Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn C: Khoa hgc Xahgi, Nhdn van vd Giao due: 33 (2014): 75-83
Tap Chl Khoa hpc Tru'dng Dai hpc C l n Jh6 website: sj.ctu.edu.vn
NANG CAO KHA NANG W CHU TRONG HOC TAP
CHO SINH VIEN TIENG ANH - N H ^ THlfC CUA GIANG VIEN TIENG ANH TAI M O T S O TRITCTNG DAI HOC
Nguyen Van Lgi, Chung Thi Thanh Hdng, Tnrang Nguyin Quynh Nhu va Pham Thi Mai Duydn' ' Khoa Suphgm. Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha _ ^ ^ ^ ^ _ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ _ ^ _ ^ „ ^ ^ _ ^ ^ _ ^
ABSTRACT
Little research has been conducted on teacher beliefs of learner autonomy in language leaming (Borg vd Al-Busaidi, 2012). In Vietnam this has been given due attention just recently. The current paper reports on the results of a study undertaken since April, 2014, using survey arui interview. The participants were 84 lectia-ers of English from six public universities which offer training in English language programs. The study showed that they advocated the psychological and social perspectives of learner autonomy more than the political and technical ones. While desiring to grant students opportunities to be involved in decision-making and to develop in them abilities that indicate learner autonomy, the lecturers fell that it was less feasible to implement these in their teaching contexts.
Thong tin chung:
Ngdy nhgn: 29/06/2014 Ngdy cfuip nhdn: 29/08/2014 TUle:
Promoting learner autonomy among students of English:
Beliefs of English language lecturers in some universities Td khda:
Tu chii trong hgc tap, quan niem, nhdn thitc, gido vien tiing Anh
Keywords:
Learner autonomy, belief, English language teachers
Co rdt it nghien cdu vi nhdn thuc cua ^ido viin vi tu chu trong hgc Idp^
ngogi ngie (Borg vd Al-Busaidi, 2012). O Viet Nam, nghien ciru ye vdn di ndy cUng mdi dugc quan tdm gdn ddy. Bdi -viet ndy trinh bay kit qud cua mgt nghien ciru thuc hien tu thdng 04 nam 2014 tim hiiu nhdn thuc cua gidng viin tiing Anh mgt so trudngdgi hgc trong nude, su dyng mdt phieu khdo sdt vd phdng vdnr.Ddi:tugngld.84'ffdng vien tiengAnh cdng tdc tgi 6 trudng cdng lap co Khoa chuyin ngir. Kit qud nghiin cuu cho thdy gidng viin tiing Anh Ung hg quan diem tdm ly hgc vd xd hgi ve tu chu han Id quan diim chinh tri vd ky thugt Trong khi mong mudn sinh vien tham gia quyit dinh viec hgc cua minh, vd co ky ndng tu hgc, gidng vien lgi tin rang khd cd thi thuc hiin dugc mgt cdch hiiu qud.
1 GIOITHI^U
Ty chu ttong hpc tap '"learner autonomy" la mOt khdi nidm dugc gidi nghien ctiu frong ITnh vyc gido due ndi chung va frong giao due ngdn ngft ndi ridng quan tdm nhidu frong nhirng ndm gdn day, ddc bidt Id d nhung nude phuong Tay. Da cd nhidu thdo lugn vd khdi nidm ndy tft nhidu gdc dO khac nhau (xem 2.1), vd cung ed nhidu nghidn cuu vd phuong p h ^ phat huy tinh ty chu frong hpc tap nhdm ndng cao dOng ca va kdt qud hpc tap ngdn
ngft. Tuy nhidn, nghidn ctiu ve nhan thftc cua giao vien ddi vdi vide phdt tridn khd nang ty chu cho ngudi hpc ngo^ ngd vdn cdn Id mpt mdnh dat it duge khai thac.
Nghidn ctiu ttong Hhh vyc nhdn thuc cua g^do vidn ndi chung dd kdt luan rdng vdi vai frd chu thd ttong qud trinh ^ a o dye, giao vidn tham gia vao qud ttinh gido due tiidng qua lang kinh nhgn thuc ciia minh, va didu nay anh hudng ddn phuang p h ^ day hpc va kdt qua gido due (Borg, 2006). Trong
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trucmg Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn C: Khoa hgc Xa hgi, Nhdn van vd Gido due: 33 (2014): 75-83 bdi cdnh vdn hda vd gido due Phuong Ddng va dac
bidt Id Viet Nam hidn tai cdn phai ndng cao kha ndng ty chu ttong hpc tap cho sinh vien, hidu theo ngbia smh vien chiu frach nhidm vd cd khd nang kiem soat cdc hoat ddng hpc tap ctia minh, lai cd rdt it nghien cftu ve nhdn thftc va each thyc Men eua giao vien ngogi ngu ddi vdi vide nang cao khd ndng ty chu trong hpc tap cho ngudi hoc ngoai ngft. Bai vidt nay sd trinh bdy kdt qua cua mOt nghidn cuu ddi vdi giang vien tidng Anh chuydn ngft tai mdt sd trudng dai hpc trong nude vd vdn dd ndy.
2 C O S 6 L Y L U A N
2.1 Khdi nidm ty chu trong hpc tap Khdi nidm ty chu ttong hpc tap 'learner autonomy' cd ngudn gdc tft he tu tudng phuang Tdy, phdt tridn tft khdi nidm ty chu 'autonomy' (Little, 1999), va dugc hidu tft nhidu gdc dO khae nhau. Khdi nidm nay ban ddu dugc Holec (1979) djnh nghia la nang lyc ty chiu trach nhiem vd vide hpc ciia minh. Cdc tdc gia ve sau bd sung them va didn giai khai nidm ndy theo nhieu each kliac nhau.
Littie (1991) them xem nd lakTnangty lap: Tuchu Id "nang lyc ty lap, ndng lyc tu duy phe phdn, ra quydt djnh va hanh dOng ddc ldp" (Little, 1991, p.
4). Dickinson (1993) xem ty clift ttong hpc tap la hoan canh ttong dd ngudi hpc hodn toan chiu ttdch nhidm vd tdt cd nliftng quydt dinh lien quan den vide hpc efta ban thdn vd tiiyc thi nhftng quydt djnh do (Dickinson, 1993). C) mdt gdc dd khdc, Dam (1995) xem ty chii la sur san sdng chju ttdch nhidm ve vi$c hpc ciia minh dd phuc vy cho nhu cdu vd myc dich cua minh. Cac tac gia Benson va Voller (1997) tdng kdt lai bdn nghia khdc nhau cua khdi nidm ndy, cy thd ty chd ttong hpc tdp la nhftng hoan canh ttong do ngudi hpc hoan toan ty hpc mpt minh; Id nhihig ky nang cd the hpc vd iing dyng de hpc ty dinh hudng; la sy thyc thi trach nhidm cua ngudi hoc ddi vdi vide hpc ctia minh;
hay quyen cua ngudi hpc dugc quyet dinh ve vide hgc cua rainli. Theo do, cac tac gia nay phdn bidt bdn quan didm khac nhau ve ty chu trong hpc tdp, bao gdm:
Quan didm thudn tfty ky thudt xem ty chft la hogt dOng hpc ngoai ngft bdn ngodi bdi canh frudng ldp vd khdng cd su can thiep ciia giao vidn.
Quan didm tdm ly hpc xem ty chu Id nang lyc cho phdp ngudi hpc chiu trach nhidm vd vide hoc efta minh.
Quan didm chi'nh tti xem tu chu la didu kidn cho phep ngudi hpc kiem sodt qud ttinh vd ndi
dung hpc tap cung nhu bdi cdnh frudng ldp md ttong do vide hpc didn ra.
Quan didm xd hdi xem ty chu Id nang lyc tuang tdc va hgp tdc vdi ngudi khac ttong viec hpc.
Tft nhfti^ djnh nghTa va phan loai tten, cd thd thdy rang ty chu trong hoc tap dugc hidu theo nhidu each khac nhau, vdi nhirng ngon tft didn dat khdc nhau, nhung tyu trung khai nidm ndy bao gdm 3 yeu td ca ban:
Thu nhdt, ty chu cd thuOc tinh nang lyc, bao gdm cac ky nang cd tiid hpc tap dugc hoac bdm sinh (Holec, 1979; Little, 1990). Cac ky nang nay bao gdm ky ndng ty hpc mOt minh, ky nang tu duy phe phdn, ra quydt dinh, va cac ky nang ldm vide hgp tdc (Benson va Voller, 1997). Nang lyc ndy theo tdc gia Dam (1995) dd la sy sSn sang ty chiu ttdch nhiem cua ngudi hpc.
Thft hai, tu chu la hoan canh hay tinh ttang md ttong dd ngudi hpc hodn todn ty kldm soat, ty chiu ttach nhidm va thyc hidn cdc hoat ddng hpc tap, va cd the cdc boat ddng nay hoan todn khdng phy thudc vao giao vidn, hay chuong ttinh hpc (Dickinson, 1993). Thdng qua nhitng didu kidn hoan cdnh ma ngudi hpc co thd hoac khdng thd phdt fridn dugc khd nang ty chu.
Thu ba la yeu td quydn ldm chu vide hpc, tuc la ngudi hoc dugc quyen tiiam gia quydt dinh cdc khia canh lien quan ddn vide hgc cua ban than nhu:
muc tieu, phuang phap day vd hgc, tdi lieu, each ddnh gid.
2.2 Ty chii va cac yen td lien quan Tu chu cd lidn quan the nao den mOt sd dac diem cua ngudi hpc va mdi trudng vdn h6a?
Muc dO khd nang tu chu dupe cho Id thay ddi theo dg tudi va ttinh do ngogi ngu cua ngudi hpc.
Ty chu khdng phdi la mgt khdi nidm tuydt ddi theo nghia hoac cd hoac khdng, ma d dO tuoi khac nhau, thai diem kliac nhau va trinh dg ngoai ngft khac nhau, r^udi hgc se co mftc dO ty chft khac nhau (Kohonen,2012).
Ngoai ra, nhieu hpc gid da chi rd rang ban thdn khai nidm ty chu khdng phai Id mOt khdi niem cd thudc tinh van hda, khong cd ngudn gdc tft van hda, ma boi canh van hda xa hgi cd tiie gdp phdn phdt ttien khd nang ty chu, hogc can ttd hoac tao thuan lgi cho klid nang ty chu phat ttidn (Aoki &
Smitii, 1999; Crabbe, 1999; Little, 1999). Theo Little (1999), ty chu la mgt nang lyc hanh vi phd quat, bao gdm nhimg nang luc ma cd nhdn sd hiru, nd Id tinh each, la thuOc tinh cua con ngudi, Khd
Tap chi Khoa hgc Tnrdng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn C. Khoa hgc Xd hgi. Nhdn van vd Gida d^e: 33 (2014): 75-83 nang ty chu gidng nhu Id mOt thupc tinh ty nhien
tdn tai dOc lap vdi bdi cdnh vdn hda xd hOl du do Id van hda phuang Ddng vd phuong Tdy (Crabbe, 1999).
Ty chu frong hpc tap khdng cd nghTa Id vai frd cua gido vidn bj mdt di ma ngudi gido vidn phai thay ddi vai ttd efta minh tft ngudi truyen thy kien thftc sang ngudi tu vdn, hudng ddn vd hd frg ngudi hgc phat tridn kha nang ty ehu (Crabbe, 1999). Noi cdch khdc giao vien ddng vai frd rdt quan ttpi^
ttong vide phdt ttidn ty chu ttong hpc tdp cho hpc sinh sinh vidn (Benson, 2009; Hurd, Beaven, &
Ortega, 2001)
Cd mOt sy thdng nhdt cao vd vai frd cua tu chu ttong hpc tdp, dac bidt ttong day-hpc ngoai ngft, Id kha nang ty chu ttong hpc tap gidp ngudi hgc dat dugc hi^u qud hpc tap tdt han (Aoki & Smitii, 1999; Benson, 2009; Egel, 2009; Kohonen, 2012).
2.3 Nghien cuu ve nh^n thih: ciia gido vidn ve ty chu trong hoc tdp ngoai ngir
Nghien ciru vd nhdn thuc vd quan nidm cua gido vidn ve nhidu khia canh gido due khdc nhau da dgt duge nhftng thdnh tyu, nhung ed rdt it nghidn cftu vd nhgn tiidc eua gido vidn vd khd nang ty chii.
Nghien cftu gdn day nhat cua Borg vd Al-busaidi (2012) ddi vdi 63 giao vidn tidng Anh cua mdt trung tam ngoai ngft d Oman cho thdy gido vidn cd quan ni§m kliac nhau vd ty chft ttong hpc tdp. Da sd gido vidn nhin nhdn ty chu d gdc dO tdm Iy hoc;
ttong khi khdi nidm vd ty chu theo quan diem chinh ttj dftng hang thd hai, vd thft ba Id quan didm xd hpi. Khdc phuc nhflug hgn chd vd phuong phap nghien cuu cua cdc nghidn ctiu trudc dd bdng cdch kdt hgp sft dyng phidu khdo sat vd phdng vdn, nlitmg nghidn cftu nay duge thyc hipn ttong bdi cdnh mOt ttung tdm ngoai ngft, hoan toan khac vdi mdi ttudng hpc thudt d dgi hpc.
O Viet Nam, cdc nghien ctiu vd vdn dd nay lai cdng it. Nguydn Thanh Vdn (2011) so sdnh quan rupm eua gidng vidn va sinh vidn khdng chuydn ngft ttong boi cdnh ddo tgo tin chi. Kdt qud la khdi itidm ty chu ttong hpc tap vin cdn xa Ig ddi vdi cd ngudi dgy vd ngudi hgc. Didm luu y la sinh vidn khdng mudn ty chju ttdch nhipm vd vide hpc khi khdng cd gidng vidn kidm tta, frong khi gidng vidn khdng nghT rdng hp cd trdch nhidm ddi vdi vide iy hpc cua sinh vien. Theo tac gid, mdc du mong mudn dugc quydt dinh vd npi dung vd gido ttinh hpc tap, nhung sinh vidn lai chua sin sang chju ttdch nhidm, trong khi dd gidng vidn cd khuynh hudng chju trach nhidm ehpn lya vd thidt kd hoat
dOng hpc tap. Mlu thu cda nghidn cftu nay tuong ddi Idn, bao gdm 613 sinh vidn va 47 giang vidn tft 24 trudng dai hpc cao ddng frong nude. Nhung dp tin cdy cua phidu didu tra vd sd Udu phdng vdn khdng thdy dd cdp. Ngoai ra ddi tugng nghidn cuu la sinh vidn hpc tidng Anh nhu Id mdt mdn phu; do dd dOng CO hgc tap khac hdn vdi ddi tugng chuyen ngft. Tuy nhidn, chua tiidy cd nghidn cftu vd nhan thftc cua gidng vidn ddi vdi vipc phdt tridn kha nang ty chu cho sinh vidn chuyen Anh Van.
Tdm lgi, mac du nghidn cftu trong vd ngodi nude vd quan nidm ciia ngudi dgy vd ngudi hpc ngogi ngft vd khd nai^ ty chu frong hpc tdp dd dat dugc nhung kdt qud nhdt dinh, cdc nghien cftu tm dugc thyc hidn frong rtiiihig bdi cdnh khac nhau ddi vdi nhftng ddi tugng khdc nhau, frong khi quan nidm vd nhdn thftc gdn lidn vdi bdi cdnh van h6^xa hOi (Berliner, 2005; Borg, 2006). Trong bdi cddh cac ttudng dgi hpc d Viet Nam chuydn ddi sang dao tao theo he thdng tin chi, can cd nhidu n^dn ciiu hon ve nhung van de lien quan nhu khd nang ty chft cua ngudi hpc. Do dd, n^ien cftu ndy hi vpng sd gdp phdn ldm rd thdm bftc ttanh vd nh|n thuc vd thyc hidn ndng cao khd nang ty chu ty chju ttach nhidm ciia sinh vidn vd vide hpc. Nghien cihi ciing se gdp phan ciing cd co sd 1}? ludn vd thirc tidn ddi vdi vide dao tao theo hd thdng tin chi md dgc biet Id vide phat huy tinh ty chft hpc tdp ciia sinh vidn, ydu td edt ldi efta hp thdng dao tao nay.
Kdt qud nghidn ctiu ed thd Ijun ndn tang dinh hudng eho cdc hdi thdo tap hudn vd phat tridn tuih ty chft ttong hpc tdp qua dd ed thd giup tang cudt^
kha ndng ty hpc cho sinh vien. Trudc khi cd flie nang cao chdt lugng dao tao theo he thdng tin chi, nhthig hieu bidt vd thyc ttgng ttong qua ttinh chuydn ddi he thdng ddo tao, cy the la sy sin sdng cua ngudi day vd ngudi hpc lidn quan din khd ndng ty chju trdch nhidm vdi vide hpc Id tii|t sy cdn thidt.
3 MVC TIEU VA PHirONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ
Cdc myc tieu cua nghidn cftu ndy, dya ttdn co sd ly lugn vd tdm quan ttpng cua nhan thftc hay quan nipm efta ngudi day, vd sy thay ddi nhftng quan ni?m hay nhdn thuc lech hudng, bao gdm^
- xac djnh nhgn thftc eua gidng vien tieng Anh ddi vdi vide ndr^ cao tinh ty chft ttong hpc t ^ cua sinh vidn chuydn ngdnh tidng Anh
tim hieu vide thyc hien cua gidng vien tham gia dao tgo ehuydn ngdnh tidng Anh vd ndng cao tinh ty ehu ttong bpc tdp cho sinh vidn tidng Anh
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hoc Cdn Tho 3.1 Phirong phdp nghidn ciia
De dgt dupe nhihig muc tidu ttdn, nghidn cuu su dung khdo sdt dk md td buc tranh tdng quat va phdng vdn ed nhdn dk tim hidu sau ban vd nhan thuc ciia gidng vidn. Phidu khdo sdt dua theo Borg (2013) duge thidt kd dya frdn tdng hgp vd phan tieh cac nghidn ciiu trudc ddy, vd da dugc tac gia sft dung thu sd lieu trong bdi c ^ h mOt trung tdm ngogi ngu cua Trudng dgi hpc Sultan Qaboos Uruversity tai Oman. Phidu khdo sat, dugc dieu chinh lai cho phu hgp vdi bdi cdnh nghidn cftu, bao gdin CO 4 phdn. Phdn I bao gdm 36 cdu hdi ddng thidt kd theo tiiang didm 5 cua Likert, khdo sat nhdn thftc cua gidng vidn vd cdc khia canh quan trgng cua khai nidm khd ndng ty chu frong hpc tdp, bao gdm: ty hpc Id gi theo cdc quan didm khdc nhau nhu quan didm ky thudt (cdu 2,3,6,21,30), quan didm tam ly hpc (cdu 29,32,33,37), quan didm chinh trj (cdu 4,7,14,22,27), quan didm xa hdi (edu 16,19,25,31); vai trd eua gido vidn ddi vdi tinh ty chft ttong hgc tdp (cdu 8,18,24,35); sy phu hgp efta khdi rudm ty hpc ttong boi cdnh van hda khac nhau (eau 13,23); tti6i tdc vdi tinh ty chu (cau 1,10,20);
ttinh dO ngoai ngft vd vide thftc day ti'nh ty chu (cdu 9,26,34); •^ nghTa efta khai nidm tu hoc ddi vdi phuang phdp day hpc (cdu 15,17,28); moi tuong quan giua khd ndng ty hpc va kdt qud hpc tap (cdu 5,12,36). Cdu hdi so 11 ttong ban gdc bi loal bo do khai nidm "ngudi hpc ly tin" khdng rd rdng. Phan 2 khdo sdt mong mudn efta gidng vidn vd vide tham gia quydt djnh vd qud frinh hpc tap, khd nang eua sinh vidn vd tinh khd thi cua vide nang cao khd ndng ty chu thdng qua tham gia quydt djnh vd phdt trien cdc ndng lyc cdn thidt cho vide thuc ddy ty ehu hpc tap. Phdn 3 khdo sdt vide thyc hidn ndng cao kha nang ty hpc eho^inh.vidnjtidng Anli_ydcdc yeu td dnh hudng. Phdii'4''tKu sd'Iieu vd'^dgc'^didm gidng vien.
Phdng vdn dupe thidt kd tuy theo kdt qud ciia phidu khdo sdt cua tftng cd nhan, va dya vdo phieu phdng vdn ggi y efta Borg (2013), dd dao sdu ngudn gdc nhdn tiiftc cua gidng vidn, mdi tiTidng thuc ddy ty chft, cae thft thach ddi vdi vide thyc hidn ndng cao khd nSng ty chu cbo sinh vidn (Xem phy luc).
3.2 Ddi tupKig nghien cihi
Co 84 gidng vidn dgi hpc tai cac trudng cdng lap tiiam gia ua ldi phidu khao sdt ttong tdng sd 120 phieu phdt ra, bao gdm nhu sau:
PhdnC. Khoa hgc Xa hoi, Nhan van vd Gido dvc: 33 (2014): 75-S3 Bang 1: Phan bd sd giang vidn tidng Anh tham
gia vao nghien cihi
Trudng Sd . , Ti l<
, Nam ., IiroTiE "A
T i l e Dai hoc SP D6ng
%
Thap Dai hoc An Giang Dai hpc SP Quy Nhon D^i hoc C3n Tho Dai hoc Ha Tmh D?i hoc SP TPHCM
18 10 14 18 12 12
8 44%
3 30%
2 14%
7 38.8%
0 0%
7 58%
10 7 12 11 12 5
56%
70%
88%
61.2 100%
42%
Tdng so 27 32.1% 57 67.8%
Bdng 2 tdm tat phan bd mau theo ttinh do va kinh nghiem gidng day tidng Anh
Bang 2: Ti Id giang vidn theo trinh dO va thdm nidn cdng tac (n=84)
Trinh do Tien sT Thiic sT Cij nhan
S6 lir^me 3 49 32
Ti 16 % 3.6%
58%
38.4%
Kinh nghiem
< 5 ndm 5-9 nam 10-15 nam 15-20 nam
>20nam
16 18 20 IS 12
19%
21.4%
23.8%
21.4%
16.3%
Co 8 gidng vidn tinh nguydn tham gia ttd ldi phdng vdn; nhiing gidng vien ndy ed trinh dO Thgc sT, va tham nidn cdng tdc dao dOng trong khodng 5 ddn 20 nam, bao gdm 5 nft vd 2 nam, dang cdng tdc tai cdc Khoa ddo tao chuyen ngft tidng Anh tgi 3 trudng Dgi hgc: Cdn Tha (3), An Giang (1), Ddng Thdp (4).
Phgm vi nghien cftu gidi han d doi tucmg giang vidn day cac chuydn ngdnh tidng Anh trong khodng thdi gian tft thang 4/2014 den 7/2014 tai cac trudng dgi hgc co ddo tao cac nganh tidng Anh. Vide chgn lya mlu nhu thd nham ddm bdo sy da dang vd ddc didm ddi tugng, vd du Idn dd phdn tich thdng ke ed y nghTa.
* KET QUA NGHIEN c u t ;
4.1 Khnynh birdng nhan thirc ve khai nidm tir chii trong hoc tap
Bdng 3 cho thay nhan thftc cua gidng vien tidng Anh vd khai nidm ty chft trong hpc tdp cd khuynh hudng thupc vd quan didm tdm I^ vd quan diem xa hgi rd ran§ nhdt. Theo dd, gidng vidn ddng y rang cdc ydu td didu kien gdp phdn thuc day ty chu
Tgp ehi Khoa hgc Tru&ngDai hgc Cdn Tho Phdn C: Khoa bpc Xa hpi, Nhdn vdn vd Gido dvc: 33 (2014): 75-83 ttong hpc tap nhu dOng ca hpc tgp, k? ndng ty hoc
vd ty ddnh gia cd vai ttd quan ttpng ttong vide thuc ddy khd nang tu chft ty chiu trdch nhidm (M=4.05, SD=.58). Nhin tu gdc dO tucmg tdc xa hOi, khd nang ty chu se dugc phdt ttidn thdng qua cdc ca hOi vd boat dOng tuong tdc, hgp tac ldm vide nhdm (M=3.92, SD=.52). Giang vidn tidng Anh eung cd khuynh hudng nhgn thftc vd ty chu theo quan didm chinh tti va thudn tuy ky thudt (M=3.72, SD=.45;
va M=3.65, SD=.56), nhimg sy ddng tiiuan khdng cao. Theo hp, sinh vidn ndn dugc tham gia quyet djnh vd lya ehpn myc tidu, tai lidu, vd phuang phdp hpc; va ddng thdi hp it tin tudng han vdi viec sinh vien sd phdt ttidn khd nang ty chu ttong hpc tap khi tham gia vdo cac hogt dOng hpc tdp hoan todn dOc lap nhu di thu vidn hodc trung tdm khai thdc hpc lipu.
Bdng 3: Nh^n thftc vd ty chft trong hpc t^p theo quan diem (N=84)
, , Minimum Maximum Mean „ - .- '
hudng Deviation Tdm I^ hpc 2.25 5.00 4.05 .58
Ky tiiuat 2.00 4.80 3.65 .56 X a h p i 2.00 5.00 3.92 .52 Chinh frj 2.40 4.60 3.72 .45 / = hodn todn khong ddngy, 2^khdng ddngy, S^khong ehdc, 4=ddngy, 5- hodn loan ddngy
Dft lipu phong van cho thay rd nhgn thftc cua gidng vidn tidng Anh thidn vd khuynh hudng tam ly hpc.
Ty chu Id mOt qud trinh ma ngudi hpc bidt minh dang di tdi dau, minh phdi ldm gi, ty ddnh gid dugc minli vd cd thd ty (mdt chut it) thidt kd vide hpc(GVl)
Ty minh ldm chu, didu khidn, kidm sodt hogt dgng hpc tap cua minh (GV4)
MOt giang vidn ciing ndu rd nh$n thftc tiiM khuynh hudng xa hOi:
...la khd ndng md sinh vidn cd the hpc dugc, ngodi vide tham gia hogt dOng frong ldp, cd thd tit dpe, tu hpc vdi mdt ngucri ban hodc mpt nhdm ban.
(GV5)
4.2 Nh^n thuc vd mdi quan hd giOa ty chu va cdc ydn td lien quan
Bdng 4 the hidn rd sy ddng thu^in rat cao ciia giang vidn ve mdi quan hd nhan qud giiia khd ning ty chu vd hidu qud hpc tap (M=4,02, SD=.67). Tdt cd nhiing giang vien dugc jihdng van ddu cho rang ty ehu sd giup sinh vidn nam bdt kidn tiiftc va phdt fridn ky ndng tdt ban kd ca k? ndng mdm nhu tir duy dOc Igp, tu duy sdng tao.
Ty chu giup phat ttidn khd ndng ngdn ngft, kha nang ty nghien cftu. (GVl)
Ty chu giup phat huy tinh sdng tao cua sinh vidn, tim ra dugc tri thftc mdi, tao ra tinh dpe lap ttong suy nghT. (GV2)
Dac bipt phat ttidn kha ndng ty ehu ttong hpc tap se khdng chi mang Igi lgi ich trong qua ttinh hpc md cdn giftp sinh vien lau ddi. MOt gido vidn chia sd
Tinh ty chu giup sinh vidn ttong qua trinh hoc va cd sau ndy dd di ldm. (GV3)
Ngodi ra, gidng vidn tidng Anh cung tin rdng ca ngudi Idn vd tte em ddu cd thd phdt ttidn kha nang ty chu (M=3.84, SD=.61), vd ngudi hpc ttong moi ndn vdn hda ddu cd thd phat ttien khd nang ty chu vdi gia ttj trung binh M=3.86, SD= .83.
Bang 4: Nh^n thiic vl mdi quan h$ giu^ ty chu trong hoc t3p vd cdc yen td lidn quan (N=84)
Mdi quan hd Mean Std. Deviation
van hda_Ty chii Vai ttd GV_Ty chu Tudi _ Ty chft Trinh dp tidng Anh_Ty chu Hipu qua hpc_Ty chft Phuang phap dayTy chft
1.50 2.50 2.00 1.67 2.33 1.67
5.00 4.50 5.00 4.33 5.00 4.33
3.86 3.44 3.84 2.97 4.02 3.23
.83 .47 .61 .56 .67 .66 I = hodn loan khong ddngy. 2-=kh6ng dingy. S^khongchde, 4=ddngy, 5= hodn todn ddngy
Hdu hdt cdc gidng vidn chia se frong phdng vdn ddu tin rdng sinh vidn cd bidt ddn khdi niem ty chu ttong hpc tip, nhung do dd quen vdi phuang phap dgy hpc truydn thdng nai ngudi thdy Id trung tdm efta qud trinh day hpc, ndn tinh ty chu khdng dugc khuydn khich, ddn ddn sinh vien thy ddng va J Igi.
Hdu hdt sinh vien bidt ddn khdi nidm ndy, nhung dnh hudng van hod A Ddn^ vd vai ttd ciia ngudi tiidy, ndn khdng ldm ttdi ^ tiidy. (GV2)
Smh vidn hidu... nhin^ theo thdi quen thdy lam trung tdm ndn y vao gido vidn, ^do vien ^ao vide gi thi lam vide ndy. (GV3)
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgt hgc Cdn Tha Phdn C: Khoa hoc Xa hpi, Nhdn van vd Gido due- 33 (2014). 75-83 Khdng phdi la khdng ap dung dupe nhimg do
each gido dye cua minh thdi, thay ddi each dgy thi sinh vidn ed thd ndng cao khd nang tu chft duac.
(GV5)
Lidn quan ddn vai ttd cua giao vidn ddi vdi vide ndng cao tinh ty chu frong hgc t|.p, gidng vidn tidng Anh cung thong nhdt cao (M==3.44, SD=.47). Cy thd da sd (91,2%) tin rdng gido vien ddng vai ttd quan trpng ttong vide thuc ddy khd nSng ty chu eho sinh vien, chi cd khodng 10% Id khdng ddng y hodc khdng chdc chdn ldm. Vd phuang phap dgy- hgc nham thuc day tinh tu chu, khuynh hudng nhdn thuc cua gidng vidn chua rd rdng (M=3.23,
Bang 5: Y kidn vd phuong phap dgy-hpc nhdm thiic ddy ty chu (N=84)
Khdng Ddng Hoan todn ro ^ ddng y SD=.66). Dac bidt gidng vidn tidng Anh chira chac chdn ve mdi quan he giiia ttirtii dd tidng Anh cua sinh vidn va khd nang ty chu (M==2.97, SD=.56).
Bdng 5 md td vd mdi Hen he gifta phucmg phap dgy hpc vd phat trien khd nang ty chu. Mac du ti Id gidi^ vidn ddng y tuang ddi cao (74,4%) rang mdi trudng hpc t^p lay ngudi hpc ldm trimg tam Id didu kidn Iy tudng dd phat ttidn kha nang ty ehu, nhimg cd 40,5% khdng ddi^ y vd 25% khdng chdc rdng vide phdt ttidn khd nang ty chft co ddng nghTa vdi loai bd each day ttuydn thdng xem gido vidn Id ngudi ttuyen thy kien thftc khdng.
Hoan toan Khdng ddng khdng dong y £_
Ty ehu cd nghTa la loai bd each day truydn
thdng lay gido vien lam trung tdm 35,7% 25% 31% 3,6%
Ldp hpc lay hpc sinh ldm trung tdm la didu
kidn tdt de phat frien khd nang ty ehu 0% 9% 16,7% 51,3% 23,1%
4.3 Mong muon vd tinh kha thi vd ndng cao kha nang ty chii cho ngirdi hpc
Hinh 1 ttinh bdy mong mudn efta gidng vien cho phep sinh vidn tham gia vdo qua ttinh quydt djnh cdc khia canh dgy vd hpc va tinh kha thi khi tiiyc hidn didu ndy. 6 hdu hdt cdc m^t, gidng vidn rdt mong mudn sinh vidn cd quydn tham gia quydt djnh, vdi didm trung binh dao dOng tten 3.0 (khd thi); nhung ngugc Igi, hg tin rdng kha nang hidn
thyc hda nhftng mong mudn hdu nhu khdng cao.
Ba khia cgnh md gidng vidn tin tudng co thd cho sinh vidn tham gia vdo quyet djnh Id chft dd thdo luan, hoat ddng hpc tdp trdn ldp va tai lieu hpc tdp, vdi didm trung binh gdn bang 3.0; sinh vidn khd cd thd tham gia vdo quydt djnh cdc khia canh nhu phuang phap dgy hpc, phuang phap danh gid, vd myc tidu mdn hpc, M dao dOng d mftc 2.0 (it khd thi).
Quan ly Idp PP dgy-hoc PP danh gid Chii de hpc Hoat dpng hpc Tai lipu M y c t i e u mdn hpc
I Kha thi I Mong mudn
Hinh 1: Mong mudn va tinh kha thi cho phep sinh vidn tham gia quyet dinh / ^khong mong mudn/khdng khd thi. 4= rat mong muon/rdi khd thi
Cac gidng vidn chia sd: Phuang phdp danh gid cung tuy thudc vdo gido Phuong phap gidng day, hoat ddng giang day vidn, didm gifta ki 40%, cudi ki 60%, giao vien cd lien quan ttuc tidp den ngudi gido vien thi khd cd
tinh khd tiii.'(GV2)
thd chi tiet hod didm gifta hgc ki nhung do gido vidn, khdng phdi dya vao sinh vidn (GV5)
Tgp chi Khoa hge Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn C: Khoa hgc Xd hgi, Nhdn vdn vd Gido due: 33 (2014): 75-83 Da sd cdc tdi Udu hpc tap, muc tidu la Idy tft
khung; thdi gian khdng cho phep sinh vien thay ddi; tdi lieu ciing ed khung eiing, giao vien ed thd cho thdm mOt sd tdi Udu hpc them (GV2).
Hinh 2 cho thdy tdt cd giang vien ddu mong mudn sinh vidn cd cdc 1^ nang ty hpc vd ty chju ttdch nhidm ttong hpc tip. Ngugc Iai, hg lai nghT
rang tinh khd thi de phdt tridn cac 1^ nang ndy cho sinh vidn la khdi^ cao, dao ddng khoang M=2.5,- ttong dd kha ndng cd the phdt trien 1^ nang hoc dOc lap vd hgc hgp tdc cho sinh vien Id cao nhit (M
> 2.7), va thdp nhdt Id ky nang tu theo ddi vd ty ddnh gid tidn bd ttong hoc tgp (M<2.5). Mpt sd gidng vidn chia sd:
Hpc dpe Igp
Hpc hgp tac
I Kha thi I Mong muon
Hi^u nhu cau cua minh
Hinh 2: Mong mudn va tt'nh kha thi vk cdc k^ ndng hpc tdp ciia sinh vidn l=tdi6ng mong muon/khong Idid thi. 4= rdt mong muon/rdl khd thi
Gido vidn ky vgng sinh vidn theo ddi qud ttinh hgc, nhung dd chi Id ki vpng. Tdm lai mong mudn nhung khdng kha thi vi ndu minh la cd vdn hpc tap thi sd sdu sdt han cdn thyc td.thi minh Id gido^vien- hpe phdn ndn ehi ddnh gid dugc siiih"vien'ttdiT^hpc phdn minh dgy, khdng ddnh gid dugc nhung ky ndng khdc. (GV5)
Sinh vidn vdn cho gido vidn Id tnmg tdm, ndn se mdt rat nhidu thdi gian dd sv thay ddi nhgn thftc, bj dnh hudng bdi quan nidm, mdi quan he giija thdy vd ttd. (GV2)
5 THAO LUAN
Gidng nhu nhieu gido vidn tidng Anh ttong mpt sd nghidn cftu (Borg & Al-busaidi, 2012; Yoshi, 2011), gidng vien tidng Anh Viet Nam tin rdng ta chu trong hpc tap giup n^rdi hpc phdt tridn khd nang tidng Anh quan nidm ty chu ttong hpc tap tiieo khuynh hudng tdm Iy hpc. Cdc ky nang ty hpc
bao gdm hoc ddc ldp, hgc nhdm, ty theo ddi va danh gid vide hpc Id nhiing ky nang ma theo cdc gidng vidn sinh vien cdn phdi cd. Ket qud ndy gidng vdi nghien cftu cua Borg vd Al-BusaMi, (2012) ddi vdi gido vidn tidng Anh tgi Oman. Tuy nhidn, diem khdc bidt Id quan diem chinh ttj vd ty chu cua gido vidn tieng Anh d Oman dftng hdng thu hai, ttong khi dd, nghidn ciru ctia chiing tdi cho thdy quan didm xa hOi dugc gidng vidn ung hO dftng hdng thu hai. Sy khac bidt nay cd Ie Id do cdu tnic xd hdi chua cho phep thyc hidn quydn ty chii - va tu chju trach nhidm d da sd cdc trudng tfcu hpc, vd tgi eac trudng, muc dp ty chu cua ^dng vien lidn quan ddn chuang trinh, muc tieu dao tgo, vata lidu giang dgy cung chua cao. Chuyen ddi sang co che tin ehi, nhung giang vidn tieng Anh chua sin sang chiu ttach nhidm va vin cdn gift quan diem truydn thdng vd giang day. Hp cdn tam I^ e sg n ^ d i hpc khdng dft 1^ nang dd ty quydt djnh vd chgn lya. MOt gidng vien chia se:
Tgp ehi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tho Phdn C: Khoa hgc Xd hgi. Nhdn van vd Gido due. 33 (2014): 75-83
•..khd nang ty chft ttong hpc tap efta sinh vidn khdng cd (chua quan tdm), vi du hdi vd muc tidu mdn hgc nhung sv khdng ddng gdp. (GV4)
Kdt qud ndy tuang thich vdi Nguyin Thanh Vdn (2011) khi cho rdng giang vidn xem minh nhu la ngudi ty quydt djnh ehpn lya vd thidt kd hogt ddng dgy-hpc, vd sinh vidn khdng dft ty tin dd chon lya va ra quydt dinh vd qud trinh hpc efta minh. Kdt qua nay ciing tuang thich vdi mpt kdt qud n^ien ciiu gan day cho tiiay muc dd ty tin vd phuang phap hpc t|p eua sinh vien Anh van tgi mdt trudng dai hpc tuang ddi thdp (Nguydn Van Lgi, Chung T.Thanh Hdng, & Dh X. Hdi, 2013). Vide tu hpc mOt minh dudi nhidu hinli thftc nhu di thu vidn, ty luydn tdp, cung dugc cho Id cd ich, nhung dudng nhu khdng duge tin tudng ldm, ciing ed Ie vi cdc gidng vidn chua tin vdo kha ndng efta sinh vidn nhu dd ndu ttdn.
Giong nghien cftu efta Bdrg vd Al-Busaidi (2012), nghien cftu efta chiing tdi cho thdy sy khdc biet rat Idn vd sy mong mudn vd tinh kha thi ddi vdi vide smh vien dugc quydn tham gia quyet djnh qua ttinh hpc t^p, va phdt ttien cdc kJ ndng ty hgc lidn quan ddn khd nang ty chft. Trong khi ky vpng cao, gidng vidn lai tin rdng khd cd the thyc thi vide cho sinh quydn tham gia quydt djnh cdc khia cgnh lidn quan ddn gua trinh dgy vd hpc. Didu nay Id do gidng vidn thidu ty tin vdo sinh vidn, vd ddng thdi vin cdn giii quan nidm truydn thdng vd truydn dat kidn thftc.
6 KET LU^N VA DE XUAT
Kdt qud nghien cdu eho thdy gidng vien tidng Anh tai mOt sd trudng dai hpc cd nh$n thftc eao vd phdt tridn khd nang tu chft cho sinh vien tidng Anh, theo hudng phat ttidn cdc kJ ndng ty hpc vd ldm vide nhdm, nhung giang vidn it ung hO vide tham gia quyet djnh efta sinh vidn vao qud trinh hpc tgp.
Vdi kdt qud ndy, nghidn cftu ed mOt sd de xudt sau ddy:
De thuc day khd ndng ty ehu, ngodi vide ttang bi eho sinh vidn cdc ky nang ty hpc vd lam vide nhdm thdng qua cdc hogt dOng hpc tap, gidng vidn can md rpng bon quydn tham gia ty kidm sodt vide hpc eho sinh vien.
- Quan nidm hgn chd vd quydn lya ehpn vd quydt djnh cho tiidy giang vidn tidng Anh can tang cudng hom nO^ sy lya ehpn ttong hogt dOng bgc tap dd phdt huy tinh thdn ty chju ttdch nhidm efta suih vidn. Gidng vien cd thd thiet ke eac hoat ddng hogc
gidi thieu tdi lieu ty hgc vd ydu cdu sinh vidn lua ehpn vd hodn thdnh theo sd thich eua minh vdi sy giam sat va hd ttg eua gidng vidn. Gidng vidn cijng can tin tudng rang nhiing boat ddng nhu the se giup sinh vien phat ttidn kha nang ty chu vide hpc cua minh.
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