen thyc ddn hidu ro bO chu Viet Latin hda Id mOt cdng cu hihi hidu dd cai trj ddn bdn xfl, ndn da nhanh chdng dua loai chtt ndy ldn thay chu Nho. Ki thi Huong cudi cflng d Nam Ki ndm 1864 da kit thuc su tdn tgi eua he thdng Nho hpc diing chfl Han d ddy. Ndm 1865, td bao ddu tidn dflng chu Viet Latin hda mang
tdn "Gia Binh Bdo " dugc xudt bdn nhdm phd bidn rpng rai logi chu mdi ndy frong cdng ddng ngudi Viet. Tiip dd, Thdng ddc Nam K J ra ngjii dinh bdt huge cdc co sd hanh chinh phdi dflng chtt Vipt Latin hda (nam 1869), nghj djnh bupc cdng chflc phai bidt chtt Vipt Latin hda mdi dugc tuyen dyng va thang thudng (nam 1878); va din ndm 1879, Thdng ddc Le Myre de Vilers ra lenh thiit l^p ndn hpc chinh mdi d Nam Ki. [4]
Mpt nen giao due mdi kit hgp hai y i u td Phdp - Viet da tflng budc hinh thanh, bao gdm cdc trudng tidu hpc vd trung hgc sfl dung song song 3 ngdn ngtt la chfl Phdp (ghi tidng Phdp), chtt Viet Latin hda (dudi ddy se ggi la chtt Qudc ngfl - diing ghi tiing Vidt) va chtt Han (dflng ghi tiing Viet) [4]. Trong sy phdt fridn cua chu Qudc ngfl d Nam Ki, nha bac hpc danh tidng Petrus Trucmg VTnh Ky cd vai ttd rat quan frpng. Ld nhan v|t chfl chdt cfla td "Gia Dinh Bdo " va la tac gid cua tac phdm van hgc ddu tidn vidt bdng chtt Qudc ngtt vdi tua dd "Chuydn ddi xua" (ndm 1866), dng dd viit fren mOt ttam tdc pham vdn chuang va cdng frinh khdo cuu. Tiip dd, hpc gia Paulus Hflinh Tinh Cfla da dong gdp 17 tac phdm vdn chuong va khdo cflu bdng chfl Quoc ngfl, trong dd ndi bat la cudn
"Chuyen^ gidi budn" (1880), bp"f)m Nam qudc dm tu v/"- bg sdch Ty vj ddu tien giai nghta tiing Vipt tiieo trinh tu 24 chtt cdi Latin (I895-I896) vd cudn "Tvc ngir, cd ngii, gia ngon " (1897).
Tfl ndm 1874 vi^c dgy chtt Hdn trong nhd tiirdng bj hgn che d muc tdi thidu; vd tu 1882, mpi cdng vdn gidy td
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Le Vinh Quoc
hdnh chinh d Nam Ki phai viit bdng chtt Latin (Phdp vdn hoac Qudc ngtt).
2.2.2. Nin gido d^c mdi trin todn qudc Thdt bgi cfla nha Nguydn trong cupc khdng chien chdng Phap niia cudi thd ki XIX da ddn din kit qfld bi thdm:
Hoa udc Giap Than (1884) chdp nhdn nude Phdp cai trj fren toan cdi Viet Nam.
Tfl day, ndn gido due vd vdn hda mang ydu td Phdp - Viet tfl Nam Ki bdt ddu phdt tridn d ca Trung Ki vd Bac Ki [4].
Ndm 1886, he thdng nhd trudng Phdp - Vipt bdt ddu hinh thdnh d Bac Ki vdi 3 cdp hpc Id du hpc, tidu hgc va trung hpc ddu giang dgy chu Vidt Latin hda, tidng Phap va chtt Nho. Nam 1896, Trudng Qudc hpc Phap - Viet ddu tidn d Hue dugc tiianh lap.
Nam 1904. chuong trinh giao dye Phdp - Viet d Bac Kl dugc cdng bd.
Trong khi do, gidi sT phu ydu nudc Viet Nam cd su chuyen bien quan trgng ve nhdn thfle. That bai ciia phong frdo Can Vuong theo he tu tudng Nho giao cudi the ki XIX, nhung bidn chuyen to ldn vd kinh te - xa hdi do chuang trinh khai thdc thudc dia cua nudc Phap dem lgi, cung vdi cdc "tdn thu" thupc he tu tudng Khai sang cfla Lu Thoa (Rousseau), Mgnh Due Tu Cuu (Montesquieu), Phflc Trgch Du Cat (Fukuzawa Yukichi), Khang Htm Vi va Luong Khai Sidu... dd giup cac sT phu Nho hgc nudc ta nhdn rd tinh uu vidt cfla nen vdn minh mdi xudt phat tfl cdc nudc Au-MT dugc chinh nudc Phap du nhdp vdo. Do v|y, mgi phong frao ydu nudc Clia cac sT phu ddu dien ra theo con dudng mdi: Duy tan xoa bd di san phong kiin Nho giao hu ldu. phat huy cdc gid fri
vdn minh mdi de ddn tdc trd ndn cudng thinh theo khdu hidu "Khai ddn tri - Chdn ddn khi - Hdu ddn sinh " ciia Phan Chdu Trinh. Theo dd, chu Viet Latin hda trudc kia bi bai xich nhu la san phdm cfla bpn xdm ldng di ^ a o , thi nay dugc tdn vinh la chu Qudc ngtt vd trd thdnh mdt cdng cy cflu nudc dd thay cho chu Han va Nho hgc d& ldi thdi. Cac trudng hgc mdi dugc md de day chfl Qudc ngfl va cac mdn khoa hgc thyc nghiep d Qudng Nam (1905).- Binh Thuan (Trudng Dye Thanh nam 1907) va ndi bat la Ddng kinh NghTa thyc tgi Ha Ndi (1907) cfla Luong Vdn Can. Nguydn Quydn, Duong Ba Trgc... Bdi tho sau day (tuong truyen la cfla Tran Quy Cap) tro thanh tuyen ngdn cfla gidi si phu tien bO duong thdi:
Cha Qudc nga Id hdn trong nuac Phdi dem ra tinh trudc ddn ta Sdch cdc nuac, sdch Chi Na Cha ndo nghta dy dich ra to tudng...
Phong trao Duy Tan vd Ddng Kinh NghTa thuc dd "cdnh tinh nhdn ddn vd thuc day nhd cdm quyin phdi sua ddi chinh sdeh theo Tdn hgc md bo khoa eu"
[10,fr.I56].
Ndm 1915, ki thi Huong cudi cflng d Bac Ki kel thuc va da cham dflt ludn ndn gido due Nho gido tflng tdn tai hang nghin nam lam khudn vang thudc nggc cfla ddn tdc ta. Vert viec thdnh lap Vien Dgi hpe Ddng Duong d Ha Ndi (khai giang nam 1907 nhung chinh thfle hogt ddng tu 1917), he thdng gido due Phdp - Viet dugc hoan chinh tren loan qudc da dua van hda Viet tiin theo ndn van minh Khai sang.
V kien tiao d6l SS 8(86) ndm 2016
Nhihig ngudi dgt ndn mdng cho nen gido dye mdi dflng chtt Qudc ngu cd kd thfla tinh hoa cd hpc Nho giao la Trdn Trpng Kim vdi hang chyc tdc pham ldn rad ndi bdt la "Ludn li gido khoa thu"
(1916), "Vi$t Nam su luge" (1919),
"Quoc vdn gido khoa thu" (1940), "Viet Nam vdn phgm" (1941); Phan Kd Binh vdi cac cdng trinh bidn khao "Vi$t Nam phong tue" {\9\S), "Hdn-Vi^t vdn khdo"
(1918); Bui Ki vdi "Qude vdn cu thi"
(1932) va ddng tac gid "Viet Nam vdn phgm bdc Trung hgc" (1940), "Tiiu hgc Viet Nam vdn phgm" (1945); Ddo Duy Anh vdi "Hdn-Vi$t tir diin" (1932),
"Phdp-Vi?t ta diin" (1936), "Vi$t Nam vdn hda su cuang" (1938), "Trung Hoa sit cuang" {\9A2)...
2.2.3. Mgt thdi dgi Khai sdng vdn hda Vi?t Nam
Khai thdc vd khai hda Id mye tieu hai mdt cfla chi dO thuOc dja Phap tgi Vi^t Nam: khai hda vdn minh dd khai tilde kinh ti. Thfl tudng Phdp Jules Feny tuydn bd: "Nhi^m vy eua cdc ddn tgc uu vi4t Id giup da cdc ddn tgc nhugc tiiu thodt khdi tinh trgng lgc hdu " [ddn theo 12].
Dli cho nhi^m vu khai hoa do duQC nhin nh|n nhu th§ n&o, h? thdng gido due Phap - Vi$t cung da dan toi sv Ichai sing mQt n^n v3n hoa Vi^t Nam moi theo h&
tu tu6ng Nhan quySn (Human right) d\ra tren ch& Qufic ngu.
Ho^t dong bao chi dS phat triSn rSt manh tir Nam ra BSc, t i ^ c§n dugc voi
"quyin luc thi tu" trong nh4 nuoc d ^ chii theo nguyen tie "7am qityin phin lap " 6 cac nuac van minh.
T ^ Nam Ki, tidp theo t6 "Gia Dinh Bao" lan lugt ra doi to "Phan Yin Bio"
(1868) ciia Di$p VSn Cuong, "Nhifl Trinh Nam Ki" (1883), nguy?t san
"Thong logi Khoa trinh" (1888) cua Trucmg VMl Ky, tu&i san "Nam Ki"
(1897), t u k bao "Nong Cd Min Dam"
(1901), "Luc Tinh Tdn Vdn" (1907) ciia TrSn Chanh ChiSli, "Cong Lugn Bio"
(1916) do LS Sum chu biit, "Nam Trung Nhut Bio " (1917) cua Nguyin Van Ciia,
"Nam m Dia Phgn" (1908), "An Ha Bio" (1917), "Ni Giai Chung" (1918) do ba Suong Nguyet Anh chu tri, "Dgi Viit Tgp Chi" (1918). Tir th?p ki 20-30 n6i Ifin cac to "Dong Phap Thcri Bao"
(1923) do Trln Huy Li$u chii biit, "Tan Thi Ki" (1926) ciia Cao VSn Chinh,
"DuSc Nhi Nam" (1928) ciia Duong VSn Giao, "PhvNuTdn raM"(1929)eua Nguyin Dilc Nhuan, "Thdn Chung"
(1929) cua D i ^ VSn Ki, "Sdng" (1935) Clia Tri Diic Van Doto do Dong H 6 ttm giam d6c... Xuit hi?n ea nhiing t6 bio tilng Phap do nguiri Viet chii tri: " i o Cloche Filee" (Qua chu6ng re) ciia Nguyin An Ninh, "La tribune Indigene "
(Dien dto Bto xii) v4 "La Tribune Jndochinoise" (Diln d t o Dong Duong) cua Biii Quang Chieu, "L'Echo Annamite" ciia Nguyin Phan Long, "Le Prop-is Annamite " cua Le Quang Trinh,
"L 'Mre Nouvelle:' do Cao Trilu Phat bao trgr...
Tai Bae Ki, td bao d^u tien xudt hi^n 14 "Dgi Nam Ddng Vdn Nhgt Bao"
(1892) van dimg chir Nho; nhung tir t6
"Dgi Vift Tdn Bio" (1905) cua Alfred Ernest Babut trd di, bao chi deu dimg chir
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Li Vinh Qudc
Q » ^ ngfl (CO hogc khdng co phu flidm phdn chu Nho): "Ddng Cd Tung Bdo"
(1907) va "TnmgBde Tdn Vdn" (1919) cua Nguy&i Vdn Vihh, "Nam Phong Tgp Chi" (1917) cua Pham Quynh, "Khai hoa Nhdt Bdo" (1921) cua Bach Thai Biroi, "An Nam Tgp Chi " (1926) cfla Tan E>a, "Hd Thdnh Ngg Bdo" (1927) va
"Dong Tdy" (1929) do Hoang Tich Chu chu tri. Tfl thgp ki 30 ndi ldn hdng loat bao chi mdi: "Thai Bdo" cfla Phflng Van Umg, "PhongHda" \k "Ngdy Nay" cm nhdm Tu Iuc Van doan vd hang logt bao chi khac.
Tai Trung Ki, ndi Nho hgc vdn t&i tgi ctro ddn ki thi Huong va thi HOi cudi cung (nam 1918-1919), bdo chi Qudc ngfl phat trim chgm hon, trong dd "Tiing Ddn" cfla Huynh Thuc Khang Id td bao dpc lgp ddu tien xudt ban vdo ndm 1927 va cd anh hudng sdu rOng mdi ddn nam 1943, tiip do la cac td "Sdng Huang"
(1935), "TrdngAn"{\936)...
Cung vdi bdo chi, mOt ndn van hgc mdi diing chu Qudc ngu va chju anh hudng cfla chu nghTa nhdn vdn Phdp dd jAat tridn vd ciing mgnh me vdi nhung tiid logi vdn chuong mdi hdt sirc phong phu.
Tgi Nam Ki, tiip theo Tnior^ Vmh K^ vd Hflinh Tinh Paulus Cfla la Hd Biiu Chdnh vdi hdng tram tac phdm t h i ^ nhidu tiii logi; nhdm "Hd Tien Tu Tuyet"
ndi tioig vd tho, phdi^ sy vd khao cuu vdi cac thi sT Dong Hd, Mdng Tuydt, Lu Khd vd True Ha...
Tgi Bdc Kl, Tan Da la vdn nhan ndi liin tu cd vdn Nho hgc sang vdn chuong (^»6c ngQ men; Phgm Y>\jy Tdn la nhd
van xd hdi tidn phong cua ndn van hgc mdi; Hodng Nggc Phdch md dau cho loai hinh tieu tiiuyit mdi va Phan Khdi khdi ddu tho mdi. Tu Luc Van Dodn (1932- 1942) dua van tho Qudc ngu Idn mOt tdm cao mdi vdi 7 thdnh vidn Id cac nha van:
Nhdt Lmh, Khdi Hung, Hodng Dgo, Thgch Lam, The LQ cflng hai thi sT la Tfl Md vd Xuan Didu Song sorig dd Id cdc nhd van ndi tidng: Le Vdn Truong, Ngd Tdt Td, Nguy&i Cong Hoan, Vu Trpng Phung, Nguyen Hdng, Nguydn Tuan, Vu Bdng, Nam Cao, Td Hoai, Hd Dzdnh, Nguyen Huy Tudng... Nguydn Binh, Vu Hodng Chinmg va Dmh Hung Id nhflng thi sT danh tidng; Vu Nggc Phan cd mOt sd but ki hay nhung sd trudng Id vd phe binh van nghp...
Tgi Trung Ki, Luu Trgng Lu ndi bat vd tho mdi; Hoai Thanh frd thdnh chiQ'dn gia phd binh vdn hgc; Hai Trieu - nhd ly ludn phd bmh theo chu nghTa Marx xudt hien ciing vdi nhidu tidu lugn dac sac; nhdm "Bdn thdnh Tu huu" danh tidi^ gdm 4 thi nhan la Chd Lan Vidn, Ydn Lan, Quach Tan va Hdn Mac Tfl.
Cdn nhidu tac gia vdi nhung tdc phdm khac ma d day chua thd thdng ke hit
Nen vdn hgc Viet Nain mdi da dgt dugc n h u i ^ gia tri rdt cao, cd t h i sanh vdi nhflng danh tac qudc td cgn dgi. Peter Zinoman - mdt nha nghien cflu Hoa Ki da so sanh cac dgi van hao the gidi vdi mOt nhd van Viet Nam thdi dy nhu sau: "Tdi cd cdm tudng rdng VH Trgng Phung Id nhd vdn ldn, rdt ldn. khdng kem nhd van ldn ndo cda cdc nen vdn hge khdc" [11, fr.MJ. "Ong viit gidi vd mdt sdm qud, a
Y kien trao 36i SS 8(86) nim 2016
tuoi 27 nhiiu thanh nien vdn chud tam duac gi. ma [ong da] dl lgi mat su nghiip khong Id. Ngay cd cac nha vdn lan nhu V. Hugo hay Zola, bdng tuoi Vu Trong Phimg cing chua viit nhilu va hay duoc nhu ong" [1]. "VH Trong Phung chi song din 27 tudi; a tudi dy.
nha vdn Phap Balzac (...) con hdu nhu chua viit duac gi ding ke" [11, tr.l7].
"O thi ki XX, trong so cac nhi vdn lan cia thi glai, Vu Trong Phung la ngtrai ddngke" [1].
Tir vto hgc moi. mgt nen nghe thuSt mdi ciing phat triln manh va dgt dugc nhirng gia tri rat cao. Kich noi - logi hinh nghg thuit dae trung eua phuong Tay da phat trien mgnh d Vigt Nam vdi nhilu kich bto hay btog chir Qu6c ngii.
Tto nhac vdi htog loat nhgc phSm trii tinh va hiing trtog theo nhac li phuong Tay nhimg thtoi dim hdn dto tgc, g t o vdi ten tuli cac nhac sT Nguyin Xuto Khoat, Le Thuong, Duong Thieu Tudc, Dtog The Phong, Hotog Quy, To Vu.
Vto Cao, Pham Duy, Hotog Giac, Nguyin Thien To. Hotog Trgng, Nguyin Vto Thuong, Luu Hihi Phude...
Trudng MI Thugt thugc Dai hgc Dong Duong da ntog nln hgi hga Vigt Nam ISn ngang tam mT thuat hiin dai thl gidi vdi cac hga sT t4i danh, nhu: Nguyin Phan Chtoh, Nguyin Gia Tri, To Nggc Vto, Nguyin Tudng Lto, Trto Vto Cin, Nguyin Tu Nghiem, Duong Bich Lien, Nguyen Stog, Biii Xuto Phai, Phan Ke An...
He thdng giao dye Phap - Viet vdi Vien Dgi hgc Bong Duong va cae Dgi hgc Phip da dig tgo cho dto toe Viet
Nam cac nha khoa hpc htog dau ttoi c5 qude t l nhu Le V t o Thiem, Hd DJc Di, Hotog Xuto Hto, Tdn Thit Tung, Nguyen Mgnh Tudng, Trto Due Thao, Nguyin Vto Huyen, Tg Quang Biiu, Trin Dgi Nghia, Dang Thai Mai, Pham Huy Thdng...
Hon the niia, ngoai ^ muon cua chinh quyln thue dto, chinh nln giao due Phap - Vi6t va nln vto hda mdi theo h?
tu tudng Khai stog do ngudi Phap mang dSn cung lam n4y sinh va phat triln nhiing trao luu each mang mdi, kl ca khuynh hudng Marxist chdng chu nghia th^c d t o Phap de giinh dgc lap - Xif do eho dto tOc ViSt Nam. Khiu hieu, Uuyln don v i bio chi cieh mang bing cht^
Qudc ngO (khdi diu vdi to "Thanh Nien"
cua Nguyen Ai Qudc xuit ban nSm 1925) trd thanh phucmg ti|n tuyen truyln hiiu hiSu ciia dtog each mang.
2.3. TCr 194S din nay: Chu- QuSc ngi dirt/c ning cap han nita v&i tie cdch la cha viit tiing n$t hi$n dgi
2.3.1. Ti 1945 din 1954
Dugc khdi ngudn tir nln vto hda dd, cudc Cich mgng thing Tim 1945 di chim dirt 80 nam Phip thude, lgp nin nuac Vigt Nam Dto chu C0ng hda (DCCH) theo he tu ttrang Nhin quyen dugc toto dto ting hg. Trong buoi binh minh ciia nudc cOng hoa non tre, cdng cugc "dift dit" qua phong trao "Binh ddn hoc vu" day chO Qudc ngii cho toto dto da dgt thinh qua phi thudng: xda ngn mil chQ cho 90% d t o s6. Mgt nln giio dye Vigt Nam mdi dugc xay dung theo
"chuang trinh Hoing Xudn Hin" vdi dinh hudng vto hda - khoa hge tiSn tien,
TAP CHl KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM
LS Vinh QnScnhung logi bd vai trd tilng Phip va chii Nho de dam bio dSa vi dgc tdn ciia chir Qude ngir.
Trong thdi ki diu cua cudc khtog chiln chdng Phip (tir 1945 din 1949), gidi tri thue vto n ^ e sT tilp tue stog tie nhiing tic phim dam tinh nhto vto trfl- tinh, Itog man vi hio htog.
Tii 1950 trd vl sau, khi nudc Viet Nam DCCH trd thanh thanh vien cua phe Xa hgi Chu nghia (XHCN) do Lien Xd va Trung Qudc linh dgo, Dtog Lao ddng Vijt Nam da dua dto tdc tiln theo chu nghTa Marx-Lenin. Cuge c4i cich giio due lin thir nhit da thay thl chuong trinh giao due Hotog Xuto Hta btog mgt he thdng gito due pho thdng 9 nam, loai bd hoto toto tilng Phap va cho Nho. Tir day, gidi tri thirc vto nghg sT phai tir bd h j tu tudng eu vdi chu nghia nhto vto tu san, tilp thu hg tu tudng mdi vl diu tranh giai cip trSn lgp trudng v6 sin, dl trd thanh nhiing chien si each mang cua Dtog tren mit tran vto hda - vto ngh$, sing tic theo "chi nghia hifn tht/c XHCN". Li cd diu vl vto hgc theo h$ tu tudng mdi thuOc vl nhi tho Td Hihi vdi htog logt tic phim dugc phd biln sau rgng. Tiln theo nggii'cd diu li nhiing t&i nidi ldn nhu Chl Laii Vien, Nguyin Dinh Thi, Xuin Digu, Huy Can, Phgm Tuyen v4 hiu hit cic nhi van, nha tho, nhgc sT, hga sT d miln Bie trudc vi sau khi kit thiic cugc khtog chiln chdng Phip.
MOt nln "vdn hoa XHCN" khic bigt vdi vto hda Khai sing thdi Phip thu§c da hinh thinh, tt^ng dd bio chi, xuat bto vi trinh diln nghg thugt diu thugc quyen quto li ciia Nha nudc.
2.3.2.Ti 1954 din 1975
Hon 20 nam dit nudc bi chia eat da
• tgo ra 2 nln gito due khac nhau d 2 miln Nam - Bae cimg dua tren chii Qudc ngir ViSt Nam.
O mien Bac, ke tir cudc eai cich giao due lin thir hai (tir 1957), nudc Viet Nam DCCH da xay dung mdt nln giao due mdi theo khudn miu Xd-vilt bang he thdng trudng phd thdng 10 nam, chi hgc 1 trong 2 ngogi ngii li Nga vto hojc Trung van, cimg he thdng dgi hgc bao gdm mdt sd trudng don llnh vuc. Do v$y, tieng Viet tilp nhgn nhilu inh hudng ciia vto hda Nga va Trung Quoc. Mie dil cd nhiing tu tudng khic bijt cua nhdm
"Nhdn vdn - Giai phdm ", chu nghia hien thuc XHCN trong vto hda vin th6ng trj viing vtog. Thin ki niy c6 cie nhi nhi nghien cuu hing diu 14 D4o Duy Anh, Tiin Huy Liju, Trin Vto Giiu, Hotog Tyy ciing nhdm tie gia Phan Huy Le, Hi Vto Tin, Trin Qudc Vugng...
Miln Nam dudi chinh the Vijt Nam Cdng hda ehua thoit li nhiing co ciu td chile giio dye v4 chuong trtah hge tir thin Phip thu0e dl lgi, nhung vin ci ging xay dimg m^t nln vto hda - giio dye mang tinh chit "khoa hgc va tiin bi, ddn tgc vi dga die. dgi chung va nhdn bin" [13]. Theo dd, hj thdng trudng phd thdng 12 nam vdi 3 cip day hgc bing chft Qudc ngii, cd thSm ehO Hto trong chuong trtoh cd vto vdi Anh vto v4 Phip vto 14 2 ngoai ngO chinh; he thdng dai hgc dugc td chiic thanh eac Vijn Dgi hgc da liiih vvc bao gom eac trudng don llnh vye. Tir dd, nen vto hda nhto bto vln tiSp tyc phat triln ndi tilp nhiing di sto
y kien trao (J6i So 8(86) nam 2016
cua thdi Phip thudc. Ndi bat trong sd cic nha khio ciru v4 stog tic li Nguyin Hiln Le, VuOTig Hdng Sin, Son Nam, Trinh Cdng Son...
2.3.3 Tir 1975 din nay
Sii menh thdng nhit dit nudc hoto thanh vio nam 1975 ddi hdi su thdng nhat ve giio dye va vto hda tren ei nudc Cgng hda XHCN Vijt Nam. Cugc cai eich giao due lin thil 3 (khdi diu tir 1979) da xay dung mOt nln giio dye thdng nhit vdi he thdng nhi trudng phd thdng 12 nim, theo tdn chi dao tgo con ngudi mdi - "nguai lao dong lam chu tgp thi va phat triin toan difn. ki tuc su nghiep cich mgng cia nhdn ddn ta. hit ldng lao dfng xdy dymg chi nghia xd hpi, sin sangchiin ddu bao vf To qudc" [2].
Nhung nhOng biln chuyen eua tinh hinh thl gidi (Trung Quie trd mat gay chiln chdng Vijt Nam, svr syp do cda hj thing XHCN d LiSn X6 v4 Ddng Au) Cling vdi edng cuOc dli mdi dit nudc do Dtog ta tiln hanh (tir 1986) theo dudng loi xda bd co che quan liSu - bao cip, thilt lip CO chl thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN dl lim ban vdi tit c4 cic nudc, da cho thiy cujc eii each giio dye n4y khdng dip iing dugc su phit trien cua dto tOc trong hoto cinh mdi. Do khdng xic dinh dugc mgt trilt li gito dye dtog din Cling cic nguySn li khoa hge gito dye hijn dai, cic cugc dli mdi giio dye cudi the ki XX va diu thl ki XXI Uen tyc thit bgi, v4 cugc ddi mdi hijn hinh cung khdng hira hgn mgt triln vgng tot dgp.
Mgt nln giio dye bit clip khdng chi kim him sy phit triln kinh tl, mi cdn Iim suy giim gii tri tilng Vijt, din tdi nhiing anh
hudng tiSu cyc ddi vdi nln vfa hda dto tOc.
Tuy nhiSn, vijc Dtog ta tayen bl
"cdi trdi" eho cic vto nghe si da tgo ra mOt dinh hudng mdi cho sy phit triln vto hda dto tOc. Sau nhiing su trto trd eua Nguyin Minh ChSu, Nguyin Khai, Trto Din va mOt s6 nhi vto khic dl thoit khdi giai dogn "vto nghe minh hga", mdt giai doan vto hgc mdi dudng nhu da dugc md ra vdi Nguyin Huy Thijp, Trin Vto Thiiy, Bio Ninh, Phgm Thj Hoii, Bid Nggc Tin, Nguyin Quang Thto, Da Ngan, Nguyin Mgnh Tuin, Nguyen Nggc Tu, Nguyen Thi Nggc Hii vi nhilu nha vto khic.
3. CSc vin dl tdn tai trong tieng Vijt hijn dai
Mjc dil chir Quoc ngO da trd thtoh vta tu chlnh thiic ddc tdn ciia tieng Vijt trong mOt thl ki qua, nhung vije dtog btog chii cii nude ngoii dl ghi im tilng me dJ yi viec dilng chit Viet Latin hda thay thl hoto toto cho chO Nho trong qui khli van lim niy sinh nhilu van dl phiie tap trong tilng Vijt hijn hinh.
3.L Nhiing tin that l&n vi vin hoa din tpc khi chit Nho bj logi ba hoin loan
Tl tien ta da dl lgi cho h|u thl mjt khli lugng thu tjch dl sj trong cic kho luu trii cua nhi nudc, nhtmg ehi cd mjt so it di cic chuyen gia Hto - Ndm ciia ta vi ngudi Trung Quoc dgc dugc. d cic dinh ehtia, den mieu, Itog tim 14 di tich lich su Clia to tiSn ed rit nhilu nhiing ldi gito huin qu^ biu duge ghi tgc trong cie hoinh phi, ciu ddi buy bia di, nhung hiu hit ngudi Vijt ngiy nay khdng bilt d dd viet gi.
170
TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
Li Vinh QuicCimg vdi viec loai bd hoto toto chd Han, cac gia trj quy biu eiia Nho hgc vdn li phim chit tdt dep ciia dto tgc nhu
"nhan, nghia, IS, tri, tin", "trung, hilu, tiet, nghia", "cdng, dung, ngdn, hanh",
"can, kiem. Hem, chinh", "chi cdng, vd tti", "quang minh chinh dgi"... chi cdn la nhiing hinh bdng md nhgt.
Vijc day hge cd vta khdng dya tren bto gdc Hto - Viet, mi chi dilng bm dich sang chil Qudc ngO khiln cho ngudi hgc khdng thS cim thy day du gia tri cic tog vto chuong xuit ehiing, nhu: "Nam Quoc Scm Hi" a thdi nhi L)?, "Du chu Tt ttiang Hich van" ciia Trin Quoc Tuin,
"Bgch Ding Giang phu" ciia Truong Hto Sieu, "Binh Ngo Dgi cio" ciia Nguyen Trai... cho den ei "Nguc trung nhgt ki" ciia Hd Chi Minh.
Trong tilng Viet hijn dgi, hon 70%
sl tu ngii 14 tii ngii gdc Hto - Viet. Khi khdng bilt tir nguyen goc Hto li ^ , ngudi ta da vilt sai tit nhilu trong mgi thu vto bto: dtog "ylu dilm" dl vilt
"diSm ylu", "tiiju hdi" (xe 6 td...) thay vi "thu hii", "cilu cinh" (mye dich cudi cilng) dugc ding theo nghia "cich ciiu",
"phi vy" (ehuyin bay) biln thinh "vy vijc md im", "tu" (chil, tSn cha) biln thinh "tuc 14", "btog quang" (bgng dai) dugc dung thay cho "btag quan" (khdng quta tam), "xto lan" vilt thanh "sing lgn", "dim nhijm" viet thinh "dim nhto", "vj thinh nien" dugc hilu lgn ngugc li "di thinh nien", "cin tic vd uu"
da bien thinh "cin tic vd iy niy", "Dta Bto" dich thinh "Minh Bto"...
That rd ring, vijc logi bd hoto toto chn Hto chinh la sy til bd mgt di sto qu;^
bto de ke thira v4 phit triln bto sic vto hda, dan tdi su diit gay vl vto hda ciia dto tdc vdi nhilu h j lyy tai hgi cho tilng Vijt ndi rieng vi vta hda ndi chung.
Vto de niy cto dugc giai quylt tir ehuong trinh gito dye phd thdng.
Chuong trinh Vijt vta ciia cie trudng trung hgc co sd v4 timg hge pho thdng cin xiy dyng lgi, dl dinh thdi gim thich dmg cho vijc hgc Co vfa vdi chil Hto lim gdc. Chucmg trinh cin giiip hgc sinh tiSp can duge cic vfa bto gdc Hto - Ndm vdi nhiing cii phip cto bto v4 mgt sd lugng tir nhit djnh, tgo dilu kien cho hgc sinh ning eao tiinh dg vi tilp tue hge ISn dai hgc theo chuySn nginh Hto - Ndm. [5].
3.Z Nhirng vin te cia hing chit cai tiing Vift hifn hinh
Bing cho eii tilng Vijt theo mlu tu Latin do giim mye Alexmdre de Rhodes xac IJp da dgt den hieu qui gin nhu tli uu. Tuy nhien, tinh hinh thyc tien hijn nay da cho thiy ed mdt sd vin de can giii quylt dl bang nay dugc hoto thijn hon.
3.2.1. Tin ggi cic chu cai phii ditffc thing nhdt
Trong btog chO cii cua mli nudc, timg chu cii deu cd mdt tSn ggi duy nhit, dugc xlp theo thii ty cua mgt hj thing nhit djnh, dl ip dung thing nhit mgi Iiic, mgi noi trong mgi trudng hgp.
Dudi thdi Phip thuOc, btog chO cii Qudc ngO Vijt Nam dugc dgc tSn chO cii tucmg tu nhu Alphabet Phip (a-bj-xS...), each danh vin cung gilng nhu tixing tiSng Phip: ten chO cii g h ^ vdi nhau thinh tu (xS-hit-a-cha, em(d)-e-me-ntog- mg...), nen tSn chO cii ciing ludn thdng
171
Y kien trao doi
So 8(86) nim 2016
nhat trong mgi trudng hgp.
Nhung trong phong trio "Binh d t o hgc vy" sau Cieh mgng thtog Tim, he thdng tSn ehu cii Quoc ngO dugc ddi dl ggi theo am (a-bd-cd...), each dtoh vin cung ddi theo cich ghep am (a-i-ai-trd-ai- trai, a-i-ai-gd-ai-gai-sie-gii...). Tuy nhien, cieh dgc chu mdi niy chi dugc ap dyng eho hge sinh tap ghep vin d idp diu tieu hgc; cdn tat ea cic eip hgc khie n-ong nhi trudng, he thing ten cic chu eai cu (a-bS-xe...) vin dugc sir dyng trong tat e i cie mdn hgc. Nhu vay 14 da cd su lln ldn giOa hai he thong tSn chO eii ngay trong nha trudng.
_ TrSn cic phuong tijn truyln thdng, sy lto ldn dd cdn nghiem trgng hon. TSn ggi tit cua cic nhdm nudc nhu G7, 0 8 , G20... dugc cic xudng ngdn viSn Dii Truyen hinh Trung uong (VTV) dgc 14
"gd biy", "gd tam", "gd hai muoi"; trong khi bgn ding nghijp ciia hg d Dii Truyln hinh Thinh pho Hd Chi Minh (HTV) dgc la "gie biy", "gie tim", "gie hai muoi"...
Dtog nggc nhiSn 14, khi gap chO GM (tSn viSt tit Clia cdng ti MT ndi tilng General Motors), chinh nhung ngudi cua VTV lgi dgc Ii "giS em"chii khdng phii "gd md"!
Tuong tu, cha ODP (vilt tat ciia "tdng sto phim quic ngi"), hg eung dgc 14 "giS dS pS" (hoac "gi di pi") chu khdng phii
"gd dd pd"!
GiOa liie hai h j thong ten chO tilng Vijt song song tdn tgi, thi su xam nhap mgnh mS cua tilng Anh vto tilng Vijt da 14m cho vin d l u d nSn phiic tgp them.
Ddi^vdi mgt s l chu vilt tat tu tilng Anh, nhieu ngudi da dimg ludn ten chu tilng Anh d l dgc cho ngudi Viet nghe!
That ro rtog, viec cie chu trong cimg mgt btog ehO eai ludn dugc dgc btog nhung ten ggi khic nhau d timg noi timg lOc da lim eho tilng Vijt trd nen thilu chat che v4 kem chinh xic.
Vay, Iam each nao dS btog chu cai tieng Viet chi cdn mgt h j thdng ten chu cii duy nhat ip dung d mgi luc mgi noi?
Giii phip cua Bd Giio due v i Dio tgo (cdng bd nam 2003) li: he thong "a-be- xe" dugc khing djnh la hj thdng ten chS de sir dung khi dge timg chu cii rieng biet; cdn hj thing "a-bd-cd" li he thing am Clia cic ehu dimg d l ghep vin.
Tuy nhien, su khic nhau giOa "am"
va "ten" chu l i rit trim tugng, khd cd thl phto biet rgch rdi. Do vay, ea nha trudng v4 gidi truyln thdng van mjc nhien su dung lln lgn ca hai h j thing ten chu nhu chua h i cd giai phip niy. Vi viy, eo 18 sir dyng trd lai h j thing a-be-xe dl ghep vin bing cha se 14 giii phip thda dtog hon. [6,tr.223-23I].
3.2.2. Cdn diiu chinh vi bo sung bang chir cai Quoc ngi Viet
Btog cha cii tilng Viet hijn hinh bao gdm 29 chO cii, trong dd cd 7 chO dugc chl tgo rieng eho tilng Vijt, bang cieh "dgi mu them rau" cho cic cha cii Latin gdc, l i A, A, D, E, 6 , 0 , LT.
Neu chi sO dyng d l ghep vin, dgc, vijt hay bien soan Tir diln, thi sy ton tgi cua nhung cha dd trong btog chO cii khdng cd vin d l gi. Nhung ti-ong nhOng cdng dung khic ciia nd, thi btog chO cii Igi cd van d l phit sinh td 7 chO niy.
Khi cin sip xep mgt h j thing nao dd theo vin chO eii, ngudi ta hoto toto logi bd 7 cha dd. Ching hgn, trong vijc
TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM Le Vinh Quic
ghi ki hieu eac hgng ghi ciia hdi mrdng, nhi hit, rgp chilu bdng, sto van ddng hay radt sd phucmg tien giao thdng.
Khi c t a uinh biy cto luto dilm theo thir tu vin chu cai, ngudi ta cung thto nhiSn bd qua nhung chu dd. Trong cac mdn hgc d nha trudng, khi cin dimg btog chu cii de trinh biy cac ki hieu hay cdng thiic, nhOng cha niy cung khdng bao gid dugc i p dyng. Nlu xet tren gdc do ngdn ngu hgc, vijc 7/29 hie gin '/i so cho cii khdng dugc su dyng trong cac tiudng hgp neu trSn da cho thiy sy khdng btoh thudng cua btog cha cii chinh thiic:
7 cho neu n«n khdng du^rc eoi 14 binh ding vdi nhang chO khac.
ihSm naa, bing chO cii tilng Viet cd IhSm 7 chu "biln t h l " neu tren, nhung Igi khdng cd 4 ehu khie Ii F, J, W v i Z.
Viee giam mye Alexandre de Rhodes logi bd F d l thay bing vin PH, logi bd J d l thay bing GI v4 logi bd Z d l thay bing D, rdi lai phai tao ra chO D d l thay cho D 14 dieu khd hilu. Cta cii vio tilng Vijt hien hinh, ed the nhto thiy diing F thay cho PH, dung J thay cho GI v i dimg Z Ihay cho D se thuto tien v4 hgp li hon.
Mgt khic, tiong nhi mrdng v i ngoii xa hgi, ngudi Vijt Nam dang su dung l i t nhieu c i 4 cha cii m i giam mye Alexandre de Rhodes da loai bd. Da tu lau, nhi tiudng quen vdi "lyc F", thmg nhiet dg F, vdi nguyen td hda hgc Flo hay ki hiju cua sit l i Fe, vdi "Ki Jura", cac ki hiju edng suit dien W va KW, nguyen td Wolfram, nguyen td Zn, c i e don vj KHz vi MHz, i n so x-y-z... Trong x i hgi, 4 chu eai niy edn dugc dimg nhilu hon nOa trong cic eha vilt tit nhu HUFUT,
FPT, TOEFL, VFF, FIFA, UEFC, AFC.
FIBA, FIDE, TFS, FAFIM, FAHASA, UNICEF, FAO, IMF, FBI, FM, WTO WHU, WC. Z751, Z755,Z25...; n-ong cic to ngogi nhap nhu m i y fax, den flash, cic cua htog cafe hay binh flan, vd judo, quto j e m s , nhgc jazz... Trong cic thuat ngu ehuyen mdn khoa hgc - kl thugt v i edng nghj thdng tin, 4 chu cii niy cdn dugc diing nhilu hem nua.
Dugc dimg rit nhilu trong mgi ITnh vuc ciia ddi sdng xa hgi, F, J, W vi 2 da tio thinh cto chO eii thdng dyng ti-ong tieng Viet, nhung chung khdng hijn dien trong btog chO cii tilng Vijt.
Sy bit cap khi su dyng 7 cha "dgi mu them rau" v i viee thilu sdt 4 chB F, J, W y i 2 ddi hdi phii cii tiln btog chO eai Qudc ngO Viet Nam. Chinh Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh da cii tiln btog chO cii v i each ghep vin theo mgt quan dilm xac dtog [7, tt-.57-61]. Phit tiiln quan dilm dd, giii phap cai tiln cd thl l i bd sung 4 cha cdn thilu, bd chO D d l dimg D thay eho D, rdi dimg 2 thay cho D hien hinh;
6 ehu "ddi mO thSm rau" cdn lgi sS dat vio mdt vj-tii phy ti-ong btog. Theo dd, btog cho eai e4i tiln cd thl tiinh b4y nhu sau (vdi 26 ehu co b t o v4 6 phy chu trong diu ngoae):
A (A, A), B, C, D, E (E), F, G, H. I, J, K, L, M, N, O ( 6 , O), P, Q, R, S, T U(10, V, W, X, Y, Z.
Btog ehu cii niy se dugc i p dung nhit quin, chinh xic va hgp phip mgi luc, mgi noi trong mgi mrdng hgp. [8]
3.3. Van di viit tin rieng nirdc ngoai trong tiing Viet
Trong Ijch su phit tiiln chO Qude
Y kien trao ddi So 8(86) nam 2016
ngii Viet Nam, vide viet cac danh tij rieng (ten ngudi, tdn ddt) cua nudc ngodi dugc thuc hidn bdng l i t nhidu cdch thiic khac nhau; vidt theo tix Han - Viet (Vi du: Gia Nd Dgi, Tdn Gia Ba, Manh Diic Tu Cuu, Hoa Thinh Ddn, Ma Khdc Tu...); bidn tdn da dm nudc ngoai thanh ten don dm tidng Viet (dao Co Ddc, thanh Phao Ld, Cac Mac, Ld Nin, Xit Ta Lin, Phdng Tin, Cd Det, Ddt Ta Nhan, Xi Trum...); phien dm sang tidng Viet cd ggch ndi (Oa-sinh- ton, Mat-xco-va, Vich-to Huy-gd, Seeh- xpia...); phien dm vidt lidn khdng ddu (Matxcova, Oasinhton, Xinhgapo, Anphdngxo Dddd...); vidt theo tir nguydn goc nudc ngodi (Washington, Paris, Madrid, Singapore, Shakespeare, Karl Marx...).
Cho ddn nay, tdt ca cae cdch thiic hay quy tdc viet ten nudc ngodi do da vd dang dugc dp dung d nudc ta vdi nhftng mdc dp khac nhau tuy theo timg noi timg Iijc, khidn cho nguon tii vung vd tdn ddt tdn ngudi nudc ngoai trong tieng Vi$t trd ndn hon logn.
Bh khdc phye tinh trang do, Bg Gido dye vd Ddo tgo dd ban hanh bdn
"Quy dfnh vi chinh td tiing Vi$t vd vi thudt ngu tiing Viet" (1984), ndu rd nguyen tdc vi^t tdn nudc ngoai Id: "Cdn tdn trgng ngi^en hinh theo cha viit Latin hay chimin t{r Latin trong nguyen nga"
[dan theo 9, tr.78-84]. Nhung thuc te lgi ndy smh van dd: viet theo "nguydn hinh"
cua nguyen ng& ndo? Bdi vi ngudi Viet khdng the bidt hdt hang trdm ngoai ngft tren the gidd dd ma v i ^ theo tat cd cdc nguydn ngft dd. Vi vdy, Bp Gido d\ic vd Dao tgo lgi phai ban hanh Qity dinh tgm
thdi vi viit hoa ten riing trong sdch gido khoa (2003), trong dd nhdn mgnh:
^''Trudng hgp phiin dm khdng qua dm Hdn - Vi?t (phien dm true tiip, viit sdt theo cdch dgc): Doi vdi moi bg phgn tgo thdnh ten riing, viet chu hoa chu edi ddu vd CO ggch ndi giOa edc dm tiet" [dan theo 9, tr.78-84]. Nhu vgy Id Bd chi dao quay v^ vdi each "phidn am ggch ndi"
trudc ddy dd thay cho vide diing "nguydn ngft". Trong khi dd, Thdng tu hudng dan the thiic vd Id thugt trinh bdy vdn bdn hdnh chinh do Bo Ndi v\i ban hanh ndm 2003 lgi quy djnh each vidt tdn nudc ngodi Id "phien dm tnte tiip sdt cdeh dgc cua ngi^en nga" [ddn theo 9, tr.78-84], nghia id "phidn am khdng gach noi" vdn dd bi cdch vidt theo "nguyen hinh tu gdc " phd djnh!
Sv bat CEip cua cac gidi phdp neu trdn da chi ra rdng: trong th\rc d ^ g cua tieng Vi^t hi?n hdnh khdng thd c6 giai phdp tdi uu duy nhdt dd dp dung cho tit cd cac trudng hpp. Bdi the, cdn phdi tim ra mpt quy tdc nhdt quan nhung mem ddo dd ap dimg cho nhihig trudng hpp khac nhau. Chinh quy dinh ve 6 ngdn ngii chinh thiic cua Lien hi$p qudc diing cho 193 nudc thdnh vien cd the gpi i? cho mpt quy tdc nhu vdy. Ngoai trir tieng A Rap qua xa lg vdd tieng Vi?t ca vd ngft dm, ngu phap vd vdn ty, 5 ngdn ngQ chinh thiic cdn lgi ciia Lien Hi§p Quoc tro thdnh CO sd ciia quy tdc chung nhit qudn cho vi^c v i ^ tdn nudc ngodi trong tidng Vi$t: Danh tu ridng (tdn ddt, tdn ngudi) cua nudc ngoai dupc vidt theo nguydn dgng tilng Anh, tieng Phdp, tieng Tdy Ban Nha; theo nguydn dgng tilng Nga
TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM LS Vinh Quic
Latin hda vi theo nguyen gdc tu Hto - Viet Latin hda. [9, ti-.78-84].
3.4. Stf xam nhgp cia ngogi ngir vdo tUng Vift v&i nhOng hflfy tiiu eta:
Trong thdi dgi toto ciu hda md rdng giao luu quoc tl, su xim nhgp eua ngogi nga (chu ylu Ii tilng Anh) vio tilng Viet 14 hi$n hrgng hiln nhign ein chip nhgn dl Iim eho tilng Viet them phong phi. Nhung viee du nhgp ngdn tu nudc ngoii vto vto vilt vi vto ndi khdng dimg lgi d sy cin thilt vi hgp li, mi da bi lam dyng khiln eho tilng Viet vin dye vi xudng eip.
Bang hi^u cic cua hing diy rly tiSng Anh lin it ci tilng Viet Trong Viet vto thdng dung, nhOng td tilng Anh ludn chen vto ddng chO Viet: "top", "hot",
"teen", "shop", "shopping", VIP, MC (em xi)... Mgt sd cay but Viet Nam bit nhto vat cua minh (cung Ii ngudi Viet) phM mic (hoic cdi) cii "underwear"
(thay vi dl Idt); cdn chile bat lua thdng dyng thi phii ggi li "zippo" mdi duge!
Ngudi Vi^t edn thich eim thto bing tilng Anh "Yeah!" ho|c "Wow!". Ngudi ta cdn CO y diing tilng Anh dl thay cho nhung til Vi^t rit doi thdng thudng:
"comment" thay cho "bmh luto",
"slogan" thay cho "khiu higu"...
TiSng Anh hien dign ngay trong ten ggi chinh thirc cua cic chuong tiinh vto hda hole thl thao. V-league li ten nudc ngoii dl ggi giii bdng da cua ViSt Nam, nay da trd thinh ten ggi giai "trtn hgng nhit" Clia nude ta - "hgng V-Ieague".
Nhieu giii diu mang ten "ViSt Nam open"! Mdt dii truyen hinh to chirc thi Sh ti-ao "giii Awards", m0t dii khae cd
chuong trinh "The gidi X-men" vi d4i thu ba phit chuong tiinh ca nhac "Yetol T V cdng nhilu chuong ttinh khic mang ten tieng Anh. Mgt nhi dii phit chuong tiinh "BiUboard thl thao" thi nhi d4i khac cd "Thl thao Number One"! Trong cdng nghe giii tii, nhilu nghS si nudc ta cd ve d& tin ring hg se dat dugc "tim cd qudc tl" khi tu dgt eho mmh, cho htog, nhdm, hogc sto phim cua mmh nhang tSn ggi bing tilng Anh: Mister Dim, hang Senafihn, nhdm iVficrowaves, album
^Music ofthe night"...
Thudng chirng kiln nhdng budi hgp mat bao gdm cto nam thanh na tii chio nhau "Hello!", ttd chuyen bing tilng Vigt nhung ludn d^m cac tir "yes!", "no!"
, "OK", 'Vow!"..., cimg nhau hat
"Happy buthday" hoae "Happy new year" rdi tam biet nhau bing
"Goodbye!", ngudi ta se phii chgnh Idng nghi din nhang "6ng Tiy An Nam" mi cto nhi vta yeu nudc da cham bilm sau cay ngay tu thdi Phip thugc.
Trudc tmh hinh dd, Nhi nudc cin cd nhflng bien phip ngto chto vige Igm dyng niy dl bto ve sy ttong stog cua tilng Viet. Xin luu ^ ring ehinh phd Phip khdng cho phep diing cie tu tilng Anh ttong vto bto Phap ngO; cdn chinh phu Trung Quoc thgm chi da cim dimg ei nhung thugt ngO qudc tl thdng dyng duge vilt tit bing tilng Anh nhu GNP GDP...
4. Kit luin
Ngdn ngO 14 vd vii ehit cua tu duy, nen (Be tinh tir duy cua ngudi Vigt thl hi$n fliinh djc dilm ngdn ngO ciia minh.
Tu duy Viet Alien vl cim Unh, nen ngudn
Y kien trao doi So 8(86) ndm 2016
tu vung tieng Viet goc hdu hdt Id nhftng tir chi sir vat, hien tupng, hdnh ddng cu thd; ddng thdi rat phong phii ve nhung tu bidu hidn thai dp - tinh cam. Nhung tu duy Vi?t thidu chieu sdu li tinh, ndn ngudn tir vung do tiiidu hdn nhftng thuat ngu khdi qudt - trim tupng, thdm chi thieu cd nhftng dgi tu nhdn xung trung tinh de giao tidp vupt khdi su chi phdi Clia nhftng thai dp - tinh cam giiia cdc ben ddi thoai. Vi vgy, vide du nhgp chu Hdn vdi hon 70% tu Hdn - Viet trong kho tCr v\mg tieng Viet da ndng tdm vdn hda Viet len ngang hdng vdi vdn mmh Hoa Ha, din tdi thdi ki dpc lap cua nha nudc Dgi Vi^t. Tidp do, khi chft Viet Latin hda tea thanh Qudc ngft thay cho chft Nho, ndn giao due Phdp -Viet Igi md ra thdi dai Khai sang vdn hda Vi?t ngay dudi chd dp thuc dan - phong kien, ddn tdi nudc Viet
Nam ddc lap dudi chd dp Ddn chu Cpng hda.
Tuy nhien, chinh vide lay cdc chft vidt nudc ngoai lam chft viet ciia minh da de lai cho tidng Vipt hien dgi nhidu vdn dd pfaiic tap cdn dupc gidi quydt dd ndng cao gid trj ciia nd. Khi da cd gidi phap diing ddn, cdc van dd dd ddu cd thd gial quydt dupc.
Van hda Id gdc dd djnh hudng cho chinh tri, md ngudn gdc ciia van hda lai la ngdn ngu, ndn vide ndng cao gia trj tieng Vi^t CO y nghia vd ciing quan trpng. Qua dd cd thd hieu vi sao Pham Quynh ndi:
"Truyen Kieu cdn, tiing ta cdn; tiing ta con, nudc ta edn "; vd Trdn Qudc Vupng bdo: "Chinh tri ra di, vdn hda a lgi"
Tuong lai ciia nudc nhd tuy thupc vao su phdt tridn van hda di;a tren tilng Vi?t hipn dgi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Cam Anh, "Tdi chi chuydn dupc 60% khdng khi Sd Do ", Bdo Gido due vd Th&i dai Chu nhdt, 16-6-2002.
Ddng Cpng san Vi?t Nam (1979), Nghi quyit 14 cua Bg Chinh tri Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang (Khda IV) ve cdi cdch gido due, Hd Ndi.
Dd Quang Chinh (1972), Lich sd cha Qudc ngu, Nhd sach Ra Khoi xudt ban, Sai Gon.
Hd Thanh Tam (2013), Yiu td Phdp-Viit frong linh vuc cdi cdeh gido difc a Vift Nam thai ki 1862-1945, Ludn vdn Tligc sT Lich su, Trudng Dgi hpc Su pham Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh.
Le Vinh Qudc (2013), "Mpt di san van hda phdi dupc bdo tdn". Tap ehl Hdn Vi$t, sd 72 (thdng 8-2013).
Ld Vinh Qudc (2010), Mdy vdn di vi bdng ehu cdi tiing Viit vd mgt quan diim cdi tien cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh, Ki ydu Hpi thdo khoa hpc toan qudc vd Phdt tridn vd gia gin su trong sdng cua tidng Vi§t trong thdi ky h^i nhgp qudc te hidn nay, Trudng Dgi hpc HUFLIT vd Dgi hpc Sdi Gon, 18-6-2010.
Le Vinh Quoc, Tudng Phi Ngp (2010), "Bdc Ho cai tien vdn qu6c ngft", Ki ydu H0i thdo khoa hgc: Chd tfch Hd Chi Minh - mgt tdm nhin chiin luge vi gido due vd sw phgm, Trudng Dgi hpc Suphgm Ha Npi, thdng 12-2010.
;';^PfHlKHOA H(?C OHSP TPHCM Li Vinh Quic
8. LS Vinh Qudc (2013), "Mgt s l Men phap d l chuin hda btog chu cii tilng Vief t l S 5 20 *"'' ^"^^ **" ' ^ ^"P^"" " ^ " * P''i "i Chi Minh. s l 46 (80), 9. U Vmh Qudc (2012), "Dl xuat mgt quy tic vilt ten nude ngoai tixing tilng Viet" Ki yeu Hot thao khoa hgc Quae gia vi Xay dung chudn muc chlnh la thdng nhil Irong
llkTZV^uL'f". ""' '''"^^ "'" "•'^•^'" """"* *'• ''•""ii- T^^g Bgi hoe
KHAH&NV TPHCM, Trudng Dai hgc Sai Gdn va bao Thanh Nien, TPHCM 21-12-
'"• l^ltSi- ? ' " ^ ' ^ ° " ^ ^ ' '^'""' "^ ™ °"^ -'"' " ^ ' ""•"' N"'' Tflng hop Thanh phi Ho Chl Mmh. ' *^
11. Vu Trgng Phung, Ve nho boi hi - NhOng tde phdm mil tim thdy nam 2000 Peter Zmoman suu tin,, Lai Nguyen An gidi thieu, chii thieh (In lin thu hai cd b l sung)
Nxb Hgi Nha vto, 2004. '''' I am Vto Be, "Nhto bto vl vto hda hto Tay thudc, fliu nhto dinh vl: Chinh sach
khai hoa va kha, thic cua thuc dto Phip tai Nam Ki", Truyin Thong-Cammunicalian so 34835. htlp://mvw.org/.m 34/7.hlml
n . Nguyin Lm. Vien (1966), "Chinh sich vto hda-gito due", Digilt^d by
namkyluetinh.org -^
14. Nguyin Vy Khanh (2012), "Vl mgt s l bto chi Nam-ky flidi diu vto hgc chO qulc- ngu Montteal, Canada: hltp://namkyluetlnh.org/a-tglpham/nvkhanh/nvkhanh- LichSuBaoChiThoidaupdf.
(Ngiy T^ seen nh$n dupc d i i ; 02-11-2015: ngiy phin biin dSnh gIS 03-12-2015- ng^ chap nh^n^ng: 27-8-2015}
