Tap chi Khoa hpc Ngo;l ngi> Sa 46 (Ihang 3/2016)
VAI I R Q VA y i T H E CUA JIENG ANH TRONG T H d l KI HOINHAP VA MOT SO HAM Y CHO VIECjjOACH BINH CHINH SACH NGOAI NGU"
d VIET NAM
H.S))
Hoang Van VanMuc dfch cOa bai vi4t nay Ik khio sAt vai tro vk vi th4 cua tiing Anh trong thdfi ki h0i nhap, tCr do neu m^t s6 ham y cho vi$c xay dung chfnh sach ngo^i ngCr phu hqrp d Vi$t Nam.
Bai viit gdm nSm phin. PhAn mot trinh bky khai quat tinh hinh phit triin cila tiing Anh vk w thi cua tiing Anh tren thi gi6i. Ph^n hai giki thfch tai sao tiing Anh l^i c6 du<?c vi thi cua mgt ngon ngO tokn ciu quan trgng nhk hi$n nay. Phin ba trinh bky w thi hi$n t$i va dt/
doSn triin vgng cOa tiing Anh d Vi$t Nam trong tuang lai. Phin bin thko lu$n mOt s6 thich thO-c cOa tiing Anh dii vdi tiing Vi$t va dii vai cac ngo^i ngO khic dang difgc rfg/ va sO- dijng a Vi$t Nam. Phin nSm torn luge l$i nhung n^i dung da trinh bky, n§u m^t so kit iu$r}
va ham ^ cho vi^c x^y di/ng chfnh s&ch ngon ngCr phii hgp noi chung vk chfnh sich ngo$i ngu phu hgp noi rieng & Vi$t Nam trong boi canh hgi nhip vk tokn du hoa.
The aim of this article is to explore the role and status of the English language in the context of world integration and thence to provide some implications for the formulation of an appropriate foreign language policy in Vietnam. The article consists of five parts. Part one provides an overview of the development of the English language and Its status in the world.
Part two explains why English has gained its status as the most Important global language today. Part three presents ffie current status of English in Vietnam and anticipates its prospect in the future. Part four discusses some of the challenges of English to Vietnamese and other foreign languages curently taught and used in Vietnam. And part five gives a resume of what has been discussed, makes some conclusions and implications for the formulation of an appropriate language policy in general and an appropriate foreign language policy in particular in Vietnam in the context of world integration and globalization.
1. Dan nhalp me ciia ckc ngdn ngii tokn cau vk moi de Ki tvt phan thii hai cua thS ki 20, thS <'°» "^ ^ I ' ^ S * ' "^ " S ° " "SO nho be, gioi da chfag ki^n mot su thay d6i c6 tfnh S*" lan trayen manh mS cua cac ngon ngu bung na vS sv da dang c i a c^o ngon ngu ' " ! " '^^"' ' ^ Phit trien va banh truAng co rk gidng nhOng gi duac m6 ta trong cau * = " « ' ^ T " g ' ° ' " ^^^ "^"S A"** " ^ ^ '^
chuyen T h i p troi (The Tower of Babel) '^^'^ " ' " ' >**? " ' ' ""' " " * ^ 8™. <:ac trong Kinh thanh. Su thay d6i co tfnh ^'^'' P^^P '^''°"8 " ' fP 'V= ^ m Ita cua bung n6 nky bao g6m su lan truy6n manh "^ "JE™ "S** ' ° ^ f " * 6 " g 'P^ "^itag cd gkng ciia cac quoc gia - dan tdc nham
* GS.TS., Trung tkm Ngon ngir va Qu6c 16 ^h liii hay lam chkm l?i qud tiiilh xkm hoc, Tru-dng D?i hgc Ngoai ngO' - Dai hoc i§n cua cac ngdn ngfi dd, nhirng quySt tam Qudc gia Ha Noi
Hoang Van Van CHINH SACH NGdN NGO'
khdng ngimg ciia cac qudc gia - dkn t^c nham khkng dinh ban sSc ciia minh thdng qua ngon ngii, tkt ca d^u dang dien ra mOt each sinh dgng 1km cho viec nghien ciiu ban chat vk ckc kha nang hoach dinh chinh sach ngdn ngu ciia cac qudc gia trSn the gidi trd thknh mdt ITnh vyc phat triin mau le va hap din.
Nhu nhan de da chi ra, bai vi8t nky du dinh se thko luan vi the vk vai trd ciia tieng Anh trSn the gidi vk d Viet Nam trong thdi ki hgi nhkp va nhimg tac d0ng CO the cd ciia no d6i vdi viec hoach djnh chfnh sach ngoJu ngii d Viet Nam. Bai viSt gom nkm phkn. Ph§n mot (Muc 2) trinh bay khai quat tinh hinh phat tri^n ciia tieng Anh vk vi th8 cija tiSng Anh tren thi giai. Phan 2 (Muc 3) giai thich tai sao tieng Anh lai co dugc vi thi cua mpt ngdn ngii toan cau quan trpng nhkt hien nay.
Ph4n ba (Myc 4) trinh bky vi the hien tai vk dy doan trien vgng cua tieng Anh d Vi6t Nam trong tuong lai. Phlin bdn (Muc 5) thko luan mOt sd thach thiic ciia tiSng Anh ddi vdi tieng Viet vk ddi vdi ckc ngoai ngii khac d Viet Nam. Phkn nkm (Muc 6) tdm tat lai nhiing ndi dung da trinh bky, nSu mpt so ket luan vk hkm y can phai tfnh den trong khi hoach djnh chinh skch ngdn ngii ndi chung vk chfnh sach ngoai ngii ndi rieng d Viet Nam trong bdi canh hpi nhap va tokn cau hda.
2. Khai quat tinh hinh phat trien cua tieng Anh va vi th^ cua tieng Anh tren the gioi
Khi ngudi Anh bkt dku cac cupc vien chinh di xam chiem thudc dia vko giiia the ki 16, sd ngudi ndi tiSng Anh ban dia lilc do mdi cd khoang 3 triSu (Honna [1];
King [2]). Ay the nhung chi hon bdn the ki sau, sd ngudi ndi tiSng Anh trSn the gidi chiem mgt ti 1§ dp dko. Theo Ling &
Brown [3: 2], tieng Anh dugc su dyng nhu Ik ngdn ngii chfnh thiic va ngdn ngii dong chfnh thuc trong hon 75 quoc gia vk viing Iknh thd, vdi sd lugng ngudi ndi khoang 1,5-2,0 ti. NSu thdng kS ck sd ngudi hgc tieng Anh nhu la mgt ngoai ngir d trSn han 100 qudc gia vk vilng lanh thd khac thi ta se nhkn dugc mpt con sd dkng kinh ngac: tdng so nhiing ngudi ndi tieng Anh nhu Ik ngdn ngii thu nhat, nhu la ngon ngii thii hai vk nhu la mpt ngoai ngir chiem mpt ti le khdng dudi 1/3 dkn s6 the gidi.
Thong ke gan dky nhkt cua Lien Hiep Quoc cho biet hien nay khoang 85% cac td chiic qu6c ti six dung tiSng Anh 1km ngdn ngir chfnh thuc, nhieu hon rat nhieu so vdi cac to chiic sir dung b6n ngdn ngii quoc te quan trgng khac cong lai Ik tieng Nga, tieng Trung, tieng Phap vk tieng Diic.
Hien tai Lien hiep Qudc cd khoang hon 50 ca quan, bkng chyc chuong trinh, hang tram co quan chuyen mdn, iiy ban khu vuc, liy ban chiic nkng, va uy ban thudng true sii dung tieng Anh lam ngdn ngii chfnh thuc. Tieng Anh cd vai trd chfnh thiic hoac vai trd lam viec trong biSn bkn ciia ckc h§i nghi thuong dinh, hpi nghi vk hpi thao quoc te. Li£n minh chku Au (EU), T6 chiic Hiep udc Bkc Dai Tay Duang (NATO), Hiep hgi cac Qudc gia Dong Nam A (ASEAN), Diln dan Hgp tac Kinh ti chku A Thai Binh Duong (APEC), Quy tien te Qudc te (IMF), v.v., tat ca deu d ^ g tieng Anh lam ngdn ngii chfnh thiic.
TiSng Anh con Ik ngdn ngii chinh thiic, duy nhkt ciia Td chiic cac qu6c gia xuat
13
T9P chi Khoa hgc Ngo^i ngiF S6 46 (thang 3/2016) khku dku liia (OPEC), Ik ngdn ngfl 1km
viSc duy nhkt ciia Hiep h6i M^u dich ty do chau Au (EFTA) vk ciia Dien dan kinh ti thi gidi (WEF). Ti^ng Anh dugc cdng nh|n vk sii dyng rOng rai den miic mk thkm chf khi mgt td chiic co nhieu qudc gia tham gia vk ngudi ta can phki chgn mdt s6 ngdn ngii chung (lingua franca) de Ikm vific thi tiSng Anh thudng Ik sy lya chgn s6 mgt. Trong nhiing hpi nghi bao gdm nhiing thknh vien cd gidi ban trong cac cudng qudc, gia trj ciia tieng Anh cung dugc cdng nhkn rpng rai hon so vdi cac ngdn ngii khac, kS ck cac ngdn ngii dugc cho Ik quan trpng tren the gidi: m?c du ki yeu cua cac hgi nghi "Sd cd thS khdng viSt bang tiSng Anh, nhung khi mu6n thdng bao ket qua hay nghi quyet mk ckc quan chiic tham du cac hgi nghi do thdng qua de phyc vy mgt ddi tugng cu tpa rOng Ion hem tr6n tokn the gidi thi nhiing thdng bao ky thudng dugc vj^t bang tieng Anh. Chi trong khu vuc chku A - Thai Binh Duong ngudi ta da thdng ke dugc khoang 90% ki yeu ciia cac td chiic quoc te dugc viet bang tieng Anh. Cic nha khoa hpc muon cdng bd ket qua nghien cuu ciia minh de ckc dong nghiep khic tren the gidi biet den va chia se cung phki dung tieng Anh lam phuong tien quang ba.
Tieng Anh con dugc cac hiep hpi thi thao qudc te su: dyng 1km ngon ngu" chinh thiic: bkt ki mdt su kien the thao Idn nao tir khu vyc den qudc ti din diing ti6ng Anh 1km ngdn ngS chfnh thiic. Ngoki ra, cac to chirc quoc t^ khkc nhu Hpi kien true su va cac hpi nghi ciia nd, ckc hpi nghi tdn giko, v.v., deu dung tiing Anh 1km phuong tien giao ti6p vk quang bk nhiing ndi dung hokc tu tudng ciia minh.
Ngay d chku Au noi mk ngudi ta thudng chd dpi rkng nhiing ngdn ngii khac tieng Anh se dugc sii dyng nhieu hon, nhung ngudi ta vIn thiy tieng Anh dugc sii dung rdng rai nhkt. Theo th6ng ke gkn day, s6 lugng cac td chiic d chau Au sii dung tieng Anh 1km ngdn ngii chinh thiic gkp hon hai 1 ^ sd lugng ckc ti chiic sii dung tiing Phap, hon ba Ikn sd lugng ckc td chiic sd dyng tiing Diic. Khi ckc cap ngdn ngii d Cgng ddng chku Au khdng cd phifin dich song ngii thi ngudi ta thudng phki chpn mdt ngdn ngO: tinng gian vk ngdn ngii trung gian nky ludn la tieng Anh. Vf dy, khi m0t ngudi Phkn Lan giao tiep vdi mdt ngudi Hi Lap, thi ngudi Phan Lan ndi tieng Phfin Lan, ngudi phi6n dich thii nhkt dich sang tieng Anh vk ngudi phien dich thii hai dich tir tieng Anh sang tieng Hi Lap. Anh hudng cua tieng Anh d chau Au manh dSn miic ma nhilu trudng dai hpc hien nay phki sii dung tieng Anh lam phuong tien giang day, dac biet la d hai bac th^c sT vk tien sT, nSu hg mu6n thu hut sinh vien tii cac qu6c gia khac'. TiSng Anh c6 mkt vk dugc chko don mot ckch kha ty nhien d hai cudng qudc ddi trpng vdi Ml la Nga vk Trung Quoc. Theo Crystal [4], d Nga, mpt cudng qudc dugc cho Ik tuong ddi bao thu trong viec tiep nh|n tieng Anh^, nhung theo sd lieu each
' Thvrc tr^ng n&y cung xay ra (16i v6i cic chircmg trinh lien ket qu6c te 6 Viit Nam trong nhOng n5m gin day. De thu hiit ngu£ri hQC Viet Nam, cdc chuong trinh liSn ket qu6c tl giiia cSc tnifimg dai h^c ciia Vi^t Nam vk cdc truimg dgi hgc nii6c ngo&i thu$c cdc nu6c khong n6i tiing Anh ihuftng ph4i sii dung tiing Anh lam phuang ti^n giang d^iy,
^ Mfic dii dugrc cho lit bao thii trong tiSp nhan tiing Anh nhung trong thyc ti ngu6i Nga rIt coi trpng vi§c hoc tieng Anh. Dieu n&y c6 thS thay thong qua thuc ti Ik ngay trong th&i ki chien tranh l^nh (tir
Hoang V5n Van CHfNH SACH N G 6 N NGO*
day khoang 15 nkm sd lugng ngudi hpc tieng Anh nhu Ik mOt ngo^ii ngfi d quoc gia nky dk len din con s6 15-20 trieu (chiem khoang 10-12% dan sd); vk tiieo Honna [1], hkng nkm d Trung Qu6c co khoang 300 tri?u ngudi hpc tiSng Anh (chi6m khokng 20% dkn sd).
Trong khu vuc truySn thdng, di thdng tin cho thS gidi biet nhirng gi dang diln ra d trong nude, h^u hit cic quoc gia din cd kenh truyen hinh da ngii, trong do thdi gian ciia chuong trinh phkt bkng tieng Anh chiSm mdt ti le uu the; ci biet, mdt sd quoc gia cdng nghi?p phat trien da dknh mdt kSnh tiiiySn hinh rieng phat bkng tieng Anh, chkng ban nhu kenh RT cua Nga, kenh NHK cda Nhat ban, kenh Arirang cua Han Qudc, kenh Channel Newsasia ciia Singapore, v.v.. Ngoki ra, hau het cac kenh ve thdi trang, ke ck thdi trang ciia Phap, cac k6nh truySn hinh cho tie em, va ckc kenh the thao tren thS gidi dudng nhu d^u dugc phkt bkng tieng Anh.
Tir nhiing gi da dugc tiinh bky d ti-Sn, cd the khkng dinh khdng do dy rkng tieng Anh da thyc sy tta thknh ngdn ngu: toan cku quan trgng nhkt hien nay: tieng Anh khong nhiing dugc six dyng trong cic mdi trudng dan ngii (mdi trudng trong do tiing Anh la tieng me de hay ngdn ngu thu nhkt), trong ckc mdi tiirdng song ngii (mdi trudng trong do tieng Anh Ik ngdn ngii ddng chfnh thiic), mk con ck trong ckc mdi trudng trong do nd la m0t ngoai ngii;
tieng Anh khdng nhiing dugc sii dung de giao tiep ben trong ckc qu6c gia ndi tieng gifta din cu6i Ihl ki 20), rit nhilu c6ng trinh khoa hoc, ca khoa hpc tu nhiSn vi khoa hQc xl hgi \k nhan v5n, b3ng rilng Anh dupe djch sang tiing Nga.
Anh mk con dugc su dung 1km phuang tien giao ti^p trong cac sy ki?n lien quoc gia va da qudc gia; no Ik ngdn ngy dugc sii dyng nhieu nhat va phd bien nhat trong skch, bko, ngoki skn bay, trong kiem sokt khdng lim, trong giao dich qudc te, trong ckc hi$p hgi quoc tS, trong khoa hgc, cdng nghe, y hgc, the thao, nhac pop, va trong quang cao (xem them Crystal [4];
May [5: 199]).
3. Giai thich ve su- phat trien cua tieng Anh nhir la ngdn ngii- toan c^u quan tr^ng nhat
Trong mdt chuong cd nhan de 'The Golden Gates of English in the Global Context" (Nhiing chiSc cdng vkng ciia tieng Anh trong bdi canh tokn cau) in trong cuon sach cd nhan de Language in the Global Context: Implications for the Language Classroom (Ngon ngii trong boi cknh tokn cau: nhiing hkm y cho Idp hgc ngdn ngft), nhk ngdn ngii hpc xa hgi Sarwar ([6: 32]), dkn theo Hokng Van Vkn ([7: 15]), neu ba dac diem noi bat dkc trung cho thdi dai tokn cau hda trong ki nguyen hiSn dai ciia chdng ta: (1) tfnh phd bien ciia nhac pop, (2) su banh trudng ciia cdng nghe thdng tin thkm chf den t|n nhiing noi xa xdi heo Iknh nhkt tren thi giai, vk (3) viec su dung tieng Anh nhu Ik ngdn ngO" quoc te de phuc vy cho cac muc dfch giao dye vk giao tiep. Vdi tieng Anh, khoang mpt niia the ki trd lai dky, khi ngdn ngii nky dugc sii dyng vk hgc nhiSu nhat tren the gidi, rat nhieu nha ngdn ngii hpc xa hdi da de tam nghien ciiu ve hiSn tugng d ^ biet nky. Nhieu ngudi da dkt cku hdi: "Nhiing yeu to ngon ngu, lich sii, hay vkn hda nko 1km cho tieng Anh tra
T9P chi Khoa hpc Ngo^i ngiy S6 46 (thang 3/2016)
thanh mgt lye lugng khdng the khuAt phyc dugc trong Uch sii phkt triSn cua ckc ngdn ngii tren thS gidi?". Ckc hpc gik khkc nhau dua ra nhiing ckch giai thfch khkc nhau, nhung hai ckch giai thich dudi day cd the Ik dai di$n (xin xem Hokng Vkn Van [8: 13]).
Ckch giai thfch thii nhat cho rang sd dl tieng Anh banh trudng khdng the ngan can dugc la vi nd cd nhiing dac diem ngdn ngii de hgc (xin xem Sarwar [6]). Nhiing ngudi ling hg each giai thfch nky cho rkng vi mkt hinh thki hgc, tiSng Anh hau nhu khong cd pham tru giong, ckch; nd ciing khdng cd nhi^u heiu td hay nhiing t ^ ciing gkn vko thkn tii nhu ti§ng Nga vk m^t sd ngon ngii chau Au khac. Do do, ngudi hgc khdng phai nhd nhung su khac biet chi tiit giiia gidng due, giong cki, gidng trung; hp ciing khdng phai nhd cac hau td dien dat ckc J' nghia cua each nhu danh ckch, sd hiiu ckch, ddi each, tang each, cdng cy each, v.v.. Ckch giki thfch nhin tir gdc dd ngon ngir hgc nay to ra If thii nhung khdng thuyet phyc. Lf do la vi, neu nhin 1^ lich su cua cac ngdn ngir d chku Au, tieng La Tinh di co Ikn Ik mgt ngdn ngii chung quan trpng dugc ndi vk hpc d nhiSu qudc gia ciia chku luc nky bkt chkp su phiic t£ip ve hinh thai vk cau tnic ciia nd chang han nhu nhiing hau td hay nhimg tkn ciing bien hinh ciia tir va nhiing sy khac nhau ve giong, sd, ckch ciia danh tir, v.v.; tieng Phkp tir nhiing nam 1960 trd ve trudc ciing da tiing Ik m^t ngdn ngii chung cho ckc qudc gia vk viing Iknh thd thu§c dia ciia Phkp bkt chkp cki thuc ti Ik tiing Phkp khdng phai la ngon ngii don gian vi hinh thki; tieng Nga cd le la ngdn ngii phiic tap ve hinh thai hon ca th6 hien trong ckc pham trii nhu gidng, sd, each ciia danh tir;
thi, thi, thki ciia dpng tii vdi nhiing bi6n td cd ve rkt khd nhd, nhung uong phan thii hai cua thS ki 20 nd cGng da timg Ik ngdn ngii dugc sii dung vk dugc day vk hpc rdng rai trong cac nude thudc khdi xa hdi chii nghia d Ddng Au, ke ck d Viet Nam.
Tir nhiing chiing cu d trSn cd thi khkng dinh rkng nhiing dkc diem ngdn ngii dugc cho Ik d l hgc khdng thS Ik can cii thuyet phyc de giai thfch cho viec mdt ngdn ngii dat dugc vi thS toan cau. Ndi each khkc, mpt ngdn ngu trd thknh ngdn nga toan cku Ichdng phai vi nhiing dac tfnh can true nfii t ^ dugc cho la don gikn vk de hgc cua nd.
Ngugc lai, nhfing dkc diem phiic tap vi hinh thki va cau trdc khdng the ngan can mdt ngdn ngii dat dugc vi the toan cau.
Ngugc lai vdi each giai thich thii nhkt, each giai thfch thii hai cho rang sd dt tieng Anh trd thanh mdt ngdn ngy toan cau la do siic manh quan sy va siic manh kinh ti trudc hit la cua di qu6c Anh trudc kia va sau dd Ik ciia ca hai de quoc Anh va Mi (xem thgm Crystal [4: 7]) hien nay mang lai. Quan diem nay da dugc lich sii the gidi chiing minh va, do dd, dugc chiing tdi chia se (xem them Hokng Van Vkn [8]).
Di ngugc ddng lich sii, ta cd thS thky rang tieng Hi Lap da cd lin trd thanh ngon ngii chung d Trung Ddng, nhung viec trd thknh ngdn ngii chung nay cua tieng Hi L^p chkc chin khdng phki do trf tue ciia ckc nhk bkc hgc vT dai ciia Hi Lap cd dai nhu Socrates, Platd, Xenophdn hay Aristdt mang l^i ma chfnh la do siic manh quan sy thi hien d nhiing ludi guom, ngpn giko ciia nhiing dOi quSn Hi Lap dudi thdi Alexander Dai di; tiSng La Tinh da timg dugc sur dyng 1km qudc t l ngii d chau Au, nhimg sy thinh hanh vk lan truyen ciia nd 16
Ho&ng Van Van CHiNH SACH NGON NGU"
chfnh Ik do Siic manh cua cac ddi quan Le duong dudi di chi La Ma thdi cd dai mang IJU; tieng A Rap ciing da timg cd dp Ian tda rdng Idn d Trung Ddng vk d Bac Phi, nhung dd lan tda nky khdng phai la do dao diic hay uy tin ciia ngudi A Rkp, cang khdng phai do nhimg dkc diim ngdn ngii ciia tieng A Rkp ma chfnh la do siic manh ciia nhiing ddi qukn Ma Roc yem trg cho viec truy€n ba dao H6i d thS ki 18 mang lai; sy hien dien cda tiSng Tky Ban Nha, tiSng Bd Dao Nha, vk tiSng Phkp d chku Ml, chku Phi va viing Vi6n Ddng ckng khdng phai do bat ki If do nko khkc ngoki If do ve siic manh quan su cua ckc cudng qu6c dS qudc nky tiong thdi Id Phuc hung; vk, cudi ciing. If do tai sao tieng Nga cd the hien dien vk lan toa rdng khap cac qudc gia Ddng Au vk cac nude thudc hS thdng xa hfli chu nghia trong nhiing thap nien 1960-1980 ciing khdng phki la ngoai IS: do chfnh Ik siic manh quan su cua quoc gia nay d phan thii hai cua thi ki 20.
Mdt qudc gia cd siic manh qukn sy cd the ap dkt ngdn ngii ciia minh vao (nhiing) quoc gia phy thupc, nhung de md rpng va duy tri sy tdn tai ciia ngdn ngu: do trong (nhirng) qudc gia phu thudc thi qudc gia cd sire mgnh qukn sy phki cd ca sue manh kinh te. Tieng Anh dudng nhu dugc sy yem trg ciia ca siic manh qukn su vk siic manh kinh te di bien no trd thanh mgt ngdn ngii toan cku quan trpng nhkt hien nay. Trd l^i lich sii xam luge vk khai phk thudc dia cua d l qudc Anh, cd the thay rkng til thdi ki hau can dai, dac biet la tic dau thi ki 19, nude Anh da ttd thanh mdt qudc gia cd nSn m^u dich va cdng nghiep diing hkng dau the gidi; nd da cd nhiing
chi6n thuyen hiing manh di di chinh phuc ckc qu6c gia thudc dia vk dk phat trien dugc mgt nen kinh te du manh vk mOt nen khoa hgc dii hiSn dai de cd the chi phdi ckc qudc gia thuOc dia nky. Dan sd ciia nude Anh trong giai doan dd khdng ddng, khoang 5 trieu ngudi vko nam 1700, tkng dkn len 10 tii?u ngudi vko nam 1800, nhimg khdng mdt quoc gia nao tren the gidi cd the sanh dugc vdi nd ve tdc dp tang trudng kinh ti. Hkn Mt nhiing phat minh cua cupc Ckch manh cdng nghiep deu cd ngudn gdc tic nude Anh. Vko nam 1800, toe do tkng trudng tiong ckc ngknh d?t vk khai khokng d Anh nhanh den miic mk ngudi ta da phki gpi nd Ik "cdng xudng cua the gidi" - mdt each ndi an du de chi sy nkng ddng vk tdc dd phat triSn kinh te nhu vii bao cua de qudc Anh liic bay gid.
Tiep theo sy phat trien kinh te hau nhu khdng cd ddi thd cua di qu6c Anh Ik su hinh thanh va phat trien kinh te eye ki mau Ip va co hieu qua cua dS qudc Mi.
Vao cu6i the ki 19, dan sd nude Mi da len din 100 trieu, dong hon bat ki quoc gia tay Au nko, va do nhieu dieu kien thuan lgi ve dia - chfnh tri, nen kinh te ciia nude Ml da trd thknh nen kinh te phat trien nhanh nhat vk manh nhkt the gidi. Ciing vdi sy bknh trudng ve qukn sy vk toe dp phat tiien manh me ve kinh te, tir giiia the ki 16 din cudi thS ki 19, dS qudc Anh da
"xuat khku" tieng Anh di khkp mgi noi tren the gidi de cudi cimg nd trd thanh mpt ngdn ngii dugc sir rdng rai den miic ma nhieu ngudi Anh da luyen bd mot each ngao man rang "mat tidi khdng bao gid lan tien dkt nude Anh". Tir cudi the ki 19 din nay, siic m^nh ve quan su va kinh te
Tfip chi Khoa hpc Ngo^i ngD* So 46 (thang 3/2016) Ciia de quoc Anh vk siic manh qukn sy va
kinh te ciia de quoc MT - cudng qudc sd mdt tren the gidi - ket hgp vdi sy hau thukn manh me cda ckc ddng minh ciia hg tren khkp thS gidi da cdng cd viing chkc vi the cua tieng Anh nhu Ik mdt ngdn ngii tokn cau quan trpng nhat, bko dam cho sy duy tri vk phat trien hau nhu don phuang ciia ngdn ngft nay d khkp mgi noi tren hanh tinh trai dat.
4. Vi the va tu-ong lai cua tieng Anh it Viet Nam
4.1. Vi the cua tieng Anh d Viet Nam Nhu cd the thky trong hon hai thap nien trd lai day, ciing vdi su banh trudng ciia tieng Anh tren thi gidi, su banh trudng ciia tieng Anh nhu ngoai ngii so mdt d Viet Nam la khdng the canh tranh.
Dieu nay the hien d chd trong tat ca ckc ngoai ngii dugc dg.y va hgc d cac ckp hpc trong hS thdng giao dye qudc dkn ciia Viet Nam, ti IS hpc sinh pho thdng hgc tieng Anh thudng xuyen chiSm hon 97%, ti le sinh viSn dai hpc hpc tieng Anh chiSm khoang 94%, vk ti 16 hpc vi6n cao hpc vk nghien ciiu sinh hpc tieng Anh chiem hon 96% (chi tiet, xin xem Hokng Van Van [7], [9]?.
0 bac phd thong, tiSng Anh cd vi thi gan ngang bkng vdi hai mdn hgc try cot Ik toan vk tieng Viet: nd la mdn hpc bkt budc va la mdt trong cac mdn thi bkt bu^c di Iky bang t6t nghiep trung hgc. Lugng thdi gian mdt hpc sinh tdt nghiep phd thdng dugc yeu ckn phai hgc tiing Anh hien tai la khoang 700 tiSt; vk trong khokng mdt
hokc hai nam tdi lugng thdi gian mdt hpc sinh tdt nghiep phd thdng dugc y£u cku phki hpc tiing Anh nhu Ik ngoai ng& 1 (ngo^ii ngii bkt bu§c) Ik 1.100 tilt**. 6 bkc dai hpc, tieng Anh thkm chi cdn duoc coi trgng hon: nd la mdn hgc bat bu0c d ca ba bkc hpc cii nhkn (14 tin chi = 630 tilt hgc), thac sT (7 tin chi = 315 tiet hpc) vk tien si (3 tin chi = 135 tiet hpc)^
l/u the cua tieng Anh con dugc thi hien trong cac vkn bkn the hien chfnh sach cua Nha nude ma ndi bat nhkt la trong viec thyc thi Quylt dinh s6 1400/QD-TTg ngay 30 thang 9 nkm 2008 cua Thu tudng Chfnh phu [10] ve viec phe duySt Bk an
"Day va hoc ngoai ngii trong hi thong giao due quoc dan, giai doan 2008-2020".
Trong viec cong nhan trinh dp chuyen mdn ciia cac hgc gia d bkc trf tue cao nhkt (b|ic xet dat tieu chuan bd nhiSm chiic danh giko su, phd giao su), tiing Anh ciing dugc cho mdt vi the uu tiSn dkc biet.
Theo quy dinh tai khoan 3, dieu 1, Quyet dinh sd 20/2012/QD-TTg ngay 27 thang 4
So lieu chiing toi thu th§p dupe Ik vko nSm 2010.
Ti I§ sinh vien vk hoc vien cao hpc hoc tiSng Anh c6 IS ckng ngliy cang tSng I£n theo thdri gian.
* MSic dti khong chinh thuc tuySn bo ngSn ngtt nao la ngoai ngii 1, ngoai ngii nao Ik ngoai ngii 2, nhung tix nhiing gi da vk dang dien ra trong khi trien khai Be an "D(iy vd hoc ngoai ngir trong h4 thong gi&o due quoc d&n, giai doan 2008-2020"
CO the khang dinh r5ng tieng Anh la ngo^i ngii 1 (ngoai ngii bit bupc) vk cac ngoai ngii khac la ngo^ ngCi 2 (ngoai ngQ tu chpn). Khing djnh cua chUng toi c6n dupe dya vko viec hifin tai Be an
"Day va hpc ngoai ngQ trong lie thong giao due qude ddii, giai dogn 2008-2020" bSt d^u triin khai vi?c thilt ke chuong trinh va bien sogn sflch giao khoa tiing Ph5p vtH tu cich la ngoai ngii thii 2, bit dlu tir 16p 6.
^ S6 li§u dupe liy tir cic chuong trinh dko tao hien hknh cr Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha N5i. CJ cdc co so dko tao d^i hQC chua &p dyng phuong thilc dko tao u'n chi, thiri lupng dknh cho tiSng Anh cr moi bac hoc cir nhSn, thac sT vk tien sT cd thS dugc tinh theo cich khic.
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Hoang Van Van CHfNH SACH NGdN NGO*
nam 2012 cda Thu tudng Chfnh phu [11], ling viSn xet d^t tieu chukn giko su, phd giao su phai sir dung thknh thao mgt ngosii ngii phuc vu cho cdng tkc chuySn mdn va giao tilp dugc bang tiing Anh. Theo H^i ddng chiic danh giao su Nhk nude (giao tilp ca nhkn vdi GS.TSKH Tran Van Nhung, Tdng thu kf Hdi ddng chiic danh Giao su Nha nude liic 8g45 phut sang 04 thang 12 nam 2015), trong mdt vai nkm gan day sd lugng ckc iing vien giao GS vk PGS dkng kf trinh bky tdng quan (sir dyng thknh thao) bang tiing Anh d 28 hdi ddng ngknh va lien nganh chilm gkn 60%, so vdi tieng Phkp khokng 20%, tieng Nga khoang 10%, tiing Ddc khoang 5% va cac ngoai ngG khkc khokng 5%. Tiing Anh con dugc xem la mdt y&u cku bat budc, mgt ngudi gac cdng de cac c a quan nha nude va cac doanh nghiep sang Ipc ckc ling viSn va d l bat can bd.
Nhu cku hgc tieng Anh d Viet Nam Idn den miic ma nd khdng chi dugc d^y tiong he thdng giao due qudc dan ma cdn ck d ngoki he thdng giko due qudc d§n. Trong khu vyc ngoki h? thdng giao due quoc dkn, Viet Nam dang chiing kien su hien dien cua ckc "cdng ti tieng Anh" Idn va cd uy tfn nhu Hgi ddng Anh (the British Council), Language Links (Anh), Apollo (Hoa K J ) , Cambridge International Examinations (Anh), TOEFL va TOEIC (Hoa Ki). Song song vdi ckc dich vy kiem tra trinh dp tieng Anh, cac cdng ti ti8ng Anh nky con md cac khda hpc tieng Anh khac nhau vdi nhilu kilu giko trinh thudc cac trinh do khkc nhau, dap ling nhimg nhu cku cu the cua cic ddi tugng ngudi hgc khkc nhau. Mac dh, theo Quylt dinh 1400/QD-TTg cua Thii tudng Chfnh phii,
tiing Anh bkt dku dugc hgc chfnh thiic tir Idp 3, nhung nhilu gia dinh, dkc biet Ik nhiing gia dinh d ckc thknh phd Idn da. cho con di hgc tiSng Anh tir Idp 1, tham chf tir mau giko*. Ben canh dd, nhieu trudng phd thdng bat dau day ckc mdn hgc bang tieng Anh, nhieu trung tam tieng Anh dugc md ra, dkp ling hiu nhu mgi nhu cau tryc tiep vk gikn tiep cua ngudi hgc. Tieng Anh con dugc diing rpng rai trong cac khu vyc khac d ViSt Nam nhu truyen thdng, khoa hgc, cdng nghe, thuong mai, cdng nghiep, quang cao va trong nhiSu giao dich xa h^i vk thdng tin vdi cac nude ngoki. Cac ho?t ddng day va hgc tieng Anh vk su dyng tieng Anh ckng ngky ckng tkng ckng ciing CO viing chkc hem vi the khdng the canh tranh ciia tieng Anh vdi tu ckch la ngo^i ngii s i mgt d Viet Nam.
4.2. Tuong lai ciia tieng Anh tren t h i gidi va & Vi§t Nam
Nhu tren da trinh bay, vi the ciia tieng Anh nhu Ik mdt ngdn ngir toan cau quan trgng nhat tren the gidi Ik khdng the tranh cai; vk, tuang ty, vi thi ciia tiing Anh nhu Ik mdt ngoai ngii sd mdt d Viet Nam Ik ro rang. Tuy nhiSn, nhiing gi xay ra trong lich sir hinh thknh, phkt trien vk tham chi
Duimg nhu Ik "boi vi nhftng lgi ich to 16n do vi§c biit ti^ng Anh mang lgi, ngu£ri Vifit Nam dS c6 linh ygu ciu vk chon hoc tiSng Anh thay vi c5c ngoai ngii khdc"; vi du, vien canh cd dugc nhiing cong vi^ t6t hom di co thS thSng ti6n trong xa h^i.
Dimg tru6c vien canh nky, nhiiu phy huynh hgc sinh da dau tu v^o vifc gui con em ntinh theo hgc d cac truCmg hgc "day bing tiSng Anh", thue giko viSn d^y tieng Anh them, th|m chf ca giao vien li6ng Anh ban ngtt, gui con em di hgc cac khod hgc ti^ng Anh d^ bi$t o nude ngoai. Neu quan s^t ki thi c6 thi thiy ring vi§c mu6n hgc tiSng Anh boi vi nhiing lgi fch mk n6 mang lai khong nhi^ii bSng nhu cau hay su can thiet phai hoc tiing Anh.
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Tgp cht Khoa hgc Ngoai ngO S&46 (thang 3/2016) tiSu vong cua cac ngdn ngii chung trSn the
gidi va ckc ngoai ngft d Viet Nam chac chkn se dan den cku hdi: 'Tieng Anh cd thi tdn tai va thinh hanh tren thi gidi vk d Viet Nam dugc bao Iku?".
Du dokn ve vi the va tuong lai ciia bat ki mdt ngdn ngii chung nko trtn the gidi va, tuong tu, bkt ki mot ngoai ngii nao trong mpt qudc gia Ik mdt viec 1km eye ki khd khan, nlu nhu khdng ndi la mao hiem.
Tuy nhien, neu cho rkng mpi vat deu cd su khdi dau, qua trinh phkt trien va sy ket thiic thi tieng Anh cd le khdng phki la ngo^i le. Lich sii thi gidi da timg chiing kien sy khdi dku, quk tiinh phat triln hay sy lan tda, va sy suy tkn ciia ckc ngdn ngii chung nhu tiing La Tinh, tiing Hi Lap,...
Tuong ty, lich sii ngoai ngu: d Viet Nam cung dk tirng chiing kien su thinh hknh ciia chii Nho nhu la ngdn ngii dugc su dyng chfnh thiic trong cung dinh cua cac trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam va su suy gikm ciia nd khi ngudi Phkp xam luge Viet Nam. Tiep theo sy suy gikm ve vi the cua chii Nho Ik sy suy gikm ve vi the cua tieng Phkp tir nkm 1954 khi ngudi Phap thua tran va bupc phai rut khdi Viet Nam de thay vko do Ik su thinh hanh ciia tieng Nga d mien Bkc vk cua tieng Anh-Mi d mien Nam. Va rdi den nkm 1975, khi ngudi MT thua tr^n, huge phki riit khdi Vi6t Nam, tieng Anh tam thdi bi mat vi the, tieng Nga tid thknh ngoai ngii chiem vi thS hku nhu doc tdn d ck hai mien Nam va Bac. Nhung tir khi chi do xa hgi chit nghTa d Lien Xd bi sup dd vko nkm 1991, tiing Nga bi suy giam d Viet Nam, nhudng 1^ vi tri hku nhu ddc tdn cua nd cho tieng Anh cho den hien nay (chi tilt hon, xin xem Hoang Van Vkn [8]).
Tii nhiing chiing cii Uch sii cd dugc, cd thi nhkn dinh rang tieng Anh ciing se c6 Idc suy tan va mat vi thi trSn the gidi va d Vipt Nam, nhung cku hdi, "Khi nko thi tieng Anh suy tan nhu nhimg ngdn ngii tien nhiem cua nd?" cd le khdng cd cku tra Idi diit khoat. Tuy nhiSn, ckn cii vko bdi cknh vkn hda-xa hdi hien ten tren the gidi tiong do tieng Anh dang boat dOng, ngudi ta hokn tokn cd co sd de tin rkng ft nhat Ik din hit nira dku ciia thi ki 21, vi thi ciia tieng Anh nhu Ik mgt ngdn ngii tokn cau quan trgng nhkt ttSn thi gidi vk nhu Ik ngoai ngii s6 mdt d Viet Nam sg khdng thay ddi. Ndi ckch khac, mkc dti thi gidi dang thay ddi va, tuong ty, Viet Nam dang thay ddi, nhung vi the cOa tiing Anh nhu Ik ngdn ngii toan cau tren the gidi va nhu Ik mdt ngoai ngii sd mdt d Viet Nam se khdng bi thach thuc. Lf do la vi, bSn c ^ h viec no dugc yem tig bdi siic manh qukn su vk siic manh kinh te nhu dk trinh bky d tren, tieng Anh cdn dugc tiep nhkn vk chko don mdt each ty nhien vdi tu ckch Ik ngdn ngii ciia hien dai, ngdn ngii ciia/dl tokn cku hda. Dudng nhu la trong giai doan hien tai tieng Anh "da phkt trien de ddc Ikp vdi bat ki hinh thiic ki8m soat xk hdi nko" (Crystal [4: 129]), sy banh trudng ciia nd va tac dOng ciia nd vko ckc khia canh cua ddi sdng chfnh tri, kinh te, xa hpi tren the gidi hien dai manh den miic mk "... nlu nhGng ai hi tudc mat ca hpi hgc tiing Anh thi hg la nhiing ngudi phki chiu thiet" (Halliday [12: 362]), va
"... nlu ban mu6n chdng lai siic manh khai thac/bdc lOt cda tiing Anh, thi ban phai diing tiing Anh di 1km viec dd"
(Halhday [12: 362]).
Hoang Van Van CHfNH sACH NGdN NGO' 5. Thach thih; cua tieng Anh doi vdi
tieng ViSt v^ cac ngo^i ngu- khac d Viet Nam
Nhu tien da de c^p, hi$n tai khdng c6 ngdn ngQ nao tren the gidi c6 dugc siic manh lan truyin nhu tiing Anh, va sy lan truyin nky Ik khd tianh (cf. Crystal [4];
Phillipson [13]). Siic manh lan truyin cua tiSng Anh sang nhilu nude ti8n thi gidi khdng chi anh hudng din vi thi cua ckc ngdn ngQ ban dia ma cdn ck den vi the ciia ckc ngdn ngii nude ngoai hay ngoai ngG khac dang dugc day, hpc va sir dyng tai ckc qudc gia nky. Rieng vdi ViSt Nam, su banh truong m^nh mS ciia tiing Anh, khdng trudc thi sau, chkc chkn se khien ngudi ta phai dkt ra nhilu can hdi, trong do hai cau hdi sau dky cd thi dkng quan tam: (1) "Sy bknh trudng cua tiing Anh d Viet Nam cd thach thiic vi thi ciia tiing Viet khdng?", (2) "Su banh trudng ciia tieng Anh d Viet Nam co thkch thitc vk tac ddng den vi the ciia cac ngoai ngii khac dang dugc day, hpc vk su dung d Viet Nam khdng?". Hai cku hdi nky se dugc chung tdi tra Idi trong hai tieu myc 5.1 va 5.2 dudi dky.
5.1. S ^ b a n h tru-dng cua tiing Anh d Viet Nam cd thach thuc vi t h i cua tieng Vi£t khong?
Nhieu ngudi thudng mac dinh ve vi the khdng the thay the ciia tieng Viet d Viet Nam, bdi vi tieng Viet dugc hien dinh la
"ngdn ngii quic gia" (Khoan 3, Dilu 5, Hien phdp nuac Cong hoa Xd hoi Chu nghia Vi4t Nam nam 2013 [14]; xem thdm Nguyen Van Khang [15]). Chfnh vi v^y ma mkc dii diing trudc su lan truyin manh me cda tieng Anh, neu dugc hdi: "Sy bknh
trudng cua tieng Anh cd thkch thiic vi the cda tiing ViSt khdng?", nhilu ngudi ViSt Nam cd thi se binh tinh vk thkn nhien tra Idi Ik "Khdng". Hg cd the giai thfch thSm rkng tiing Viet la ngdn ngii cda truyin thing, Ik bilu tugng ciia qu6c gia, bilu tugng cda sy dokn ket, la "quoc hdn, quoc tily" ciia dan tdc Viet Nam; cdn tieng Anh, mac dh quan trpng va cd lgi, chi la ngdn ngii de gidp Viet Nam "hien dai hda vk hpi nh|ip" (xem thSm May [5]) vdi thi gidi bSn ngoki.
Theo chdng tdi, mkc du sy thach thiic ciia tiing Anh ddi vdi tieng Viet trong giai doan hien tai ft dugc cam thay ro, nhung vdi viec ngky ckng bknh trudng cua ngdn ngii nky d khap mgi noi tren thi gidi vk d Viet Nam thi cau tia Idi cho cau hdi "Sy bknh trudng ciia tieng Anh cd thach thiic vi the cua tifing Vi?t khong?" la "Cd".
Thkch thiic cua tieng Anh doi vdi vi the ciia tieng Viet cd thi nhan th% ft nhkt d ba thuc t l dudi dky:
Thii nhat, trong giao tiep hang ngky va dkc biet trong giao tiep qua Internet vk cac tiang mang xa hdi, gidi tre Viet Nam thudng xuyen su dung tieng Viet trpn lan vdi tieng Anh thdng qua ckc hien tugng dugc cic nhk ngdn ngir hpc xk hpi gpi la
"xen ngii" hay "chen ngii", hay tham chi
"trai ngii".
Thii hai, trong giao dich hang ngky, tiong qukng cko d ca trong vk ngoki ckc phuong tien thdng tin dai chung, tiong ckc diem du lich, trong ckc cdng tiinh khoa hpc, V.V., cd the thky tieng Anh xukt hien mpi noi hen dkt Viet Nam.
Thii ba, mdt sd chfnh sach im lien vk khuyin khich viec day, hgc vk sii dyng
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Ngo?! ngQ- S6 46 (thang 3/2016) tieng Anh rpng lai d Vi^t Nam; vf dy, cho
phep md ckc tnrdng song ngfl (day va hpc bkng tiing Viet vk tiing Anh), ckc trudng quoc t l (d^y va hgc bkng tiing Anh) d cac b^c hpc phd thdng, ckc chuong trinh tiing Anh tkng cudng d ca hai bkc pho thdng va dai hgc; khuyin khich (mkc dii khdng tuySn bd) tie em hgc tiing Anh tir Idp mOt, th^m chf tii nha tie, mhx giio; khuyen khfch viSc sir dyng tieng Anh 1km phuong tiSn giang day nham nang cao chkt lugng dko tao cac chuyen ngknh (thdng qua ckc chuong trinh tien tiln, ckc chuong trinh chat lugng cao) d bac dai hpc va cao hpc;
V . V . .
Anh mpt ra^t cd thi nkng cao dugc chkt lugng daiy vk hpc tiing Anh va lam giau them tieng Vi?t; nhung mat khac se dkn d ^ 1km mat di sy thuan khiet ciia tieng Viet, bko mdn tir tii viec sir dung tiing Viet tren ddt ViSt Nam. Cac thyc t l nay, neu nhin nhan mOt each nghiem tile, chinh la cac yeu td tao ra sy thkch thiic cua tiSng Anh doi vdi vi thi ciia tieng Viet d Viet Nam.
Bufrc 4:
Buoc 5:
BiTffc 6:
Birdc 7:
Budc 8:
Cac nhk ngdn ngii hoc xk hdi (vf dy, Fishman [16]; Rappa & Wee [17]) canh bko rang ckc chfnh sach vk cac ckch khuySn khich viec six dung mgt ngdn ngir til ben ngoai (ngoai ngu) thieu kiem soat se bko mdn vi?c su dung vk tham chf cd the lam suy tkn hay tieu vong mpt ngon ngii ban dia. Quk trinh bko mon hay lam tieu vong m^t ngdn ngii ban dia cua mpt ngdn ngft tir ben ngoai thudng diin ra theo quy tiinh dudi day:
Su dung ngdn ngii bkn dia tiong ckc khu vyc cd uy tin (trong ckc chiic nang lien quan den tiiiyen thdng, chinh phu, nghi nghiSp vk giko due d tiinh dp cao).
Su dung ngdn n ^ ban dia trong ckc khu vyc ft uy tin ban (trong cac chiic nkng lien quan den truyen thdng, chfnh phii, nghi nghiSp vk giao due d tnnh dd thkp hon).
Su dung ngdn ngii bkn dia tiong cdng viSc, chu yeu trong tuong tkc phi quy thiic (informal).
Sii dung ngon ngii ban dia Ikm phuong tien giko due.
Sii dyng khdng chfnh thiic ngdn ngtt ban dia d nhk, d trudng va tiong cOng dong.
Chuyen giao ngdn ngii bkn dia lien thi he trong gia dinh.
Ngdn ngii ban dia vkn dugc ndi, nhung hau hSt nhiing ngudi ndi da vugt qua thdi ki sinh de.
Nhiing ngudi ndi ngdn ngii ban dia gik vk chit dkn.
Nhttng each sii dyng tipn ngon (xen gitta tieng Viet va tieng Anh), viSc s^
dung tieng Anh d khap mpi noi tiSn dkt Viet Nam, cac chfnh skch uu tien va khuyen khich day, hpc vk sii dung tieng Budc 1:
Budc 2:
(Ngudn, Rappa & Wee [17: 132])
Ckc budc trong quy trinh tr6n cho thky tiong ckc khu vyc cd uy tin cao, qua thdi tiong mpt xa hpi nhat dinh, mOt ngon ngii gian cd the bj ban che vko nhung tuong ban dia, tiong khi dugc sir dyng rdng rai tkc tiong cdng dong va tiong gia dinh. Vk
Hoang Van Van CHfNH SACH NGdN UGif
d^ biSt Ik khi cac thi he tuang lai bi mat liSn hS vdi ngdn ngii bkn dia vk hg tid thknh ckc thi h? gia cdi, thi tiong giai doan cu6i ciing kha nang rkt co the xky ra la ngdn ngii ban dia cd the bi thay the bkng ngdn ngii tir ben ngoki.
Mkc dii hiSn tai cd the cdn quk sdm de ndi den sy lan at cua tieng Anh ddi vdi vi thS cua tieng Viet d Viet Nam, nhung nhiing gi dugc ckc nha ngdn ngu hgc xa hgi nghidn ciiu va ggi y d tien ft nhat cung Ik Idi cknh bao dang phai quan tkm giup chiing ta y thiic dugc vkn de Idii xky dung chfnh skch ngdn ngii ndi chung va chfnh skch ngoai ngu ndi rieng d Viet Nam.
5.2. Su- banh tru-dng ciia tieng Anh d Vi?t Nam cd thach thii-c va tac d^ng d i n vi the cua cac ngoai ngii- khac dang dirge d^y^ h9C va sir dung d Viet Nam khdng?
Khkc vdi cau tia Idi cho cau hdi (I), cku tra Idi cho cau hdi 2; "Sy banh trudng ciia tiSng Anh d Viet Nam cd thkch thiic vk tkc dpng den vi the ciia cac ngoai ngii khkc dang dugc' day, hgc va sur dung d Viet Nam khdng?" diit khokt va khdng c^n phki do du Ik "Cd". Nhu tien da de ckp, trong mdt qudc gia da ngoai ngii khi mOt ngoai ngtt chilm uu the thi ckc ngoai ngtt khkc chkc chkn se bi dua xudng vi the thii yeu hay bi mkt uu the, va, do do, phki chiu thiet thoi. Thach thiic va tac ddng ciia tieng Anh ddi vdi vi the ciia cac ngoai ngtt khkc d Viet Nam thi hien ft nhkt d hai khi'a canh. Thii nhat Ik, nhu da de cap trong Muc 4, do kSt qua ciia sy bknh trudng cua tieng Anh sd lugng ngudi hgc cac ngoai ngii khac tiong he thong giko
dye quoc dan d Viet Nam tir pho thdng din d^i hgc chilm ti le ngay ckng khiSm tin. Thii hai Ik, su suy gikm v l vi thi ciia ckc ngoai ngii khkc d Viet Nam thudng tao ra van d l tkm If cho nhttng ngudi su dung (d^y, hpc vk lam viec bkng) cac ngoai ngtt do. Nhilu ngudi thkm chf con lo ngai rkng vdi hien tiang nky tieng Anh sB tid thanh "ngoai ngu ddc tdn", de doa sy tdn tai cua ckc ngoai ngu ma hg dang d^y, hgc vk sii dyng (Hoang Thi Yen [18]).
6. Ket luSn va mot so h a m y cho viec x3y dung chinh sach ngoai ngu d Vi?t Nam
Vdi nh^n thiic rkng mdt chfnh skch ngdn ngtt ndi chung vk mdt chfnh skch ngo^i ngtt ndi riSng ciia rapt qudc gia trong thdi ki hdi nhap khong the khdng tfnh dSn vi the vk vai tid cua tiSng Anh, tiong bki viet nky chung tdi da bat dau bkng viSc khao sat vi the cua tieng Anh tiSn thi gidi va d Viet Nam. Tic nhiing gi dugc trinh bky, cd the khkng dinh rkng tiSng Anh Ik ngdn ngtt cd vai tro vk vi the Idn nhat tiong the gidi ckc ngdn ngtt trong thdi ki h^i nhap. Tieng Anh dudng nhu hien dien khkp mpi noi tien the gidi. Sy hien dien cda nd hien nay rdng Idn vk manh me den miic ma nha ngdn ngtt hpc xa hdi ngudi Dan Mach Robert Phillipson [13] da phai dimg thukt ngu "chii nghia dl qu6c ngdn ngtt" (linguistic imperialism) va nhk nghiSn ciiu ngdn ngu ngudi Nigeria Ayo Bamgbose [19] da phki dung thuat ngtt "bk quyen" (hegemony) va each ndi kn du "sd thap phkn hoi quy"
(recurring decimal) de chi sy Ian tda khdng gi ngan can ndi cua nd. Sy banh trudng va bk quyen ciia tieng Anh ban dau
T^p chi Khoa hgc Ngo^ii ngO S6 46 (thang 3/2016) dugc yem tig bang siic manh qukn sy ciia
d l quoc Anh va sau dd dugc ciing cd vk duy tii bkng siic manh kinh te ciia hai dS qudc Anh va MT va cac qudc gia ndi tiSng Anh giau cd khac, k l ca cac qu6c gia khdng ndi tieng Anh. Them vko do, sy duy tii va bknh trudng ciia tiSng Anh cdn dugc dugc hudng dkn bdi niem tin (ciia nhilu ngudi tiong ckc qudc gia tiong dd tiing Anh Ik ngdn ngtt ddng chfnh thuc vk la mOt ngoai ngu) rkng tiing Anh Ik canh ctta don nhan nhiing tri thiic mdi ve khoa hpc va cdng nghe, Ik co hpi thang tien, la tieu chi ca ban de cd dugc nhiing cdng viSc t i t hon, Ik phuong tien de cd dugc thu nhkp cao hon, v.v. va v.v.. Siic manh qukn su ap dat viec sii dyng tieng Anh tiong cac qudc gia thudc dia, siic manh kinh te duy tii va md r^ng pham vi six dung cua tiing Anh vk khi viSc sit dyng ngdn ngu nay dugc nhan thky cd ve sinh lgi thi nd dudng nhu dugc chap nhkn mdt each ty nhien.
Su bknh trudng vk bk quyen cua tieng Anh Ik mpt thuc te mk chfnh skch ngdn ngtt, dac biet chfnh skch ngoai ngu cua bat ki qudc gia nao ciing deu phai tfnh den.
Tuy nhiSn, chi dya vko thuc t l nky ma bien tieng Anh thanh ngoai ngu ddc tdn trong mpt quoc gia thi cd le la mpt chfnh skch ngoai ngtt thieu can ddi, dS gay ra nhttng hau qua khdng mong mudn. Lf do ia vi, Ik mgt phan cua chfnh sach ngdn ngtt, chfnh skch ngoai ngtt khong phai chi tkc ddng den ca cku ckc ngoai ngu ma nd cdn tac dpng den nhiing vkn dS kinh tl, chfnh tri, tkm If, xa hpi; nghia Ik, nd khdng phai chi phuc vy cho muc dfch hgc ngoai ngtt ma con phyc vy nhieu muc dich khac
nhau. Hkm y cua dilm thko luan nay la da ngoai ngii* la chinh sach duffc ua chuong ma b i t ki quoc gia nao cua the gidi h i | n d?i d l u phai duy tri va hu-di^
tdi' (xem thSm Hokng Vkn Vkn [8]).
Trong nSn giko due da ngoai ngu ciia mdt qudc gia, bat Id khi nko mdt ngdn ngii chiem uu the thi no thudng dugc uu tien hon, va khi nd dugc uu tien hon thi cac ngoai ngtt khic thuong ft dugc uu tien hem. Do do, se Ik khdng hi6n thyc khi cho dpi rkng tkt ca ckc n g o ^ ngtt dugc cong nhan tiong mdt qudc gia deu dugc ddi xir hokc dau tu ngang nhau. Ttty theo hoan canh cy the, tiong he thong giao dye co thi chgn ngoai ngu chiSm uu the lam ngoai ngtt 1 vk nhiing ngoai ngtt khac lam ngoai ngtt 2^. Mdt bien phkp nhu vfy, mic du chua hokn tokn thoa dang, vira cd the tiknh dugc tam If ty ti vira co the trknh dugc xu hudng eye doan - xu hudng don ngoai ngtt.
Chfnh skch ngdn ngtt khdng phki la muc dich tu thkn. Co sd hgp If ciia nd phai la cki mk nd cd the gdp phan vko phat trien vkn hda, chfnh tri, kinh te, va xk hpi ' Phan in d^m l i do chung toi nhSn manh,
* Tu tuong nay da dugc thi hifin ro rang trong 06 dn Dgy vd hge ngogi ngii trong h4 thong giao due qudc d&n giai dogn 2008-2020, trong do vifit:
"NgoJti chuong trinh dio tao mon ngo^i ngii b4t bu$c (ngo^i ngD 1), hgc sinh co the chon hgc thSm m6t ngogi ngQ khfc (ngoai ngQ 2).
Vi§c b6 tri d?iy m6n ngoai ngG 2 chi thuc hiSn tir Idrp 6 den ItSp 12, vdi trinh d6 tucmg duotig bac 2 theo KNLNN sau khi t6t nghiep trung hgc ph6 th6ng".
Tu tuong ve m6n ngoai ngu 1 vk mon ngoai ngir ngtt 2 cung dugc nhSc lai trong Du thao Chuong tnnh gido dfic phd thdng tdng thi (Trong chuong trinh giio dye mdi). (TSi li?u luu hanh ngi b6 thang 12 nam 2015).
Homing Van Vkn CHINH SACH NQdN NGO*
tdng the cda mOt quIc gia. Trong mdi quan he nay, neu chi nhkn manh vao nhiSm vu thu nhkn thdng tin, tilp thu tii thiic khoa hpc va cdng nghS, hay vao myc dfch sinh loi de bi$n minh cho viec xay dung mpt chfnh sach don ngoai ngtt thi kit qua cda vipc Ikm do sS Ik mpt chinh sach ngoai ngu philn diSn, thilu thuylt phyc, va khdng phh hgp. Trong bdi cknh hdi nhap vk tokn can hda, mdt chfnh skch ngom ngtt tiong do m^it ngoai ngu phd bien dugc sur dyng tiong giao tilp qudc t l rgng Idn bSn c ^ h tiing me de va ckc ngoai ngu quan tigng khkc cd thi Ik mot chfnh sach cd ^ nghTa; nd chkc chkn se gdp phkn tfch cue vko sy phkt triln kinh t l vk xk hdi cua mdt qudc gia.
Mgt thuc t l lien quan din viec xky dyng chfnh sach ngdn ngu cua nhilu qudc gia tien the gidi ngay nay la nd tkt ylu hudng vko vai trd dac biet cua tiing Anh, cho dh tieng Anh Ik ngdn ngtt nkm tiong cac qudc gia thuOc "vong tidn ben tiong (inner-circle countries)" (ckc qudc gia trong do tieng Anh Ik ngdn ngu chilm uu the nhu Hoa Ki, Anh, Austialia, v.v.) hay nam trong ckc qudc gia thudc "vong tidn ben ngoai (outer-circle countiies)" (cac qudc gia tiong do tiSng Anh la ngdn ngu thii hai nhu An Do, Pakistan, Singapore, Philippines, v.v.) hay ckc qudc gia thudc
"vong trdn dang banh trudng (expanding- circle countiies)" (ckc qudc gia tiong do tieng Anh la mOt ngoai ngtt nhu Nga, Trung QuIc, Nhat Ban, Hi Lap, Viet Nam, Thki Lan, v.v.) theo ckch khki luan hda ciia nha ngdn ngtt hpc xa hdi ndi tiing ngudi MT gdc An Dd Braij Kachru [19]
(chi tiet hon, xin xem Crystal [4: 53-54];
Bamgbose [20: 645]).
d Vi?t Nam, giong nhu d cac qudc gia thu§c vdng tidn dang bknh trudng ciia Kachru, tieng Anh thieu co sd cda mpt s6 lugng ngudi ndi bkn ngtt dang sinh sing va lam vi?c, hi$n tai nd khdng cd vi thi ciia mgt ngdn ngtt chfnh thiic, vk nd dudng nhu ciing khdng bi thiic dky bdi nhiing sy dkn do mang ti'nh dan tdc. Ay thS nhung O^n thyc t l nd da chiing to Ik mpt ngdn ngtt cd uy tin Idn, chii ylu Ik do gik tri cdng cy (lgi ich thuc su vk lgi fch dugc cam thky) ciia nd mang lai. N I U xem ckc ngOEu ngtt hien dang dugc cdng nhkn d ViSt Nam nhu la nhung con chim dye khoet vko thkn cky Viet Nam thi cd thi ndi tieng Anh Ik mgt con chim due kho^t cd mpt cki md nhpn nhkt (xem them Rappa & Wee [17]). Va nlu khdng f tiiiic mgt ckch nghiem tdc, thi vdi cai md nhgn do nd se due khodt vko thanh tii dugc xem la ban skc dkn t^c - do la, tiing Viet ciia chdng ta. Vi v^y, de duy tri vk gin gitt ban sac dan tpc, chiing ta phki thudng xuyen duy tri vk Ikm giau tieng Viet; de hpi nhap vdi thi gidi ben ngoai, chung ta phai uu tiSn tieng Anh; va de cd dugc sy hai hoa, ckn ddi vk trknh thai eye, chung ta phai quan tam, duy tri vk phkt tiien cac ngoai ngtt quan trgng khkc d Viet Nam mpt each hgp If.
Neu mpt ngdn ngtt dan tdc Ik bilu tugng ciia sy dokn ket ciia mdt quoc gia- dkn t^c thi mdt ngoai ngu Ik bieu tugng cua su dokn kit cda mdt nhdm ngudi day, hgc vk sii dung ngoai ngtt do. Nd dugc diing nhu la mgt cki thudc do sy thknh cdng ciia nhdm ngudi day, hpc va sii dung
Tgp chi Khoa hgc NgogI ngi> S6 46 (th^ng 3/2016) ngoai ngtt do tiong mdi quan he vdi ckc
nhdm ngudi day, hpc va sir dyng cac ngoai ngtt khac. Thyc t l nay cho thay nhilu vkn d l hoach dinh chfnh sach ngoai ngtt khong hokn tokn lien quan den n g o ^ ngtt. Chung ckn phki dugc thko g 5 trudc khi bat dau hoach dinh mpt chfnh skch.
Lien quan din vkn d l nay, hai tifch doan dudi dky ciia hai nhk ngdn ngu hgc xk hdi Herriman va Burnaby [21: 13] cd le la nhiing Idi khuySn phu hgp va, do do, dugc chiing tdi dkn ra de ket thuc bki viet nky:
"... chinh ckc ngdn ngu va cac ngon ngir trong ckc mil quan hg dang thudng xuyen thay dii. Cac chinh sach cii t^o ra nhiing van de mdi, s\[ thay doi trong phan nay cua mang ludi gay ra nhirng thay doi trong cac phan kia".
"... ckc chi'nh phii, cac ca nhan vk cac nhdm ngudi dudng nhu xem vi thi ngdn ngu, cac quyen va cac nguin luc nhu la ckc moi quan he thang - thua. Neu mpt ngon ngtt dugc cho mpt vi the ndi b^t trong chinh skch thi ckc ngon ngir khac dugc xem Ik bi mkt vi the; cac quyen trao cho ngon ngQ- nky dugc nhan thiic Ik dang lam giam di ckc quyen cua tat ca cac ngon ngii khac. Neu ckc nguon lire dugc cung ckp dl day va hoc mpt ngon ngii ro rkng Ik can thiet thi ckc ngon ngtt khac cung cd xu hudng doi phki cd ckc nguin lye tuong ty.
Neu khong c6 m^t tam nhin tong thi, ke ca mot quan dilm can doi ve cac nhu cau giao tiep va cac nguon luc ngon ngir cua quoc gia thi quan diem thkng-thua khong the khac phuc dugc"' ' Phkn in dam li do chiing toi nhin manh.
TAI LE&U THAM KHAO 1. Honna, N., East Asian Englishes. (In) The Handbook of World Englishes. Kachru, B.
B.. Y. Kachru & C. L. Nelson (Eds.).
Singapore: Blackwell. 2006. Pp. 114-129.
2. King, R. D., The Beginnings. (In) The Handbook of World Englishes. Kachru, B. B., Y. Kachru & C. L. Nelson (Eds.). Singapore:
Blackwell. 2006. Pp. 19-29.
3. Ling, L. E. & A. Brown, English in Singapore: An Introduction'. Mc Graw Hill Education. 2005.
4. Crystal, D.,. English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997.
5. May, S., Language and Minority RiglUs:
Ethnicity, Nationalism, and the Politics of Language. London: Longman. 2001.
6. Sarwar, Z., The Golden Gates of English in the Global Context. (In) Ho. W. K
& C. Ward (Eds.). Language in the Global Context. Implications for the Language Classroom. RECL, Singapore. Pp. 32-56.2000.
7. Hokng Vkn Van, Day tieng Anh khong chuyin a cdc trudng dai hoc Viet Nam: nliOng vdn di li luan vd thuc tien. Hk Npi: Nxb. Sal hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi. 2010.
8. Hoang Van Vkn, Vi the cua tieng Anh tren thi gidi va d Vigt Nam. Tap chf Ngdn ngit. S6 1(260). 2011. TrangIO-18.
9. Hoang Van Vkn, Nhu cka vk dpng co hgc tiing Anh ciia sinh vien nam thii nhat, Dgi hgc QuIc gia Hk Npi. Tap chf Khoa hoc - Dai hpc Qudc gia Hk Npi. 2(i07. Trang 125-137.
10. Thu tudng Chfnh phii, Quyit dinh Vi vi?c duy^t De dn "Dgy vd hgc ngoai ngU trong hi thdng gido dye qudc dan giai dogn 2008-2020. So 1400/QD-TTg, ngay 30 thdng 9 nkm 2008.
11. Thii tudng Chfnh phii, QuySt dinh Sua ddi mQt sd diiu dm "Quy dinh tiSu chudn, thii mc bd nhi?m, mien nhi$m chuc danh gido jw, phd gido su" ban hdnh theo Quyet dinh sd 174/2008 QD-TTG ngay 31 thdng 12 nam 2008 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu. (Ban hanh
Hoang Van Van CHINH SACH NGON NGl/
theo Quy^t djnh so 20/2012/QD-TTg ngay 27 thang 4 nkm 2012).
12. Halliday, M. A. K.. Written Language, Standard Language, Global Language. (In) The Handbook of World Englishes. Kachru, B.
B., Y. Kachni & C. L. Nelson (Eds.).
Singapore: Blackwell. 2006. Pp. 349-365.
13. Phillipson, R,, Linguistic Imperialism.
Fourth impression. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002.
14. Hiin phdp nuac C0ng hda XdhQi Chu nghia Vi$t Nam ndm 2013.
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16. Fishman, J., Reversing Language Shift:
Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. 1991.
17. Rappa, A. L. & L. Wee, Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia:
Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, arui Thailand. Singapore: Springer. 2006.
18. Hoang Thi Yen, Chfnh skch giao dye ngoai ngfi cua Han Quoc. Bdi viet tap chi ndm 2010, so 5. Vi?n NghiSn ciiu Dong Bkc A - Vi?n Han lam Khoa hpc Xa hpi Vi?t Nam.
(Dkng ngky: 12-08-2014,22:32). 2010.
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English across Cultures. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 1982.
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English in Language Policy and Planning. (In)- The Handbook of World Englishes. Kachru, B.
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