TRUNG DONG
CUOC XUNG DOT ISRAEL - PALESTINE VA VAI TRO CUA MY
Nguyen Diec Todn *
1. VAI NET Wt CUOC XUNG DOT ISRAEL - PALESTINE
Xung dot Israel - Palestine tir lau la tam diem thu hut sy chu y va quan tam cua cdng ddng qudc te. Dd la mdt cuge xung dot bao lye giira hai dan tdc hinh thanh tir chinh mau thuan giira mdt ben la dan tdc Do Thai da timg bi luu vong, cha dap, phan biet ddi xir trudc day vdi ben kia la dan tdc ban xu Arab Palestine bi thyc dan hda. Israel la ddng minh ciia cac cudng qudc de qudc chu nghTa chi phdi loan bd khu vyc. cdn Palestine la mdt phan ciia dai dan tdc Arab trong khu vuc. Cho dii gidi lanh dao Sionism d Israel cd tham vgng nhu the nao di chang nira thi hg van can nhan thirc rang nha nude Israel van ludn bi vay bgc bdi cac nude Arab, bdi dan tdc Arab trong dd nhan dan Arab Palestine la mdt yeu td cau thanh. Tuy nhien.
do nhieu yeu td khach quan va chu quan ma
Thae sT, KJioa Lich sir, Truang Dai hoc Quy Nhori
cho den nav' cuge xung dot nay van chua ket thuc va Trung Ddng van la "diem ndng" cua the gidi.
Tir nhieu nam nay, viec tim kiem mdt giai phap hda binh cho cuge xung dot Israel - Palestine ludn tro thanh tam diem d khu vyc Trung Ddng. thu hut sy quan tam cua nhieu qudc gia. Mdt loat cac eugc thuang lugng hda binh da dugc td chirc. tuy nhien nhung hy vgng hda binh dugc nhem nhdm qua cac cuge thuang lugng nay da nhanh chdng bi dap tat va dua cuge xung dot nay vao ngd cyt. Bat chap Lien hop qudc da dua ra nhirng nghi quyet ve van de Israel - Palestine va ve tien trinh hoa binh d Trung Ddng nhung hda binh cho khu vyc Trung Ddng van cdn la myc tieu xa vdi. Cdng ddng qudc te. ke ca nhieu ngudi Israel va Palestine, van tha thiet iing hd giai phap hai nha nude ma theo hg ma theo hg la each thirc du) nhat de giai quyet xung dot. Ngudi Palestine chiem 22%
lanh thd lich sir ciia Palestine, tire la khu Bd
Tap chi nghien cuu CH.AU P H I & TKUXG DO.XG so 11 (51) thang 11/2009 19
Nguyen Ditc Toan Cuge xung dot Israel - Palestine..
Tay sdng Jordan va Dai Gaza, vdi Ddng Jerusalem lam thu do. Ngudi Palestine (cd quyen cua hg theo Nghi quyet 194 ciia Lien hgp qudc) nhan manh den quyen hdi huong hoac phai den bii mdt each thda dang vi hg bi tryc xuat khdi lanh thd cua hg.
Trong sudt thdi gian, phan ldn ngudi Palestine va ngudi Israel deu nhan thay rang ddc lap la giai phap cho cuge xung dot, song ca hai dan tdc van tiep tuc phai sdng cimg nhau va ngudi Palestine trong cac viing lanh thd bi chiem ddng van d tren manh dat ciia hg. Nhiing nha nghien cim chinh tri cdn dua ra nhirng giai phap de dap img nhirng nhu cau ve dia ly cua hai dan tdc vi theo hg. sire ldi cudn chinh cua mdt nha nude dan chii duy nhat la nd cho phep hai dan tdc cimg dugc hudng Igi tir dat nude va sdng d dd trong khi van bao ve cac cdng ddng rieng le ciia hg can cir vao nhiing nhu cau dac biet cua hg. Cdng thiic nay se cd the phi lanh thd hda cuge xung dot trong khi van trung hda dan sd va sac tgc.
Tuy nhien, giai phap ben virng cham dirt xung dot Trung Ddng. dem den hda binh cho khu vyc can phai ke den la: Thir nhdt sy binh dang ve cac quyen Igi tap the, cac quyen dan tdc ddi vdi hai nhdm dan tdc that sy lien quan: ngudi Arab Palestine va ngudi Do Thai Israel. Dd la mdt dieu kien tdi thieu can thiet bdi khdng cd nd thi cd nghTa mdt trong cac nhdm se chiu bat loi, yeu dt va bi dan ap. Mdt sue ep dan tdc tat yeu se dan tdi mdt cuge dau tranh giai phdng va dieu dd dem lai mdt ket qua trai ngugc vdi mdt giai phap. Thic hai la quyen hdi huong: thira nhan quyen hdi huong cua nhirng ngudi ti nan Palestine, quyen dugc phuc hdi nhan
phAm va bdi thudng nhiing tai san ciia hp.
Thie ba yeu td cd tinh chat quyet dinh nhat de giai quyet thyc sy van de, dd la xda bo nguyen nhan chinh cua cuge xung dot: tham vgng thyc hien chii nghia Sionism phai dugc Igai bo.
2. NHCPNG DONG T H A I TiCH CIJC G A N DAY CUA MY DE G I A I QUYET XUNG DOT ISRAEL- PALESTINE
Mdt nhan td quan trgng tac ddng den tien trinh hda binh Trung Ddng, cham dirt xung dot d khu vyc la each tiep can dn hda va mem deo trong chinh sach ddi ngoai cua chinh quyen cua Tdng thdng B. Obama. Mdt khi chinh sach nay dugc duy tri va dugc su img hd cua cac ben lien quan thi hy vgng hda binh Trung Ddng cd the dugc hien thyc hda.
Sau khi nhan chirc Tdng thdng lan thir 44 ciia My, ben canh nhiing van de ldn can phai giai quyet nhu vyc day nen kinh te hang dau the gidi dang trong tinh trang khiing hoang, nan that nghiep ciing nhu ddi sdng ciia nhan dan, Tdng thdng Barak Obama cdn dac biet quan tam den van de rut quan khdi Iraq, chuong trinh hat nhan cua CHDCND Tri^u Tien, cua Iran, tien trinh hda binh d Trung Ddng vdi cuge xung dot Israel - Palestine...
Ddng thdi xiic tien quan he than thien vdi cac qudc gia Hdi giao trong viec dam bao hda binh va an ninh d khu vyc. Du luan danh gia, day la nhiing budc di tich cue, gdp phan dua den mdt ldi thoat sang sua hon cho cupc xung dot giiia Israel va Palestine. Bdi vi cuge xung dot Israel - Palestine "se la mdi quan tam hang dau cua ngudi My. dimg dau.
trong chuong trinh nghi sy cua chinh quyen mdi khdng phai vi day la cuge xung ddt dam mau nhat tren the gidi - khdng dam mau
Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TKU^G DOXG s6 11 (51) thang 11/2009
Cuoc xung dot Israel - Palestine... Nguyen Diic Toan bang cuge xung ddt d Iraq - nhung nd la van
de dai dang nhat ddi vdi ngudi Hdi giao va cac dan tdc tren the gidi, ve sy thii dich va bao lye cua My"'
Trong khoang thdi gian ngan (tir thang 3 den thang 7-2009), nhieu quan chirc cap cao Nha Trang da den tham Trung Ddng. Trudc tien la chuyen tham Trung Ddng ciia Ngoai trudng My Hillary Clinton vao dau thang 3/2009 vdi hy vgng mang lai sir menh hda binh cho khu vyc nay trong nhiem ky Tdng thdng mdi, rdi sau dd la chuyen di cua Bd trudng Qudc phdng Robert Gates ngay 27/7/2009 tdi Israel nham thao luan cac van de ve tien trinh hda binh, ngoai ra cdn cd mdt phai doan do Cd van An ninh qudc gia ciia Tdng thdng My la James Jones dan dau tdi Israel va khu Bd Tay vao ngay 28/7/2009. Tat ca cac chuyen ngoai giao con thoi nay ciing hudng tdi mdt myc dich la trien khai ke hoach hda binh Trung Ddng cd su can du ciia cac nude trong the gidi Hdi giao Arab, ke ca nhung nude trudc day timg bi My liet vao danh sach "qudc gia tai trg khung bd".
My chgn Xyri - qudc gia timg bi Washington coi la nude tai trg khung bd - ke tir nam 2005, thdi diem cang thang ngoai giao giiia hai nude - de tien hanh ddi thoai bdi vi Damascus (thu dd ciia Xyri) chinh la
"canh cira ma ra mot kenh m&i cho mot nen hda binh todn dien tai Trung Dong" khi ma Xyri cd quan he gan giii vdi Iran, cd anh hudng ddi vdi phong trao Hezbollah d Lebanon va phong trao Hamas cua Palestine.
Ket qua la Damascus ciing nhan dugc cam ket ciia Washington ve viec se "md ra mdt trang mdi trong quan he vdi Xyri theo each tbirc hoan toan khac so vdi trudc day, dya
tren Igi ich chung va syu tdn trgng lan nhau vi muc tieu thiet lap an ninh va hda binh trong khu vyc"^. Damascus ciing nhan dugc yeu cau tir My giup xuc tien mdt thoa thuan hda binh giii'a Israel va Palestine. Tiep den chinh quyen ciia Obama chgn Caird (thii dd cua Ai Cap) de xuc tien dam phan hda binh Israel va Palestine bdi Ai Cap vira la trung gian hda giai giiia hai nhdm Fatah va Hamas cua Palestine, vira la "cau ndi" giira Israel va Hamas trong van de trao ddi tii binh va cd anh hudng rat ldn trong the gidi Hdi giao.
Nhu vay. My da chgn chinh cac qudc gia Arab chir khdng phai cac ben lien quan nao khac trong cuge thuang lugng ciing nhu dam phan thuyet phyc va tac dgng tdi ca hai qudc gia cho mdt giai phap hda binh.
Ngay 28/7/2009. tai thanh phd Jerusalem, Thii tudng Israel Benjamin Netanyahu da cd cuge gap vdi dac phai vien ciia My ve Trung Ddng, dng George Mitchell de trao ddi ve cac khu dinh cu Do Thai d Bd Tay. Theo dd My mudn Israel phai ngung viec xay dung cac khu dinh cu nham dam bao an ninh cho Palestine (dieu nay da dugc Bd trudng Qudc phdng Israel Ehud Barak de cap trudc dd hai ngay). Vdi de xuat nhu tren thi cac qudc gia Arab phai cd nhiing phan hdi tuong xung de hudng den binh thudng hda quan he vdi Israel. Cu the la cac nude Arab se cho phep may bay van tai dan su va van chuyen hanh khach ciia Israel bay qua khdng phan ciia cac nude nay; cho phep Israel md cac van phdng dai dien (mdt dang co quan khi hai nude chua thiet lap quan he ngoai giao day du) d thii dd cac nude Arap...My hy vgng cac budc di hudng tdi viec binh thudng hda quan he ngoai giao va thuang mai giiia cac nude Arab vdi Israel cd the giiip dng Netanyahu
Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TKUXG DO.XG so 11 (51) thang 11/2009
Nguyen Ditc Toan Cuqcxung dot Israel - Palestine..
thuygt phuc dugc cac doi tac chinh tri trong lien minh canh hiiu cua dng ddng y ngimg xay dyng va coi ndi cac khu dinh cu.
Khac vdi chinh quyen tien nhiem, chinh quyen mdi cua Tdng thdng Obama dang mang lai mdt net mdi cho mdt nen hda binh d khu vyc ma diem mau chdt la tao dau an tdt trong viec cai thien hinh anh cua My ddi vdi the gidi Hdi giao Arab - gdm 1,5 ty ngudi, trong dd Palestine la mot nhan td - va sy nhan thirc ve My cua the gidi Hdi giao, san sang ddi thoai vdi ngudi Hdi giao va vugt qua nhiing hieu lam tir ca hai phia.
Chinh mdi quan he mdi nay se la diem nhan tao thuan Igi va md dudng chg Obama cimg chinh quyen mdi cua minh di vao cy the nhiing cdng viec se lam dd la thanh lap nha nude Palestine ddc lap, van de hdi huong cua ngudi ti nan Palestine, viec bdi thudng dat dai va tai san cua hg, tim ra giai phap ddi vdi nhiing khu dinh cu hien nay cua Israel dang hien hiiu tren phan dat Palestine, cham dut xung dot, ddng thdi ciing cham diit vai trd trung gian hda giai ciia My.
Bieu hien dau tien cho quyet tam tren la vao dau thang 6/2009, Tdng thdng Obama cd chuyen cdng du tdi Trung Ddng nham tang cudng sy rang budc cua My vdi the gidi Hdi giao, thuc day mdt thda thuan hda binh giiia Israel vdi ngudi Palestine. De lam dugc dieu nay, ddi tac chinh dugc lya chgn la hai qudc gia Arap Xeut va Ai Cap, bdi Arap Xeut la nude bao trg cho ke hoach hda binh toan dien duy nhat cho cac mdi quan he giiia the gidi Arab va Israel. Dac biet, Tdng thdng Obama kha quan tam tdi viec giai quyet cuge xung dot Israel - Palestine, dng ndi: "khdng phai cd dugc mdt qudc gia la quyen Igi cua
ngudi Palestine khdng thdi, ma ciing la quyen Igi ciia ngudi Do Thai cd dugc tinh hinh dn dinh tai viing Trung Ddng. Va ciing trong quyen Igi ciia Hoa Ky ma chung ta co dugc hai qudc gia sdng canh nhau trong hda binh va an ninh"^.
Trong bai phat bieu tai Caird vao ngay 4/6/2009, Tdng thdng Obama tuyen bo khdng chap nhan tinh hgp phap ciia viec Israel tiep tyc cac boat dgng xay dyng cac khu dinh cu tai cac viing dat cua ngudi Palestine bj chiem ddng. Day la su vi pham cac thda thuan trudc dd va pha vd nhiing nd lye tien tdi hda binh trong tuong lai. Theo dng Obama, day la thdi diem can phai cham diit cac boat ddng dinh cu tren ciia Israel.
Tdng thdng cung cam ket se khdng quay lung lai vdi khat vgng hgp phap thanh lap mdt nha nude cua ngudi Palestine, khang dinh phuang an hai nha nude la giai phap duy nhat cho cuge xung ddt giira Israel va Palestine va dng cam ket se theo dudi muc tieu nay. Ong td ra thau hieu nhung tinh cam
"khdng the chiu dyng dugc" cua ngudi Palestine, len tieng keu ggi cac tay siing cue doan cua Palestine tir bd bao lye va chap nhan nha nude Do Thai.
Trong nhimg nd luc mdi nham khang dinh vai trd la ngudi bao trg cho tien trinh hda binh Trung Ddng. mang lai tia hy vgng tim ra giai phap hda binh cho hai dan tpc Arab va Do Thai, ngay 22/9/2009, tai New York, Tdng thdng Obama da ti6n hanh cuge hdi dam ba ben giiia Thii tudng Israel Benjamin Nentayahu va Tdng thong Palestine Mamud Abbas. Tuong lai cua Jerusalem, sd phan ciia nhiing ngudi ti nan Palestine va cac dudng bien gidi ciia nha
Tup chi nghien ciru CH.AU PHI & TRU^G DOXG so 11 (51) thang 11/2009
Cuoc xung dot Israel - Palestine.. Nguyen Difc Toan
nude Palestine trong tuang lai la nhiing ndi dung chu yeu trong cuoc gap lan nay. Trong cuoc hdi dam, dng Obama khang dinh lai cam ket ciia My ddi vdi giai phap hai nha nude va ddi vdi nen hda binh cdng bang, lau dai va toan dien tai khu vyc Trung Ddng.
Tdng thdng cho rang dieu quan trgng la ca hai ben Israel va Palestine phai tao dieu kien cho cuoc dam phan nay cd co hdi thanh cdng nhanh chdng tien den mdt thda thuan hda binh toan dien. Ong ndi: "trudc day, chiing ta ndi ve viec khdi ddng qua trinh dam phan nhung ngay hdm nay chiing ta phai day manh ban qua trinh nay. Day la thdi diem chiing ta chimg td sy linh boat, va cd quan diem chung, quan diem ddng thuan can thiet de dat dugc muc tieu ciia chimg ta. Bat chap tat ca cac rao can, tat ca cac tdn tai ve lich sir va tat ca su tin cay lan nhau, chiing ta can phai tim dugc ldi ra"'*.
Trong bai phat bieu trudc Dai hdi ddng Lien hgp qudc ngay 23/9/2009, Tdng thdng
B. Obama ndi rd rang. My coi viec Israel tiep tuc xay dung cac khu dinh cu d Bd Tay la bat hgp phap. ddng thdi keu ggi ngudi Palestine cham dirt cac hanh ddng khieu khich nham vao Israel. Tdng thdng ciing neu rd quan diem ciia My san sang tang sire ep vdi Israel trong khi keu ggi cac nha lanh dao Arap cd nhieu nd lye hon niia de giai quyet tinh trang cang thang tai khu vuc.
Chu thich:
Trung Ddng, thdt bai cua Tien trinh hda binh, Thdng tan xa Viet nam, tai lieu tham khao dac biet, ngay 9/12/2007.
http://www.vovnews.vn/Hoiiie/Ke-hoach- Tmng-Dong-ciia-Mv/20097/117579.vov
^http://wv\-w.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/world/20 09/06/090602 obama hope mideasl.shtml
hltp://wv\'w.bienphong.com. vn/nd5/detail/q uoc-te/hoa-binh-trung-dong-van-chua-sang- siia/35006.045.1itml
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Thdng tan xa Viet Nam (24/11/2008), Israel - Palestine: xung dot vd gidi phdp, Tai lieu tham khao dac biet.
2. Nguyen Thi Thu, Nguyen Hdng Bich, Nguyen Van Son (2007). Lich sic Trung Can Ddng (Tai ban lan thir ba). Nxb Giao due. Ha Ndi.
3. Thdng tan xa Viet Nam (9/12/2007), Trung Ddng. that bai ciia lien trinh hda binh. Tai lieu tham khao dac biet.
4. Cac trang Web:
http://www.vovnews.vn http: //v\^w .bbc.co.uk
http://www.bienphong.com.vn
Tap chi nghien ciru CII.AU PHI & TKUXG DO.XG so 11 (51) thang 11/2009
