TAP CHI H 6 A HOC T. 50(4)513-518 THANG 8 NAM 2012
NGHIEN CCrU LOAI SAU CAC HOP CHAT CHLPA LUU HUYNH
TRONG DAU DIESEL B A N G PHUONG PHAP CHI^T VOI CHAT L 6 N GION K^T HOP VOI QUA TRJNH OXI HOA
BCii Thj L§ Thuy Trudng Dgi hgc Md - Dja chdt
D6n Toa sogn 31-5-2012
Abstract
Desulfiirization of diesel oil using oxidative extraction method with ionic liquids n-buty! methylimidazolium hydrosulfate ([BMIMUHSO^]) and n-butyl pyridine hydrosulfate ([BPy][HSO^]) was conducted. When using H202/HCOOH oxidative system, the sulfur compounds transfer to more polar compounds (corresponding sulfones and sulfoxides), which are more easily dissolved in ionic liquids. The distribution coefficients of sulfur compounds in ionic liquids increase, therefore, the extraction yield raises Ionic liquids can be regenerated by reextraction of sulfijr compounds using some low boiling point solvents (cyclohexane and etyl acetate). Those solvents can be recovered by simple distillation and reused.
Keywords: Desulfiirization, ionic liquid, oxidative extraction, diesel oil.
1. MO DAU
Cac hgp chdt luu huynh trong ddu mo Id nguyen nhan chinh gdy ra hi?n tugng dn mon thiet bj va phat thai khi SO^ 6 nhilm moi truong. Tren th^ gioi, cdc quy dinh v6 ham lugng S trong nhien lieu ngay cang tra nen nghiem ngat [1, 2], Tieu chuan Viet Nam vl ham lugng S vdn c6n cao so v6i thi gioi (ham lugng luu huynh trong xdng, diesel diing cho nganh van tdi khong ldm hon 500 ppm vd trong diesel kh6ng phuc vu cho van tdi id 2500 ppm) [3]. Tuy nhien, dl bdo ve siic khoe cpng d6ng, dgt tieu chuan vg moi truong vd h^i nhgp thj truong thi gioi thi bdt huge Viet Nam phdi dp dyng cdc cong nghe logi bo mgt each t6i da S trong nhien Ii?u, ddc biet Id khi nha may lpc ddu Dung Qudt sii dung nguyen li?u chira 50% dau chua Trung Dong. Vi v§y, vi^c nghien ciiu qua trinh khii bo S Id yeu cdu cdp bdch g6p phdn chuSn hi cho vi|c phat triln ngdnh cong nghi?p Igc - hoa ddu ciia Viet Nam tron^ tuong lai.
Cac qud trinh xu ly bang^ hidro dang sir dung trong cong nghiep chi bien ddu mo ldm gidm hdm luOTig S mgt each hif u qud, tuy nhien lai kHong ddp ling dugc nhu cdu khii sau S. Dieu ndy la do benzothiophen (BT), dibenzothiophen (DBT) va cdc din xudt cua chiing bin viing v6i qud trinh hydro hoa nSn tieu thy nhilu ndng Iugng vd hidro hon [4J. Ngodi ra, da trdnh cac' tihdn iing phy ldm gidm chat lugng nhi6n liSu, chat xue tdc phdi hogt dOng hori, chgn lgc htm, dp siiit hidro cao hon keo theo gid ddu tu vd chi phi van hdnh cao. Tren thi gidi, mOt so phuong phdp logi S kh6ng sii dyng hidro dang dugc nghien ciiu
nhu: oxi h6a logi sau S, sinh hgc, hap phu chgn loc, ankyl hoa logi S [5-9]. Mot phuong phap mdi dang dugc quan tam la chilt S su dung chat long ion (IL, ionic liquid).
Chat long ion (hgp chit co nhi^t do nong chdy
< 100°C) la nhom chat moi dugc tim ra nhung hiia hen nhilu iing dung nhu lam dung moi, xue tac, ding Xlic tac cho nhilu phdn iing vd qua trinh khac nhau nhtr c6 mgt s6 tinh chat ddc bi?t. Mfit so chdt long ion co khd ndng chill cac hgp chdt luu hujnh trong nhien lieu. BT, DBT vd ddn xudt kho tach bang cac phucmg phap khdc nhung lai tdch dugc dl dang bdng chit long ion [10-14].
2 CO SCJ CUA QUA TRINH LOAI LUtJ HUYNH BANG PHUONG PHAP CHIET KET HOP OXI HOA
Phucmg phdp oxi desulfua hda (ODS) (logi luu huynh bdng phuong phdp oxi hda)
Day Id m^t phuong phap mdi d6 loai sau luu huynh dang dugc quan tdm vi so vdi phuong phdp xii ly vdi hydro thi ODS co thi logi luu huynh d dilu kien nhiet dg phong va dp suit khi quyen, khdng cdn sii dung Hz va co dp chpn lpc cao hon.
Cac hgp chit luu hu>'nh khd tdch bdng cac phuong phdp xu 1^ vdi hydro dgng BT, DBT, 4,6-dimetyl dibenzothiophen (4,6-DMDBT)... c6 the bi logi bdng phuong phap nay. Trong qud trinh oxi h6a, cac hgp chdt luu huynh dgng ndy bi chuyen hda thanh cdc sufone vd sunfoxit tuong iing cd ai luc cao vd co tinh chit ly hda khdc dang kl so vdi cac hop chdt cd 513
TCHH, T. 50(4), 2012
trong dau. Do dd, chiing de ddng dugc logi bd bdng cac phucmg phdp tdch: chung, chiet, hap thy, phdn hiiy. Ciic hgp chat chira nito cung cd the logi ciing mpt liic vdi qud trinh ODS [15].
Qud Irinh o.\i hda thudng thyc hipn qua 2 giai dogn, trong giai dogn d^u cdc hgp chat chiia luu huynh dugc oxi lida chgn lgc thdnh cdc sonfoxil vd sunfone (hinh 1). Hgp chit sunfone vd sunfil cd cdc lien ket phan eye luu huynh-oxi (S=()), do dd Idm tdng dp h6a tan ciia chiing trong dung mdi phdn eye.
Cdc sunfon vd sunfit ciia ligp chit luu hujnh trong diu cd the dugc tdch ra bdng cdch chilt vdi dung mdi hiiu co khdc d giai dogn hai. Cdc chat oxi hda thudng dugc sii dyng Id axit h(Ju co/l I3O3, andehil/Oi, polyoxomelylen/HiOj, hC' oxi hda H2O2- a\il formic, cac hp chat oxi hda hiiuco [15].
Oxi hda logi luu huynh su d{ing chdt ldng ion nhu td Xlic tdc chuyen pha
Nhu dd trinh bdy d tren. qud trinh oxi h6a cdc hgp chat luu huynh it phdn eye thdnh cdc hgp chat phan eye cao hon sg thu$n lgi cho qud trinh duct chiing ra khdi dau bdng cdc dung mdi phan eye. Do d6, kel hgp phuong phdp o\i hda va chiet luu huynh vdi chat chat Idng ion la y tudng hgp ly.
Mpi nghien ciiu vl oxi h6a logi DBT trong H-octan vdi chat long ion N-metyl-pyrrolidonium pholphat ([Hnmp][H2P04])va H3O2 dd cho thiy hipu suat loai luu huynh len tdi 99,8% ddi vdi dau mau va 64,3% ddi vdi dau thyc sau mgt lan chiet. H2O2 oxi hda DBT thdnh sulfoxit va sulfon la nhOng chdt phan eye manh va tan lot vao trong pha chat ldng ion nhu hinh 2 [17].
Biii Thi Le Thay dugc logi bd khdi diu mJiu nhd qud trinh oxi hda hda hgc vd chilt vdi chit Idng ion Brfinsted (IL) N-
mcthyl-pyrrolidonium tetraflouoroborat ([Hnmp][BF4]) nhu Id dung mdi vd xdc tdc. Kit qud Ihyc nghipm cho Ihiy rdng: goc hydroxyl ty do trong h$ [Hnmp][BF^]/H202 cd thi oxi hda DBT thdnh sulfon luong iing tan vdo trong pha chit ldng ion, do dd luu huynh dugc logi bd khdi diu mSu. Dieu ki?n ciia phdn iing: ty l§ mol II2O2/S Id 3:1, nhipt dp 60"C, thdi gian phdn iing Id 1 gid, ti Ip thi tich IL/diu mlu Id 1:1, DBT vdi hdm lugng 1550 mg/l dd dugc logi hodn todn. Chat Idng ion [Hnmp][BF.|] cdthi dugc tai sinh 7 lin md khdng c6 sy svit gidm ddng kl ndo ve hi^u suit chilt logi hgp chii luu huynh.
Trong nghien ciiu trudc [18] ciia ch6ng tdi, hai chit long ion n-butyl meiylimidazol hydrosunfat ([BMIM](IISO.,]) vd n-butyl pyridin hydrosunfat ((BPy][IISO.|]) dugc tong hgp vd sii dyng de chill luu huynh trong dau. Trong nghien cum nay, cdc chit ldng ion ndy dugc sir dyng ket hgp ciing chit oxi hda vdi mong muon Idm tdng hipu suat qud Irinh chiet, till kipm dung mdi va chi phi.
3.THUCNGHi$M
Ddu diesel chiia 498 ppm Iiru huynh ciia Vipt Nam.
Metyl imidiazol 99,5%, N-bulyl bromua 99,5%
mua ciia cdng ty hda chdt Merck Schuchardt OHG, Diic. Pyridin 99,5%, xyclohexan 99.5%, etyl axetat 99,5%, axit sunfonic 98%, axit fomic, hydroperoxlt
Oxi ho§c pcoxit Diesel - 500ppm S Chiel sulfon Hinh 1: Qud trinh oxi hda logi linj huynh [16]
iijO-
^[Hnmpln,PO^ ^ : ^
lizOi (MnrnplUiPOj^
ionic liquid phase
Hinh 2: Qud trinh oxi hda logi luu huynh cua DBT sii dyng chit long ion [Hnmp][H2p04] nhu td dung mdi vd xiic tdc
Wang Jianlong vd cdc cgng sy [15] ciing sii dung chit Idng Ion (IL) dl ldm xue tdc vd dung mdi cho qud trinh logi luu huynh trong dau mau (chiia DBT trong n-octan) vdi chat oxi hda H2O2. DBT
dugc mua cQa nhd mdy hda chdt Guangdong Guan^ua, Trung Quoc.
Tdt cd dlu dugc sii dyng khong qua tinh che thSm.
TCHH.T. 50(4), 2012 3.1. Thng hprp chi^t ldng ion
Cdc chit Idng ion n-butyl metylimidazol hydrosunfat ([BMIM][HS04] ) vd n-butyl pyridin hydrosunfat ([BPy][ HSO4]) dugc tdng hgp theo phuofng phdp nhu dd md td trong [18].
3.2. Chilt 1091 liru hu^nh bfing IL cd sir dyng chat oxi hda
Cho diu diesel vd chit Idng ion vdo binh 3 c6 250ml. Tiep theo, thfim H2O2 vd axit focmic HCOOH theo ty Ip mol bdng nhau (dl tgo axit peroxifocmic) (ti l§ mol H2O2/S la 4). Khuiy vd gia nhi^t d dO^C trong thdi gian 60 phiit. Sau khi ngiing khuay chuyln hdn hgp sang ong nghi§m vd dl ldng trong 30 phut (ho§c quay li tdm). Sau dd tdch Idp diu d tr€n ra. Hdm lugng luu huynh sau khi chiet dugc djnh lugng bdng phuong phdp ASTM D 5453 -08 [19].
Qud trinh chill cd thi l$p Igi nhilu lin dl Idm sgch sau luu huynh.
3.3. Tdi sir dyng chSt long ion
Cho chit Idng ion dd sii dyng chilt luu huynh vao 1 binh lam gidc trong dd da cd sdn etyl axetat (hojc xyclohexan), ti 1§ the tich giiJa IL vd axetat la 1:1. Sau dd khuay hdn hgp d nhift dO phdng trong 2h. De ldng hdn hgp sau khi khuay, tach Idp etyl
Nghien cuu loai sau cdc hgp chdt...
axetat d tr6n ra. Chdt long ion thu dugc dem dun nhe d 80''C trong 10 gid dl logi bd dung mdi du. Ldp la'i qud trinh 5 Idn vd sir dyng Igi chit Idng ion dl chiit luu huynh trong diu.
Vdi chat Idng ion diing trong quy trinh chill cd oxi hda, qui trinh tdi sinh nhu sau:
Chat^ Idng ion dd sii dung dugc gia nhipt din 1 IO''C de duoi hit H2O (tao ra trong qua trinh oxi hda, H2O2 vd axit fopic cdn du. Sau dd chdt long ion dugc tai sinh bdng cdch chilt vdi etyl axetat hodc xyclohexan nhu tren.
4. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
4.1. Qud trinh chiet liru huynh kit hgp vdi chat oxi hoa
Tii kit qud d nghien ciiu trudc, cac chat Idng ion o-butyl metylimidazol hydrosunfat ([BMIM][HSOj]) vd n-butyl pyridin hydrosunfat {\B?y][ HSO^]) cd khd ndng chilt luu huynh trong dau diesel vdi hieu suat cao [18]. Trong nghien ciiu nay, vdi muc dich lam tdng hon niia hieu qua chilt bing chit I6ng ion, chiing^ toi dd tien hanh chill luu huynh kit hgp vdi h§ chit oxi hda H202/axit formic.
Ket qua logi luu huynh trong diu thuong phim cda cac chat Idng ion ket hgp vdi chat oxi hoa qua 5 giai doan dugc the hien qua bang 1. Cd thi thiy ring ndng dp luu huynh cua dau mdu gidm tii 498 ppm din 8 ppm sau 5 Idn chilt lap lai.
Bdng 1: Hipu suat chiet logi luu hujnh ciia cac chat Idng ion c6 sii dung chit oxi hda (60°C, 50 phiit, ty le IL/diu = 1:1)
IL Sd lln chi^t
0 1 2 3 4 5
[BMIM][HSO,]
Ham lugrng S trong dlu, ppm kl 498 150 60 25 14 8
Hi?u suat chiet,
%kl 0 70 88 95 97 98,5
[BPy][HS04]
H^m lirpng S trong dau, ppm kl
498 206 88 37 25 16
Hieu suat ciiiet, % kl 0 58,6 82,3 92,6 95 96,8 Tuong ty nhu khi khdng diing chit oxi hda [1],
khd ndng chilt ciia chit ldng Ion goc imidazo! trong tnrong hgp ndy cung cao hon cua chit Idng ion gdc pyridin. Hdm lugng luu huynh cdn lgi trong diu Id 8 ppm vd 16 ppm tuong" iing vdi hi§u suit 98,5% vd
^,8% sau 5 Ian chiet I$p Igi vdi hai chit ldng iontrfin.
^ Hifu suit chilt logi luu huj'nh ciia cd hai chat Wng ion khi dung kit hgp vdi chit oxi hda dlu cao hem trudng hgp chi diing chat ldng ion. Phurnig
phdp ndy Id sy kit hgp qud trinh oxi hda vd chilt.
Theo dd, cdc hgp chit luu hujnh nhu thiophen, benzothionphen, dibezothiophen bi oxi hda thdnh cdc hgp chat sunfon va sunfoxit ciia chung. Cdc hgp chit tao thdnh cd dg phan cue cao hon nen h? so phdn bd cua chiing trong chit ldng ion tdng len. Do dd, chiing dl chuyln sang pha chat ldng ion. Co chi oxi hda dibenzothiophen sii dung chat long ion [BMIM][HS04] nhu Id xiic tdc chuyln pha dugc dua ra trong hinh 3 [20].
TCHH, T. 50(4), 2012
: : ( •
Hinh 3: Qud trinh oxi hda logi dipenzothiophcn sii dyng chal Idng ion [BMIM][HSO.,] nhu Id xiic tdc
chuyen pha [20]
De chimg td sy hinh thdnh ciia cdc hgp chit sunfon vd sunfoxit trong pha chit ldng ion, sau khi quy trinh chilt luu huynh kOi thiic, chit Idng ion dugc lach neng khdi pha diu vd dugc chill Igi bdng etyl acetat de cdc hgp chit luu huynh trong chit ldng ion lan vao etyl acetat; tdch liy etyl a\ctat de do pho FT-IR. Tren pho hip phy hong ngogi (hlnh I) cd ddm pho ddc trung ndm trong khoang 1379 cm' vd 1050 cm"' [21 ], dieu dd chi ra sy cd m$t ciia sunfon va sunfoxit trong etyl axetat.
Bill Thi Le Thuy 19 ppm sau 6 lin chilt, vdi hipu suit 93,8 % vd 96
%. iChi sii dyng them chit oxi hda thi hdm lugng luu huynh dgt 16 ppm sau 5 lin chilt, hi^u suit 96,8%.
Nhu vdy, vdi cd hai logi chit Idng ion [BMIM][HS04] vd [BPy][HS04], dl dgt dugc hi^u suit logi luu huynh luong duong thi khi sii dyng chit 0X1 hda se gidm dugc mpt lan chiet Idp lai. Tuy nhi8n, phuong phdp chilt kit hgp sd dyng chit oxi hda II2O2/HCOOH cin b6 sung mOt lugng chit oxi hda. Do dd, qud trinh chiet lifin tyc cin tinh todn todn ylu t l kinh tl trudc khi quyet djnh chpn phuong phdp cd sir dyng kit hgp chit oxi hda hay khdng.
= 500 S
| 4 0 0
§ 300 1 200
1 '»»
0
\ r -
'\ | - » |BPy|[HS041 V • • {BMIM)|HS04)\ ' *• |BPy)[HS04| * dial oxi \\oa
\
•
.
1
Hinh 5: Chilt logi luu huynh trong ddu diesel bdng cdc chit ldng ion sir dyng vd khdng sir dyng chit oxi
hda (60T, 50 phut, ty Ip IL/diu =1:1)
Hinh 4 Phd do FT-IR cCia etyl axetat hda tan sdn phdm oxi hda dibenzothiophen va dan xuat trong
ddu diesel
De khdng djnh vai trd ciia chit oxi hda sii dyng trong qua trinh chiet, ket qua trong nghien ciiu ndy dugc so sdnh vdi kit qua chilt luu huynh trong dau khi chi diing chat Idng ion trong nghien cdu trudc [18]. Kit qua hinh 5 va 6 cho thiy, qua trinh chilt loai luu huynh ciia diu diesel bing chit Idng ion [BMIM][HS04] kit hgp vdi chit oxi hda dgt hipu suat cao hon trudng hgp chi dung chat Idng ion.
Ham lugng luu huynh trong diu diesel sau 5 lin chilt bing chit Idng ion [BMiM][HS04] cd sii dyng them chat oxi hda vd khdng sii dyng chit oxi hda ldn lugt la 14 ppm va 8 ppm, vdi hipu suit Id 98,4% va 97%, tucmg ling. De dat tieu chuan ve ham lugng S trong diu diesel Id < 10 ppm thi chi cin chiet diesel Idp Igi 5 ldn vdi chit Idng ion [BM1M][HS04] cd sii dyng them chit oxi hda vd chilt 6 lin vdi chat ldng ion [BMIM][HS04].
Kit qud tuong ty cung thu dugc khi sii dyng chit long ion dang [BPy][HS04]. Hdm lugng luu huj-nh trong dau diesel dat 31 ppm sau 5 lin chiet,
100
•J 80
3 X 40
20
I J r ^ —
I -m- [BPyHHS04]
/ • -•-[BMIM1HS04]
/ • ^ * - lBPy|lHS041*chat ow hoa / - » - |BMlMl|HS041*ch8t 0x1 hoa
3 4 5 So lan chiet
Hinh 6: Hipu suit chilt logi luu hujnh trong dau diesel bdng cdc chit Idng ion sir dyng va khdng
sii dyng chit oxi hda (dO^C, 50 phiit, tylpIL/ddu=l:l) 4.2. Qud trinh tdi sinh chat long ion
D I tdi sinh chat ldng Ion sau khi chilt cd thi sii dyng m$t trong cdc cdch sau: neu hgp chit lim hu^nh cd nhi^t d$ soi thip, lya chgn t6t nhat vd xk nhdt dl logi bd chiing Id chung cit, vi chit ldng ion cd dp suit hoi bdo hda rit nhd (khong do dugc) n6n 516
TCHH.T. 50(4), 2012
cua cdc hgp chit luu hu^nh thudng thip vd bj dnh hudng (gidm) do tuong tdc thudn nghjch vdi chit I6ng ion. De cdi thi^n phuong phdp ndy, trong mgt nghien ciiu, mgt luong nhd xyclohexan (2,5% kl) dugc dua vdo dl tripping tetrahydrothiophen vdi khong khi d lOOT trong 30 ph6t. Kit qua cho tliiy, phuong phap nay khd hi$u qua [22].
Tuy nhifin, vipc tai sinh chit Idng ion sau khi chilt vdi ddu diesel Igi khd khdn hon. Vipc tdch dibenzothiophen vd cdc ddn xuit thi alkyl ciia chiing vdi nhipt dp soi tren 2 0 0 ^ bdng cdch chung cit don gian la khdng kinh ll, vi chi khodng 20% luu huynh dgng benzothiophen dugc log! ra khdi chat Idng ion [BMlM][0cS04] bdng cdch syc vdi khdng khi d lOO'C trong ba ngdy [23]. Vi vgy, trong trudng hgp nay thudng dung phuong phdp chilt Igi (reextraction). Dung mdi chilt thudng Id cdc hydrocacbon cd nhipt dp sdi thip nhu n-pentan hodc n-hexan. Bang 7 chi ra dnh hudng ciia cdc hydrocacbon diing Idm ldc nhdn chill din h? so phan bo [23].
Bdng 2: Hp so phan b6 ciia mgt s6 hydrocacbon (ddu mdu (500 ppm DBT trong hydrocacbon), ti Ip khoi lugng diu:IL= 1:1,15 ph6l khudy, nhipt dg ph6ng) Hydrocacbon
Pentan Xyclohexen n-Dodecan Diu trang
Hlng so phan b6 KN (mg S. kg"' IL/mgS. Kg' diu) rBMIMl[OcSO,l
0,3 1,4 1,9 1,6
[EMIMlfEtSO^l 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,7 Tii bang tren cho thdy, hp sd K^ ciia cac hydrocacbon mach ngdn (nhu pentan) thip trong khi cac hgp chit nay lai la chdi chiel ly tudng. Mdt con dudng khdc dk tdi sinh chit Idng ion la: neu chiing bin vdi nude (vi dy cac chit Idng ion trong nghien ciiu nay) thi cd thi hda tan chit Idng ion dd su dyng trong nude. Mgt so nghien ciiu cho thiy da thu hoi dugc chit Idng ion gin nhu khdng chiia luu huynh [13]. Nhung phuong phap ndy khdng kinh tl khi diing d qui md Idn vi phdi tieu ton ndng lugng cho viec bay hoi nude khdi chit Idng ion. Viec logi bo cac hgp chit hiiu co bdng cdch chilt vdi CO2 sieu tdi han cung dugc bdo cdo [23, 24] nhung cd lg khdng phu hgp cho vipc tai sinh nhilu chit Idng ion do lieu ton nhifiu ndng lugng.
Trong nghien ciiu nay, khd nang lai sinh chat I6ng ion [BPY][HS04] bdng etyl axetat vd xyclohexan dugc nghiSn ciru. Chiing cd khd ndng hoa tan tdt cdc hgp chat luu huynh hogc cdc hgp chat sunfone va sunfoxit ma khdng hda tan chit Idng ion.
Dl ddnh gid khd ndng tdi sinh, chit Idng ion vira tai sinh dugc dung dl chilt logi luu huynh trong dau
Nghien cuu logi sau cdc hgp chdt ...
luu huynh ciia chit Idng ion tai sinh khd cao (hinh 4) 5. KET LUAN
Vipc sii dung kit hgp chit oxi hda trong qua trinh chiet luu huynh bdng cac chat Idng ion n-butyl metylimidazol hydrosunfat va n-butyl pyridin hydrosunfat da lam tdng hipu suit chilt ciia chit Idn^ ion vd do do giam bdt dugc s6 lin cin phai chiet Idp Igi dl ihu dugc diu co yeu ciu vl ham lugng luu hujnh nhit djnh.
Hinh 7: Kha nang tdi sii dung chit long ion bdng each chilt vdi cac dung moi khdc nhau (TS: tai sinh) Co che ciia qua trinh dugc giai thich la do sir hinh thanh cac hgp chat dang sunfon va sunfoxit co tinh phdn cue cao nen de hoa tan vao chat long ion hon cac hgp chat luu huynh ban dau.
Mot so hydrocarbon (xyclohexan) va dung moi (etyl axetat) cd nhiet do soi thap phu hgp dung dS tai sinh chit Idng ion. Hieu suat chiet sau khi lai sinh giam khong dang ke.
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Lien he: Biii Thj Lp T h i i y
T r u d n g Dai hgc Md-Dja c h i t Hd Ngi Ddng Nggc, T u Liem, Hd Npi Email. [email protected].
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