NGHIlN c a u GIAO DUC M6C NGOAI
Tdng quan nghien cilu tren the gidi ve djnh hudng
nghe nghiep cho hpc sinh thong qua day hoc cac mon hoc va van dung trong day hpc mon Sinh hpc oi Viet Nam
Kfi Thi Vfong Van^, Dinh Quang Bao^
'Vien Khoa i i x Giao dgc Viei Nam 101 Trar HmgOao, Hoan Ki6m, Ha NOi, Vigt NE Email vansinhsp@yahDo com
^mong fiji hqc S J ptiam Ha NOi 136 Xjan Thuy. Cau GiSy, Ha Nfli, Viei Nam Email, baodqehnueeduvn
TOM TAT: Bii viet tong quan cac nghien cdu tren the gidi ve dinh hudng nghe nghi$p trong tnJdng phd thdng. Cac nghien cdu cho thay nang luc dmh hudng nghe nghiep bao gdm nhan thdc ve ban than, nhan thuc ve nghe nghiep va lap ke hoaeh nghe nghidp;
viec day hoc eac dng dung khoa hqc, phudng phap day hoc du an dua tren bdi canh, day hoc kham pha cd lien quan tnjc tidp den sU hdng thu va nguyen vong nghe nghiep d hoc sinh. Tu do. tae gia de xuit v$n dung trong day hoe mdn Smh hoe ve thiet kd bai giang va sd dung phuang phap day hoc de phat trien nang Idc dmh huong nghe nghiep cho hoc sinh.
Ti) KHOA Nang luc dinti tiudng ngti'e ngliiep; ctiufing trinti giao dye plio thong m f i i ; dgy tigc Sinti tigc.
Nhgn bai 09/8/2018 -; Nhan ket qua ph^nbienva chinh siia 20/8/2018 - Duygt dang 25/9/2018.
1. Dat van de
Muc tieu giao due (GD) djnh huong nghe nghiep (DHNN) duac dac biet coi trpng trong giai doaii GD trung hoc pho thong (THPT). Nghi quy6t s6 29-NQ/TW Hoi nghi Trung irong 8 khoa XI ve Doi moi can ban, toan dien GD va dao tao da khang dinh: "CSn phat trien GD va dao tao phai gan voi nhu cau phat trien kinh te - xa hpi va bao ve To quoc;
vai tiin bp Idioa hoc va cong nglie, GD THPT phai tiep can nghg nghiep". Moi day, Du thao Chuang trinh GD pho thong (GDPT) tSng thi cung dat ra muc tieu d6i vdi GD THPT - giai doan DHNN la tiep tuc phat tnen nhimg pham chat, nang luc (NL) can thiet doi voi nguoi lao dong; kha nang lira chon nghe nghiep phii hgp voi NL va so thich, dieu kien va hoan canh cua ban than; kha nang thich ung voi nhung doi thay trong boi canh toan cau hoa va each mang cong nghiep moi. Vi vay, de thuc hien tot muc tieu DHNN trong thuc hien chuang trinh GDPT mdi, viec tong quan, phan tich nhijng nghien cuii tren the giai ve DHNN qua cac mon hpc, dac biet la cac mon Khoa hoc tu nhien trong truong pho thong, tu do van dung vao day hoc a Viet Nam la viec rat can thiet trong giai doan hien nay.
2. Ndi dung nghien cuu
2 . 1 . Tdng quan nghien cUu ve dinh huong nghe nghiep h o n g t r u d n g p h o t t i d n g t r e n t h e gidi
2 . 1 . 1 . Ngtiifin ciiu ve flinti liudng ngh'6 nghiep
DHNN tir lau da nhan duac su quan tam cua nhieu nha nghien ciiu vi chuyen nganh nay se giiip con nguoi lua chon nganh ngh^ phii hpp vai ban than. Nam 1943, Frank Parson da xuit ban tac pham Choosing Vocation (Lya chon nghe nghiep) ma d k cho su ra doi ciia nhung nghien ciiu ve huong nghiep
Nam 1996, tac gia Schmidt, J.J va nam 1998, Roger D.
Herring khuygn khich cac giao vien (GV) phoi hgp dinh hirong nghi cho hpc sinh (HS) qua nhung bai giang hang ngay tren lap; t6 chiic hoat dpng tap the hoac cac su kien dac biet nhu di da ngoai, lua ehpn sach, phim, clip va cac phuong tien dai chiing khac.
vi khai niem DHNN, Carl D.Perkins da dinh nghia la su cung cap thong tin ve nhan thiic nghe nghiep va lap ke hoach hen quan den tuong lai nghe nghiep, hpc tap cua mot ca nhan, gop phan hucrng din va tu van lua chgn nghe nghiep, ho tro tai chinh va lua chon sau trung hgc Theo Watts va Fretwell (2004), DHNN dupe dinh nghia la cac hoat dpng nham hh trp cac ca nhan o mgi lira tuoi va tai bat ki thai diem nao trong suot cupc doi, giiip hp thuc hien cac lua ehpn GD, dao tao nghe nghiep va quan li nghe nghiep ciia hp. DHNN bao gom ba yeu to chinh la: 1/ Thong tin nghe nghiep; 2/ Tu vin nghe nghiSp;
3/ GD nghg nghiep (Watts & Fretwell, 2004, tr. 2).
Theo T6 chiic Hap tac va Phat triln kinh ti (OECD), DHNN CO the duac djnh nghia la "Cac djch vu va hoat dpng nham giiip do cac ca nhan a mpi liia tuoi vao hk cu luc nao trong su6t cupc doi de thuc hien cac lira chgn vi GD, b6i duong, lira chon nghe nghiep va de quan li su nghiep ciia ho" (OECD&EC, 2004), DHNN dugc thirc hien trong cac bdi canh khac nhau nhu a truang pho thong, truong dai hoc, cac co so dao tao, dich vu viec tam cong cong va noi lam viec
Nhu vay, DHKN da xuat hien tir rkt lau tren the gioi Cac cong trinh nghien cuu deu khang dinh vai tro ciia DHNN doi voi thanh nien, HS la giiip cac em chgn dugc nghg phii hop vai NL, so thich, hiing thu, khuygn khich kgt hgp huong nghiep trong nha truong vai lao dgng san xuit, tham quan, thuc tap o cac nha may, xi nghiep nhkm nang cao nhan thiic ciia HS vg nghe nghiep.
116 TAP CHI KHOA HOC GIAO DUC Vier NAM
m Thi Hong Van, Oinh Quang Bao
2.1.2. Nghign cilu ve nang luc dmh iiudng ngh'e nghiep Theo Kuijpers va Scheerens (2006), NL DHNN bao g6m:
Dua ra suy nghT vg dpng co va nang khigu cua rieng minh;
tao ra hinh dang cho con duong sit nghiep ciia ban than bang each kham pha cac lira ehpn trong nghign ciiu va lam viec (kham pha nghg nghiep) dinh huong qua trinh hpc tap ciia ngng muah (hanh dpng nghe nghiep), xay dung, duy tri kg hoach do. Hon nita, mgt moi truang hpc tap co su trai nghiem thuc te vcti cong viec se gop phan vao viec sir dung NLDHNN (Kuijpers, Meyers & Gundy, 2011), Dac biet, su DHNN cua GV va trai nghiem thuc tg o nai lam viec voi cac chuyen gia da dupe chiing minh la rat quan trong. Co so li thuyet cua phat trien NL DHNN qua cac hoat dgng hgc tap dugc cung cap boi li thuyet hgc tap kien tao ciia Bruner va mo hinh li thuyet vg gia tri ki vgng ciia Eccles (Eccles' expectancy- value model).
Nam 2012, F, Meijers, M Kuijpers va C. Gundy da nghign cim vg "Moi quan he giiia NL DHNN, nhan dang nghe nghiep, dong co va chat lugng iua ehpn nghe nghiep". Ket qua nghien cicu da chi ra NL DHNN co dong gop tich cue cho viec phat trien dgng ca hgc tap, trai nghiem trong mon hpc, trai nghigm su phii hpp giira lua chon ca nhan va nhiem vu hpc tap, trai nghigm su phu hgp trong tuang tac nhom,
Theo Bg GD MT, ban Huong dan phat trien nghg nghiep quoc gia - NL va cac chi so doi vcti HS THPT (National Career Development Guidelines Competencies and Indicators - High School, 2012) xac dmh NL DHNN dupe thg hien qua 3 ITnh virc: 1/ Tu nhan thiic; 2/ Kham pha GD va nghe nghigp;
3/ Lap ke hoach nghe nghigp. Dua trgn khung huong dan vg DHNN nay, hgi dong GD cac bang se xay dung chuan can dat ve huong nghiep doi vol HS ciia minh,
Dya tren co so ban huong dan ve huong nghiep ciia MT, cac nuoc Australia, Canada, Anh, Scotland, New Zealand deu xac dinh cac muc tieu va ket qua hpc tap (chuan NL cot loi - core competence) ve GD huang nghigp tuong tu.
Tuy ciing dua trgn khung huong dan vg DHNN ciia Mi va deu xac dinh NL DHNN gom 3 ITnh vuc nhu tren song moi quoc gia lai co mo hinh hgc tap khac nhau. Vi du: Scotland dg cap den hpc tap theo kinh nghiem va chu trinh hgc tap ciia Koibs (Kinh nghiem cu thg; Quan sat phan xa; Khai quat trim tugng; Thii nghiem tich cue). Canada phac thao mo hinh hpc tap voi bon giai doan: Tim kigm, irng dung, ca nhan hoa va hien thuc hoa.
Trong cong bo ve Quan diem ciia cac nuoc Bac Au ve NL huang nghiep va chi din (Thomsen, R. 2014), NL huong nghigp dugc dmh nghTa la kha nang tu tim hieu va tu phat trien dg kham pha cugc song, thg gioi ciia hgc tap va cong vigc; thich ung vai cugc song, hpc tap, lam viec trong giai doan thay doi va chuyen doi. Van phong GD Hong Kong (Education Bureau, 2014) da dua ra mo hinh phat tngn nghe nghigp danh cho HS trung hpc bao gom ba thanh phan, do la:
1/ Hieu va phat trien; 2/ Kham pha nghe nghiep, 3/ Lap kg hoach va quan li nghe nghiep.
Qua phan tich trgn day co thg thiy, NL DHNN da dugc nhieu quoc gia tren thg gioi nghign ciiu, xac dinh ro rang cac yeu to thanh phan, tir do xay dung cac van ban hucrng dSn, chuan cot loi de dua vao thuc hien 6 cac truang pho thong.
Chung toi nhan thay nhiing dinh nghTa ve NL DHNN dgu co digm chung ve nh^n thiic ban than, nhan thiic vg nghg nghiep va lap kg hoach nghg nghiep. Nhu vay, NL DHNN co thg dugc dinh nghia la' Khd ndng tu nhdn thuc ve sd thich vd the manh ciia bdn thdn, khd ndng nhdn thuc ve nghe nghiep vd lap ke hoach dap irng muc lieu nghe nghiep ciia cd nhdn
2.1.3. Nghien cOu vg phai trign dtnh hudng ngh'e nghigp cho hpc sinh qua day hpc cac mon khoa hpc
Giai doan trung hgc la thai digm then chot tao an tugng ciia giai tre ve khoa hoc va anh huong den quyet dinh nghe nghiep tuong lai ciia cac em (Subotnik, R.F., 2010).
Tuy nhien, HS con thieu huong dan ro rang va kip thoi trong viec len kg hoach nghe nghiep ciia minh. Dc giai quyet nhiing khoang trong nay, Quy Khoa hgc quoc gia ve trai nghiem nghe nghiep sang tao cho HS va GV ciia MT (National Science Foundation's Innovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers - ITEST), cac tac gia Carolyn Cohen va David G. Pattterson da nghign cuu tim kiem cac giai phap de giiip dam bao chigu rgng va chigu sau ciia lire lugng lao dpng khoa hgc, cong nghe, kT thuat, toan hpc (STEM). Duai su tai trg ciia Quy, Du an Bio-ITEST da dugc trign khai nham phat trien cac kT nang tin sinh hpc, chuang trinh giang day cho GV va HS tnmg hpc, thu thap phan hoi GV ve kinh nghiem ciia hg voi muc tieu DHNN cua bai hgc Bio-ITEST. Nghign ciru cung phan tich su phan anh ciia GV ve khuynh huong, klia nang tao ra sir ket noi giQa cac bai hgc khoa hgc va nghe nghiep khoa hgc tuong lai cho HS. Du an da nghien cuu vg nhirng chien luge day hgc cac mon Khoa hpc nham thiic day nhan thiic ve nghg nghiep ciia HS php thong. Tac gia da khang dinh rang, GV cac mon Khoa hpc giii vai tro ngay eang quan trong trong viec khuyen khich HS kham pha m6i lien he giira cac mon Khoa hpc va ITnh vyc nghe nghiep.
Trong ITnh vuc Sinh hpc, dinh nghia nghe nghiep trong Smh hpc dang phat trien nhanh chong, dac biet la voi sy hoi nhap ciia tin hpc vao nghe nghigp Sinh hpc. GV can thuong xuygn cap nhat nhimg mo ta nghg nghiep tuong iai va cac kT nang moi can thiet de vao cac ITnh vuc nay. Nghien curu nay dua ra cac chien luge su pham truyen cam hiing nghe nghiep vao cac bai hgc vg Khoa hpc. Cac chien iuoc nay hudng dgn 4 muc tigu cua phat trign DHNN STEM cho HS, do la (C.
Cohen va David G. Pattterson, 2012):
• Nlian thirc (Awareness)r Mo rgng nhan thirc nghg nghiep, HS phat trign sy hilu bigt va danh gia vg nhieu nghe nghiep STEM khac nhau.
• Lien quan (Relevance): Thiy dugc sy lien quan ciia chii de doi vai cugc s6ng ciia minh. HS thay ngi dung co y nghTa.
• Tham gia (Engagement): Tham gia thuc hien chii de
So D9, Ihang 09/2018 117
N G H l l N curu GIAO DUC Nl/OC NGOAI
hgc tap va nghg nghiep STEM. HS thg hien sir quan tam dgn viec hoc va trai nghiem nhigu hon.
• Ty tin vao NL ban than (Self-Efficacy): HS cam thiy thoai mai khi su dung cac cong cu nghien cuu khoa hgc. HS phat trign su ty tin trong viec tiep can cac nhiem vu khoa hgc va lam chu nhimg cong cu dugc cac nha khoa hpc sii dung trong thuc tg.
O Na Uy, mpt chuong trinh thi diem mang ten GV II - H6 trg tir thyc fien nghg nghiep da trien khai trong nam 2009- 2010. Theo do, cac chuyen gia tir nganh Cong nghiep da den 40 truong va giang day ciing voi cac GV, trong do co GV mon Khoa hgc cua truang trong cac phan dac biet ciia chuong trinh STEM. Sang kien nay co muc tieu lam cho viec giang day dugc cap nhat va lien quan dgn the gioi cong viec khoa hpc cong nghe hien tai. Chuang trinh nay cho phep HS hieu bigt ve cac mon Khoa hgc dugc sir dung nhu the nao trong cac nganh nghe, giiip HS trai nghiem cu6c song lam vigc ciia xa hgi trong chinh lop hgc.
Day hpc cac mon Khoa hpc (science - Vat li, Hoa hgc, Sinh hoc) tai Iruong THPT la co sd can thiet de tigp tuc theo hpc cac nganh khoa hgc tai trudng dai hpc, theo cac nganh nghg thupc ITnh vuc Khoa hpc. Do do, nhirng trai nghiem d trudng pho thong ddng vai trd dac biet quan trpng trong viec tao digu kien de HS iya chon hoac khong lya chgn nghe nghigp tuong lai thupc ITnh vuc Khoa hpc (Sheldrake, 2017).
GD trung hgc thuc sir dugc coi la thai diem quan trpng de phat tngn sy himg thu cua HS ddi vdi Khoa hgc (Maltese, Melki, &Wiebke, 2014) vasu himg thii ciia HS doi vdi khoa hpc va irng dung khoa hgc gan lien vdi nguyen vgng hpc tap, DHNN ciia cac em (Regan & DeWitt, 2015). Thai do va nguygn vgng cua HS khi hoc cac mdn Khoa hoc trong trudng tmng hpc thyc sy da dy doan lieu cac em cd dat dugc bang cap lign quan dgn khoa hgc tai trudng dai hpc hay khdng (Malta & Tai, 2011, Morgan, Gclbgiser, & Weeden, 2013, Tai, QiLiu, Maltese, & Fan, 2006), Do dd, GV cin cd bien phap de thiic day thai do ciia HS nhu su himg thu ddi vdi khoa hgc va tir do thiic day nguyen vgng nghg nghiep ve ITnh vyc Khoa hoc, dac biet la ap dung cac phuang phap giang day cu thg nhu sii dung trai nghiem cong viec thuc tg hoac tranh luan trong Idp hpc.
a. Nguyen vgng vd lira chon nganh nglie lien quan den khoa hpc
Md hinh gia tri - ki vong (Expectancy - value theory) (Eccles, 2009) cho rang, ket qua mong dgi d HS dugc do ludng la sy ty tin ciia HS trong vigc thuc hien cac nhiem vu ling dung khoa hgc khac nhau. Cac gia tn chii the (subject value) ciia HS dugc do ludng theo sd thich, hiing thii ciia cac em ve khoa hgc va nhan thiic ve ling dung khoa hgc ciia HS.
Theo nghien ciiu cho thay, sy hung thu ciia HS ddi vdi cac mdn Khoa hgc va kien thiic vg ling dung khoa hgc trong cugc sdng cd lign quan chat che nhat dgn nguyen vong hoc tap va nghg nghigp cua cac em, anh hudng nhigu hon den cac thai dp khac va cac chi s6 khac lien quan den gia dinh va ngn tang
U S TAP CHi KHOA HOC GlAO DUC VIET NAM
tri thirc cua ho (Regan va DeWitt, 2015). Nghign ciru gan day d Anh da khing djnh sy lien quan ciia su himg thu va ling dung khoa hgc cdng nghe ddi vdi nguyen vgng Qc p, nghg nghiep trong Ilnh vyc Khoa hgc cua HS trong tuang lai, ciing vdi mdt sd ygu td khac bao gdm gia tn ca nlian ve mat khoa hgc ddi vdi ca nhan, su ty tin hign tai cua HS. su tu tin ciia HS trong tuong lai, anh hudng tii cha me cua HS (DeWitt
& Archer, 2015; Mujtaba & Reiss, 2014; Sheldrake, 2016).
Mdt nghien cuu tuong ty d Anh da cho ring, lira chon hgc tap cua HS chiu anh hudng cua sd thich, nhan thiic vg sy ling dung khoa hoc cdng nghe trong ddi sdng va sy tu tin (Jensen
& Henriksen, 2015). Mdt nghign cim d Hoa Ki (Malteseand Tai, 2011) va nghien ciiu d chau Au (Hennksen, 2013) cung phat hien kgt qua tuong Ur, dac biet la vg tim quan trpng ciia su hiing thii, yeu thich ciia HS va nhan thiic vg cac img dung khoa hpc cong nghe. Tuy nhien. qua phan tich cac nghign Cliu, hign vin chua rd lieu cd nhan td nao la nhan td quan trgng nhit. Cac nghign cim nhan manh HS cho rang sy hirng thii, quan tam vdi cac mdn Khoa hpc da chi phdi su lya chon ciia cac em (Mellors-Bourne va cong su, 2011). Cac nghign cini khac lai nhan manh tam quan trpng hang dau cua nhan thiic vg ling dung khoa hpc cdng nghe cua HS (Mujtaba &
Reiss, 2014)
Nhin chung, thai dp cua HS doi vdi cac mdn Khoa hgc da dugc cac nghien ciru ket luan cd mdi quan hg mat thiet vdi nguyen vgng hgc tap va nghg nghigp cua cac em. Lam ro deu nay se mang lai nhigu ich Igi, dac biet la lieu cd each tiep can giang day nao lign quan dgn nguyen vgng eda HS va thai dp cd xu hudng thuc day nguyen vgng d HS hay khdng.
b. Phuong phdp, hinh thtic to chuc day hpc Nghien ciru da cho thay, nguyen vgng hpc tap va nghe nghiep ciia HS la rat khd de thay ddi true tiep (Archer, DeWitt & Dillon, 2014). Trong thuc te, dg tang sd lugng HS cd DHNN ve ITnh vuc Khoa hgc cdng nghe, GV can nang cao thai do ciia HS nhu nhan thiic ve cac ling dung khoa hpc cdng nghe vdi viec giai thich cac hien tugng thuc te va vdi cdng viec ciia cac nganh nghg khoa hgc, ap dung nhilu phuang phap day hgc (PPDH) khac nhau dl truygn cam hung hoac thu hilt HS
Nhieu phuang phap liep can da dugc ap dung dg thuc diy mdi hgn quan va ling dung thuc tg ciia Khoa hgc cho HS da dugc ket luan la cd mdi lign he vdi su himg thii, nang cao kgt qua hpc tap cua HS va anh hudng den su lua chgn cac nganh hgc ve Khoa hgc ciia HS (Hulleman va Harackievi'icz, 2015) GV cd the giai thich cac nghg nghigp khoa hoc hoac cac img dung khoa hpc rdng hon theo nhigu each khac nhau, bang viec sir dung cac phuong phap, hinh thirc td chiic day hpc tich cue nhu:
- Trai nghiem cdng viec thuc tg (Practical work), hgc trai nghiem (thudng la thir nghiem trong phdng shi nghiem) vin cd gia tri trong day hpc cac mon Khoa hgc, vi du- Qua ' viec thuc tg dugc md phdng dg tai khing dinh ban chit th nghiem ciia KJioa hoc, nhung cac quan diem khac va
H& Thj Hang van, Dmh Quang Bao
diem tuang phan la cd thg dat ra (Abrahams & Reiss, 2012).
- To chiic day hpc kham pha (inquiry-based teaching) cac mon Khoa hgc tap tmng vao cac hoat dgng do HS dan dat (student-led activities) (nhung vdi mgt so hudng dan va hd trg tu GV), la co hdi dg HS ap dung cac phuong phap khoa hgc nhieu hon (Furtak, Seidel, Iverson, & Bnggs, 2012).
- Cach day hgc dy an, dya trgn ngir canh (context-based) tap tmng hon vao viec tang cudng su hiing ihii, yeu thich mdn hgc ciia HS va sy lien quan cua kien thiic mdn hoc vdi ling dung trong cudc sdng, thdng qua viec sir dung cac ngii canh dugc ap dung lam cac kT nang va y tudng khoa hpc (Bennett, Lubben, & Hogarth, 2007).
Phuang phap va hinh thiic td chiic day hgc thudng dugc xem xet trong bdi canh thuc te, dam bao hoat ddng day hpc dupe td chiic mdt each tdi uu. Cac nghien ciru cho thay, day hpc kham pha cd lac ddng vdi vice nang cao kgt qua hgc tap, vdi sy hd trg tir GV (Furtak va cpng sy, 2012). Loi ich ciia cac phuang phap tranh luan xuat hien it rd rang hon (Cavagnetto, 2010; Rdnnebeck, Bemhoh, & Ropohl, 2016).
Cac PPDH du an, dua tren bdi canh da xuat hien rgng rai, lign quan den viec phat tnen su hieu biet cua HS. ddng Ihdi nang cao thai dp ciia HS ddi vdi Khoa hgc (Vaino, Holbrook, &
Rannikmae, 2012). Trong do, ca PPDH kham pha va PPDH dy an dua U"gn boi thudng gan Hgn vdi su hiing thu ciia HS doi vdi Khoa hgc (Savelsbergh va cdng su, 2016).
Hau het cac nghien cim danh gia tren deu den tir Hoa Ki.
Mpt nghign ciru gan day da nhan manh viec day hpc img dung khoa hpc (day hpc ve cac ling dung rdng hon ciia kign thiic bai hgc va su lien quan ciia kien thirc khoa hgc trong bai den cugc sdng ciia HS) la PPDH duy nhat dugc do ludng mgt each nhat quan va tich cue so vdi cac PPDH khac (R.
Sheldrake etal., 2017).
2.2. ffg xuat van tlung trong to chijio day hoc mon Sinh hgc dap ling muc tigu flinh hudng nghe nghiep trong Chuong tnnh giao due pho thong moi d Viet Nam
2.2.1. Muc tieu giao due djnh hudng ngh'g nghiep trong Chuang trinh giao due phd thong mdi d Vigt Nam Trong Chuong trinh GDPT mdi, kg hoach GD dugc phan chia thanh 2 giai doan: Giai doan 1 la giai doan GD c o ban gom cap Tieu hpc va Trung hgc c o sd. Giai doan 2 la giai doan GD DHNN vdi muc tieu dugc xac dinh la HS cd kha nang lira ehpn nghe nghiep phu hpp vdi NL va sd thich, digu kign va hoan canh cua ban than de tiep hjc hgc len, hpc nghe hoac budc vao cudc sdng lao dpng.
Chuang trinh GDPT mdi da xac dinh muc tieu ve DHNN cin dat d HS la NL tu DHNN, day la NL thanh phin ciia NL ty chu va tu hgc, Bigu hien cua NL tu DHNN d HS THPT ia: 1/ Nhan thiic dugc ca tinh va gia tri sdng cua ban than; 2/
Nam dugc nhtmg thdng tin chinh ve thi tnrdng lao ddng, vg ygu cau va trign vgng ciia cac nganh nghe; 3/ Xac dinh dugc hudng phat trign phii hop sau THPT, lap duac kg hoach, lua chgn hgc cac mdn hpc phii hpp vdi DHNN cua ban than. GD
DHNN duoc thyc hien thdng qua tat ca cac mdn hgc va loan bp thai gian cua giai doan GD DHNN.
Theo Chuang trinh GDPT mdi, mdn Sinh hpc dugc giang day trong giai doan THPT, day la giai doan GD DHNN, Mdn Sinh hgc cd nhigu img dung khoa hgc cdng nghe trong cudc sdng, hgn quan den nhieu nganh nghe khoa hpc. Vi vay, ben canh muc tigu chung cua mdn hpc thi td chuc day hpc mdn hgc cdn can phat trien DHNN cho HS,
2 . 2 . 2 . Bien phap td' chUc day hpc mdn Sinh hoc dap dng muc tieu dmh hudng ngh'e nghigp
a Thiet ke bdi hoc theo hirong DHNN
Ngi dung hoc tap Sinh hgc thigt kg theo hudng DHNN cd the xay dung dudi dang chu de hgc tap, dy an hgc tap, hoat ddng trai nghiem, thuc hanh ve van dung kign thiic Sinh hpc trong giai thich cac hien tugng thuc te, mdi quan he vdi ling dung khoa hpc cdng nghe va vdi cdng viec thuc te ciia cac nganh nghg khoa hpc. Thiet kg bai hpc can dam bao 4 ygu cau sau:
- Cung cap thdng tin ve cac co hdi nghe nghiep: Chu de bai hgc cd thg hgn quan fruc tigp dgn cdng viec cua mgt nghg cu the trong ITnh vyc Khoa hgc cdng nghe sinh hgc HS se thuc hien nhiem vu hgc tap img dung ciia kign thirc Sinh hpc da hpc dg giai quygt van de trong ITnh vuc nghe nghigp do. Vi du: Tim higu ve nganh nghg KT su cdng nghe thuc pham: HS se thuc hien mdt chii de nghien ciiu cd ndi dung mdn Sinh hpc cd ling dung tryc tigp trong nganh nghg do nhu: Nghign cuu vg cac ygu td anh hudng dgn qua trinh tao san pham len men.
- Dam bao viec giang day dg higu: Bai hoc can dugc td chirc va giai thich ro rang. Luu y den thdi gian hgc hieu qua ddi vdi HS, Cach thiic GV trinh bay can da dang.
- Dua ra hd trg ca nhan ddi vdi HS: Su hd trg ca nhan va su khich le khi gap tinh hudng khd khan cd vai trd quan trpng khign HS hgc tdt hon
- Lien kel cac kign thirc cu thg ciia mon hgc vdi nhiing trai nghiem cupc sdng: Cac nhiem vu hgc tap can thg hien mdi lign quan giira ITnh vuc chuygn sau ciia mdn hpc va bdi canh ciia cupc sdng thyc ciia HS
b. Van dting cdc PPDH lich cuc, thiic ddy su yeu thich, himg thit ciia HS vdi mon hoc vd nguyen vong v&i nghe nghiep thugc ITnh vuc Sinh hgc
Mdt sd PPDH da dugc chiing minh la cd sy tac ddng tich eye dgn su himg thii, yeu thich mdn hoc va nguyen vgng nghe nghigp lign quan den mdn hgc nhu day hoc kham pha, day hpc dy an,... Do dd, trong day hpc Sinh hpc hudng den muc lieu DHNN, GV nen su dung cac phuong phap, hinh thuc day hgc tich eye, tigp can thuc tign va tich hgp lien mdn nhu:
- Day hpc du an, dya tren bdi canh: HS thyc hign nhiem vu hgc tap la du an hpc tap, hudng dgn viec tang cudng sy hiing thu, yeu thich mdn hoc cua HS va sy hgn quan cua kign thirc mdn hgc vdi img dung trong cudc sdng, thdng qua viec Sli dung cac bdi canh, tinh hudng can giai quygt trong thuc tiln, Trong day hpc Sinh hgc 10, GV ygu cau HS lam du an
Sfl 09, thang 09/2018 119
NGHIEN COTU GIAO DUC M6C NGOAI
vg nhirng img dung kien thirc vg ig bao hoc. vi sinh vat trong y hoc (phat hien va digu tn benh), trong Ndng nghigp (su dung phan bdn, frdng rau thiiy canh), Cdng nghe thuc phim (bao quan thuc pham),..
- Day hoc kham pha: Nhiem vu hpc tap ciia HS dugc thigt kg tap Inmg vao cac hoat dgng do HS tu dg xuit va thuc hign.
GV ggi md van dg, dua ra hucrng din va hd trg cho HS klii cin thigl. Trong day hgc Sinh hoc, GV tao digu kien cho HS dg xuat va thuc hien hoat ddng quan sat va ffai nghiem. Qua do, HS se ap dung cac phuong phap nghign ciru khoa hoc nhigu hon, giiip HS tim tdi kham pha de giai quyet mdt van thuc tien lien quan den ndi dung mdn hgc va nganh nghe khoa hpc.
- Hpc thuc dia. GV td chirc cho HS den hgc tap cac vien nghign ciiu (Vien Di truyen ndng nghiep, Vien Cdng nghe thyc pham,Trung tam Ung dung tg bao gdc, cdng nghe gen) de nghien ciru sau hon vg ling dung kign thirc Sinh hpc trong cac quy trinh cdng nghg. tang cudng higu biet ve nghe nghiep Smh hpc.
- Nghien ciru khoa hpc: HS dg xuat va tign hanh nghien
ctiu khoa hpc vg irng dung kien thirc mdn hoc trong y hgc.
hudng dan, cdng nghe thuc pham, ndng nghiep... dum s^ ^^ ^^^^^
giam sat ciia GV dg giai quygt mdt gia thuyet . ^_^ ^^^
mdn hgc, Cac dg tai nghign ciru se dugc trung bay khoa hoc cua trudng,
3. Ket luan . . - Cac cdng trinh nghign ciiu dgu khang dinh vai tro cua DHNN ddi vdi HS, khuygn khich ket hgp huang nghipp trong nha trudng. Muc tieu ciia DHNN la phat tnen NL DHNN bao gdm nhan thirc vg ban than, nhan thuc ve nghe nghigp va lap kg hoach nghg nghigp. Mdt sd nghien cuu chi ra ring, vigc day hgc cac img dung khoa hgc, PPDH d u a n , day hoc kham pha cd tac dpng tich cue dgn su hung thd va nguyen vpng nghg nghiep d HS, Tii phan tich cac nghien cim trgn the gidi, chiing tdi dg xuit van dung trong day hgc mon Sinh hpc vd thigt kg bai giang (chu di hpc tap, hoat dgng trai nghiem, du an hpc tap) va sii dung PPDH tich cue nham gop phin phat trign NL DHNN cho HS.
Tai lieu tham Ithao
[1] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, (2017), ChUdng trinh gido due tdng the (trong ChUdng trinh gido due phd thdng mdi). Ha Noi.
[2] Belinda AesdiUmann - Walter Herzog - Elena Makarova, (2016), How lo foster students' motivation in mathematics and science classes and promte students' STEM career choice, A study in Swiss high schools, Internationa] Journal of Educational Research.
[3] Frans Meijers - Marinka Kuijpers - Chad Gundy, (2013), The relationship between career competencies, career identity, motivation and quality of choice. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance.
[4] Richard Sheldrake - Tamjid Mujtaba - Michael J. Reiss. (2017), Science teaching and students' attitudes and aspirations: The importance of conveying the applications and relevance of science.
International Journal of Educational Research, 85, pp.163-87.
[5] Thomsen, R„ (2014), A Nordic perspective on career competences and guidance - Career choices and career learning.
OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL RESEARCHES ON CAREER ORIENTATION FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS THROUGH TEACHING SUBJECTS AND APPLICATION IN TEACHING BIOLOGY IN VIETNAM
Ho Till Hong VanS Dinh Quang Bao^
'The Vielnam National Inslilute ol Educaiional Scien 101 Tran Hjng Dao. Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vielnam Email vansinhsp%ahoD co m
^Hanoi Naiional Univefsity ol Educalion 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay. Hanoi, Vielnam Email baoclq@hnueedJun
ABSTRACT: The paper has reviewed some international researches on career onentation for high school students. The overview has shown that high school students' career- oriented competencies include students' self-awareness, career exploration and career planning. Moreover, it has indicated that teaching the 'applications of science' context and project-based teaching and inquiry- teaching methods are directly related to the^^
students' interests and career aspirations. Thence, we propose to apply lesson dp-iian and teaching methods to develop career-oriented competence for students in t h'nn Biology subject.
KEYWORDS: Career-oriented competence; new general education curriculum; teach! R' subject.
120 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
