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KET QUA DANH GIA BWOC D A U VE THLK NGHIEM T R 6 N G MOT S6 LOAI CAY MQC NHANH, CAY BAN D\A CO GIA TRj KINH TE TRONG
T R 6 N G RU'NG VA LAM GIAU RU'NG 6" VUNG DONG NAM BQ
P h a m T h e D u n g Vien Khoa hoc Lam nghiep Nam Bo
Tir kiwd. Cay ban dia, cay mpc nhanh, lam giau rimg, trong rimg.
T O M T A T
Sir dung cay mgc nhanh trong trong rimg dap irng nguuyen lieu go da duoc Vien Khoa hpc Lam nghiep Nam Bp nghien ciru tir nam 2002. Den nay, sau hon 10 nam trong rimg, ket qua cho thay co 6 loai cay co the su dung trong rimg a viing Dong Nam Bp do la: Thanh that, Loi Thp, Thiii, Lat Mehico, Muong den va Gao. Mot so loai cay ban dia, go quy co the gay trong vira cung cap go vira co gia trj bao ton nguon gen do la cac loai: Lim xanh.
Trom, Gu mat, Cam Lai Ba Ria. Doi voi lam giau rirng sir dung cac loai Lim xanh, Muong den, Xa cir, Nhac ngira, Chieu lieu trong trong cac rach rpng 4m, bang chira 6m trong cac rirng thiJ sinh ngheo kiet la rat co trien vpng. Trii' lirpng va chat lupng rirng tu nhien da dugc nang cao r6 ret
Key words: Native tree species, fast growing tree, forest enrichment,
reforestation
Resuls of preliminary assessment on experimental planting of fast growing tree species, native one with economical value to use in reforestation and natural forest enrichment in South-Eastern region The study on fast growing and native tree species to meet wood demands has been done by Forest Science Institute of South Vietnam from 2002 up to now. Today, after 8 years of study ihe research, resull shows thai:
- Six of fast growing species which are' Gao vang - Nauclea orienlalisl L ; Sarcocophaliis coadulala Druce, Family: Rubiaceae. Thanh That - Ailanlhus Iriphysa, Family: Simaroubaceae; Loi Tho - Gmelina arhorea Roxb Family: Verbenaceae.; Thui - Parkia siimalrana. MiQ Subsp. Xa Cu - Khaya senegalensis A.Juss, Family: Meliaceae, ware determined;
- The native species with high wood value in South-East region consists of Lim Xanh - Ery-throphloeum fordii Oliv, family. Caesalpimacea;, Trom hoi - Slerculia foelida L, Family: Sterculiaceae; Cu mat - Sindora siamen\i\. family: Caesalpiniaceae; Cam lai Ban Ria Dalbergia bariaensis Piere, Family: Fabaceae are suitable to plant for wood product and genitive conservation.
Five native species are suitable for natural rehabilitation and enriching in Southeast region. They are' Lim Xanh - Eryihrophloeum fordii Oliv, Muong den - Cassia siamea Lamk, Xa Cu - Khaya senegalensis A.Juss, Nhac ngua - Swielenia mcrophylla, Chieu Lieu - Ternnnalia superha.
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Tap chi KHLN 2014 Pham Th§ Dung, 2014(1)
L DAT VAN DE
Ngay nay, vdi su phat tridn nhanh cua cdng nghe che bien gd, loai cdy trdng phuc vu nhu cau gd rai da dang va phong phu, khdng ehi nhirng loai edy ua dimg cd phdm chat go tdt nhu sao, dau. Cam lai, Giang huong... ma ngay ca nhung cdy go mdm, xop, hay bi moi mot deu da dugc sir dung nhd cdng nghe xir iy gd. Cao su la mdt Irong nhimg minh ehiing cho viec Ihay ddi ca cau cay trdng cung cap gd theo hudng nay.
Nham thoa man ca hai dieu kien la eung cdp gd va bdo tdn nhimg ngudn gen quy, nhimg loai cdy ban dja cd gia tri kinh tS, tir nam 2000, Vien Khoa hgc Lam nghiep Nam Bd (Phan vien cu) da thir nghiem gay trdng mot sd loai cay moc nhanh, ban dia, co gia tri kinh te cho ca hai phuang thirc la trong rimg mdi va lam giau rung.
Muc tieu cua nghien cuu la; chon dugc nhUng loai cay cd kha nang sinh trudng nhanh, uu lien ebon nhiing loai cay ban dia d^ kit hgp vdi muc tieu bao ldn ngudn gen d vimg Ddng Nam Bd. Sir dung nhiing ky thuat trdng rimg, lam giau rimg dan gian phd biln nhdt dl cd dieu kien md rdng vao san xuat, quy md rimg Irdng phai dii ldn, tir 5ha trd len dl cd hien trudng tap huan, chuyen giao ma khdng dimg lai d quy md rimg nghien cuu thi nghiem.
Bai viel xin gidi thieu nhirng kit qua budc dau ve kha nang sinh trudng eiia mdt sd loai cay qua thir nghiem nay.
II. VAT LIEU VA PHirOTVG PHAP NGHIEN CUU
2.1. Loai cay trong thtrc nghiem - Loai cdy trdng mpc nhanh:
Sir dung cac loai: Gao vang {Naiiclea orienlah.Ki L; Sarcocophaliis coadulala.
Druce), ho Cam quyt: Rubiaceae; Thanh that {Ailanlhus Iriphysa), ho Thanh thdt (Simaroubaceae); Loi Tho (Gmelina arhorea Roxb), hp Tech: Verbenaceae.; Xoan ta {Melia azedarach Lirm), hp Xoan: IVleliaeeae;
Thui {Parkia sumatrana. MiQ. Subsp); Xa dx (so khi) {Khaya senegalensis A.Juss), ho Xoan; Meliaceae; Muong den {Cassia siamea Lamk), hg Vang; Caesalpiniaceae R.B; Lim xet {Pellophoriim tonkinense A.Chev.), hg Vang: Caesalpiniaceae R.B.
- Lodi cdy bdn dia:
Su dung eac loai Lim Xanh {Eryihrophloeum fljrdii Oliv), hp Vang; Caesalpiniaceae; Cay
Gd mat (Gu mat) {Sindora siamensis), hp Vang; Caesalpiniaceae; Trom hdi {Sterculia foelida L.), hp trdm: Sterculiaceae; Gd do {Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib, 1921) Pahudia cochinchinensis Pierre, hp: Dau Fabaceae; Cam lai Ba Ria {Dalbergia bariaensis Piere), hg Ddu: Fabaceae. Trong sd cac loai cdy nay, 3 loai edy thudc loai dang cd nguy CO de dpa tuyet ehung (Nguydn Hoang NghTa, 1999).
- Lodi cdy bdn dia trong lam giau rimg tir nhien:
Sir dung 12 loai cay ban dia, trong each cay 4m:
Dau nudc Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb; Sao den {Ho/yea odorata Roxb); Ven ven (Anisoptera coslata Korth); Chd Chi {Parashorea stellata Kurz); Go dd {Afzlia xylocarpa Craib); Giang Huong {Pierocarpus macrocarpus Kurz);
Mudng den {Cassia siamea Lam); Lim xanh {Erylhrophroeum fordii Oliv); Xa cir {Khaya senegalensis A.Juss); Nhac ngira {Swielenia macrophylla King); Chieu lieu (Ternrinalia superba); Tram tr4ng (Canariiim album Roeusch^.
Ten khoa hpc va xep loai cac loai cdy theo lieu chi cdy sinh trudng nhanh, cay ban dja dugc Iham khao tir tai lieu "Tai nguyen cay gd rirng Viet Nam" (Trdn Hgp, 2002). Mdt
Phgm The Dung. 2014(1) Tap chi KHLN 2014
SO loai cay trong thu nghiem nay cdn la eac loai cd nguy co bi de dpa tuyet ehung d Viet Nam nhu: Dau rai, Sao den, Cam lai Ba Ria, Lim xanh, Giang huong (Nguyen Hoang NghTa, 1999).
2.2. Dia diem trong, d^c diem dat dai va ky thuat trong thu* nghiem
- Trdng thuc nghiem cay mpc nhanh va cay ban dia tai Tram Thuc nghiem Ldm nghiep Tdn Phti thudc xa Tdn Lap huyen Ddng Phu, tinh Binh Phudc. Rimg trdng thuc nghiem thudc ke hoach trdng thuc nghiem ciia du an
661 cua Phdn vien cu tir nam 2000 - 2002. Dat trdng thu nghiem: dat feralit vang dd phat trien tren phien thach va cd cac dac tnmg tai bang 1.
Lam giau rimg: trdng nam 1999 tai tieu khoanh 9, tieu khu 382 thudc rimg cua Ban quan ly rimg kinh te Tan Lap - Binh Phudc do KS. Pham Van Ddu chii tri. Rung thii sinh ngheo kiet dugc xu ly theo rach rdng 4m theo hudng Ddng - Tay, rach each nhau 6m bdi bang chira tao ra khoang each gitra cac hang cay trdng la 10m.
Bang 1. Dac trimg dat tai Tram thuc nghiem lam nghiep Tan Phii
Do sau (cm) 0-10 10-40
>40 pH KCI 3,93 4,16 4,21
pH[H
4,82 4,69 4,70
Hu'U c c
(%)
3,11 1,144 0,921
(%)
N0,168 0,084 0,063
PjOs
0,205 0,091 0,154
K2O
0.689 0,669 0,619
C a "
me/100 0.650 0,450 0,250
M g "
meMOO 0,500 0,250 0,150
A l " * Me/100
0.830 0,950 0,620
H*
me/100
0,050 0,050 0,050
Thanh phi
> 2 m m 28.210 22,330 19,140
2-0.02 51,210 47,230 54,120
n CO gio'i (%) 0.02-0.002
9,240 12,250 13,130
<0.002 11,340 18.190 13,610
Bang tren eho thay: ddt cd ham lupng dinh dudng trung binh, ngheo lan, cation trao doi Ihap, thanh phdn dat thit pha cat.
Ddt sau khi dugc dgn thuc bi, cay dat 2 lan.
Mat do trong 833 cdy/ha vdi cu li 3 x 4m.
Cham sdc mdi nam 3 ldn.
Dien tich:
- Ddi vdi cay mgc nhanh: dien tich trdng thuc nghiem mdi loai 5ha; nam trdng: 2002 (rieng Ldi Thp va Gao trdng nam 2000; Tech va Sao den trdng 1995).
- Ddi vdi cay ban dia: dien tich 2ha, mat dp Irdng 833 cay/ha (cu li 3 >< 4m).
- Ddi vdi lam giau rimg: dien tich 20ha, mai do trdng 250 cay/ha (eu li cdy 4m, cu li hang 10m (6m bang chira va 4m bang chat).
2.3. Phuong phap thu thap so lieu - Sd lieu sinh trudng rimg thuc nghiem dugc thu tir 3 0 lieu chuan dien hinh tren dien tich mdi loai. Cac chi sd do: dudng kinh ngang than (D| 3, cm), chieu cao viit ngpn (Hvn, m), ty le sdng (TLS, %).
- Sd lieu do sinh Irudng d rimg lam giau: do het sd cdy tren hang va het sd hang ciia 3 Idn lap lai cua mdi loai cay Irdng lam giau.
Xit ly sd lieu: sir dung tri sd binh quan ve sinh trudng cay tai cac d thi nghiem irdng rimg thuc nghiem va d cac rach trdng ciing loai ve lam giau rirng de so sanh va danh gia.
III. KET QUA TRONG THU'C NGHIEM 3.1. Loai cay moc nhanh
Ket qua sinh trudng rimg sau gan 7,5 nSm trdng dugc ghi lai bang 2.
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Tap chi KHLN 2014 Pham T h i DQng, 2014(1)
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 g 10 11
B a n g 2. Sinh triran Loai riiFng Lat Mehico X a CLF Xoan ta Thui (Parkia) Thanh Thit Loi Tho "
Lim xet IVluSng (Jen Gao*
T4ch "
Sao den '*
3 cua cac loai cay trong t h i j Dtb
(cm) 14,47 16,00 10,79 13,80 15,59 19,80 5,88 12,70 15,21 25,36 13,32
Dtb/nam (cm) 1,93 2,13 1,44 1,84 2,08 2,64 0,78 1,69 1,60 1,75 0,92
i g h i e m sau 7,5 t u 6 i (2002-2010) Htb
(m) 9,90 11,60
7,60 12,50 15,36 18,30 2,88 7,68 9,81 12,23 7,10
Htb/nam (m) 1,32 1,55 1,01 1,67 2,05 2,44 0,38 1,02 1,03 0,84 0,49
Ty le s6ng
(%)
48,2 74,4 85,4 74,2 65,5 72.0 80,0 90,0 72,0 100,0 60,0 Ghi chii. {*). Gao trong nam 2000 (9,5 tu6i)
{**):mii vaSaodentrSng 1995 (14,5 tu6i).
Ket qua tren cho ihay, cac loai hau bet deu cd tang trudng D | 3 Irung binh hang nam >l,5cm va chieu cao >l,Om (trir Lim xet va Sao den).
Dac biel cay Thanh thdt, Ldi thp, Lai Mehicd cd tang trudng cao. Neu so sinli trudng eiia Ldi thp va ngay ca Lim xet trong thir nghiem nay vdi sinh trudng cua chiing dupe Nguyen Ba Chdt (2002) tdng hgp trong "Sir dung cdy ban dia vao trdng rirng d Viet Nam" Ihi sinh trudng nay rat kha quan. Nhu vay, cd the chpn 6 trong sd 10 loai cdy trong thir nghiem de Irdng rii'ng eung cap gd nhd va gd ldn d viing cd lap dia tuong tu nhu tai Tan Lap, Binh
Phudc de trdng rimg. Dd la cac loai: Thanh that, Ldi thp, Thui (Parkia), Lat Mehico, Mudng den, Gdo. Ddi vdi Mudng den, cay sinh trudng tdt, khep tan sdm, edy day dac, neu cd giai phap tia Ihua se cho sinh trudng tdt hon. Cay Lim xet, sinh trudng chdm, tan thua, cd nhieu, khdng dugc khuyen cao de trdng rimg tir thir nghiem nay.
3.2. Loai cay ban dia co tiem nang de trong rung
Sau 5,5 nam trdng thir nghiem dugc ghi nhan tai bang 3.
Bang 3. Sinh trudng cua mdt sd loai cay ban dia cd sau 5,5 tuoi (8/2004 - 2/2010)
TT 1 2 3 4 5
Loai mng Lim xanh Gu mat Trom Go do e l m Lai
Dtb (cm) 8,79 5,54 3,78 8,00 7,16
Dtb/nam (cm) 1,60 1,01 0,69 1,45 1,30
Htb (m) 4,77 4,45 1,95 1,60 4,58
Htb/nam (m) 0,87 0,81 0,35 0,29 0,83
Ty If song
(%)
78.0 87,0 67,2 78,0 55,4
Ghi chu
D goc D goc
Cac loai cay ban dia trong thir nghiem la nhirng loai cdy gd quy, cd gia tri kinh le cao.
Vdi mire sinh trudng va ty le sdng nhu tren cho thdy cac loai cay nay cd kha nang gay
Phgm The Dung, 2014(1) Tap chi KHLN 2014 trdng va bao tdn ngudn gen. Trong eac loai,
dang chu y la cay Lim xanh, Gu mat cd siic sinh trudng rat tdt, cay Lim xanh cd canh la xanh dam quanh nam.
3.3. Loai cay trong lam giau rimg tv nhien - Sinh trudng cua cae loai cay ban dia trdng lam giau rimg trong cac rach: sau 8 nam thu
nghiem. Ket qua sinh trudng tai bang 4 cho Ihdy Mudng den, Chieu lieu, Lim xanh, Nhac ngua la nhiing cay rdt cd trien vpng. Binh quan tang trudng hang nam \ e dudng kinh cua 4 loai nay deu > 1 cm/nam va chieu cao Hvn > 1 m/nam. Tuy nhien trong thir nghiem nay loai Chieu lieu cd ty le sdng thap chua dugc khuyen eao gdy trdng.
Bang 4. Sinli trircmg sau ! stt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Loai cay tuludng den Chieu iieu Lim xanh Nhgc ngi/a Giang huong Xa cu Dau nuoc 06(36 Ven ven Sao (Jen
nam trong D n (cm) 14,40 12,63 10,16 9,28 7,05 5,78 5,20 5,14 3,67 3,58
trong rach lam AD (cm/nam)
1,80 1,58 1,27 1.16 0.88 0.72 0.65 0.64 0.46 0.45
giau rirng tai Tan Lap (8/1999- 9/2007) H,„
(m) 13.88 11.63 12.54 10.35 7.87 8.62 5.42 6.46 4,24 4,48
AH vn (m/nam) 1,74 1,45 1,57 1,29 0,98 1,08 0,68 0,81 0,53 0,56
Ti le s6ng
(%)
61,76 22,85 65.85 50.00 69.23 75.00 65,78 46,60 48,57 63,41
- Chdt lugng rirng tu nhien lai bang chira:
Rimg da dugc phdn thanh hai tang rd rel.
Tdng tren, cdy cd chieu cao trung binh 15m, dp lan che 20 - 30%. Cac loai cay chinh ciia bang chira la Bang lang, Dau chai, Gu mat, Binh linh, Lim xet, Mudng rang rang. Tdng dudi cay cao trung binh I Im, dp lan che 70 - 80%. Cac loai cay chinh la Thanh nganh, Thdu tdu. Bang lang. Den, Binh linh, Cdc rirng, Bira.
Dp che phii ciia cdy Irong bd sung trong rach dat 95%, cay da giao tan va hda nhap ciing vdi cac cay trong quan Ihu. Trong sd cac loai cay thu nghiem, cd 4 loai Mudng den. Chieu lieu, Lim xanh, Nhac ngua sinh Irudng rdi tdt. Day la md hinh cd kha nang md rdng vi dupe nghien cim Iren dien tich 20ha \ a ihdi gian theo ddi 8 nam. Qudn thu rimg da kha dn
dinh. Hai loai Tram trang va Chd chi cd sd cdy sdng khdng dang ke dugc coi la khdng thanh cdng qua thir nghiem nay.
IV. K E T LUAN, KIEN NGHI 4.L K g t l u a n
- Cd the sir dung cac loai cay mpc nhanh gdm cac loai: Thanh Ihal, Loi ihg, Thui, Lat Mehico, Mudng den va Gao de phuc vu Irdng rimg cung cap gd ldn.
- Cdy ban dia gd quy cd the irdng vira bao tdn
\ a cung cap gd nhu cac loai: Lim xanh, Gu mat.
- Cd the su dung cac loai: Mudng den, Chieu lieu, Lim xanh, Nhac ngua de irdng trong cac bang chal de lam giau rirng tu nhien, Cac loai cay dirge chpn trong thu nghiem nay gdp phan gidi thieu co cau cay irdng rirng \ a
3143
Tgp chi KHLN 2014 Phgm The Dung, 2014(1}
khdi phuc lam giau rimg d vimg Ddng Nam Bd ndi rieng va nhirng nai cd dieu kien gdy trdng tuong tu.
4.2. Kien ngh|
Tren co sd nhiing ket qua thii nghiem ban dau, de phat trien trdng md rdng cac loai cay
nay, can thiet co cac d^ tai nghien cuu tong hap, chuyen sau tir khau chpn gidng den ky thuat gay trdng, cdng nghe sir dung go de phat trien rimg mpt each ben viing, da dang san pham gd rung trdng nham nang cao hieu qua kinh doanh rimg.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
\. Nguyen Hoang NghTa, 1999. Mot so loai cay bi de doa a Viet Nam. Nxb Nong nghiep.
2. FSIV-JICA, 2002. Sir dung cay ban dia vao trong rimg a Viet Nam. Nxb Nong nghiep. Ha Noi.
3. Tran Hop, 2002. Tai nguyen cay g6 rirng Viet Nam. Nxb Nong nghiep, Tp. HCM.
Ngu-di tham dinh: PGS.TS. Vd Dai Hai
