TU Tl/dNG CUA V.I.LENIN VE NOI DUNG VA PHl/ONG THUlC CAM QUYEN C U A D A N G CONG SAN
• PGS, TS TRAN K H A C V I E T
• ThS BUI VAN HAI Wen Xdy dung Ddng.
Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
• Torn tdt: V.I.Lenin Id ngtidi tnic tiep lanh dao Cdch mang ThdngMtidi Nga (ndm 1917) thdnh cdng, dtia Bdng Cong sdn (b) Nga - Ddng Cong sdn ddu tien tren the gidi gidnh vi the cua mot ddng cdm quyen; ddng thdi, vdi vai trd lanh tu cua Ddng Cdng sdn (b) Nga vd Chu tich Hgi ddng bd trtidng ntidc Nga Xdviet, V.LLenin cd dieu kien de bdn ludn sdu sdc ve ndi dung, phiidng thiic cdm quyen cua Ddng Cong sdn. Nhiing quan diem cua V.LLenin vdn Id nhiing chi ddn quan trgng cho cdc ddng cdng sdn cdm quyen hien nay.
• Tii khda: V.LLenin, ddng cdng sdn, ddng cdng sdn cdm quyen.
1. Noi dung cam qu> en cua dang cong san Trudc hit, dang kidn dinh giu viing vi thg cua dang cdm quyen, kien quyet khdng nhugng bp, chia se quyen Iuc.
Dang cdng san cam quygn tuyet Miien khdng phdi vi Igi ich cua dang, md vi Igi ieh cua nhdn dan;
nhdn dan tin nMem, suy tdn ddng vao vi die ciia dang cam quygn de dang phuc vu nhan ddn. Vi the, dang phai kign dinh giii viing vi the cua dang cam quygn. Vigc nay khong phdi vi lpi ich cua ddng, md vi lpi ich cua nhdn ddn. Theo V.I.Lenin,
"vg nguyen tde, dang edng sdn phdi giu virng vai ttd Idnh dao, do Id dieu khdng cdn ngM ngd gl duge nira""'; "ngM rdng chung ta se tir bo dii chi mdt phdn ttam, mdt phdn ngan vi tri ma ehung ta da tu tay gianh duge, nhu the Id sai ldm. Chiing ta quyet khdng nhuong bd mdt b nao ca"'^'.
Trong viee giir viing vi the cdm quygn, dieu cdt tir nhdt la dang giu viing vai trd Idnh dao nhd nude, ndm chdc bd may nha nude. Trong tac pham Ban ve thuiluong thuc, V.I.Lenin khdng dinh manh me: "Hien nay chinh quygn dd gianh dugc, dang dugc giii vung va ciing ed ttong tay mgt dang, dang cua giai cdp vd sdn, thdm cM khdng cdn cd "nhiing ngudd ban dudng khdng chdc chdn" niia. Hien nay, khi tham chi khdng the ndi den chuyen cMa se chinh quyen, chuyen tir bd chuyen ehinh ciia vd san ehdng lai giai cap tu san, ma cdn ndi den thda hiep tM chdng khdc nao Idp lai nhu vet nhirng cdu ke da hgc thudc long nhung khdng hieu gi hgt"'^'.
Hai la, dang xay dimg cuong linh, dudng ldi, chinh sdch ldn dinh hudng cho su nghiep xay dung ehu nghia xd hpi.
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Dang khdng phai la co quan nha nude. Nhd nude quyet dinh mpi vdn de thude tham quyen tiieo quy dmh cua phdp \uix. Vg phdn minh, vdi tu each Id dang cam quyen, dang xay dung cirong linh, dudng ldi, chmh sdch ldn dinh hudng cho su ngMep xay dung CNXH va td chirc, hoat ddng eiia nha nude. V.LLenin cM ddn: neu tirdng rdng dai hdi ddng ed the giai quygt dupe tat ea mgi van dg la sai lam, "nhiing quy dinh ve phap ludt cua chiing ta se giai quyet van de ay, nMem vu cua chiing ta cM la diitii dudng ldi nguyen tdc va ndu ra khau Meu. Dang ta la mdt dang cdm quyen va nhiing quygt dinh do dai hgi ciia dang thdng qua la nhiing dieu ma toan nude Cpng hda phai tudn theo; cho nen, d ddy, chung ta cdn phai giai quygt van de dy vg nguygn tdc"'^'.
Cuong linh, dudng Idi ciia dang la su dinh hudng tdng quat muc tieu, con dudng xdy dung CNXH.
Trong xay dung CNXH, euong Imh cua dang cd ygu cdu mdi, khdng cM la cuong Unh thuan tiiy ehinh tri, ma phdi mang tinh cMen lupc phdt trien dat nude, kg hoach tdng qudt kinh te - xa hgi. Tai Dai hdi VIII cdc Xdviet toan Nga, V.LLenin phdt bieu: "Cuong linh dang eua chiing ta khdng thg cM la mdt cuong linh ciia dang. Nd phai tid thanh cuang Hnh xay dung kinh tg ciia chiing ta, neu khdng, nd ciing khdng the nao dung lam cuong linh cua dang dupe. Nd cdn duoc hd sung bdng mpt cirong linh thir hai eua dang, bdng kg hoach nhiing cdng tdc nhdm khdi phuc toan bp ngn kinh te qudc dan vd ndng nen kinh tg dd tdd mirc ky thudt Men dai... Chiing ta phai cd mgt kg hoach dugc quy dinh rd rang;
duong nMen, do sg cM la mpt kg hoach so bd.
Cuong linh do cita dang sg khdng phdi Id bdt di bat dieh nhu cuong linh thue su cua chiing ta la cuong linh chi cd thg dupe sua ddi trong cde dai hOi dang thdi, Khdng, cirong linh do se mdi ngay dupe cdi tign hon ttong mdi xudng, ttong moi xa;
nd se duoe cai tidn, hodn chinh va sira ddi.
Cuong linh do la can thidt vdi ti'nh each la mdt ban phac thao ddu tien xudt Men tnrde mat nude Nga nhu mdt kg hoach khih te rdng ldn, du ti'nh It ra eho mudi nam va chi rd can phai tidn hanh Iam sao de dat nude Nga tren mpt co sd kinh tg thirc su, cdn thigt ddi vdi chu nghia edng sdn"'^'.
Ba li, dang lanh dao viec xdy dung bd may eua nha nude.
Nha nude do nhan dan lap ra, nhung ddng cdm quygn cd quyen lanh dao vide xdy dung, hodn thien to chiie bg may eua nha nude, ttong dd cd viec nhap cdc vi tri "cap cao" eua chinh quygn vdi cae vi tii "cap cao" eiia dang ldm mpt;
bd tri can bd Idnh dao cua eac coquan nha nude.
Day la mdt dae quyen va uu thg cua dang cdm quyen, do dang cMem dupe da sd ghg trong cde Xdvigt dai bieu eua nhan dan. Dang cdng san cdm quygn ciing cd quyen va ttdch nhiem lanh dao viec xdy dung bp mdy vd dgi ngu can bd, cdng chiie nha nude theo diing quan digm ciia dang va y nguyen cila nhdn dan.
Dang cd quyin lip chinh phu va de ra cic nguyen tac fdchuccuanhd nude. V.LLenin khang dinh: "vdi tu edch Id mpt dang cMgm da sd tai Dai hdi II toan Nga cde Xd-vigt, chung ta cd quyen va cd nhiem vu trudc nhan ddn thanh lap ehinh phu.
Mpi ngudi dgu bigt rdng. Ban chap hdnh trung uong ddng ta da trinh Dai hdi II toan Nga cdc Xd-vigt mdt ban danh saeh cae bp trudng dan uy thudn tuy bdn-se-vich vd dai hdi da thdngqua bin danh sich chinhphu thuan tuy bdn-se-vich tfd"'^'.
Cd thi hop nhat mdt sd co quan dang vdi co quan nha nude. Vira la lanh tu eua Dang Cpng san (b) Nga, viia la Chii tieh Hdi ddng bd tnrdng ddn uy, V.I.Lenin nhdn thdy, ttong digu kien mdt dang duy nhat cdm quygn xdy dung CNXH, cd thg vd cdn tiiigt hgp nhdt mgt sd co quan lanh
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V.I.Lenin v&i cdc Dai bieu cua Dgi hoi XDdng Cong sdn Nga _ Anh: TL
dao dang vdd co quan nhd nude, nhat the hda chuc danh Idnh dao dang vdi chiic danh lanh dao CO quan nha nude. Tai Dai hgiXDang Cdng sdn (b) Nga, Ngudi khdng dmh: "tat cd chiing ta deu bidt rdng vdi tu each la dang chdp chinh, chung ta khdng thg khdng nhap ede "edp cao"
eua chinh quyen vdd cdc "cdp cao" cua dang lam mdt, - chung ta dang lam nhu vay va se tigp tue lam nhu vdy"'"'. Tuy nMgn, day la vdn de ldn vd phiic tap, Ngudi mdi cM de cap viec hgp nhdt co quan kiem tra dang vdi eo quan thanh tra eua nhd nude vi cd chiie nang tuong ddng.
Dang bd tri cin bd chu chdt cua caquan nha nude. Ddy la van de mang tinh nguyen tdc vd la mgt lpi the cua dang cam quygn. V.I.Lgnin tuyen bd edng khai tai Dai hdi Vni cdc Xdviet todn Nga:
"Chimg ndo mdt dang cam quyen edn quan ly, ehimg ndo dang ay cdn phai giai quygt tat ea mpi van dg vg nhiing subd nMem khdc nhau, thi anh khdng the dg cd tinh ttang la viec bd nMem cac
chiic vu nhd nude quan ttgng nhdt lai do mdt dang khdng lanh dao tien hanh"'^'. Ngirdi edn bd dugc ddng cdm quygn bo tri ndm giir cuong vi lanh dgo eua co quan nhd nude chinh la ngudi dai dien eua dang. Vi vay, ttong dign vdn tai Hdi nghi II todn Nga cdc cdn bd td chiic, V.I.Lenin phat bigu: "Ngudd cdn bg ay phai nhd rdng anh ta khdng nhung Id ngudi tuyen truyen bdng ldi ndi, khdng nhiing phai giup do nhiing tang Idp nhdn dan me mudi nhdt; dd Id nMem vu chu yeu eiia anh ta va khdng Iam nhu vdy anh ta se khdng cdn la ngudd cdn bd ciia Dang, khdng lam nhu vdy anh ta khdng thg tu coi nunh la ngtrdi cdng sandupe"'^'.
Bdn la, ttpng tdm la Idnh dao phdt trien kinh tg.
Trong dieu kien hda binh, nhat la ddi vdi mdt dat nude ehua ttdi qua giai doan phdt ttien ciia chu nghia tu bdn, phdt ttien kinh te, lanh dao kinh tg la nhiem vu quan ttpng nhat eiia dang cdm quyen va "Men nay doi vdi chiing ta, nhiing
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nMem vu kinh te, mdt tt^ Mnh tg vdn lai la van dg chii ygu nhat, can ban nhat"""'. Dieu ndy do chinh sir mgnh lich su quy dinh eho dang edng sdn cdm quygn. Trong cae xa hgi hien dai, dang chinh tri nao dan ddt quan chiing lam each mang gianh dirge thdng Igi eung duong nMen phai lanh dao phdt trign kinh te dat nirdc, tao nen su han hdn so vdi xa hdi cu vg khih tg. Trong Nhung nhiem vu trudc mit cua chinh quyen Xd- viit, V.I.Lgrun viet: "Trong bat eii cudc each mang xa hdi chu ngMa ndo, kM giai cdp vd sdn dd lam xong nMem vu gianh dupe chinh quyen rdi, va ttong chimg mue ma nMem vu tiioc doat nhiing ke di tude doat vd nhiem vy dap tan su phan khdng cua chung dd dirpc hodn thdnh tten nhung net ehu ygu va ca ban, - thi tat nhien cd mot nMgm vu cdn ban khdc duge de len hang dau, dd la: tMgt lap mdt chg dp xa hdi cao hon chu ngMa tu ban, nghia la ndng cao ndng suat iao ddng va do do (vd nhdm muc dich dd) phai td chiic lao ddng theo mdt tirinh dp cao hon"'"'.
Gianh ehinh quyen da khd, nhung de chign tiidng giai cap tu sdn, chiing minh tten thuc te su uu viet, tinh hon hdn eiia xa hdi XHCN so vdi xa hdi tu ban trude do la viec edn khd khan hon, nhung la digu bdt huge. V.I.Lenin phan tich sau sdc: "xet cho cimg, thi ngudn lue lugng to ldn nhdt dg chign thdng giai cap tu sdn va cai bdo dam duy nhdt cho nhiing thdng Igd dd dugc ben viing va khdng gi pha vd ndi, cM cd thg la mdt phuong thlic san xudt xa hpi mdi, cao hon, chi cd the la viec dem san xuat ldn xd hdi chu ngMa tiiay tiie cho san xudt tu ban chii nghia vd tigu tu san""^'; "xet den eung, thi nang suat lao dpng la cdi quan ttgng nhat, chii ygu nhat eho thdng Igi cua che do xa hgi mdi""^'.
2. Phuxmg thirc ckm quy^n cua dang cong san Motli, dang tien hanh cdng tdc tuygn truyen, thuygt phuc, van ddng nhdn ddn.
Cung nhu ttong dau ttanh gianh ehinh quygn, nhiing ngudd cdng sdn cM la mdt bd phdn nhd ddn cu, nhitng ngudi cdng sdn se khdng giu duge chinh quygn neu khdng cd dupe su iing hg ddy du nhdt vd hgt Idng cua quang dai qudn ehiing nhan dan. Vi thg, nMem vu cd tam quan ttgng hang ddu va cung la each thirc cdm quyen quan trpng nhdt cua dang Id di sdu tuyen truygn, van ddng nhan ddn. V.LLenin cdn dan: cdn "sua ddi mdt cdch cdn ban cdng tdc hdng ngay cua dang, di xudng vdi hdng trieu cdng nhan, cd'ndngva tigu ndng, la nhung ngudd md ngu khdng cd cic Xd-viit, khdng cd viec lat dd giai cap tu sdn, tM khdng sao thodt dugc eac lai hpa do ehu ngMa tu ban vd chign ttanh mang lai. Giai tiiich digu dd mdt edch cu thd, don gidn, rd rang, cho quan ehiing, cho hdng chuc trieu ngudi, ndi vdd hg la cdc Xd-vigt cua ho phai ndm lay toan bd cMnh quygn, ddi tidn phong eua hp, dang cua giai edp vd san each mangphdi linh dao cugc ddu ttanh, - chuygn chinh vd san ed nghia la nhu thg day""*. Trong tac pham Benh au tri "ta khuyiih"
trong phong trio cpngsan, V.I.Lenin vigt: "Phai bigt tunguyen chiu mgi hy smh, vupt nhiing tto ngai ldn nhat, de tign hanh mdt cdng tdc tuyen truyen va ed ddng cd he thdng, bgn bi, deo dai va nhdn nai cMnh ngay trong cac eo quan, cdc hpi, cdc td chuc - thdm cbi phan ddng nhdt - nghia la bat cir d ehd ndo cd quan chung vd san hay nira vd san""^'; "tat ca nMem vu ciia ngudi edng san la phai biet t/juyeitphucnhiing phan tir lac hau, bigt cdng tdc trong sd'nhiing ngudi lae hau dd, chii khdng phai xa lanh hp vdi nhung khau Meu "ta"baydatra mgt cdch ngdnghech""^.
Trong cdng tac tuygn truygn cua dang, V.I.Lgnm ddc biet luu y vg tam quan trgng ciia viec tuyen truyen kinh tg ddi vdi dang cam quygn dang Idnh dao phat ttign kinh tg.
Hai la, phdt huy vai ttd ciia nha nude, ttgn co
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sdphdn dinh mdt cdeh rd rdng nhirng nMem vu cua dang vdi nMem vu cua nha nude.
KM cd nhd nude, dang dd ttd thanh dang duy nhdt cdm quyen, van de Idn nhat, nhung eung phuc tap nhat la giai quygt mdi quan he giiia dang cam quygn vdi nha nude. Tdch biet tuyet ddi giua dang vdi nhd nude thi ddng khdng cdn la dang cam quyen va cae dang chinh tri cam quyen tten tiig gioi deu gdn vdi chinh quygn ttong thdi gian cam quygn, nhung ddng nhat dang cdm quygn vdi nhd nude tM dang khdng cdn la td chiie chinh tri, tu bien minh thanh caquan quan Iy nha nude ttong kM khong dupe giao quygn ndy. V.I.Lgnm dd ttdn ttd rat nMgu vg van dg nay vd da neu quan diem bude ddu ciia minh.
Trong tac pham Nhiing nhiem vu cua chung ta viXd-vIitdai biiu cdngiihan vigt trudc Cdch mang Thdng Mudi Nga, V.I.Lenin tu dat ra cau hoi va tutta ldi; "Xd-vigt dai bigu cdng nhdn hay la Dang? Theo tdi, khdng thg ddt vdn de nhu vay, va gidi quygt vdn de dd nhit thiit chi eo the la:
vda cin cd Xd-vigt dai bieu cdng nhan, VLia cin cd Dang. Van dg - vd la van dg hgt siic quan ttpng - cM la d cho lam the ndo phdn rd va kgt hgp nhung nM0m vu cua Xd-viet vd nhung nMem vu cua Dang edng nhdn dan chu - xd hgi Nga""^.
Cho den eudi ddi, Ngudi tigp tuc khdng dinh:
"can phan dinh mdt each ro rdng hon nua nhtmg nhiem vu ciia dang (vd cua Ban chap banh tmng uong ciia nd) vdd nMem vu cua Chinh quygn Xd-viet; tang them trach nhiem va tinh chu ddng cho cdc can bd Xd-vigt va cdc ca quan Xd-vigt, cdn ve dang tM danh quyen lanh dao chung cdng tde ciia tat ca cac co quan nha nude gdp chung lai, md khdng can thigp mot cdch qua thudng xuyen, khdng chinh quy va thudng la nhd nhat, nhu hien nay""^'.
Voi quan diem nhir vdy, tai Dai hdi XI Ddng Cdng san (b) Nga, V.LLenm danh gia: "Giiia
dang va eae co quan Xd-vidt, hien da cd nhung quan he khdng diing... Tdi dd lay mdt thi du de chiing minh rdng, ngay doi vdi mdt viec nhd cu thg, ngudi ta ciing dd dua dgn Bd cMnh tti nhu thg ndo rdi. Tren Mnh thiic, sita chiia dugc hign tuong do la viec rat khd, vi d nude ta cM cd mdt dang cam quygn duy nhat dang lanh dao, va khdng the ngan cam bat cii mpt ddng vien ndo kMgu nai cd. Cho ngn, dd'i vdi bat eii viee gi dHdi ddng bg truong dan iiy, ngudi ta cung deu dua sang Bg ehinh tri... Vg digm nay, Ban chdp hdnh trung uang dgu hoan todn nhdt tri, va tdi hy vgng rang dai hdi se rat chii ttgng dgn vdn dg nay vd se phe chuan cdc chi thi nhdm lam cho Bg cMnh tri vd Ban chdp hdnh trung uong khdi phdi giai quyet cde cdng viec vun vdt, vd nhdm cai tign edng tac cua can bg phu traeh. Cdc bd truang dan uy can phai chiu trdch nhiem ve su boat ddng ciia minh; khdng nen de tinh trang ngudd ta chay, trudc hdt, dgn Hdi ddng bd trudng dan uy, rdi sau lai chay ddn Bd cMnh tri. Chinh thiie ma ndi, chiing ta khdng tiig xda bd quygn khigu nai vdi Ban chdp hanh trung uong dupe, vi dang la Id dang cdm quygn duy nhdt. Phai ehdm diit tinh trang la bat ky vdn dg vun vat ndo cung dira ra trudc Ban chap hdnh trung uong, md phai ndng cao uy quygn cua Hdi ddng bd ttirdng ddn uy, phai lam thg nao cho chinh nhiing vi bd trudng ddn iiy, chir khdng phai Id nhung ngiroi phd eua hg, tham gia nhieu ban nira vao cdng tdc 6 Hdi ddng, phai tiiay ddi tinh chdt cdng tac cua Hdi ddng bd trudng dan uy, theo cdi hudng ma tdi da khdng the Idm duoe ttong ndm vira qua: ehu y nhigu hon niia ddn viee kigm tra tinh hinh chap hanh""^'. Tir thuc te cdng tac, Ngirdi de xudt: giam nhe cdng viec cho Bo chinh tri, nit bdt cho Bg chinh tri nhung cdng viec khdng phil hop, ndng cao uy tin va khd ndng ldm viec cua Bd chinh tti"™.
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Ba li, bd tri diing ngudd vao vi tti phii hgp.
Tir ttong lanh dao ddu tranh gianh chinh quygn, V.LLenin da rat chii ttpng vdn de lua chgn dung ngudi vd bd tti dung ngudi vdo vi tri phii hgp. Tuy nhidn, kM cd chinh quygn, bp mdy dang vd nhd nude hdt siic ldn. Trong tinh binh ay, viec bd tri diing ngudi vdo vi tri phil hpp ttd thdnh mdt phuang thiie ciia dang cdm quyen. V.LLgnm da sdm nhan ra tinh ttang ddt dang vien khdng dling cho. Tai Dai hdi XI Dang Cdng sdn (b) Nga, Ngudi chi rd: "Tuy rdng, trong nhiing cdng sd, chiing ta ludn ludn bi ngdp ddu vdi nhiing viee lat vat nhu the, song ttong eai day xich thi do khdng phai Id cdi khdu md chiing ta nen ndra lay;
mau chdt khdng phai d ddy; mdu chdt ciia van de Id d cho con ngudi dupe dat khdng diing chd, la d chd ngudi cdng san phu ttach ndy ng dd timg tham gja rdt gidi vdo toan bg cudc cdch mang, bay gid da dupe giao eho rapt viec kinh doanh cdng thuong ngMep ndo dd, ma lai khdng Mgu ^ cd, lai can tto khdng cho ngudi ta thay sir that"'^".
Bd tri ngudi vao timg vi tri thich hpp Id rapt trong cac quyen cua dang cdm quyen. Nhung, day la viec khd, "ngudi edng san lanh dao chi cd mpt cdch duy nhat de ehiing minh quygn lanh dao eua nunh, do la tim cho rainh dugc nhidu, cdng ngdy cdng nMdu, nhiing ngirdi phu td ttong sd cde nhd su phara thuc hdnh, biet gidp do ho lam viec, biet dg bat ho, bidt gidi thi^u vd chii y dgn kmh nghiem cua ho... Cdn ngudi dang vien edng sdn nao cM ban luan ve "lanh dao" mi khdng biit sip xgp cdc chuyen gia lam edng tac thue tg, khdng bidt lam eho hg dat duge kgt qua tiiuc tg, khdng bigt van dung kinh nghiem thuc te cua hang tram va hang trdm gido vign, - thi ngudi dang vign cdng san dd that Id vd dung"'^^'.
Bdn la, ddng kiem tra, kidm sodt hoat ddng cua dang vign vd td chiic dang ttong cdc co quan nhd nude.
Kigm tta, kigm soat la mdt phuang thiic duy tri vi the vd phat huy vai ttd cam quyen ciia dang cam quygn. Tir thuc tign, V.I.Lgnin khai qudt:
"Mau chot ciia van dg khdng phai Id d cde co quan, d viec cai td, d cdc sdc Idnh moi ma Id d con ngudi vi d sukiem tra viec thuc hien. Lira chgn ngudd vd kidm tta viec tiiuc Men"*^'. Trong tae phdm Bin ve thui luong thuc, Ngudi phd phdn tinh ttang nhiing ngudi cdng sdn tu mmh Idm tat ed, lam qua siie ma van khdng kip, lam mgt liic ea hang hai chuc viee md khdng dugc mdt viec ndo ra trd... va yeu cau "phdi kiem tta cdng viee eua hang chuc, hdng ttam ngudi phu giiip, td chiie kigm tta cdng viec cua bp tir dirdi len, ngMa Id td chuc su kigm tta cua qudn chiing chdn chinh" '^•".
Kidm tra khdng chi ddi vdi viee thuc Men, md phai Idem tta ehinh ndi dung cua cae chu truong do ddng dg ra. Trong tac pham Tha It mi tdt, V.LLenin vigt: "Phai nghi dgn chuyen kigm tta lal nhiing ehii truong md chung ta tuyen bd hdng gid, quygt dinh hang phut, rdi timg gidy ehiing minh tinh ehdt khdng vung ehde, khdng kien dinh va khd Meu eiia nhung chu tmong dd"'^^'.
Nam la, phdt Men, iing hd, chdm sdc, phat huy cdi mdi; chu ttpng viec lam thi diem.
Cam quygn la cdng vigc mdi me ddi voi dang cdng san va nhiem vu ma ddng cdm quyen phai giai quyet cdng id vdn de rat mdd ddi voi ca xa hdi. Vi the, khdng phai ddng ngay l?p tiic cd thg dua ra cdc quyet dinh ddng ddn cho mpi vdn dg eua cugc each mang XHCN. Cach tinic, eon dudng tiiigt tiiuc, Meu qua nhdt dd gidi quyet vdn dg nay la bam sat thuc tidn, phat hien, ung hd, eham sdc, phdt huy cdi mdi; lam thi diem de nit kinh nghiem. V.I.Lgnin gpi y: "Chung ta ngn nghien ciiu can than nhiing mam non cua cdi mdd, hgt siic chu y den chung, giup bdng du mpi each cho chung tnrdng thanh len va "cham sdc"
nhimg mdm cdn non ygu do, ttong sd nhiing
LYLUAN CHINH TRI-S611/2019
mam non dy, ed mdt so ndo dd se khdng ttanh khoi bi tieu vong... Van dg Id d chd, phai khuyen khich tdt cd nhiing mam non cua cdi mdd, ehdng ke nhiing mdm non do nhu the ndo; cugc sdng se chgn loe nhung cai nao ed nMeu siic sdng nhdt ttong sd nhiing mam non dd"'^^'. Nhan eau chuyen ve mdt ngudi Nhdt qua 605 ligu thude tM nghiem den lieu thudc thii 606 mdi tim ra thii thude dap iing dugc nhiing dieu kien de chiia benh giang mai, V.I.Lgnin nit ra kgt luan: "nhung ai dinh gjai quygt mdt vdn dg khd khdn hon, tiic Id cMgn thdng chu ngMa tu ban cung phai cd dii kien nhan de tM ngMem hang ttara hang nghin nhung phuong phdp, phuang thuc, thu doan ddu ttanh mdd, dg hoan chinh dugc nhiing cdi nao tMch hgp hon ca"<^'*.
Siu la, ddng dua vdo cdc doan the quan chting, true tigp vao cde cdng doan, va nhan dan.
Tai Dai hdi XI Ddng Cong san (b) Nga, V.LLgnin phdn tich: "viec xay dung chii ngMa xa hdi se khdng phdi la viee rieng cua Dang edng san... ma la viec cua tat ca qudn chung Iao ddng"'^^'; "van menh lieh sit lai do qudng dai qudn chung quygt dinh"'^^'; "chi khi ndo nhung ngudi cdng san bigt dung ban tay ciia nhiing ngudi khdc dg xdy dung ngn kinh tg..., khi dd chung ta mdd cd the Idnh dao duge nen kinh tg"""'. 6 ddy cd mdt tu tudng hgt siie sdu sac:
cam quyen, Idnh dao gioi khdng phai la tu minh idm tat ed mgi viee, ma quan ttpng la biet "dimg ban tay ciia nhung ngudi khdc".
Neu nhu ttong each mang vd san gianh chinh quygn, cdng doan va cac doan the nhdn dan la luc lugng tap hgp, van ddng cdng nhdn vd cac tdng lop nhdn ddn diing len dau ttanh, thi nay eac td ehiic nay tiep tuc la co sd chinh tri eiia dang cdng san cam quygn. Ddc diem ddc biet ciia dang cdng san ttd thdnh cam quygn khdng qua tranh cit ma dua vao su tin nMem cila nhdn ddn
Iao ddng tir ttong dau ttanh each mang quy dinh dang edng san cdm quygn phai ndm chdc va phat huy tdt vai ttd cua cdc dodn the nhan dan.
V.I.Lgnin phdn tich: "trong he thdng chuygn chinh vd san, eong dodn ed mdt vi tri dgiira dang vd ehinh quygn nha nude, neu ta cd the ndi nhu vay dugc... Nhung khdng cd mgt nen mdng nhu cde td chiic cdng dodn, tM khdng thg thuc Men dugc chuygn chinh, khdng the thue Men dugc cdc chiie nang nhd nuac"'^". Dira vdo edng dodn - td chtic rpng rai cua cdng nhan, ma dang la dpi tien phong ciia giai cdp cdng nhdn - Id cdeh tdt nhat de "mugn ban tay" eua cdng doan dg ddn ddt cdng nhdn. Trong tdc pham Benh au tri "ta khuynh" trong phong trao cdng sin, V.I.Lgnin giai tMch: "Trong cdng tdc, dang dua true tiep vao cic cdng doan... ve hinh thue thi dd la nhirng td chiie khdng dang. Thuc ra, tdt ca nhiing co quan lanh dao ciia tuygt dai da sd cdng dodn va tnrde hgt, dInMen la Tmng uong hay Thudngvu cae cdng doan todn Nga (Hpi ddng tmng uong cac cdng doan todn Nga) dgu gdm nhiing dang vien edng sdn va tM hanh tdt ca nhiing cM thi ciia ddng. Tdm lai, ehung ta cd mgt bg may vd sdn, ve hinh tiiiie thi khdng phdi la edng sdn, mot bd may mem deo va tuong doi rdng rai, rdt manh, mdt bd mdy ma tiidng qua dd dang lien he chdt che vdi giai cip va vdi quan chungva thdng qua do, chuyen chinh cua giai cip dupe thue hien dudi su lanh dao cua dang. Neu khdng cd su lien hg hgt siie chat ehe vdd cdng doan, khdng dugc cdng doan nMet liet ung hd, khdng cd edng tde day hy sinh tan tuy cua cdng dodn khong nhiing ttong cdng cudc kien thiet kinh tg ma ca trong viec td chirc quan sutiii dl nhien la chung ta khdng the quan Iy dugc nha nude va tiiuc hien dupe chuyen chinh, toi khdng ndi ttong hai nam rudi, ma ngay ea ttong hai thang nroi cung khdng duge"0^'. Mgt ttong nhung vai ttd cua cdng doan
LYLUAN CHINHTRI-Soll/2019
Jl
la gidi tMeu nhiing cdng nhan uu tu dg dang gidi tiiieu tham gia bd mdy nha nude.
Bayli, Mnh thdnh va thue Men le ldi ldm viec phil hpp.
Trong phuong thiic cam quyen eua dang cdng san, van dg xay dung va tiiuc hien phong cdch, Ie ldi lam viec khoa hgc, than ttgng, tMgt tiiuc cd y ngMa ldn. Nhiem vu chinh tri mdi, bdi eanh hoat ddng mdi, cac mdi quan he mdi... ddi hdi cac CO quan lanh dao ddng, cdc can bd dang, dang vien phai thay ddi phong cdch cdng tac, lg ldi lam vigc. Trong tae pham Nhiing nhiem vu trudc mit cua chinh quyen Xd-viit, V.LLenin giai tMch rd; "Sir xuat Men cua mdt giai cdp mdi tten vd dai lich sii, vdd tu cdch la ngudi lanh tu va ngudi Idnh dao xa hdi, khdng bao gid dign ra ma lai khdng cd mpt thdi ky "ttdng ttanh" hdt siic dii ddi, mdt thdi ky chan ddng, ddu tranh va bao tap, do la mpt mdt; mdt khdc, khdng bao gid dign ra ma khdng cd mdt thdi ky md mam, thi nghiem, do du, ngd nghieng ttong viec lua chpn nhiing phuang phdp mdi dap ung ddng vdd tinh thg khaeh quan mdi... DI nMdn, khdng phdi chi can mat hang tudn ma phai mat hang bao nhidu thdng, bao nhigu ndm, tM mpt giai cdp mdi tiong xd hdi, hon nira mpt giai cap tmdc kia bi dp birc, bi day dpa ttong canh khdn cimg va ddt nat, mdi cd the lam quen vdd tinh hinh mdi ciia minh, mdi nhin nhan ky ludng mgi vdt xung quanh dugc, mdi td chirc tdt cdng tac cua minh, mdd dao tao dugc nhung cdn bd td chiic cua minh. Cd nMgn, dang lanh dao ciia giai cdp vd sdn each mang chua thg ed dupe kmh nghiem vd thdi quen ttong vide thi hanh nhiing bidn phap td chiic dai quy md cho hang tneu vd hang chuc trieu edng ddn; ddng ay phai mat rat nhigu thdi gian mdi thay ddi dugc nhiing thdi quen cu, thdi quen hau nhu cM biet lam cd dOng. Nhimg ttong viec dd khdng ed cai gi la khdng thd thuc Men
duge, va mdt khi chiing ta da cd nhan thiic ro rang Id can phai thay ddi nhiing thdi quen ay, mdt kM chung ta dd cd mdt su quyet tam viing chdc dd thuc Men su thay ddi dd, mdt khi chung ta hgn tri theo dudi muc tieu vi dai va khd khan ay, tM chiing ta sg thuc Men dupe mue tieu ay"'^'.
Trong ddi mdi phong each, lg ldi ldm viec ciia dang cdng san cam quyen, V.I.Lenhi da cd nhung cM dan cu thd: phdi ttdnh ldi dg ra nhimg chuong ttinh, kg hoach vign vdng, khdng thiet thuc, khdng khd thi; eai tien edch vidt nghi quygt;
sdu sat CO sd, gan gui ngudi Iao dgng; giam bdt hdi hgp; v.v.. O
(1), (9), (15), (16), (32) V.l.Lenin: Toin tip, t.41, Nxb Tignbg, Matxcova, 1977, tt.479,181,45-46,47,38-39.
(2) V.LLenin: Toan tap, t.37, Nxb Tien bg, Matxcava, 1977, tt.277.
(3), (4), (7), (24): V.LLenin: Toan tip, t.43, Nxb Tien bg, Matxcava, 1978, tt.261,74,17,293.
(5), (8), (10), (22), (31) V.I.Lgnin: Toan tip, t.42, Nxb Tien bd, Matxcova, 1979, tt.l93,204-205,167,407- 408,250.
(6) V.l.Lenin: Toin tip, t,35, Nxb Tign bo, Matxcova, 1976, tt.83.
(11), (33) V.I.Lenin: Toan tip, t.36, Nxb Tign bg, Matxcova, 1977, tr.228-229,235-236.
(12), (13), (26), (27) V.I.Lenin: Toin tap, t.39, Nxb Tign bo, Matxcava, 1977. tt.20-21,25,23,23-24.
(14) V.l.Lenin: Toan tip, t.40, Nxb Tign bd, Matxcova, 1978, tt.l55.
(17) V.l.Lenin: Toin tap, t.l2, Nxb Tign bd, Matxcova, 1979, tr.73-74.
(18), (19), (20), (21), (23), (25), (28), (29), (30) V.I.Lgnin: Toan tap, t.45, Nxb Tign bd, Matxcava, 1978, tt.75,136-138,467,133-134,474,443,110-111, 113,117.
LfLUAN CHlNHTR!-So 11/2019
