102 Xa hoi hoc the gioi xshgihgc, si2 (i38), 2017
MQT SO KHO KHAN TRONG HOI NHAP XA HOI CUA NGU^I LAO DONG NirdC NGOAJ GOC NHAT TAI NH^T BAN'
PHAN CAO NH^T ANH*
Tom tat: Ngudi lao dgng nude ngodi gde Nhdt Id mgt bg phgn trong l^rc lugng lao ddng cua Nhdt Bdn hien nc^. vd sd lugng lao dgng ndy cd xu hudng gia idng. Nhung nhdm lao ddng ndy ggp nhieu khd khdn trong hgi nhgp xd hgi tgi Nhdt Bdn nhu vdn di ngdn nga, cdng vi^c... Bdi viit tim hiiu mgt sd khd khdn trong hdi nhgp xd hgi cua nguai lao ddng nude ngodi gdc Nhdt tgi Nhdt Bdn trong nhiing ndm qua, ddng thdi ggi md vdn di cho lao dgng Vi$t Nam sang thuc tap vd lao dgng a Nhdt Bdn.
Tir khda: xd hOi Nhgt Ban, ngudi lao dpng gdc Nhdt, hdi nhdp xd hOi, vipc lam.
1. Nhdm ngudi lao d^ng nude ngoai goc Nhgt
Ngudi lao dOng nude ngoai gdc Nhgt Id nhfing ngudi Nhat Ban di tni ra nude ngoai smh sdng, cd quyIn cu tini vmh vien d nude dd (hogc Id con chau cua hp) nay quay tid lai lam vipc tgi Nhgt Ban. Sy xudt hipn ciia hp gan lien vdi qua trinh di cu cda ngum dSn Nhat Bdn dien ra td thi ky 19. Theo sd sdch, cuOe di eu dau tien dien ra vao nam 1868 khi 153 ngudi Nhat Ban da vugt biln, cap bin ddo Hawai vd Chinh phu Minh Tri thdi do coi day la ehuyin di bdt hgp phap^. Nhung sd lieu thing kd cho thay Brazil la nude co sl lugng ngudi Nhgt di eu din ddng nhdt. Ndm 1908, nhdm ngudi Nhat dau tien di eu den Brazil gdm 781 ngudi (158 gia dinh va 10 ngudi nhap cu khac) da Idn con tau Kasato Maru rdi cang Kobe den edng Santos (Kuwahara, 2005). Nguydn nhan cda cdc cuOc di cu khi dd la do tinh tigng kinh t l bdt dn, nhilu ngudi Nhgt Bdn khdng thdy trien vpng tixmg cdng viOc kiem sdng d que nha va da quylt dinh tim kiem tuong lai d cac nude vung My La-tinh.
Nhung cuOc di cu theo dgng nay tiep tyc dien ra mgnh me sau khi cuOe Chiln tianh till gidi thd II kit thdc. Thang 3 ndm 1973, con tau di cu culi cung mang ten "Nippon Maru" vdi 285 ngudi Nhdt tien boong da cap cang Santos eua Brazil. Nhu vgy, cd nghia
• Vi?n Nghien cdu Dong Bdc A, Vi?n Han ldm Khoa hgc xd hgi Vi$t Nam.
' Bii viet thi hi?n mOt phdn kit qui nghien cihi cila d l tii "Vin d l hgi nh§p x i hpi ciia ngudi lao dOng glc Nh§t t£ii Nh$t Bin v i kinh ngi^m cho Vi§t Nam", do QuJ Sumitomo tii \xq nim 2015.
^ NguW g l c Nh^t ( S ^ A ) , xem http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%B3%BB%E4%BA%BA.
Phan Cao Nhdt Anh 103
la cho tdi trudc cude khdng hoang ddu md dau tidn, nhilu ngudi Nhat da rdi ddt nude hp de di cu tdi cac vung ddt khac. Hipn nay, ngudi g l c Nhat cd m$t d nhilu nude nhung tOp tinng chu ylu tgi cac nude Chdu MJ nhu Brazil, Hoa Ky, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia va Argentina,....
Nda sau nhfing nam 1980, sd ngudi Nhgt di cu va sinh sdng d Brazil, Peru vd mOt sd nude khac (hodc con chau cda hg) dd quay trd lgi Nhat Ban d l tim kilm viec lam gia tdng dang k l . Hidn tugng hdi cu nay ddnh ddu su hinh tiidnh each nhin nhan Nhdt Bdn la mdt dilm din cua ngudi dan di cu. Xu hudng nay la kit qud ciia sy dien ra ddng tiidi gifia qua tiinh phat triln thdn ky cua ndn kinh t l Nhdt Ban sau chiln tianh va tang trudng kinh t l cham chap, lam phat cao d cac nude Mf La-tinh. Ke tfi dd, khai nipm ngudi lao dOng nude ngoai gdc Nhat dd dinh hinh tiong xd hOi Nhat Ban cho din hien nay (Kuwahara, 2005:28).
Ndm 1989, che do cu tni "Thudng tni dai hgn" mdi dugc thilt lap thdng qua dilu chinh Lugt Nh$p cu da tao didu kipn thuan Igi cho nhiing ngudi thudng trd ddi hgn Id ngudi gdc Nhgt, chi cd mOt vdi hgn chi ddi vdi cac hoat dOng cda hg tai Nhat Ban, Vi vay, sau khi ehl dO cu tru nay dugc thilt I^p, nhilu ngudi dd tdi Nhat Ban vdi muc dich lam vipc trong ngdnh san xuat che tao efia Nhgt Ban, noi dang thilu nhan cdng mOt cdch tiam trpng vao thdi diem do. Nhihig con so thong ke cho thdy sd ngudi nude ngoai g l c Nhat cu tni tai Nhait Ban tang len nhanh chong: ndm 1991, s6 ngudi cd chi dO cu trd Id thudng tni dai han chi cd 54.359 ngudi; ndm 2006 ^ len din 268.836 ngudi; ndm 2007 vd 2008, con s6 nay cd xu hudng giam xuong nhung khdng dang k l (258.498 ngudi vao ndm 2008), cho du day dugc coi la thdi dilm kinh te tuang doi khd khan ciia Nhgt Ban trong giai dogn ddu thd ky 21. Nam 1998, cd 5.853 ngudi Brazil va Peru gdc Nhat dinh cu vTnh viln, con sd ndy tang len 140.243 ngudi vao nam 2008. Tdi lidu thing ke cho thdy so ngudi dinh cu vTnh viln da tdng khodng 130.000 ngudi trong vdng 10 nam. Tren thyc tl, ban ddu nhung ngudi My La-tmh gdc Nh|lt tdi Nhgt Bdn vdi myc dich lam viOc trong mOt thdi gian ngdn, nhung hipn nay hg dang dinh cu d Nhdt tiong mpt khodng thdi gian ddi hon (The Ministry of Justice - Japan, 2009).
Bdng 1. S v phan b l ngiriM lao d$ng g6c N h | t tren the gi61
QuIc gia So lupng Qu6c gia S l \agng N h i t B i n
Philippines Indonexia Australia Hawai My Canada
Nguon: htlp://www.jadesas.or.Jp/en/aboutnihkei/index.html.
NhOng thing ke cho thay s l ngudi Brazil gdc Nh^t gidm mgnh nhdt vao ndm 2007 v a t i l p tyc trong xu hudng giam tii dd din ndm 2015. Sau dd, c6 dau hipu sd ngudi Brazil
250.000 ' 33.000
4.500 36.000 240.000 1.300.000 98.900
Mexico Colombia Brazil Peru Bolivia Argentina T o ^ the gidi
20.000 1.800 1.600.000 100.000 11.500 23.000 3.50O000
104 Mot sd khd khdn trong hgi nhgp xa hgi...
gdc Nhdt sang Nhgt Ban tim viOc bdt ddu gia tdng tid lai. Ndm 2016, idn ddu tidn sau 9 nam so ngudi Brazil gdc Nhgt bdt ddu tdng tid Igi. Nguyen nhdn cd thi Id do khung hodng kinh t l d Brazil vd sy thilu hyt ngudn nhdn luc de phuc vy cho Olympic Tokyo tgi Nh^t Bdn. Theo cdng ty phdi cd lao dpng cua Sao Paulo, Brazil, td nda cudi ndm 2016 nhu cdu tim viOc bdt ddu gia tang bdi thyc te la nhieu ngudi mat viec do khdng hoang. Tgi Nh§t Ban, lam thdm theo gid cd thu nhap cao gdp 6-7 idn so vdi Brazil. Trong khi do ddn sl Nhdt Bdn dang giam vd gia hda, tinh trgng thilu hyt nguon nhdn lyc ngay cdng ti^
tigng, nhu cdu cdn lao dOng gia tdng. Ngoai nhung thanh phd nhu Gunma, Shizuoka, Aichi vdn da tiep nhdn nhieu lao dOng gde Nhat, nhu cdu tuyIn dyng d Ishikawa, Shimane efing gia tdng^. Hien nay, cac khu vyc san xuat thyc phdm, dd dipn td, d td dang cdn nhdn cdng, luong theo gid gia tang de cung dap dng cau. Trudc thyc t l nay, s l lao dpng nude ngodi gdc Nhat cd the se gia tdng trong nhiing ndm tdi day.
2. Van de hpi nhap xa hpi 2.1. Khd khan ve ngon ngii
Dieu quan tigng ddi vdi mdt ngudi khi sinh song va lam viOc tgi mdt dat nude khdc la phdi hilu dugc ngdn ngfi cua dat nude do. Hg cdng hilu vd sd dyng t i t ngdn ngfi bdn xd, CO hOi kiem tim viec lam eua hg cdng rOng md. Tgi ddt nude mdt trdi mgc, ngudi lao dOng gdc Nhgt gap tid ngai do tilng Nh^t rdt khd.
Hinh 1. Nang lyc h^i tho^i cfia ngirM lao d^ng g6c Nh|t Chfio hoi wi _ _KlKiiig noi tlit^c
numbm, V ^ ^ " .C611.itr.oi4l TnoHMttong V ^ ^ ^ - " " omUedJein
ni«ci6ii| \ ^ ^ ^ A "''''
niu>iig clii d^ii J^^^^^^
47H
Nguon: Vien Chinli sach va Ddo tgo Lao dong Nhgt Bdn, 2010.
Ket qua dieu tra nSng l\rc ngdn ngii cua nguM lao dOng g6c Nh|lt cho thdy nguW lao dong nuae ngoai goc Nhat co kha nang giao ti^p dcm gian hang ngay, nhimg vl nang luc viit va dpc hiSu, t^ le nguoi co du kha nang dS sii dung van con it. Hon thi, ty 1? nguM hoan toto khflng su dyng duoc tieng Nhjt v i n con k h i 16n (Hinh 1, 2, 3).
Tai Nhat Ban hiSn nay, kha n3ng tiing Nh|it cua lao dong nguoi nu6c ngoai se quyet dinh c5ng vi^c, chi do dai ngO hay thjm chi la tiin lucmg ciia hp. Ngu5i co kha ning giao tiip bSng tiing Nh$t thuan thuc c6 the tham gia vao cong vi?c tiip khdch ttvc tiep, nhung voi nguoi khong co kha n5ng niy, cong vi$c ciia ho chi gioi han boi cSc
"Japan attracting job - seeking Brazilians again" http://www.nippon.com/ja/behind/110081/.
Phan Cao Nhgt Anh 105
hogt ddng chdn tay. Nhilu lao dgng mdi sang Nhdt, chua thgo tieng thudng lam trong cac xudng ddng gdi com hOp, phdi ldm vao ban ddm rdt vdt vd. Nhiing lao dpng cd trinh dO tilng Nhat cao han cd the xin ldm trong sieu thi, hodc cac nha hang. Ngodi ra, cd nhung hinh thdc cdng vipc cdn yeu cdu cd kha ndng dpc hieu vd vilt ngoai kha ndng giao tilp. Khdng khd de nhdn ra ranh gidi phdn chia, mac du chi mang tinh tuong ddi, trong cOng ddng lao dOng ngudi nude ngodi dugc quy dinh bdi trinh dp ngdn ngfi tilng Nhat.
Hinh 2. Nfing lyc d^c hidu cila ngirdi lao d$ng goc Nhat K h o n a b i e i d o c ^
, 0 . . ^
Doc diroc ^ ^ ^ H Huasana ^ ^ ^ ^ H
'"•m
Ds^c J HOC mpi chui chd Hail
1 9 S
^ ^ ^
mm
f dllWcbiO
"" 3 8 ' .
ta^^-
k
)
__Codk^ dgc duoc cha Han
16%
Nguon: Vi^n Chinh sdch vd Dao 190 Lao dgng Nhdt Bdn, 2010.
Htnh 3. N£ng l\rc viet cua ngirori lao d^ng goc Nh^t
Nguon: Vien Chinh sdch vd Ddo tgo Lao dgng Nhdi Bdn, 2010.
2.2. Cong vifc khong on dinh
Dilu tra nhom ngudi lao dOng gdc Nhat cho thdy hon 80% da tiing tiai qua giai doan thdt nghiep. Thdi gian thdt nghipp ddi ngdn khac nhau nhung trung bmh khodng 5 thdng. Sd ngudi thdt nghipp trong khoang 2 thdng len din han 50%. Tham chi cd nhfing ngudi thdi gian khdng Idm vipc Idn den 2 nam.
106 Mdtsd khd khan trong hgi nhdp xa hgi...
Tim hilu v l ly do thdt nghiep, 27,5% noi rdng muln tim cdng vipc khac tdt hon;
12,5% la do cdng ty dilu ehinh nhdn sy; 40% ndi nghi viOc Id do nhfing ly do khdc, nhung thyc t l han mdt nda la do td choi gia hgn hgp dong.
Uinh 4. L^ do tir bo cong vif c trir6v 6.6
ffith^a C&igty BuOciiliai'naliluali lAwntim ^S ket Oiftnsoc \ ^ v i ^ hjpddag pbasaa n g k ^ ^ CM(9 coagvi(cboa.cUm ngva Blia,fi
dodils bltoa ^ b o a soc coo A i a b9c,snc duflb cat kboc nbinsv
Kbac
Ngudn: Vien Chinh sdch vd Ddo tgo Lao ddng Nhgt Bdn, 2010.
Hinh 5. Nguon tii chinh trong thdi gian thkt Qghi^p 50
45 40 35 30 25 70 10 5 0
12,5 H ^ ^ H Trg cap that
^1
n ^ i e p 0 Baotrgrx
hgi 33,3
1
Thu nh$p cua gia dinh
45,8
^ ^ ^ H
•
^^^1
^^^1
^^^1
^^^H
TiSn tiit
•
ki?m 4,2
Vay ban b^.
agiroi quen 0 Tic cSc to chiic trcr giiip
8 3
^ 1
KMc
Nguon: Vi?n Chinh sdch vdDdo tgo Lao dgng Nhdt Bdn, 2010.
Ngodi ra, nhfing so sdnh vl sy khac bipt gifia mdc luong giuB lao dOng glc Nhgt vd lao dpng Nhat sd tgi cung phan anh tinh tiang cda ngudi lao dgng nude ngodi d Nhgt Bdn.
Don gia hgp dong theo gid cua nam cong nhdn Nhdt Ban cao han cua nam edng nhan nude ngodi glc Nhat khodng 400-500 yen Nh^t vd gia lao dOng theo gid cua nam cdng nhdn Nhdt cung cao hon cua nam cdng nhdn nude ngoai goe Nhgt khodng 50-100 ydn Nhat. Cdn dan gia hgp ddng theo gid cua nfi cong nhan Nh$t Ban cao hon cua nft cdng nhdn nude ngodi gdc Nhsit khoang 100-300 yen Nhat. Vd luomg lam vipc theo gid ciia nfl cong nhan Nhat Ban cung cao hon cda nhfing nfi cdng nhan nude ngodi khoang 50 yen Nhat. Sy khdc bipt gifia cdng nhan Nhat Ban va cdng nhan nude ngoai goc Nhat khong he
Phan Cao Nhgt Anh 107
tiiay doi qua ndm thdng (Hiroaki, 2005). Ngodi ra, 80% lao dOng gdc Nhat da tiing bj thdt nghiOp, thdi gian thdt nghiep trung binh khodng 5 thdng (The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training, 2010). Dilu tia tiln hdnh ndm 2009 vdi 1500 ngudi nude ngodi, tiong dd 80% ngudi goc Nhat, kit qua cdn trdm trpng han, ty le dang thdt nghiep len din 83%, t^ Ip khdng tham gia bdo hiem vipc lam Id 70%, va 40% khdng tham gia bdo hiem sdc khde (Koichi, 2010). Nhu vgy, ngudi lao dgng nude ngodi gdc Nhdt thudng cd luang thdp so vdi lao ddng ngudi Nhdt sd tgi vd thieu dn dinh.
Huih 6. Cong vi^c hi^n nay durqrc d m qua ohung kenh nao 45
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
9,3 39,5
18,6
Cong ty Ban b^, Hellowork Quang cao Tuyen dvng Tnmg tam, H$i nghi phii cii lao nguoi quen tuyln dtmg tren Hiep hoi phong van
dong tren bao, Intemet, giao luu tap chi dien thoai qu6c tS
16,3
Khac
Ngudn: Vi^n Chinh sdch vd Ddo lao Lao d ong Nhgt Bdn, 2010.
2.3. Hi$n tugng tri em goc Nhat khong di hgc
Cung vdi sy gia tdng ngudi gdc Nhgt, sd lugng tre em gdc Nhgt dugc sinh ra cung tdng len. Dilu tia dan sd nam 2006 cho thdy cd 3718 tre em Brazil g l c Nhgt dugc smh ra, tdng hon nhilu so vdi 2100 ngudi ndm 1995 (Kajita, 1994: 76). Song, mOt tiiuc t l dang lo nggi ciia lao ddng gdc Nhdt tai Nhgt Bdn hien nay Id nhieu con cai cua nhdm lao dOng ndy khong din trudng di hgc. Nhfing dua trd theo cha me sang Nhgt Bdn va mat di CO hOi hgc tap ma ddng ra chdng cd quyen dugc hudng.
BSng 2. Chenh l?eh s6 lirpug h^c sinh ngiriii nuiS-c ngoii giua c^c cap
Ban vy. nguoi Hpc sinh
Tilu hpc
Hgc sinh Trung hgc
C O SOT
SII chfinh l|ch
1999 2003 2008
12.383 12.523 19.504
5.250 5.317 7.576
7.133 7.206 11.928 Nguon: Yoko, 2010.
Tinh trgng tie em ngudi nude ngoai nghi hgc gifia chimg the hiOn qua sy chenh lech v l sd lugng gifia cac cdp hgc. Bg Van hda Giao dye Nhat Bdn tiln hanh dilu tra va danh gia thdng qua so sanh sd lugng hgc sinh ngudi nude ngodi d cdp tieu hgc va trung hpc eo sd. Ndni 1999, sd lugng hgc sinh tieu hpc ngudi nude ngoai Id 12.383 ngudi, so lugng hgc sinh tiimg hgc ca sd la 5.250 ngudi. Ndm 2003 la 12.523 va 5.317; ndm 2008 con so
108 Mdtsd khd khdn trong hgi nhgp xd hgi...
idn lugt Id 19.504 vd 7.576 (Bang 2). Dya tien sy chenh lech v l sd lugng gifia hai cdp hpc nay ngay cdng Idn, cd the khdng djnh nhieu hgc sinh nghi hgc gifia chung.
Dilu tia cy thi ddi vdi trd em ngudi nude ngodi gdc Nhgt trong dO tuli 6 - 15, tmh tigng nghi hgc khdng den trudng the hiOn qua Hinh 7-8.
Hinh 7-8. Ty l| tre em goc NhSt di hpc Ty If bf c tniDs bfc or sd nam 2008
• Hgct^itnifnig cdng
• Hgc t^i tru6ng danh cho ngu6iQuac ngo&i
• Kbgngdihgc
Ty If b f c tieu hgc nAm 2008
• HgctM tnidng c6ng
• H^ct^i tnidngdtoh cbongtriii nuoc ngoAi
• Khdng dibQC
Nguon: Bg Vdn hoa Gido due Nhdt Bdn (ngdy 1/5/2008).
Qua hai hinh tren cd the thay ty Ip hpc sinh tieu hpc vd tnmg hpc co sd ngudi nude ngoai gdc Nhat khdng den trudng rat cao (22%). Ngoai ra, theo ludt lao dOng cua Nhat Bdn, tre em td 15 tuoi trd len mdi dugc phep lao dOng, tie em Tilu hgc vd Trung ca sd cd do tudi dudi 15 nen cd the nhan dinh hdu het nhfing trd em cda lao ddng gdc Nhdt nay nghi hgc khdng phai vi li do phdi di ldm.
Thang 2 ndm 2009, BO Vdn hda Giao dye Nhat Ban tiln hanh dilu tia 90 trudng danh eho ngudi Brazil gdc Nhgt tren toan quoc. Kit qua cho thdy trong 3 thang dd qua, 1.718 hpc sinh khdng den trudng, trong dd 722 hgc sinh v l nude (42,2%), 160 hgc sinh vao tiirdng cdng I$p (9,3%) va 598 hgc sinh khdng di hgc (34,8%) (Chunichi, 2011).
Sd lugng hpc sinh ngudi Brazil g l c Nh^t nghi hpc nhilu ndn nhfing trudng hpc danh cho nhdm hgc smh nude ngoai dang nay gdp phai nhieu khd khdn, do kinh phi hoat dOng cda hg phu thuOc phan Idn vdo hgc phi do cha mp hgc sinh ddng. Theo bai vilt tidn bao Yomiuri ngdy 20 thang 4 ndm 2007, dilu tia tgi mOt trudng danh cho hgc sinh ngudi Brazil d Nagano cho thdy so lugng hgc sinh gidm mpt nda tiong vdng 5 ndm, ngudn tM chinh cua trudng h\ anh hudng nghiem tigng va cudi cling bupe phdi ddng cda. Thdng tin td Dgi sd qudn Brazil cho hay, tiidi dilm din tiidng 1 ndm 2007, cd 8 tiirdng danh cho ti6 em ngudi Brazil goc nh^t tai 3 tinh Nagano, Aichi, Shizuoka da phdi ddng ciia vi ly do tdi chinh bdt In. Tlieo nhdn dinh ciia Bd Vdn hda Gido dye Nhgt Ban dya tien nhfing kit qud nghidn cdu xa hOi hgc, t^ le khdng di hgc cua con cdi ngudi lao dOng g l c Nhgt cd xu hudng gia tdng (ISFJ. 2010).
Phan Cao Nhdt Anh 109
3. Kit luan va lien hO den Vi^t Nam
Chinh phu Nhat Ban tu trudc din nay van hgn ehl nhgp khdu lao ddng nude ngodi, d^c bidt la doi vdi nhung cdng vipc gidn don. Tuy nhien, Nhdt Ban lai phdi ddi mat vdi van dl cd anh hudng xau den thi trudng lao dOng trong nude dd la sy gia hda dan sd do tudi thg ngay cang tang trong khi ty 10 sinh ngdy cang gidm. Chd truang cua Nhat Ban la tiep tyc duy tri tu quy djnh khdng tilp nhan lao dgng gian don, nhung tao ra eae kenh tidp nhdn cd thdi ban de cd the kiem sodt dugc lyc lugng lao ddng ndy.
Thyc te, lao dpng nude ngoai goc Nhdt la mOt bO phdn trong luc lugng lao dOng d Nhgt Ban hien nay. Trong bdi canh sdng va lam viOc d xa que huang, ddt nude, nhom lao dOng nay phdi ddi mat vdi nhfing thdch thdc trong hOi nhgp vdi xa hpi Nhat Bdn.
Thd nhat la rao can ve ngdn ngfi, anh hudng trye tilp den ddi sdng edng viec cua ngudi lao dgng. Thd hai la cdng viee thilu on dinh vd tiln luong thdp han so vdi lao dpng sd tgi. Thd ba la con eai cua ngudi goc Nh^t, m|LC du dang trong dp tuoi di hgc nhung khdng den trudng se Id nguy co xdy ra nhfing bdt dn trong xa hpi Nhat Ban.
Trong bdi cdnh ddn sd gid d Nhgt Ban hien nay, sd ngudi lao dpng gdc Nhat cd thi sS gia tdng trong thdi gian tdi. Chinh phu Nhat Bdn se phai cd nhihig ddi sach thIch hgp vdi nhdm ngudi lao ddng ndy.
Ddi vdi Viet Nam, cd the nhgn dinh Nhgt Bdn vdn Id thi trudng tiep nhdn lao dOng gidn don hdp ddn nen tiep tuc duy tri vd phat trien thi trudng lao dOng nay la can thiet.
Ben cgnh lao dOng gidn don la thyc tap sinh, ViOt Nam dang hudng tdi thi trudng lao dpng tiong nganh y ta vd dieu dudng vien tai Nhgt Bdn, md rgng ca hdi cho lao dOng Vipt Nam. Song, dudng nhu phdn Idn ngudi lao dOng Vipt Nam di lam vipc d Nhdt Ban chua hilu rd nhung thdch thuc ma hg phai ddi mdt trong qua tinnh hpi nhgp xa hdi cda lao dOng nude ngoai nhu khac biet ngdn ngfi, vdn hda, dilu kiOn vipc lam, nhung khoan chi phi se phdi tia, nhung thdng tin vl cude sdng tgi Nhgt Ban. Hg can phdi hilu ro va ddi dipn vdi nhfing khd khdn gi, kl ca tinh trang lao dOng bdt hgp phap hodc khdng cd gidy td,...
Trong vdn dl nay, Cdng doan Vipt Nam cdn ddng vai tid tich cyc hon trong vide bao vp ngudi lao dOng, giup hp vugt qua nhung kho khdn. Can chinh thdc hda vi the cda lao dOng nude ngodi, tang cudng hgp tac song phuong gifia nude nhdn vd nude gdi lao dOng, ddng thdi tao co ehl hgp tac khu vyc (APEC, ASEAN +3,...), chu trgng din qua tiinh hOi nh^p cua lao dOng di cu.
Tai li|u tham khdo
Chunichi. 2011. ^ E ^ E i ^ ^ T i f t ^ i ( 7 5 g « - D U T i n t " ^ (Vdn de khong den tiuimg bj bd qua).
fwww.chunichi.co.jp. ngiy 12/5/2017).
Hiroaki, Watanabe. 2005. Human Resource Management for Nikkei Workers and the Increase of Indirect Employment. Japan Review, Vol. 2(4): 90.
ISFJ (Inter - University Seminar forthe Future of Japan). 2010. H ^ ^ C ^ t t ' S ^ S A ^ f f l ^ ^ S (Vdn dl lao dpng ngu&i niidrc ngoii ij Nhat B4n). HOi thSo t^i tru&ng D^i hpc Osaka dien ra ngiy 11- 12/12/2010: 31-35.
110 Mgt sd kho khan trong hgi nhdp xd hgi...
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