KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHl
IXIGHIEIXI CliU XAC OflXIH LUOIXIG IXIUOC V A CHU KY TUOI THiCH HOP CHO CAY CA CAO TAI DAK L A K
BAIXIG PHUOIXIG P H A P TUOI TIET KIEM
, ' b '^ / V Truong Hdngi, Nguyen Tfai Ngpc M, Vd Thi 'niu VanS Hodng Hdi Longi T6MTAT
Ca cao la cay trdng k h a nhay cam voi difiu kifin kho hgn, dac biet la d nhmig vimg tidng co miia kho keo dai 3 • 6 thang nhu vimg Tay Nguyen. Yi vay, turn nuoc la bien phap quan trong gop phan tang nang suat, chat ,^
lugng ca cao, hifiu qua kinh tfi. Ket qua nghien ciiu tudi nudc cho vudn ca cao kinh doanh tai Ddk Ldk nam 2012 - 2014 cho thay tuoi nudc co tac diing tdt trong vi^c cai thien c i c chi titn cdu thanh nang sudt n h u tSng ty lfi dau qua, tang khdi lugng hat va han chfi ty le rung qua. O cong thiic khOng tiroi ty le rung qua cao nhat (46,93%) va sai khac co y nghia trong thong kfi. Tuoi niroc cung gop phan lam tang sd q u a / d l y . Cong thiic ' turn tiet k^mlOO lit/gdc/ldn voi chu ky 15 ngay co khdi lugng hgt dgt cao nhat (132,42 g/100 hat); cong 1 thiic ddi chling khong tiroi c6 khdi lugng 100 hat thap nhat (122,91 g/100 hat) va sd h a t / q u a c6 xu huong 1^
thdp hon. Cong thiic tuoi gdc vdi luong nuoc 2001/gdc/ldn, chu ky 30 ngay co xu hirdng tang ty l6 qua ca cao bi benh thdi qua. Khi ap dung phuong phap tudi ti^t kiSm vol lugng nudc 100 lit/gdc/ldn, chu ky 15 ngay 1 lan thi nang suat ca cao dat cao nhdt (1,17 tan/ha), hi^u qua ky thuSt tang 91%, lgi nhuSn tang so vdi
ddi chling khdng tudi la 27,5 trieu/ha, tuong iing 386%. 7 Tii khda: Ca cao, Dik Ldk, loi nhuSn, nang suit, tuoi tidt kiem.
1. BAT VAN DE T a y N g u y e n , H o a T h d n g , B u o n M a T h u 6 t , Ddk Ldk., Doi vol viing t r o n g c a e a o cd m u a kfad k e o d a i 3 - ' ^ * n g h i e m d u o c b o tri trfin v u d n c a cao hong 6 t h d n g n h u a T a y Nguyfin, t u o i n u o c Id h i e n p h a p ^ ^ ^ ^^^n d d t b a z a n , m a t d 6 1100 c a y / h a (khoang eanh tac quan trpng gop phdn nang cao nang suat, c d c h 3 m x 3 m ) .
chat luong va hieu qua cua sdn xuat. Tuy nhifin edc Then gian thi nghifim: 2012 - 2014.
nghifin eihi ve tuoi nuoc tren cay ea cao con han che.
Trong san xuat ca cao, cac phuong phap tuoi thuong dugc SIJ dung la tuoi pfaun mua, tuoi goc. Ky thuat tuoi nho gipt dupc danh gia cao v^ kha nang ti^t kifim nuoc nhung chira dupc img dung trong san xuat ca cao o Ddk I l k . Cfainfa vi vay "Nghien cdu xic dinh luang nirdc vi chu k^ tudi thich hgp cho ciy ca cao tai Bik Lik bing phuong phip tudi tidt ki$m"\k can thiet nhdm gop phan nang cao nang suat, cfaat lupng, tiet kifim nuoc tuoi ciing nhu chi phi trong san xuat ca cao.
2. D6I TUONG, D U D E M VA PHUDNG PHAP NGHIEN CUU 2.1. Ddi hBjog
Vuon ca cao kmh doanh 10 nam tuoi, trdng cac giong TD3,TD5,TD6.
2.2. D i a digm
- T a i Vifin K h o a h p c K y t h u a t N o n g l a m nghifip
2.3. P h u o n g p h d p ngfaifin cihi 2.3.1. Bd tri tbi nghidm
* Cac c6ng thiic thi nghiem:
Cong thiic CTl (tuoi gdc) CT2 (Tiroi Uet Idem) CTS (Tiroi Het kiSm) CT4Criroi aft kiem) CTS (B/c)
Lan tuoi Luong nuoc (lit)
200 100 100 100
Chuky (ngiy) 30 15 20 30 Khdng tu6i nuoc
* Tfai nghiem bo tri theo ki^u khdi ngdu nhifin day dli voi 3 lan nhde lai.
* Q u y m o tfai ngfaifim: M6i 6 c o s o g o m 2 8 cay ca cao, d i e n t i c h thi nghifim ( k e c a b a o vfi) Id 0,5 h a .
* Ky tfauat tuoi: tu6i nho gipt tai goc voi luu luong 50 ht nu6c/gi6.
- Chi hfiu theo doi chinh: Am dO dat, ty 10 d|u qua, rung qua, sau hai chinh, yeu td edu thdnfa ning i
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 11/2016
Vien Khoa hoc Ky thuat Nong L^m nghiep Tay Nguyen 4 8
• * .
KHOA HOC C 6 N G N e W
suat va nang sudt
2.3.2. Pbuangphip theo ddi
Do am d a t Tfaeo doi sau cdc dpt tuoi 1 ngay bang may do nfaanfa do amdat-DAD.
- Ty le dau qua; Co dinh 15 cSy/cong tfaiic, 2 doan canfa/cay Ifaeo 2 fauong (doan canfa 50 cm). Dem faoa i^tren cac doan canfa cua ttmg c ^ da dugc cd dinfa. Sau kfai hoa no 20-25 n g ^ se dem so qua moi fainfa tfaanfa . tren nfaiing canh co dinh n ^ .
t - Ty lfi rung qua: Tlieo ddi so qua tren doan canfa a da danfa dau khi ttieo doi ty lfi dau trong suot mua
^tang tmdng qua de tinfa tyle rung qua.
IE
- Sau benfa hai cfainfa:
X + Bo xit rau6i: co dinh 15 cay/cdng tfaiic, tfaeo
«d6i ty lfi bp xit mudi gay faai tren qua ca cao vao i:cactfaang8,10val2.
+ Benfa thoi trdi: cd dinh 15 cay/cong tfaiic, tfaeo ddi ty lfi qua bfinh sau khi ca eao dau qua vao cde tfaang 8,10 va 12.
- Nang suat theo ddi nang suat tfauc tfau ttieo 3 o ca 2 vu trong nam de quy ra nang suat cua
^ u n g o .
^^ - Danfa gia faieu qua kinfa t^:
+ Lpi nfauan = Tong thu - tong ehi 2.3.3. Phuong phip xdly tbdng kd - Xtr ly bdng phdn mem Excel va SAS.
- Sd lieu % dupc chuyen ddi sang -/^ tnroc kfai di ly tfadng ke.
-- Cac bifin pfadp ky tfauat cfaam soc khac deu --lupc ttiuc hien tfaeo kfauyen cao ap dung tai dia
""ihuong.
^ 3.ICTQIMNGWNGUU VATHMUUN
jT 3.1. Anh fauong cua ky ttn^t hi6i ntidc dka. \ahx r i p n g d$ dm dat
r Kfit qua cfao t h ^ truoc Idii br6i dot 1, dp am
^ r u n g hmh giua cae cong thiic dat 27,7%, kfadng co ' ' J U sai kfadc co y ngfala giiia cac cdng thiic. O cac dpt uoi sau dp am tang len nfaung kfaong bi«i dpng i h i ^ qua cac dprt, dp dm dat o c 6 n g thiic kfaong tuoi i'-^iam nhung kfadng giam m^nfa sau 4 ttidng kfaong j^uoi la do be mat dat dupc phii lop tan du tfauc vat ,i;ddy da faan cfae dupc tinfa trang boc tfaoat hoi nuoc va :6 dp am la 26,98%, sai khac co y nghia so voi cac i:6ng ttnic con lai; cong tfaiic tuoi tiet kiem 100
lit/goc cfau 1^ 15 ngay/lan co dp am trudc kfai tuoi dpt ke ti^ cao nhdt 30,99%L
Bang 1. Dd dm d& tniDC Uli turn 1 n g ^ cua cac cdng
Cong thtic 1 2 3 4 5
. Do am truoc tuoi
(dot 1) 27,87a 27,87a 27.80a - 27,73a
27,37a
Do am d ^ truoc mdi dot tuoi Dot 2
29,78b 31,29a 30,27b 28,51c 27,12d
Dots 29,19b 30,e7a 29,67b 27,94c 26,90d
Dot 4 29,40b 31,01a 29,94b 28,17c 26,92d
TB 29,4fib 30.99a 29,96b 28,21c 26.98d Ghi'did: Trong cung mdt cdt cac cbu gidng nhau tbi khdng kbac biet a mdc p<0,05
3.2. Anh huong cua tuoi nudc d ^ ^ 1@ ii$ai qua cacao
Bang 2. Anh faudng cua tu6i nu6c d&i ty lfi d | u qua cua c ^ cacao
Cong tinic 1 2 3 4 5 Tmng binh
Ty le qua dau (%) 2012
1632a 14.73a 13.72a 12.17a 9,17a 13,22
2013 5,08ab
6,71a 3,01b 6,11a 4,37ab
5,06 2014 8,27a 9,50a 8,91a 6,11b 5,44b 7,65
TB 9,89a 10,31a 8,55a 8,13a 633a 8,64 Ghi cbii' Trong cung mdt cot cac chd gidng nhau tbi khong khac biet omucp<0. ft5
Ty Ifi dau qua trung binfa dao dpng tu 633% den 1031%, coDg tfaiic tudi tiet Idem 100 lit/goc vdi cfau ky 15 ngay mpt Ian cd ty lfi dau qua cao nfa& 1031%.
nguyen nfaan do dp am trong dat duy tri 6n dinfa vd pfau fapp cfao cay ca cao dang tfadi ky tfau pfaan, dau qua. Cdng tfaiic kfadng tudi t^ lfi dau qud tfa^ nfa^
633% do dat kfad (dp am dat kfaoang 26,9%) lam cfao cay kfad khan trong vific huy ddng nudc hi dat dap ling cfao yeu cau sinh Iy, sinh fada va thu phan ctia cay. Tuy nfaifin, su sai kfaac nay la kfadng cd y nghTa tfadng ke.
3 3 . Anfa faudng dia tudi nudc d&i t^ lfi njsg qua cacao
Ket qua d bang 3 cho tfa^ tudi nudc cd tac dung tdt trong viec han cfae ^ le rung qua dia ca cao.
Cdng tfaiic kfadng tudi cd ty le rung qua cao nhat
' ^ONG NGHIEP VA PHATTRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 11/2015
49KHOA HOC C O N G NGHt
1
46,93% do do am ddt ttiap, cay kfadng huy dpng dupc nudc dap iing cho cac qua trinh sinh Iy ciing nhu fadp tfau dinh duong de nuoi qua. Cac cdng thiic c6 tudi nudc ty Ifi rung qua dao ddng 38,44% - 40,48%, trong dd cdng tfaiic tudi 100 ht cfau ky 15 ngdy va chu k^ 30 ngdy cd ty lfi rung qua thdp nhat co y nghia so vdi cdng tfaiic khong tudi.
Bdng 3. Anh faudng ciia tudi nudc d ^ t^ 1^ rung qud cua cdy cacao
nudc 200 ht cd ty lfi qua tfadi cao nhdt Nhu v|y, tiroj gdc cho cay ea cao vdi Iupng nudc ldn da Iam dm d^
khdng kfai trong vudn tang cao dong ttidi tudi g6c cii the gop phan phdt tdn cdc bdo hi ndm di ehuydn tir cay ndy sang cay khde lam gia tang ty Ifi qua bi th6i va sai khac nay eo y nghia tfadng kfi.
Cong thtic 1 2 3 4 5 Trung binh
Ty le qua rung (%) 2012
45.94a 39,27a 43,80a 38,56a 47.08a 42,93
2013 34.34b 37,12b 38,31b 35,76b 45,37a 38,18
2014 38,14b 39.92b 39.34b 41,00b 48,33a 41.35
TB 39.47ab
38,77b 40.48ab 38.44b 46.93a 40.82 Ghi chd- Trong cung mdt cdt cic chd gidng nhau thi khdng kbic bidt a mdc p<0,05
3.4. Anfa faudng ciia tudi nudc d^n sdu b^nfa fa^
trfin cdy ca cao
Bdng 4. Anfa faudng cua tudi nudc d^n t;^ 1^ qud bi bp xit mu5i
Cong thiic 1 2 3 4 5 Tmng binh
Ty le qua bi bo xit mudi (%) 2012
63,10a 61.90a 62.50a 64.29a 70.24a 64.40
2013 24.42c 35.79b 50.61a 36.93b 22.39(i 34.03
2014 27.73d 36.48c 45.46a 41.25b 22,25e 34,63
TB 38.42c 44,72b 52,86a 47,49b 38,29c 44,36 Ghi chd Trong cung mdt cot cic chu gidng nhau thi khdng khic bidt dmuc p<0,05
Ket qua d bang 4 cho thay, ty Ifi qua bi bp xit ed cfaieu hudng giam sau 3 nam nghien ciiu, dao dpng 38,29-52,86%, trong do cong tfaiic tudi vdi lupng nudc 100 ht/gde chu k^ 20 ngay/lan co ty le hi hai cao nhat (52,86%). Cdng thiic ddi cfaiing (kfadng tudi) co ty Ie qud hi bp xit thap nhat, co tfae do am dp trong vudn cay thap da han che su gay faai ciia bp xit.
Ty le qua bl ttioi hung binh 29,83-40,09%, trong dd cdng thdc ddi chting khdng tudi cd ty 1^ qua hi thdi ttiap nhdt (29,83%) vd edng tiiiic hidi gdc lupng
Cong thtic 1 2 3 4 5 Trung binh
Ty le qua bi benh thoi lrai'(9y 2012
30,95a 29,76a 27,38a 29.76a 36.90a 30.95
2013 41.82a 36,45ab 32,49ab 39,78ab 26,07b 35,32
2014 47.51a 38,54b 32,19c 40,67b 26,52d 37.09
TB,,, 40.09a 34,92ali
30,69b 36.73a 29,83b
34,45
'i
Ghi chu: Trong ciing mdt cdt cac chti gtSng nhau thl khdng khac bidt a miic 1x0,05
3.5. Anh hudng cila tmM nu6c d^n c ^ y ^ t& m thdnh nang suc[t sk ndng su^t
Cac y^u td ciu thanh nang suat co sir chenh lech dang ke giiia cac cong thtrc co tudi nuxic so voi cong thtic khong ttioi. Sd qua/cdy ctia cdng thtic tuoi nuoc 100 lit/goc, chu ky 15 ngay/lan la cao nhat (24,42 qua/cay) va thjip nhat o cdng thtrc khdng tudi dii 13,12 qua/cay, sir sai khac nay la cd y nghia trong thdng ke theo trie nghiem LSD voi P = 0,05.
Bang 6. Anh huong ci!ia tudi nudc d ^ cdc y^u t6 thAnh nang su^t ciJa cdy ca cao
!012 Cdng
thirc
4__^
5 _ TB LSD„.„
Chi tieu theo ddi Sd
qua/cay (qua) 19.47 25.35 18.85
17.68 24,73
Sd qua/kg
hat (qua) 26.13 24,24
23.05
20.72 33.67^
31,40
34,98
33,41 NS 33,98 36.30
120,n
1 1 ^ '
50 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG II/201S
KHOA HOC CONG NGHl
2014
Trung }inh
3 4 5 TB LSDo.05
1 2 3 4 5 TB LSDo,o5
1 2 3 4 5 TB LSDcos
17.53 13.61 11,74 17,06 1,57 20,08 23.17 19,29 18,50 16,02 19,41 1,67 19,07 24,42 18,55 15,55 13,22 18,16 1,91
22,83 21,26 24,41 22,48 1,21 21.41 21.93 22.83 23.52 22,72 22,48 NS 22,75 23,12 23,70 22,61 24,17 23,27 NS
34,81 34,50 30,67 34,05 3,65 33,49 33,85 34.52 34.41 32.29 33.71 NS 33.71 _33j85_
34.52 34.63 31,91 33,72 NS
133,67 135,28 126,35 132,57 8,43 127,35 131,92 130,01 131,16 121,35 128,43 NS 127,50 132,42 126,90 131,38 122,91 128,22 NS i Ket qua himg binh 3 nam cho thay sir bi^n ddng
|!eua ehi heu khdi lupng 100 hat Id khdng Idn, dao :dpng 122,91-132,42 g/100 hat vd edng tfauc tudi tiet kifim lupng nudc 100 lit/goc, chu ky 15 ngay/lan cd
^kfadi Iupng dat cao nfaat; cdng thiic ddi chiing khong tudi cd khdi Iupng 100 hat Id thap nhat. Sd h^t/qua 'cua cac cdng thtic trung binh 31,9-34,5 hat/qua va 'khdng thdy ed sy sai kfaac co y nghia trong chi tieu nay; edc cdng tfaiic cd tudi thi sd hat/qua cd xu 'hudng cao hon so vdi edng thiic khdng tuoi.
Bdng 7. Anh hirdng cua tudi nudc d ^ nang sudt cua cdy cacao
1 2 3 4 5 Trung binh LSDoK
Nang suat hat khd (tan/ha) 2012 0,83 1.16 0,82 0,70 0,52 0,81 0,053
2013 0,95 1,19 0,85 0,71 0,53 0,85 0,092
2014 1,04 1.17 0.94 0.88 0.79 0.96 0.12
TB 0.94 1,17 0,87 0,76 0.61 0.87 0.04
Cdng thiic tudi nudc 100 Ut/gdc, cfau 1^ 15 ngdy/lan cfao nang suat tfau dupc cao nfaat 1,17 tan/Iia, sai kfaac ndy cd y ngfaia frong thdng kfi so vdi ddi chling. Vific tang nang suat ca cao a cdng tfaiic cd tudi nudc, dac biet Id cong tfaiic 2 la eo ty Ifi rung qua giam; sd qua/cay cao, khdi lirpng hat Idn.
3.6. Hifiu qua kinfa t^ d i a vific tudi nudc Bang 8. H i ^ qud kinh t^ ciia cdc cdng ihiic tudi
g ) V T : 1 0 0 0 d 6 n ^
Cdng thirc
1 2 3 4 5
Tdng thu
56.490 70.424 52.392 45.772 36.856
Tdng chi
35.778 35.774 33.520 32.693 29.732
Loi nhuan
20.712 34.650 18.872 13.079 7.124
Loi nhuan tang so vdi ddi
chling Gia tri 13.588 27.526 11.748 5.955
-
T y l e 90.74 286,38
64,91 16,41
Ghi chd: Gii bin tmng binb 1 kg b$t ca cao kho da len men: 60.000 d. Cdng lao ddng. 150.000 ddng/cdng.
Kdt qua d hang 6 cho thdy cae cong thiic cd tudi nirdc lpi nhuan tfau dupc 13-34,6 trifiu ddng/ha, cao hon so vdi cdng thiic kfadng tudi, trong dd edng thiic tiroi tiet kiem Iupng nudc 100 ht/gdc chu ky 15 ngay/lan cd Ipi nhuan tang so vdi ddi ehiing Id 27,5 tri$u/ha, cao nhat trong cac cdng tfaiic thi nghiem, tang tren 286% so vdi ddi cfaiing kfadng tudi.
3.7. Hi^u qua ky thudt ciia cdc cdng thiic tudi Bang 9. Hifiu qua ^ thudt cua cdc cdng tfatic tudi
nudc Cdng
thtrc 1 2 3 4 5
Nang suat ( t ^ hatkhd/ha)
0,94 1,17 0,87 0,76 0,61
Hidu qua ky thuat,*
54,1 91,8 42,6 24,6
-
Xet v^ faieu qua ky thuat cho thdy cdng tfaiic tudi tiet kifim vdi Iupng nudc 100 ht/gdc, cfau ky 15 ngay/lan dat hifiu qua cao nhdt ( 91,8% ), tiep d^n la cdng thiic tudi goc (54,1%).
4. KET LIMN VA BE NGM 4.1. K^t ludn
KHOA Hpc CONG NGHt
Tai Dak Ldk tirdi tidt kidm 100 Ut/gdc chu kjr 15 Lam nghiep Tay Nguydn, Viet Nam. Nha xuft bin ngay da lam giam ty 16 rung qua. tang sd qua/cay. Ndng nghiep, Ihanh phd Ho Cht Mmh.
khdi luong hat ca cao ldm va nang suat ca cao dat cao 3 Tnrong Hdng va Nguydn Thi Ngoc Ha, 2012.
nhat hifu qua ky thuat dat 91« va loi nhuan tang g^g cao nghien ciiu cac bidn phap canh tac tiin c^
286% so voi cdng thtrc khdng tirdi. ca cao. Bao cao ket qua de tai hang nam. Vien Khoa 4.2. D4 nghi hpc KJ * " * Ndng Lam nghiep T§y Nguyen. Viel Ap dung mtic tudi 100 lit/gdc/lan chu ky 15 Nam.
ngay/lan cho cacao kinh doanh tai Bak Lak. 4. Drenth A. and Guest D. 1.. 2004 averaJi- and management of Phytophthora in Southeast iisii ACIAR
5. George. 1983. Epidenmiology of
^' ^^.^"'^^^ ^ " t : ^ ^ ' 5 ^ ? " * r ° " f Phytophthora on cocoa in Nigeria. Phytophthologiai Paper.
TMUCU HUM KHAO
ca cao a VIU Nam. Nha xuat ban Ndng nghidp thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
a Hicks P. G.. 1975. Phytophthora palmlvm 2. Trto Kim Loang. 2006. Bao cao tdng ket pod rot of cocoa in Papua New Guinea. invesHgalions khoa hoc va ky thujt Nghien cuu binh do nam ^^.^ _ ^g^j p^^^ j ^ ^ g ^ ^ ^ Agriculture Joumi Phytophthora tidn mdt sd cay cong nghiep vacay^ ,.„ 10-lfi
qua tai Tiy Nguydn. Vien Khoa hoc Ky thuat Ndng
STUDY ON APPROPRIATE WATER AMOUNT AND FREQUENCY FOR COCOA BY METHOD OF SAVING mSIGATION IN DAK LAK
Truong HongS Nguyen Thi Ngoc Ha^
Vo Thi Thu Van', Hoang Hai Long"
' The Western Highlands Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute (WASI) Stunmaty
Cocoa is quite sensitive to drought conditions, especially in areas with a dry season lasting from three to six months in Western Highlands. So. watering is an important measure directiy contnbutmg to increase yield, flII quaUty and economica eifect of cocoa production. Study results on irrigation to mature cocca m Dak Lak :fe from 2012 to 2014 showed that it had a good effect to improve the proportion of fructification, bean weight and hmit the rate of fruits drop. The rate of fruits drop of no irrigation (control) treatment was highest by 46.93% and it was significant difference in statistics. Besides, watering contributed to rise the number of , bean/tree. Saving irrigation treatment with 100 liters/tree/times and 15 days mtervals had the highest bean weight (132.42 g/100 beans): bean weight of control treatment was the lowest (122.91 g/100 beans) and number of bean per pod tended to be lower. Treatment of directly irrigation with 200 liters/tree/time with 30 days intervals tending to rise black pods. Applying appropriate amount of water by savmg irrigation j j method with with 100 Uters/tree/times and 15 days intervals harvested highest yield of cocoa (1.17 tons/hectare), technical effect up 91%; profit increased 27.5 million VND compared to the control, ft
approximately 386%. M Keywords: Cocoa, Dak Lak, proStability. productivity, saving irrigation. ^
Ngudi phJn bidn: TS. L6 Van Dtic Ngiy nhSn bii: 23/6/2015 Ng4y thdng qua phan bita: 23/7/2015 Ngiy duy^t dang: 30/7/2015
