Duong van San Tap chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 92(04): 13-
KET QUA THI NGHIE:M NGHIEN ClTU CAC BIEN PHAP QUAN LY X6l M 6 N TREN D A T D 6 C TAI XA HUNG DlTC NAM 2006
DuOTig Vin Son*
Trudng Dgi hgc NSng ldm - DH Thdi Nguyen
Sin li ciy trong hing nim, dugc trdng chii yeu tren dat d6c. Loi canh tic khong bdn phan (hoSc it bon phan) va khdng ip dyng cic bifn phip bio ve dat da ton tai tir lau vi trd thinh tap quan cua nong dan nudc ta. Hing nim cay sin lay di tii dit mQt lugng dinh dudng khi Idn mi bo sung trd lai thi qui it di. Mpt trong nhitng bi^n phip bio v§ dO miu md dit li h^n chS xdi mdn bing cic bing cay xanh trong theo dudng ddng mirc, trdng xen ciing vdi cic bifn phip quin ly xdi mdn khic.
Trong khudn kho du in Nghian ciiu c6 sy tham gia d6i vdi sy phit trifin vimg cao (viSt tit bing tieng Anh la PRDU), mgt du in nghiSn ciiu do Trung tim N6ng nghiep NhiSt ddi Qu6c ti (CIAT) quin 1;?, thi nghiem nghiSn ciiu cic bi§n phip quin 1;^ xdi mdn tren dit ddc trdng sin da dugc thuc hien tai xi Hung Diic (huygn Him Y6n, tinh TuySn Quang) nhim tim ra bi6n phip canh tic sin cd hi^u qua, han ch6 dugc xdi mdn, cai tao do phi ciia dit, dim bio sin xuit sin bSn vijng vi thfch hgp vdi di^u kiSn sin xuit cua dja phuong.
Thi nghiem gdm 5 cdng thiic, khfing nhic lai: (1) Trdng sin thuin khong co bing han che xoi mon, (2) Trdng sin xen 2 hing lac MD9 c6 bang cdt khi chdng xoi mon, (3) Trong san xen 2 hang lgc MD9 + bang cd Decumbens, (4) Trdng sin xen 2 hing lac + bing cd Ghine, va (5) Trong san xen 2 hang lgc + bang cd Styio.
Ket qui thi nghiem cho thiy: Trong 5 cdng thiic thi nghiem da thiet ke thi cac cong thiic cd ap dung bien phip k^ thuat canh tic quan ly xoi mon deu cd hieu qua kinh tS cao hon tii 7,23 d§n 16,91 trifiu ddng/ha so vdi cdng thiic doi chiing Udng thuan va khdng cd bang xdi mdn Trong do, cong thirc 5 cd nang suit sin cu tuoi dat cao nhit (33,0 tin/ha), ddng thdi ciing co lugng dat bi xoi mon thip nhit (1,7 tin/ha/nam), thip hem ddi chiing 4,3 tin/ha, vi hiSu qua kinh te dat cao nhat vdi Igi nhuan thu dugc 18,88 ttieu ddng /ha do thu tir 33,0 tin sin cu tuoi/ha va I,!7 tan lac khd/ha, ddng thdi lai co cd Stylo lam thirc an chan nudi.
Tu khda: Sdn xudt sdn, thdm canh san, qudn ly xoi mon, sdn xudt san ben virng
DAT VAN DE
sin la cay trdng hang nam, dugc trdng chu ygu tren dit ddc. Ldi canh tac khdng bdn phan (hogc it bdn phan) va khdng ap dyng cic bien phap bao ve dat da tdn tgi td lau vi trd thanh tap quan ndng dan trung du va mien nui.
Nhidu kgt qua nghien cdu cho biet san la cay bdc lot dit vi yeu cau dinh dudng rat Idn. Xdi mdn nhu la hau qua ciia viec trdng san. San thudng bi len an gay xdi mdn nghiem trpng khi trdng tren dat ddc. Rat nhieu y kien mudn loai bd cay sin tren dat ddc, song hang nam vai tram ngan ha dat vin dupc trdng sin theo ldi quang canh. Hang nam, cay san liy di tu dit mpt Iugng dinh dirdng kha ldn ma bd sung trd lai thi qua ft di. Ndi khac di, li sy can bing dinh dudng cho sin xuat ndng
Tel: 09!2 349765.E-mail. duongvanson60@gmail com
nghiep tren dat ddc trdng san la van de dang can dugc quan tam giai quyet.
Dat trdng san hay trdng cac cay luong thyc ngin ngay khic se lam cho nudc chay tran be mat va xdi mdn nhieu hon la dat rii'ng, dat ddng cd tu nhien hoac dat trdng cay luu nien.
Dieu nay, chu yeu do dat bj lam tai thudng xuyen trong qua trinh chuan bi dat trdng vi lam cd cQng nhu thieu tan cay che phii trong giai doan dau cua qua trinh phat trien cay trdng. Mpt cau hdi dat ra la: Lieu viec trdng san lam mat dat nhieu hay it hon Iugng dat mat di do trdng cay hang nam khac? Mat khac, sin hau het dugc trdng tren dit ddc khdng chii y den bien phap chdng xoi mdn, bao ve dit va bdn phan. Mdt trong nhiing bien phap bao ve do mau md dat la hgn che xdi mdn bang cac bang cay xanh trdng theo dudng ddng muc.
13
Duong van Son Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ (04) -17 Trong khudn kho dy in Nghien cuu c6 sy
riiam gia doi vdi sy Phit tricn Vimg cao (viet l;it hiing tieng Anh l;i PRDU), mgt dy in nghien ciru do 1 rung lam Ndng nghi?p Nhi^t ddi i,>iidc te (CIAT) quin ly, thi nghiem iighii-n ciru cac bivii phip quin ly xdi mon tren dat lio^ ndng sati dii dugc thyc hi?n tgi xi Himg Diic (litnvn Him Yen. tinh Tuyen Quang) trong nim 2006 nhim tlm ra bi?n phap canh tac san cd hi^u qua, hgn che dupc
\di mdn. cii tgo dg phi cua dat. dim bio sin
\uat siiii ben \iriie \;i ihich hgp vdi dicu ki?n sin Miiit cua dia phiraiif;
D|A DIIM. IH) IKI THf NGHH;,M VA PHUONG i'llAPNdlllLNCUU Dja dicm Ihi nghiem vA ciing thurc Ihi nghiem:
Thi nghiem dugc thyc InC'n tgi nuang sin gia dinh dng Dinh I (;n\\ Ljch, thdn Khanh Hiing. xa Himg Due, huy?n Him Yen, tinh Tuyen Quang.
Thi nghi?m gdm 5 cdng thuc, khdng nhic Igi.
Cdng thuc 1- Trong sin thuan khdng cd bing chdng xdi mdn
2- Trdng sin xen 2 hang Igc MD9 cd bing Cot khi
3- Trdng san xen 2 hang lac MD9 -i- bing cd Decumbens
4- Trdng sin xen 2 hang lgc + bing cd Ghine 5- Trong sin xen 2 hang lgc + bing cd Stylo Di^n tich d thi nghiem 50 m^ Mgt dg trong sin 1 m X I m = 10.000 cay/ha. Khoing each giua cac bing 5 m. Lugng phan bdn cho 1 ha gdm: 10 tan phan chuong + 60 kg N + 40 kg
lyng Ij lid biei PjOs + 80 kg KiO. Giong sin
KM94, li giong dang dir<
hi?n nay tgi dja phuang.
KJ thuat bdn p h i . -^"g P^^t nghien ciru:
Ky thugt bdn phan: + Bdn Idt toin bg phan chuong + 100% P2OS
+ Bdn thiic lan I sau trong 45 ngiy 1/2 N + 1/2 K i O
+ Bdn thuc lan 2 sau trong 120 ngiy 1/2 N + 1/2 K2O
( ic chi tieu vi phucmg phap nghien cihi:
* Nghien cuu m$t s6 die diem ndng hgc ciu cic cdng thuc thi nghiem, bao gom: chieu a»
than chinh, chieu dai cac cap cinh, chieu cao toin than, tong so \& tren cay. Khi thu ho^d chpn 5 cay theo dudng ch6o gdc do dem 1^
so li^u trung binh.
Nghien cuu cac yeu to cau thanh ning suit va ning suit cu tuai: dudng kinh cu.
chieu dai cu, sd cii/gdc, khoi lugng cii/goc, ning suat cii tuai.
* Nghien cuu mpt sd chi tieu hi^u qua kinh te:
tong thu, tdng chi phi va lgi nhugn vdi giica tinh tgi thdi diem thyc hl?n thi nghi?m tgi tinh Tuyen Quang.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLTU
Ket qua nghien ciiu anh hudng cua cac phuang thirc chong xdi mdn den m^t so chi tieu ndng hgc va d$c diem sinh trudng ciia sin KM94 dugc trinh bay d bang 1.
Bing 1. Anh hu&ng cua cdc cdng thuc thi nghiim den mgi sd chi lieu sinh iruang sdn KM94
,hi„ghifm """"""" '*""'''' """''^' /cay (14) " " " e * ' ' " " ' «
(cm) (cm) (cm) ( c „ ) ( , j „ ^ , , CTl (d/c)
CT2 CT3 CT4 CTS
206,67 203,00 160,67 187,67 146,00
98,00 76,66 94,67 67,67 111,67
304,67 279,66 252,34 255,34 257,67
173,33 113,33 100,00 106,60 126,67
.\78 2,43 2.4(
2,6- 2,50
20,00 16,70 21,70 16,60 23,33
• "
...
•i
Duong V i n Son Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG N G H £ 92(04): 13-17 Tir ket qua nghien cuu tren cho thay cac chi
tieu ndng hgc ciia gidng sin KM94 d cac cdng thdc thi nghiem tuong doi ddng deu, nen nang suit than la d cic cdng thirc dao dpng tir 16,60 tan/ha (vdi cdng thiic 4: Trdng sin xen 2 hang lac MD9 + bang cd Ghine) den 23,33 tin/ha (vdi cdng thirc 5 trong sin xen 2 hang Igc + bang cd Stylo). Ben canh cac chi tieu ve sinh trudng thi cac yeu to ciu thanh nang suat va nang suat cung dupc ngudi ndng dan het siic quan tam. K6t qui nghien ciiu dugc the hien d bang 2.
Sd lieu bang 2 cho thay: Cic phuang thuc canh tic san khic nhau thi cac yeu td cau thinh nang suit khic nhau. Tuy nhien cic yeu ' td cau thanh nang suit bidn dpng khdng
nhieu, dieu nay dugc the hien thdng qua nang ' suat. Trong 5 cdng thuc tham gia thi nghiem thi nang suit d cdng thiic 5 (sin trdng xen 2 ( hang lac MD9 + cd bang cd Stylo chdng xdi
mdn) dgt ning suit cao nhit 33,00 tin/ha, cao han doi chiing 9,70 tin/ha; tiep theo la cdng thuc 4 (san trdng xen 2 hang lac MD9 + cd bang cd Ghine chdng xdi mdn) ning suat dat 25,00 tan/ha, cao han ddi chirng 1,7 tan/ha.
Hai cdng thdc cdn lai thi cd ning suat thap hon va tuang duang doi chiing nhu d cdng thirc 2 - sin trong xen 2 hing Igc cd bing cot khi chong xdi mdn nang suat chi dat 23,30 tan/ha, tuong duong ddi chirng vi thap nhat la cdng thdc 3 san trdng xen 2 hing lac MD9 + cd bang Decumbens, chdng xdi mdn ning suit sin dat nang suat 21,60 tan/ha.
Ben cgnh viec so sanh ve nang suat san thi d cic cdng thiic tham gia thi nghifm, chung tdi cdn quan tam den khi nang han che xdi mdn ciia cac cdng thuc, ciing nhu viec xic djnh hi?u qui kinh te. Ket qua dugc trinh bay d bang 3 va bang 4.
g 2. Anh huang cua cdc cdng ihuc Ihi nghi4m din yiu Id ndng sudt vd ndng sual sdn KM94
Cong thirc thi nghiem
CTl (d/c) CT2 CT3 CT4 CTS
Cdng thuc thi nghiem
CTl (d/c) CT2 C I 3 CT4 CTS
C h i l u d i i cii (cm)
31,67 27,33 33,78 33,55 42,55
Bang 3 D u ^ n g Ifinh
cii (cm)
3,61 3,94 3,80 3,90 3,68
s 6 cii /g6c ( c i )
8,33 6,33 6,00 8,67 8,30
Kh6i lu-ang trung binh/goc
(kg) 2,33 2,33 2,16 2,50 3,30 Luang ddt xdi mon ciia cdc cong thuc Ihi nghiem
Nang su^t cii tirffi Nang suat cSy trong (tan/ha) xen (tSn/ha)
23,30 23,30 21,60 25,00 33,00
1,35 1,00 1,23 1,17
Nang suat than 14 cSy trong xen
(tSn/ha)
12,30 10,50 11,95 10,90
Nang suAt cii tu-o'i (t^n/ha)
23,30 23,30 21,60 25,00 33,00
Lirpng d^t xdi m6n (tan/ha)
6,00 4,90 4,40 1,90 1,70
Diiong Vfln Scm
Tjp chl KHOA 1 IOC &. CONG N G H S 92(04)
(Ting thirc Ihf nghiem
CTl (d/c) CT2 CT3 C U CTS
itilng 4. Mdi i
Niing siiui cu linvi (li)n/h»)
23,30 23.30 21.60 25,00 33,00
.•fl chi llHu V(l /i/(i|, Nflng .sufit cily trAng xen
(tdn/hn)
1.35 1,00 1,23 1.17
qud kinh id cua cdc cong
TjngIhu (Ir. ahng)
10,49 30,74 22.72 29,70 32,40
Tdng chi (Ir. ddng)
8,52 13,52 13,52 13,52 13,52
Ihi^c Ihi nghi(".
Lp-i nhui'i (tr. d.
1.9 17,2 9,20 16,18 18,88
-.- J
'^r- .1 l^ch so .ti chirng (tr. ddng)
15.25 7,23 14,21 16,91 Nhin vio so lu-ii ircn cho thiy: trong cic cdng
thuc thi nghiem nhin chung cic cdng thuc c6 sy tic dgng cua cic bi^n phip ky thuat d^u giim lugng dat xdi mdn, ilic hi?n rd nhit li cdng thitc 5 (trong sin xen 2 hing Igc MD9 + cd bing CO Stylo) lugng dat xdi mdn li it nhat (dgt 1,70 taii/lia), it han so vdi doi chung li 4,3 tan/lia, m^t khac con thu them 1,12 tan Igc khd/ha va 10,90 tan than li lgc bdn tgi cho cho sin, chua tinh den tic dyng cua cd cd the phye vu cho chin nudi. Vi vgy day li cdng thuc dugc ndng dan lya chgn nhi^u nhat (75%).
Cic cdng thuc cdn lai cd lugng dit xdi mdn giao dgng tir 1,90 tin/ha (cdng thirc 4 sin trdng xen 2 hing lac MD9 + bing cd Ghine) dgn 6,00 tin/ha (cdng thuc 1 sin trdng thuin).
Qua bang sd lieu 4 cho thiy: trong 4 phuang thirc canh tac san ben viing so vdi cdng thirc ddi chdng thi d tit cac phuang thirc canh tic deu cd hieu qui kinh te cao han so vdi cdng thirc doi chung. Cu the la: cdng thdc 5 dgt cao nhat, sau khi trir chi phi sin xuit thu lgi nhuan 18,88 tri?u ddng/ha cao han doi chiing 16,91 tri?u ddng/ha; tidp theo la cdng thuc 2 Ipi nhugn thu dugc 17,22 tri?u dong/ha, cao hon ddi chirng 14,21 tri?u dong/ha; Cdng thirc 3 lgi nhugn thu dugc 9,20 tri?u ddng/ha, cao hon ddi chung 7,23 tri?u dong.
KET LUAN VA KHUYEN NGHI Ket luan
Trong 5 cdng thirc thi nghi?m chong xdi mdn thi cic cdng thdc cd ap dyng bi?n phip ky thuat canh tie quan ly xdi mdn deu cd hieu qui kinh t8 cao hon tir 7,23 d€n 16,91 trieu 16
dong/ha so vdi cdng thuc doi chung. Trong<ll cdng thuc 5 c6 nSng suit sin cu tuai dat ca nhit (33.0 tan/ha), dong thdi cung cd lugngfl bj xdi mdn thap nhit (1,7 tan/ha/nim), lUj hon doi chimg 4.3 tan/ha, v i hi^u qua kinhl dgt cao nhat vdi Igi nhugn thu dugc 18,88 trif dong /ha thu lir 33,0 tan sin cu tucri/ha vi 1,1 tin Igc kluMia. ddng Ihdi lgi coed StylodeUi thdc in chSn nudi.
Khuyen nghj
Ap dyng vi phd trien cdng thirc 5, 661 trong sin xen 2 hang Igc + bdng cd S^
trong sin xual de kiem soat xdi mdn, cai lhi$
dg phi dat va dam bio san xuat ben vihig.
- Dong thdi can tien hanh mgt so bi?n phi k$ thugt khac nhu: sii dyng giong mdi, bo phan. trong \cn, mgt dg thich hgp,.. dfi si
\ 11,11 ben Ming \ i dat hifu qua kinh te.
TAI L1$U THAM K H A O [11. Vi^n Khoa hpc Ky thu§t Ndng nghigp Mi^
Nam, 2000. Kit qud nghiin cuu vd khuyin m san Vi^t Nam Thong tin v6 Hpi thio sin Vt Nam lin thir 8.
^ M » ^ - ^ ^^'' "^ " ^ ""^ s^ 'ham gia dii vii!
phit tnen vun. cao (PR,),,). 2007. Kit qudnghi
[3]. Dy in Ngh. ?n cihi c6 ^ ti, • ^i- M <
„i,4f *..:! \ "" CO L tham gia doi vm' phit trien vimg ca.. iPRni
qudcdclhingL,\.^°^„ 2 0 0 8 . B . O « 1 Hd Giang "' ' Tuyen Qua^
[4], CIAT, CIP va IFAD 2008
triin ™'„ a Tuyen Quang di^, ,„ , '"'"" ""^
/>/!DC/. DirSn PRDU. TSi lieu k J ; 'V cua dtf.
Duong V i n San Tap chi KHOA HQC & C 6 N G N G H $ 92(04): 1 3 - 1 7
A B S T R A C T
B R I E F R E S U L T S O N T H E T R I A L O F C A S S A V A E R O S I O N C O N T R O L A T H U N G D U C C O M M U N E I N 2 0 0 6
Duong Van Son College of Agriculture and Forestry - TNU i is an annual crop on slopping lands. Low or no investment is as a traiditional practice of casava Vietnamese farmers. Therefore, in order to ensure sustanable cassava production, it is needed to apply some suitable techniques in cassava cultivation.
Within the framework of Participatory Research for Development in the Upland Project (PRDU), a project managed by the Intemational Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), a trial on cassava erosion control at Hung Due commune (Ham Yen district, Tuyen Quang province) was conducted in 2006 aimed at to find out the best practices for erosion control, improving soil quality and ensuring sustainable cassava production.
The trial consists of 5 treatments without replicates: (1) Cassava monocultivation without hedgerows (control), (2) Cassava + 2 rows of Peanut + Tephrosia hedgerows, (3) Cassava + 2 rows of Peanut + Decobens Brizantha hedgerows, (4) Cassava + 2 Peanut rows + Ghine hedgerows, and (5) Cassava + 2 Peanut rows + Stylo hedgerows. Plot area is 50 m^. Cassava density is 1 m x 1 m with variety of KM94. Chemical fertilizers are 10 tons of cattle manures + 60 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 + 80 kg KjO.
Trial result showed that: among 5 treatments in the research, net incomes of all 4 researched Ueatments are higher than the conUol from 7.23 - 16.91 million VND per ha Of which treatment n u m b e r s with highest root yield (33.0 tons per ha) and lowest soil lost 1.7 tons/ha), lower than the control (6 0 tons/ha), and its income is 18.88 million VND based on 33.00 tons of Cassava fresh root and 1.17 tons of Peanuts seeds and also providing Stylo for animal feeding.
Key words: Cassava production, cassava inlensificalion, cassava erosion control, cassava si4Stainable production.
^dy nhdn: 9/12/2011, Ngdy phdn bien:28/2/2012, Ngdy duyel ddng-14/5/2012 fel: 0912 349765. E-mail:
