PETROVIETNAM
Nghien cCru sa hinh thanh mam tinh the SAPO-5 tgi cac nhiet do ket tinh khdc nhau bang cdc pho trong dong,
ung dung Idm chdt nen cho xue tdc cracking
ThS. Nguyen Dinh HUng
Cdng ty CSphSn Xdy tdp Ddu khIHd Ndi TS. Nguyen Khinh Of^u Hdng, K5. D& Vin Hi^ng KS. NguySn Hflu Danh
Dgi hoc Bdch khoa Hd Ndi ThS.VdDuTcAnh
Dai hoc Cdng nghiip Tp. Hd ChffAinh
Trong nhihig nam gdn ddy, cdc vdt Iiiu rdyphdn tiSfdUa trin casdaluminophotphat (AlPO^-n) dd dUgc tap trung nghien cdu, chitgo vd bUdc ddu di vdo sCfdung, md ra mdt giai dogn mdi trong linh vUc ky thudt rdyphdn tvf khdng dUa trin ca sdaluminosilicate (zeolit) [1 - 4]. (AlPO^-n) Id mgt logi vdt lieu vi xdp, ed mdt sd cdu true gidng zeolit dd biet, cdn phdn Idn Id cdu true mdi lg. Chung dugc cdu tgo tUnhCeng dan vj tdt diin AIO^ vd PO^ liin kit vdi nhau bdng cdu oxy. Vc^ cdc tinh chdt dgc trung cua rdyphdn tCf, (AlPO^-n) cd thidugc suf dung Idm chdt hdp phu, chdt trao ddi ion, chdt nen, dgc biet dildm chd't xue tdc di thiaxit pha rdn, phuc vu trong ngdnh cdng nghe Igc ddu, hda ddu. Khd ndng de ddng thay doi cdu true bdng cdch thay thi cdc kim logi hay di nguyin tdvdo khung mgng Idm da dgng thim ve cdc thdnh phdn edu tgo vd cdu true, ndng eao tdm quan trgng cua nhihtg vat Iiiu mdi ndy trong qud trinh xue tdc cdng nghiep do khd ndng hinh thdnh nhieu dgng tdm hogt tinh sau qud trinh biin tinh.
Gdn ddy, Silico-aluminophotphat (SAPO) Id vdt lieu (AlPO^-n) dUgc biin tinh bdng cdch thi Si vdo khung mgng, dd dugc chu y nhiiu [34]. Khi Si dugc thi vdo khung mgng se Idm xuat hien cdc tdm hogt tinh vd tdng do ben nhiit cda vdt Iiiu len rdt nhiiu [9]. Cdc logi SAPO khi biin tinh tiip, cd thi s& dung dithuc day phdn ihig oxy hda NO thanh AfO^
cung Id mdt xue tde hiiu qud cho phdn Ung phdn hdy Nfi ngay cd khi cd mat hai nddc vd oxy {chinh Id qud trinh xHI^
khi thdi dgng ca[31,34]). Ngoai ra, SAPO-5 cd thi dugc sd dung Idm pha nen cho xdc tdc cracking. Xdc tdc cracking cbicd khodng 30 - 35% pha hogt tinh, cdn lgi Id pha nin vd chdt mang. TrUdc ddy, theo truyin thdng, pha nin thudng hay dugc s&dung Id nhdm oxit, aluminosilicat, cao lanh, ddt set... Tuy nhiin, mdt so phdn Ung cracking vdi nguon nguyin lieu cdng kinh nhu: ddu thuc vdt, can beo, sinh khdi cd nhiifng dgc thii rieng md cdc chdt pha nen truyin thong dd khdng phd hep. S^dung vdt lieu AlPO, SAPO biin tinh Idm pha nen thich hop cho nhiifng phdn Ung cracking neu tren Id muc tieu cda cdng trinh nghien cdu ndy.
AIPO-5 thudc loai d u trfle AFI, ed kich thfldc 16 xdp Idn (7,3 A), vdi d mang ca sd ddi xflng hinh luc gile ehfla 24
oxit t f l d i l n vdi sfl sap xep 12 nguydn t f l AI v l 12 nguyen t f l P xen ke nhau tao ra he thdng khung mang tinh t h l mdt ehilu, gom nhCmg hinh tru vdng 12 canh song song dddc gidi thidu trong Hinh 1 [2,25].
Hinh 1. Cdu true khdng gian 3 chieu cua vdt Iiiu 5APO-5
Nhflng flu d i l m khi sfl dung SAPO-5 l i m ehIt mang hay c h i t n i n cho p h i n flng cracking cd t h l k l d i n l i [12,15]:
+ Hinh t h l i v l kfeh thfldc tinh t h l cfla v | t li|u tqio d i l u kidn cho si/ khuleh t i n , d i l u t i l t cie p h i n flng trong xfle t i e .
+ D i l n tfch b l m|t ldn v l dd b i n nhidt cao.
+ Ld xdp s i p xdp ddng d i u ndn ed dd chpn Ipc cfla b i n t h i n pha n i n r i t eao.
Cie ion n i m trong khung m^ng SAPO-5 ed t h l dflpc trao ddi bdi ion dflong khic di tao ra ele tfnh c h i t axit hay oxi hda khfl. D i l u n i y cho p h l p b l l n tinh c h i t n i n t h i n h mdt c h i t n i n cd k h i n i n g dinh hfldng eho n h i l u p h i n UTng mong mudn khic nhau, t h i m chi thay t h l mdt p h i n cho pha xfle t i c . Cu t h l SAPO-5 cdn dfloc sfl dung I I xue t i c cho n h i l u p h i n flng nhu: cracking d c hydrocarbon, isome hda olefin v i hydroeaebon thom, oligome hda, hydroisome hda v i alkyl hda [11, 17, 18, 26,40].
Cd n h i l u nghidn eflu v l eic d i l u kien k i t tinh SAPO- 5. Tuy nhien, viee sfl dung eic phd trong ddng {in-situ spectroscopy) la mdt hfldng nghien eiJu mdi. Cie phd trong ddng eho p h l p theo ddi q u i trinh k i t tinh t f l d i u d i n khi d e tinh the h o i n thien m i khdng bd sdt mdt khoing thdi gian n i o . Day la d i l u m i eic phd thdng thudng khdng l i m dflpc [37]. Cic t h i l t bi v l bd thf nghidm thu tin hieu do ehflng tdi tfl t h i l t l i p , d i t tai Vidt Nam v l eie phdng thi nghiem uy tfn t r i n t h l gidi. Trong b l i b i o niy, chflng tdi tap trung gidi thidu mdt p h i n cua nghidn eiAi ve sfl hinh t h i n h d c m i m tinh t h l SAPO-5 tai d c nhiet dp k i t tinh khic nhau b i n g cic phd trong ddng nhfl pho XRD, t i n sic n i n g lflpng tia X EDXRD, nhieu xa tia X gdc hep SAXRD v l gdc rdng WAXRD.
II. ThUc nghidm 1. Tong hep xdc tdc
SAPO-5 dflae tdng hop b i n g phflong p h l p k i t tinh thfly n h i l t vdi t h i n h p h i n gel gom nguon nhdm, phospho, c h i t tao e l u trfle v i dung mdl theo tJ- Id gel nhfl sau [20]:
(0,5 - y) SIOj: x Al,0,: y Pp,\ 0,8 Tem: zHp Trong dd: Tem l i c h i t tao e l u true v i x, y, z la tJ \i p h i n moi trong gel k i t tinh.
Cy t h l , SAPO-5 dflpc tdng hpp qua cic bfldc sau:
+ T^o gel: D i y l i bfldc quan trong n h i t trong qui trinh tdng hop r i y p h i n tflAIPO^.Tflcic ngudn nguyin ll$u ban d i u vdi t h i n h p h i n v l t^ I I thich hpp, tiSn hpp dflOc trdn, khuly, gia nhidt k h o i n g 30 - 40°C liln tuc trong n h i l u gid cho d i n khi tao mdi trfldng gel ddng n h i t
+ K i t tinh thfly nhldt: Gel dfloc dfla v i o binh Teflon, d i t trong binh k i t tinh thfly nhidt b i n g thdp, sau dd dira v i o trong tu nung tai nhidt dd k i t tinh. Duy tri nhilt d6 n i y trong thdi gian k i t tinh da dflpc tinh t o i n trfldc
-f- Lpc, rfla, s l y v i nung: Sin p h I m dflpc dem di Ipc c h i n khdng v i rfla b i n g nfldc c i t n h i l u l i n . Phin tinh t h l sau khi Ipe dflpe s l y khd trong tfl s l y khoing v | ^ d nhidt dd 60 - l l O X . Cudi cflng, s i n pham dflpc (hia v i o Id nung trong khdng khi k h o i n g v i i gid d nhl$tdA thieh hpp 64 loai nfldc v i e h I t tao c i t trfle trong m^ng tinh t h l . Sau dd c i c m l u xfle t i c n i y mdi dflpc dem di d i e trflng b i n g d c phflong p h l p phd trong ddng (in- situ spectroscopy).
2. Thiit ldp thi nghiim do phd hdp thu X-ray vA nhihxa X-ray trong ddng (In-situ XRD/XAS)
Thf nghidm d l thu tfn hi§u k i t hop cfla phd hap XRD/
XAS trong ddng dflpc t h i l t lap tai Phdng thi nghidm Daresbury Lab, station 9.3, Warrington, Vflong quoc Anh v i Phdng thi nghidm BM26 SRS Lab - Grenoble, Cdng hoa Phip. Cell p h i n flng dflpc t h i l t k l v l c h l tao tai Phdng thi n g h i l m Dai hpc Bich khoa H i Npi v i UCL - London.
Hinh 2. Thiit ldp thl nghiim do ph6 hdp thu In-situ XRD/XAS (phdi) vd Cell phdn Ung (trdi) tgi Pi nghiim Daresbury Lab. station 9.3, Warrington, Vuong qudc Anh
4 4 DAUKHI-8(^5/2012
PETROVIETNAM
Hinh 3. Cau tao cua cell plia Lab - Qrenoble, Phap
ung ki'l linh lliuy " ' " * I dung (tv du XHiJ/XAS liong donq Uu I'hunq Ihi nghiem BM26 SRS
Hinh 4. Thiet lap thi nghiem do pho hap thu m-situ XRD XAS tai phong thi nghiem BM26 SfiS Lab - Grenoble. Pl^ap vi tn Detector (trai) va bo dieu khien nhiet do (phail
3. Thiet lap thi nghiem do pho tdn sdc ndng lugng tia X EDXRD trong dong (in-situ Energy Dispersive X-ray Dif- fraction)
Pho tan sac nang luong EDXFiD trong dong dUOC thiet lap tai Phbng thi nghiem Nghien cflu Vat lieu moi cua Dai hpc Chiang Mai, Thai Lan (Hinh 5), EDXRD trong dong duoc thu bSng hai detector dan nguyen to [single element solid-state detector) va detector 3 nguyen to (3-element detector), Trong ca 2 trudng hpp thi goc dflpc co dinh d 20 bang tfl 1,2- 1,8°. Cfl tfl 60 - 120 giay thi detector quet mot lan. Tong thdi gian u- , c TU -.i. M u - . - •• - quet la tfl 40 den 180 phut. So lieu pho Hmh 5. Thiet bi do pho tan sac nang ^ r- . r- lugng tia X EDXRD trong dong
EDXRD duac xfl ly bSng 2 phan mem DIconvert va Xfit trUc tuyen tfl trang CCP14 cua Phong thi nghem Daresbury, UK. Thang do nang lUOng duoc chuyen doJ sang d-spaclng sfl dung phan mem DLconvert.
Uu diem cua EDXRD la [6, 7];
-^ Thdi gian thu tin hieu nhanh, chi tfl 1 -2 phut.
+ Cho biet dong hpc cua qua trinh ket tmh.
+ Cho biet anh hudng cua cac dieu kien phan flng nhuthanh phan gel, nhiet do, pH, hr-'Hi lifniiq di kim loai, di nguyen to [n-'i-: •"n; •(-'. •i'i-"i Umii ket tmh.
4. Phd nhiiu xg X-ray gdc hep SAXRD (hogc SAXS) (Small Angle X-ray Scattering/Diffraction) vd gdc rdng WAXRD (wide Angle X-ray Diffraction)
SAXRD [33]:
+ Lfu d i l m : eho b i l t kich thfldc hat v l hinh d^ng hat ..
+ Nhflpc d i l m : khdng cho b i l t thdng tin v l elu trflc eua tinh the eflng nhfl pha vd djnh hinh tdn tai cflng pha tinh t h l (Hinh 6).
SAXS thfldng dflpe sfl dgng khi thdng sd d-spaelng Idn (Idn hon 30A). D-spaeing d n g Idn thl gdc p h i n xa d n g nhd (Hinh 7).
- WAXRD [33]: thfldng dflpe sfl dung r i t tdt khi d n g i l l q u y i t b i i t o i n v l cau trflc efla khung m^ng nguyin t f l / p h i n tfl.
S m a l l - A n g l o : St*u p h i n
\^ \ . \ S ^l1^•l3r^•c' IhHii-:?llik-ni
Hmh 6. Cac Ihong Im Iha duoc tu pho SAXS got hep va WAXS goc idng. SAXS cho biet cac thong tin ve kich thuoc, hinh dang chung cua cdc liat tmh the trong khi WAXS cho biet ve cdu true khung mang cua cdc hat linh ihe
III. K^t qui Vi thio lu^n
f. Cdc thdng tin ca bdn thu dUgc khi kit hap cdc phi trong ddng di nghiin cdfu sUhlnh thdnh tinh thi
O l nghidn cflu v l q u i trinh h1nh t h i n h d c mam tinh t h l v | t l i | u (nucleation profile) ndi chung ed k h i nhieu phflong phip.Trong dd mdt phflong p h l p hflu hiiu II siJ dung k i t hpp d c phd trong ddng nhfl: XAS/EXAFS, XRD, EDXRD d l cd thdng tin d i y dfl n h i t (Hinh 8). O l xiy dflng dfldng cong hinh t h i n h tinh t h l hay edn gpi II dudng cong k i t tinh (Growth curve/crystallization curve) cd th^
sfl dyng mdt trong d e phd sau: XRD, NMR, UV hole IR Di cd t h l do dflpc EDXRD trong ddng, ehflng tdi sfldung ehflm tia I n h sing t r I n g (white beam) thay vi sfldung tia X don sle nhfl khi do XRD t r u y i n thdng.
Thdng thfldng, khi do phd t i n x^ tia X trong phdng thl nghiem, nguoi ta sfldung phuong phap (theta, 2 theta) la giU dng phat dflng yen, be mau quay gdc theta, detector quay goc 2 theta. Do gifl dng phat dflng yen nen han ciie duoc sai lech ve gdc klii sil dung trong thdi gian dai, nhung laicd nhuocdiemdobe mau quay nen khdng doduoc nhung mau khdi cd khoi IflOng Ion hoac mau do 0 trang thai long (tmh the longl, PhUOng phap nay chi phu hop de phan tich mau bot hoac khoi voi luong nhd. Tuy nhien, de nghien cflu ve qua trinh va cO che hinh thanh mam tinh the d trang thai gel Idng, chung tdi phai sfldung phuong phap Angle : Khung m^ng Nguy4n tiWphin it/
n ^ Ihfing tin v l kich thudc v i hinh
^ dgng cic hat tmh thi
n y thflng tin v l ciu true khung mgng cua cic hai tmh thl
Pharf nhieu x^ cua phavodjnh hmh
Hinh 7. Pho SAXS duoc sd dgng khi thdng s6 d-spaang ldn
Hinh 8. Sd kit hgp ciio cdc phd trong ddng cho biet thdng tin ve sU hinh thdnh mdm w vd Idn lin Ciia cdc tinh thi •^'•-
PETROVIETNAM
(theta, theta): co nghia la gifl be mau dflng yen do do dng phat phai quay gdc theta va detector cung phai quay mot goc bang theta de dam bao goc phan xa banq qoc roi.
TWi gian kit linh. phiil (hoflc gidi "^
Hinh 9. Cdu Iruc cua mot duong conq krl linh iqiawlhcuive) va cdc thong tin Ihu duoc
2. Nghiin cud sd hinh thanh mdm tinh the SAPO-5 vdi cdc nhiet do kit tinh khdc nhau
Ch^t tao cau true duoc lua chon de nghien cflu su hinh thanh tinh the SAPO-5 vol cac nhiet do kel tmh khae nhau d day la TEA. Ly do la so vdi cac chat tao cau true khae, TEA co do chpn Ipc pha tmh the kha cao. Theo nhu cac nghien cflu tren the gidi thi nhiet dp l<et tinh 5APO-5 khong duoc nho hon 150"C[19],vi khi do pha tinh the AEI se khdng hinh thanh duoc. Hinh 10 the hien duong cong ket tinh SAPO-5 tai 3 nhiet do duoc lua chon la 165, 175 va ISS^C. Cudng dp pic trong dudng cong ket tinh 5AP0- 5 duoc cho trong Hinh 10 la cUdng do pic dac trUng cho mat phan xa AFI (100). Ket qua dUdc xCr ly tfl pho EDXRD trong dong. Trong nghien cUu nay, chung tol chi khao sat 5U hmh thanh mam tinh the trong mpt khoang thdi gian nhat djnh cho den khi qua trinh hinh thanh mam da dat den can bang va khong Ifla chon thdi gian ket tinh dai.
• 175=C
» 165=0
Thb'Iglan k i t t I n t i , phut
Hinh 10. DuoiKj < ong kel linh SAPO 'J Igiuwth curve) vdi cdc nhiet do kcl tmh khdc nhau l/ie hien qua cuong do pic dac trUng cho mdt plidn xa AFI (100) duac tinh tocin tUplio FDXRD trong dong
D u d n g c o n g k e t t m h c u a SAPO-5 v o i cac n h i e t d o k e t tmh klidc nhau cho thay nhiet dp ket tinh cang tang thi thdi qian c^in) flng (thdi gian b i t dau xuat hien tinh the dau tien)Ccing ngan. Neu nhiet do cao qua 185"C, theo cac nghien cUu trUdc day [19| thi pha tmh the AFI se khong ben va co kha nang bi sap cau true, tao nen cac pha dac nhu berlinlte, cristobalite hay tridymite. Do vay, chung toi khong nghien cUu nhiet dp ket tinh cao hpn nhiet do nay.
En&rgy. ^^^^ , Hinh n. Su xual hien mot pha duy nha! SAPO-5 (ho AF!) tai nhiet do ket tinh 165 C voi chat tao cau true TEA
„rt'rt-^-W*M*'^
(102) (2111
)
1 (2201 (0021 1 \ (2121(4001
I i
* \
(410)d-spaang (A)
' Hinh 12. PhS EDXRD cda SAPO-5 tong hgp bdng chdt tgo cdu trdc Indexed triethylamine (TEA) tai nhiit dd IdS'-C sau 40 phdt ket tmh Tin fhieudugcthu(a)tddetectorphfadUditgigdc1.286-2ec6dinhvd(b)tUdetectorgiCratgigdc4076''Xc6dinh.Thd:gianthutlnh,eutrong^
vong I phdt. Ndng luang E dd dUdc chuyen sang thdng so d-spacing j ^ ^
Hinh 13. -'u < anh luinh a"ia .' I'ha linh Uu- SAPO '> Iho Afll va SAPO- .iJ (/111 LH/1) w)/ (ijnq mot ( hat lao <'((/ Hue ll.A qionc) nhau xudt hicn tai nhirt dd kri tmh IHS C the hien gua pho flJXRD trong dong Phdn mau hnnq la khadiuj thai qian chUa xuat hien cac tmh the
Pho EDXRD trong Hmh 11 va 12 cho thay sU xuat hien mot pha duy nhat 5APO-5 (ho AFI) tai nhiet dp ket tinh 165 C vdi chat tao cau true TEA, Neu ket tmh d nhiet do 175 hay 185 C thi cac tmh the SAPO-5 xuat hien sdm hon nhteu (20 • 23 phut) so vol 165'C (27 phut) (Hinh 10), nhung lai xuat liien gan nhudong thdi pha tinh the canh tranh CHA cua SAPO-34 (Hmh 13, 14). Dieu nay chung to nhiet do ket tinh cung dong vai tro chon loc pha tmh the.
Tuy nhien, CO the thay ham luong pha tinh the canh tranh nay nho hon rat nhieu so vdi pha tinh the chinh la SAPO-5.
Nhuvay CO the thay khi nhiet do ket tmh cang cao thi thol gian bat dau xuat hien tinh the SAPO-5 dau tien (hay con gol la thoi gian cam Ung) cang ngSn.Tuy nhien, trong 3 nhiet do ket tinh duoc lUa chpn thi chi co nhiet dp cao nhu 175 - 185'C CO su xuat hien cua pha SAPO-34 canh tranh vdi SAPO-5, Nhiet do cang cao thl ham luqng pha SAPO-34 cang nhieu (Hmh 14),Tai nhiet dp 165'C khong xuat hien pha canh tranh SAPO-34 ma chi ton tai mot pha SAPO-5 duy nhat,
Ddng thdi vdi vide thu tin hidu SAXRD v i EDXRD thi chflng tdi tien thinh do ph6 WAXRD. Phd WAXRD trong Hinh 15 eho thay sfl xult hidn cfla bd pie dac trflng cho eau trflc AFI efla SAPO-5 trong thdi gian ket tinh tfl 0 - 60 phflt tai nhiet dp ket tinh 165'C Cd the thay, eie mam tinh the SAPO-5 da holn thien sau gin 40 phflt ket tinh. Dd tinh the ting din v l holn thien len the hien d cfldng do eac pie dae trung tang din eho ddn mdt thdi gian nhit djnh thl khdng ting nfla. Dieu niy hoan toin phu hop vdi ket qui phan tieh tfl phd EDXRD phia tren.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
||K.i()i.ink.-M(nli,phul
^ 1000
^ 500
10 20 30 40 50 60 Thoi gian ket tmh, phiJt . Cau trOc AFI (SAPO-5) - Cnu true CHA (SAPO-341
Hinh 14. Su canh Hanh giua 2 pha tmh the SAPO-5 (ho AFI) vd SAPO-34 (ho CHA) vdi cung mot chat tao cdu true TEA giong nhau xudt Iven lai nhiet do ket tmh l75Cla)va 185'C (b) the hien qua duang cong kel tmh. Tuy nhien ham luang pha SAPO-34 la rdt it.
Hinh 15. iw liiiili tlmiih mum linh the SAPO-5 the hien qua pho XRD trong ddng gdc rdng (in-situ WAXRD) trong thdi gian kit tinh tCfOphCit din 60 phOt tai nhiit dd kit tinh IBS'C
Hinh 16 trinh biy giin dd nhieu xa XRD don tinh the (crystal X-ray diffraction) cfla SAPO-5 sau thdi gian ket tinh 60 phflt tai nhidt do ket tinh 165*C vdi chit tao elu tnic TEA cho thay sfl hoin thien eua hat tinh thd, the hidn Udo sle ndt eua eic pie v l dfldng nen rat phlng.
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' I I l l . l l l l l i l l l l l l l l .
2GL Degrees
Hinh 16. Gidn dd nhiiu xa XRD dan tinh thi (crystal X-ray diffraction) cua SAPO-5 sau thdi gian kit tinh 60 phdt tgi nhiit dd kit tmh f65°C vdi chdt tgo cdu true TEA
IV. Ket luan
Nhfl viy, vdi mdt ehIt tao c i u true n h i t djnh (vi du I I TEA) thi viec t i n g giam nhiet dp ket tmh khi cac dieu kien khae dfloc gifl nguyen ehinh la cdng eu de dieu ehlnh do chon Ipc pha tinh the khi tong hop v l t lieu SAPO-5. Neu nhiet dp ket tinh c i n g eao, thi thdi gian b i t d i u x u l t hien tinh the SAPO-5 dau tien (hay cdn gpi I I thdi gian elm flng) cang n g i n . Tuy nhien, neu nhiet dp cao tren lys^C thi b i t dau x u l t hien pha 5APO-34 (ciu trflc CHA) eanh tranh vdi SAPO-5 (Ciu true AFI). Sd lieu tfl phd EDXRD eho thiy, pha tinh the nay xuat hien g i n nhfl ddng thdi vdi SAPO-5. Nhiet dp cang eao thl ham Iflong pha SAPO-34 cang nhieu, nhflng van rat nhd so vdi pha tinh the chinh SAPO-5.
Viec tim ra anh hfldng eua nhiet dp ket tinh tdi sfl chpn Ipc pha tinh thd SAPO-5 bang cic phd trong ddng se giup cnnh hfldng tdt v l cd Ipi cho q u i trinh ket tinh. Trong cae nghien cuU tiep theo, nhdm t i e g i i se tidp tuc sfl dung cac pho trong ddng de nghien cflu sfl i n h hfldng efla ehIt tao elu trfle, h i m Iflpng Si den sfl hinh t h i n h m i m tinh the SAPO-5.
T i i liSu tham khio
1. Auroux, A.; IMonaei, R.; Rombi, E.; Solinas, V.;
Sorrentino, A.; Santacesaria, 2001. ^e/d s/tes investigation af simple and mixed oxides by TPD and mierocalorimetric techniques. EThermoehimica Acta, 379, p. 227.
2. Rey F., Sankar G., Thomas J.M., Barrett P.A., Lewis D.W., Catlow^ C.R.A. 1995. Synchrotron-based method
for the study of crystallization-templated formation of CoAIPO-5 catalyst. Chem.
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