CHAU Mi NGAYNAY SO 02-2019 45
CHINH SACH HO TROf PHAT TRIEN
MOT SO NGANH CONG NGHIEP CUA HOA KY THCn KY TONG THONG OBAMA
Vii Dang Linli*
Tom tat: Tdng thdng Obama nhdm chiic khi kinh te Hoa ky rai vdo khung hodng, dgc biet la nganh cdng nghiep Hoa Ky rai vdo trgng thdi suy gidm ndng ni. Tong thong Obama khi mdi nhdm chiic dd tuyen bd se phuc hdi nganh cdng nghiep vd dem lai viec lam cho ngudi My. Hdng logt chinh sdch hd tra true tiep cho nganh cdng nghiep duac dua ra nhdm phuc hdi san xudt vd ndng cao khd ndng canh tranh ciia nganh cdng nghiep Hoa Ky. Ddng thdi nhiing chinh sdch ddi han nhu chinh sdch phdi trien khoa hgc cdng nghe, chinh sdch giao due, chinh sdch phat then ca sd hg tdng ciing da du^rc thirc thi. Nhieng chinh sdch nay dd ddng gdp tich cue vdo su phuc hdi cua nganh cdng nghiep Hoa Ky. Tuy nhien, mdt sd vdn de cd hieu nhu thdm hut cdn cdn thuang mgi cdng nghiep, hay khd ndng canh tranh suy gidm trong san xudt cdng nghiep vdn chua duac gidi quyet.
Tu khoa: Chinh sach cdng nghiep, chinh sach thuong mai, chinh sach phat frien khoa hgc cdng nghe, chinh sach giao due, chinh sach phat trien co sd ha tang
H
oa Ky trong lich sir lau dai cua minh thudng tuydn bd hg khdng thye hien chinh sach cdng nghidp tdng the. Nhung thye te, Chinh phu Hoa Ky da thudng xuyen hd trg thdc day cac nganh cdng nghiep thdng qua nhieu chinh sach cua minh.Trong chien dich tranh cir tdng thdng, dng Obama dy djnh ban hanh mdt chinh sach cdng nghiep tdng the. Nhung trong sau thang trudc khi dng Obama nham chire, Hoa Ky da phai chiu eude suy thoai kinh td tdi te nhat ke tit nam 1929.
De ho trg cac nganh cdng nghiep, Chinh phu Hoa Ky da phai cung cap mgt khoan kich ciu tti gia 787 nghin ty USD thdng qua Dao luat phyc hdi va tai diu tu
(American Recovery and Reinvestment Act - ARRA) nam 2009 cua My.' Thdng qua khoan ciru trg nay, chinh quyen cua Tdng thdng Obama da thuc Men hang Igat chuong trinh cuu trg true tiep cho cac nganh cdng nghiep ciia Hoa Ky, dac biet la cac nganh cdng nghiep cd vai trd quan trgng vdi ndn kinh te nhu nang lugng, hang khdng vii try, nganh cdng nghiep d td.
Chinh sach hd try true tiep cho cong nghiep
Hoa Ky da danh mdt thdi gian dai trg cip cho nganh cdng nghiep nang lugng, va dieu nay vin dugc tiep tuc dudi thdi Tdng thong Obama. Vao ngay 17/2/2009
,Uy
46 SO 02-2019 CHAU M Y N G A Y N A Y _ dng Obama da ky ARRA thanh luat.
Tac dgng cua ARRA cd the dugc nhm thiy Uong cac khoan tai trg lien bang hien tai va cac khoan tin dung thue dugc phan bd tir ngudi tien nhiem. Tir nam 2000 d6n nam 2015, chinh phu lien bang Hoa Ky da cip 68 ty USD tai trg va phan bd tin dyng thue cho doanh nghiep.^ Gan 600 cdng ty nhan dugc hai phan ba tdng sd nay va sau cdng ty me nhan dugc 1 ty USD trd len: Iberdrola (2,17 ty USD), NextEra Energy (1,94 ty USD), NRG Energy (1,73 ty USD), Southern Company (1,48 ty USD), Summit Power (1,44 ty USD) va SCS Energy (1,25 ty USD).' Tit ca la sau edng ty nSng lugng Idn dugc nhan phin Idn sd tien nay thdng qua Muc 1603 ciia ARRA."* Didu nky cho phep cac cdng ty thiic diy nghien ciru va phat trien nang lugng tai tao. Tdng cdng hem 23 ty USD da dugc trao cho cac cdng ty nang lugng. Chinh quyen Obama ciing da phan bo hang chuc ty dd la cho Bd Nang lugng vao nSm 2009. DSy la mdt phan trong chien luge Idn nhSm chuyen nen kinh te Hoa Ky tir phu thugc vao dau md va than da sang cac nguon nang lugng thay the va giam lang phi nang lugng.
Quy md tai trg nay la chua timg cd, va nd thi hien cac nd luc cua chinh phu nhim djnh hinh loai hinh cdng nghiep va doi mdi trong nen kinh te dan sy theo hudng n3ng lugng xanh. Trg cap cua hen bang cho cac nha san xuit nhien lieu hda thach cung da tang 35% trong nhiem ky tdng thdng ciia dng. Tir nam 2013 den
nam 2014, trg cip cua lien bang cho cac nha san xuit nhien lieu hda thach la 17,2 ty USD, bao gdm khoan miln thue doanh nghiep tri gia 3,9 ty USD cho cac ddi tac han chd chinh va khoan khiu tru vd hinh 2,6 ty USD cho khoan diu khi.' Cac khoan trg cip cho tham dd cua lien bang cDng tang tir 2,6 ty USD nam 2009 len 5,1 ty USD nam 2013.
Htm niJa, do tinh chit phi tap trung cua he thdng chinh tri Hoa Ky, cac khu vuc va tieu bang cd the theo duoi cac muc tieu kinh te va xa hdi cua rieng hg.
Thdng qua chinh sach cdng nghiep dja phuong, nSm edng ty san xuit: Boeing, Alcoa, Intel, General Motors va Ford Motor Company nhan dugc khoan hd trg va khoan trg cip thdng qua cac quy lin lugt la 13,17 ty USD, 5,64 ty USD, 3,87 ty USD, 3,49 ty USD, 2,52 ty USD*.
Trong do 11,7 t^ USD cua Boeing la tit mgt gdi giam thu6 trong nSm 2013. Sd tien Alcoa la mdt khoan teg cip hgp ddng dien giam gia 30 nam bdi Chinh quyen New York, cho phep Alcoa nhan dugc dien cung cip vdi mile gia xip xi mdt phan hr so vdi miic tieu chuin. Bk ddi lay vice giam gia, Alcoa da ddng y dau nr 600 hieu USD vao mdt teong nhung nha may cua nd cd try sd tai bang New York va khdng loai bd hon \5'/, cdng viec t?i nha may.
Cm tra nganh cdng nghiep d to
^ Hoa Ky cd mdt lich suhd tro va thiic day cac nganh cdng nghiep dang ^ j . khd khan. Mdt sd nganh cdng nghiep 33 dugc chinh phu cuu bdi vi cti,-,„
*-iiung CO
CHAUMYNGAYNAY SO 02-2019 47 tim quan tegng chien luge qudc gia, nhu
nganh chd tao may, cdng nghiep d td.
Chinh phu Hoa Ky tham chi da can thiep va thay ddi cau trde quan tei doanh nghiep ciia mgt cdng ty de lam cho nd canh teanh hon. Didu nay dugc the hien qua viec Chinh phu Hoa Ky mua General Motors (GM) teong nam 2008'. Chinh quyen cua Tdng thdng Bush va Obama da cung cap khoan cuu trg 65 ty USD cho Chrysler va GM teong nam 2008 va 2009. Mac du dugc cuu trg, ca hai cdng ty da phai tien hanh pha san cd trat tu theo luat cua Hoa Ky vao nam 2009.
Nhung chinh quyen lo ngai rang chi tidu cuu teg se chi cd y nghia trong ngan ban va khdng ben vilng, dac biet la neu can true quan tri doanh nghiep khdng thay ddi. Do dd, Qudc hgi da chgn phuong an giup cai each cdng ty. Giam ddc didu hanh cua GM da dugc thay the. Ba thang sau khi chii tich va hdi ddng quan tei mdi dugc chgn, cdng ty da tien hanh tki cau tnic lai doanh nghiep thdng qua viec loai bd cac ddng san pham khdng hieu qua, ddng cua cac nha may va giam sd lugng dai ly. Sy can thiep cua chinh phu lam cho cdng ty tang Igi nhuan va sang tao hon. Do dd, mgt GM dugc hdi sinh se ddng vai ted quan trgng trong sy phuc hdi kinh te cua Hoa Ky. Ke tir khi ket thiic quy trinh pha san, GM da lam an cd lai lien tiep 15 quy, thu dugc khoang 20 ty USD Igi nhuan rong nhd doanh sd kha quan d Bac My va Trung Qudc. Sau pha san, GM da dau tu khoang 8,8 ty USD vao cac nha may tai Hoa Ky
va thud them khoang 3.000 cdng nhan, nang tdng sd cdng nhan eda hang tai day Idn 80.000.* Tai teg cua TPEG va ARRA cho phep Chinh phu Hoa Ky mua mdt phan Idn tai san GM vao nam 2009. Tdng cdng Chinh phu Hoa Ky da diu tu 49,5 ty USD, va vao nam 2013 da thu hdi 39 ty USD khi ban cd phin cua minh trong GM. Khoan Id rong khoang 10 ty USD, mdt sd chuydn gia da ISp luan ring gdi cihi teg GM da giO lai dugc 1,2 trieu viec lam va bao toan 34,9 ty USD doanh thu thud'
Vu giai eiiu GM la mdt phan teong chuong teinh giam trir tai san xiu TARP cua Chinh phu Hoa Ky teong thdi gian khiing hoang. Bd Tai chinh Hoa Ky cho biet da chi 421,8 ty USD cho cac vy giai eiiu teong chuong trinh nay va d6n nay da thu hdi lai dugc 432,7 ty USD, bao gdm ca khoan thua Id khi rdt vdn cho GM.
Chinh sdch thiromg mai ho trf xuat khau
Hoa Ky su dung thud quan manh me cho den nhirng nam 1940. Tuy nhien, kd tir dd, quoc gia nay thuang iing hd ty do hda thucmg mai va thdc day thucmg mai ty do. Ddng thdi, tir giOa nhiing nam 1940, miic thue trung binh ma My sir dyng da giam dang kd. My van sil dung chinh sach thuang mai cua minh de giup cac nganh cdng nghiep trong nude bj thiet hai do thuong mai tu do.
Tuy nhien, thue quan hien ddng mdt vai ted nhd hon nhieu trong chien luge nay va trong chidn luge cdng nghiep rgng Idn ban. Didu nay la do mdi trudng
48 SO 02-2019 CHAU MY NGAYNA5L
thuong mai quoc te da trd nen khat khe hem khi ap dung thue quan, dac biet la thugc Td chdc Thucmg mai The gidi (WTO). Thay vao do. My ngay cang su dyng cac co che khac nhu mgt phan cua chinh sach thuong mai cua minh de dat dugc Igi the cho cac nganh cu the bao gdm mua sam chinh phu, hd trg xuat khau, va cac hiep dinh thuong mai song phuong va da phuong.
Vao nam 2009, Obama da dua dieu khoan 'Mua hang My' vao teong ARRA. Dieu nay dat ra yeu cau chung la mgi dy an eg sd ha tang cdng cdng hoac cdng teinh cdng cdng do ARRA tai trg chi dugc su dung sat, thep va cac hang hda san xuat khac dugc san xuat tai Hga Ky. Myc dich cua nd la dam bao ring quy ARRA cho phat trien co sd hj ting, vdi tdng tei gia 105 ty USD, se dugc su dyng de kich thich cac nha san xuit Hoa Ky. Obama ciing uu tien cung cip cac hgp ddng cua chinh phu lien bang cho cac doanh nghiep nhd. Chinh phu cam ket theo ARRA de dam bao ring 23 phan team hgp ddng lidn bang dugc teao cho cac doanh nghiep vita va nhd. Den thang 4 nam 2011, tdng cdng khoang 221 ty USD - tiic 32,6% hgp ddng lien bang da dugc trao cho cac doanh nghiep vira va nhd.'"
Hd tra xudt khdu
Til nhiing nam 1970, Chinh phu Hoa Ky da quan tam dac biet den viec giai quyet vin de tham hyt thuong mai. Cac hiep dinh thuong mai da phucmg va song phuong nham giam bdt rao can
cho cac cdng ty Hoa Ky da trd thanh mdt phan quan tegng teong chien luge cua qudc gia nay. Chidn luge nay da dugc tidp noi dudi thdi Tong thdng Obama. Trong khi dam phan loai bd cac rao can thuong mai, Chinh phu Hoa Ky ciing da thye hien cac budc de thuc day xuat khau bang each lam cho cac nha xuat khau cua My canh tranh hon.
Tdng thdng Obama da dua ra mdt chien luge toan chinh phu de thuc day xuat khiu trong nhiem ky dau tien."
Sang kien xuat khau qudc gia (National Exports Initiative - NEI) la mot phan thiet yen cua chien luge nay. Ra mit vao thang 3 nam 2010, NEI vdi myc tidu tang gap ddi xuit khiu cua Hoa Ky tdi cudi nam 2014. NEI la budc diu tien teong mdt lojt cac budc dugc chinh quyen thuc hien de su dyng cac ngudn lye ciia chinh phu lien bang hd teg cac nha xuit khiu Hoa Ky theo nhieu each, bao gom cac chuong trmh xuc tidn xuat khau, tai trg xuit khiu va dao tao tang cudng hieu biet cho cac nha xuit khiu Hoa Ky ve thi trudng nude ngoai.
van ddng chinh sach da la mdt chidn luge quan trgng ddi vdi chinh quydn Obama. Tit thang 1 nam 2010 d6n thang 9 nam 2012, Trung tam van ddng chinh sach cua Bd Thuong meii Hoa Ky (The Department of Commerce's Advocacy Centte) da phdi hgp mdt nhdm lien nganh de hd trg hang tram doanh nghiep Hoa Ky gianh dugc cac hgp dSng mua sam nude ngoai vdi tdng tri gj- khoang 111 ty USD My. Ben canh do la
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 02-2019 nhung nd luc cua lien bang de thue diy xuit khiu ctla Hoa Ky cho khach hang nude ngoai. Dich vu thucmg mai nude ngoai (Foreign Commercial Service) cd gang xay dyng mdi quan he giira cac nha xuit khiu Hoa Ky va ngudi mua nude ngoai thdng qua mgt sd phuong phap, bao gdm td chure cac chuong teinh khuydn mai teong nude cho cac nha xuat khau ca nhan cua Hoa Ky, phat teien thi trudng teong nude va cac sy kien thuang mai. Cac chuong teinh nay da dua hon 1.100 cdng ty My, trdn 135 phai doan thuong mai den 55 qudc gia, dua htm 35.000 khach hang nude ngoai den tham cac trien ISm thuang mai cua Hoa Ky va ho teg khoang 12.500 edng ty tham gia teien lam thuong mai nude ngoai. Kdt qua, Chinh phu Hoa Ky va Dich vu thuong mai nude ngoai da hd trg cho 73 ty USD xuit khiu tit thang 1 nam 2010 d6n thang 9 nam 2012.'^ Cac nha xuat khiu Hoa Ky cflng cd thd tim kiem hd teg tai chinh thdng qua Ngan hang xuat nh^p khiu (Ex-Im Bank). Ngan hang cung cap bao lanh cho vay, cho vay va bao hidm de giiip cac cdng ty nude ngoai mua hang hda cua My khi cac ngan hang tu nhan khdng cho vay. Sidu nay dac biet phd bien trong cac nganh cdng nghiep nhu hang khdng vii try, nang lugng va san xuat. Nam 2012 la nam cao diem cho vay, ngan hang da md rdng tai chinh Idn 35,8 ty USD (tang 46% teen tdng tai chinh dugc cap teong nam 2010). Trong nam 2012, tdng cdng Ngan hang xuat nhap khau da hd teg
khoang 50 ty USD doanh thu xuit khiu va 255.000 viec lam tren khip Hoa Ky.
Vao thang 1/2015, Tong thdng Obama tuydn bd rang Ngan hang xuit nhap khiu se tai trg I ty USD cho xuit khiu cac san phim 'Made in America' sang An Do. Trong nhiem ky tdng thdng diu tidn, dng Obama cung nhan ra ring tang trudng lidn tyc teong xuat khiu se dya vao viec khuyen khich hang ngan doanh nghiep nhd xuit khiu. Trong nam 2011, cac doanh nghiep vita va nhd chiem 98%
tdng sd nha xuat khau hang hda va 33%
tdng gia tri xuit khau hang hda. Do dd, chinh quydn dS thdc diy tai trg chg cac dganh nghiep vua va nhd de xuit khiu.
Nam 2012, Ngan hang xuat nhap khiu uy quyen sd tidn ky luc teong tai teg xuat khiu cho cac doanh nghiep nhd 6,1 ty USD. Dieu nay da giup hon 3.300 doanh nghiep vita va nhd md rgng dganh sd xuat khiu cua hg teong nam 2012.
Chinh sdch hi trf gidn tiep cho nganh cdng nghiep
Uu tien cho viec diu tu vao nghien eiiu cdng nghe san xuit mdi tjo ra Igi the cho san xuit cua Hoa Ky. Tdng thdng Obama thye hien sy gia tang Idn nhit vd R&D co ban teong Uch sir, dat nen mdng cho nhirng kham pha va cdng nghe mdi se cai thien eugc sdng va tag ra cac-nganh cdng nghiep tuong lai.
Ddng thdi chinh phu cung thiic day phat trien giaa dye nham t?o ra mgt the he lao ddng tuang lai cd trinh do cao dap ling dugc nhu cau lao ddng teong ndn cdng nghiep mdi tidn tien hi$n dai.
50 S 6 02-2019 CHAU MY NGAY NAY, Giao due the he tiep theo vdi kidn thii:c
va ky nang cua the.ky XXI trong khi tag ra mdt lye lugng lao ddng dang cap the gidi. Tdng thong Obama da de xuat cac sang kidn dang ke cai thifn viec day va hgc trong giao due K-12, md rgng tidp can giao due dai hgc va thuc diy thanh tich, sy nghiep eda sinh vien trong STEM" Cudi cung la nhung chinh sach thuc diy phat teidn co sd ha tang phuc vu tdt hon cho san xuat.
Thdng qua Dao luat phyc hdi, Tdng thdng da cam ket dau tu vao ciu, dudng, dudng hang khdng va he thdng ha ting mdm bao gdm cap quang va mang 5G de ket ndi tdt hem ngudi dan va doanh nghiep Hoa Ky.
Chiin luac ddu tu vdo cdng nghe vd ddi mdi
Hoa Ky tir lau da la mgt qudc gia cua nhiing ddi mdi. Day la khdi ngudn cua Internet, ngay nay kdt ndi ba ty ngudi tren khip thd gidi. Cac nha khoa hgc va ky su ngudi My da giai ma bd gen cua con ngudi, phat minh ra chat ban dan va dua loai ngudi Idn mat trang'''. Ddi vdi mdt ndn kinh te tien tien nhu Hoa Ky, doi mdi la ngudn gdc ciia tang trudng kinh te. Trong khi nhieu qudc gia cd the phat trien bang each ap dung cac cdng nghe hien cd vao kinh doanh, Hoa Ky phai lien tyc ddi mdi vi ccng nhan va cac cdng ty cua Hoa Ky vin ludn dugc nhan dinh la ngudi dan dau vd cdng nghe. Ddi mdi cung la mgt cdng cu manh me dd giai quyet cac thach thiic cip bach nhat cua Hoa Ky,
ciing nhu cho phdp nhidu ngudi My co eugc sdng lau dai hon, khde manh ban va tdt han.
Ke tir eude dai suy thoai, kha nang canh teanh cua cac doanh nghiep Hoa Ky da suy giam dang kd. Chinh phd Hoa Ky thuc day tinh thin kinh doanh trong san xuit bang each kliuyen khich ddi mdi va sang tao. Thudng xuydn ddi mtii dem lai Igi the canh tranh va Igi nhuan Idn cho nen kinh te ndi chung, nhimg cac doanh nghiep cd xu hudng giam diu tu teong ddi mdi vdi nhirng Igi ich cdng ma khdng phuc vy Igi ich cua hg. Vi du, teong ITnh vyc nang lugng, khi hau va an ninh qudc gia vdi Igi ich dang ke do cac chuong trinh nang lugng sach mang lai hgn la Igi ich tai chinli cho cac doanh nghiep ca nhan. Ben canh dd viec tai ciu tnic cac doanh nghiep san xuit cdng nghiep va dinh vi lai vi tei din diu cua san xuat Hoa Ky di nim bit dugc lye lugng san xuit tien tidn cua thd he tiep theo ddng vai trd quan tegng teong ki hoach hanh ddng ciia chinli quyin Obama. Dao luat Phyc hdi dugc thye hien nhu mdt tac dgng dang ke va bd sung cac bien phap khac quan ly di khuyin khich ddi mdi. Dao luat Phuc hdi cung cap hon 3 ty USD cho Quy khoa hgc qudc gia va 1 ty USD cho Co quan hang khdng va khdng gian quoc gia."
Dao luat nay ciing tang cudng hd trg cho Vien tieu chuin va cdng nghe, cung cip cac du an nghien ciiu nang cao cho Co quan nang lugng vdi 400 teieu USD tai trg. Co quan nang lugng cd teach nhiem
CHAU Mi NGAY NAY SO 02-2019 nghien eihi cdng nghe nang lugng bien ddi. Cho din nay nd da di tidn phong nghien ciiu nhien lieu sinh hgc the he thii hai. Trong Dao lujt Phyc hdi chinh phu ciing cung cap hon 90 ty USD diu tu va cac uu dai thue cho nang lugng sjeh.
Muc dich cua cac khoan dau tu la giup tao ra viec lam mdi, giam sy phu thugc vao dau md nude ngoai, tang cudng an ninh nang lugng qudc gia va cai thien mdi trudng. Tdng thdng Obama lan dau tidn de xuat thanh lap Mang ludi san xuat qudc gia ddi mdi ttong ngan sach nam 2013 cua mbh, 1 ty USD dugc tai teg di ho teg thanh l$p 15 vien nghien cdu. Ong chinh thiic gidi thieu khai niem nay vao ngay 9/3/2012, trong mdt bai phat biiu tai CO sd san xuit dia dgng co phan luc Rolls-Royce Crosspointe d Virginia".
Bdn canh dd, chinh sach khoa hgc cdng nghe cua Chinh phu Hoa Ky vita tryc tidp ddng gdp cdng nghe mdi cho san xuit cdng nghiep vira khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep diu tu ddi mdi, cai tidn cdng nghe nang cao nang suat va tao ra cdng nghe mdi. Chinh quyen Obama chii ttgng diu tu R&D vao cac linh vyc cd tiem nang trd thaiih cac cdng nghe tuong lai, dac biet la cac khoan dau tu vugt qua kha nang cua doanh nghiep hoac cac nghien eiiu cdng nghe CO ban chira dyng rui ro cao. Cac nghidn ciru nay bao gdm: Nghien ciiu ca ban tai cac trucmg dai hgc; Nghien cihi irng dung di hd ttg cac nganh edng nghiep quan tegng nhu y te, nang lugng, khdng gian, van tai, an ninh qudc gia;
Chia sd ngudn lye giila cac co sd nghien eiiu; Phat triin lye liigng lao ddng chuyen mdn.
Chinh phu da uu tidn diu tu R&D vao nhirng ITnh vyc cd tidm nang di ted thanh nganh cdng nghiep ttong tuong lai bao gdm:
- sang kidn Cdng nghe nang qudc gia dang nang cao kha nang cua Hoa Ky di hieu va kidm soat vat chit d miic nano.
- Sang kien vat lieu Genome" dugc thiet ke vdi muc dich giam thdi gian va chi phi can thiet d6 san xuit vat lieu mdi it nhit 50%.
- sang kien san xuat Robot qudc gia tim each day nhanh sy phat ttiin va su dyng robot thdng minh thd he mdi.
- Sang kiin nghien cim va phat triin dir lieu Idn dang nang cao kha nang trich xuat nhiing hieu biit tir cac bd dii lieu Idn.
- Diu tu vao nghien ciiu va phat ttien tti tu? nhan tao.
- Diu tu vao nghidn ciiu cac cdng cy va sy hiiu biit can thiit trong he thdng sinh hgc, y ti.
- Diu tu nghien ciiu nang lugng sach.
- Diu tu vao he thdng cap quang nang cao chit lugng cua ha ting mem phyc vu cho san xuat.
Nhttng chinh sach thiic day khoa hgc cdng nghe thiic day phat trien san xuat tiep tyc ddng vai ted quan trgng vdi Haa Ky. Bdn canh dd nhiing cdng nghe mdi nay cflng ddng gdp quan ttgng cho Igi the canh tranh ttong san xuat edng nghiep cua Hoa Ky ttong tuong lai.
52 SO 02-2019 CHAUMYNGAYNAY,
Ddu tu mgo hiem
Lay cam hiing tir thanh cdng cua cac nha diu tu mao hiim d Thung Iflng Silicon, nhieu co quan hen bang Hoa Ky da thanh lap cac sang kien dau tu mao hiem cdng cdng (Venture Investment - VC) cua ridng hg. Khdng gidng nhu cac quy tu nhan, vdi myc dich kiem tidn, cac co quan chinh phu su dung cac quy nay de phat trien, dieu chinh va dinh hinh cac cdng nghe kha thi phyc vu cho nhu cau cua chinh hg.
Md hinh VC cflng cho phep cac co quan chinh phu tao ra cac mang ludi ddi mdi tap trung vao cac cdng ty nhd nang ddng. Dieu nay tao ra mdt mdi trudng cd igi cho cac doanh nghiep vira va nhd nghien ciru san xuat cdng nghe cao vi hg thay dl dang phat triin cac cdng nghe tien tien va kha thi ve mat thugng mai trong cac mang nay. Quy VC cap lien bang dau tien dugc Co quan Tinh bao Trung uong (CIA) thanh lap vao nam 1999 la In-Q-Tel. Vdi ngan sach ban dau 28 teieu USD, muc tieu cua quy dau tu nay la dau tu vao phat trien cac edng nghe thuang mai cd tiem nang thi teudng va cd the dugc ap dung hojc dieu chinh de dap ling cac yeu can cua CIA.
Trong nhung nam 2000, md hinh dau tu mao hilm nay da sinh sdi nay nd gitta cac CO quan iidn bang Hoa Ky d ca khu vyc quan sy va phi quan sy, bao gdm Quan ddi, Hai quan, Co quan Hang khdng va Vfl try qudc gia, Lidn minh Cdng nghe qudc gia va Bd Nang hrgng.
Trong chiin dich tranh cu tdng thing vao nam 2008, dng Obama da dua vao ke hoach quy VC tri gia 15 ty USD cho cac cdng nghe nang lugng sach. Cac chuong teinh VC lien bang tiep tuc thiic diy mdi quan he chat che vdi cac cdng ty cdng nghe nhd va cdng ddng diu tu mao hiem, dac biet la trong Bd Nang lugng. Cac tieu bang Hoa Ky cung dang sir dyng cac quy VC. Nam 2015, tidu bang New York da ra mat Quy dau tu mao hiem ddi mdi sang tao cua ridng minh. Vdi ngan sach 100 trieu USD, quy hat gidng va VC giai doan diu nay tim each hd trg va thu hut cac doanh nghiep tang trudng cao mdi din vdi tieu bang. Nd dac biet tap trung vao viec thuc diy thuang mai hda cac cdng nghe mdi, tang trudng kinh t i va tao viec lam. Trong nam 2013, cd 36 chuong trinh VC cip nha nude tai 30 tidu bang da tham gia Sang kidn tin dung doanh nghiep.
Chinh sdch bao ve vd md rong ddu tu trong ngudn nhan luc
Dao luat Phuc hdi ddng gdp quan trgng teong bao ve va md rgng ngudn nhan lye cua Hoa Ky. Nhilu chinh sach giiip ngudi lao ddng kit ndi tdt hon vdi cdng viec, dil la thdng qua cai each bao hiem that nghiep hoac trg cip vice lam trong cac quy khin cip, tit ca da giup bao ve ngudn nhan luc cua Hoa Ky cac khoan diu tu dang kl va cai each trong giao due la rit quan trgng dd thuc sy md rgng va nang cao chit lugng ngudn nhan lye.
CHAUMYNGAYNAY SO 02-2019 53 Tdng thing Obama da cip 4 ty USD
cho cai each giao due "Vuon tdi vi tri din diu" (Race to the Top)" ttdn co sd canh teanh cho cac bang vdi tieu chuan nghidm ngat hon; thdng qua cac he thing dtt lieu tdt hem ie cung cip thdng tin vl sy tien bd cua hgc sinh; giiip giao vien va nha lanh dao cac trudng boat dgng hieu qua hon; va cung cap hd trg vdi cac can thidp nghiem ngat cin thiet chg cac trudng hgc trinh dg thap nhat.
Tdng thdng Obama cung da dua ra ke hoach cung cap 12 ty USD cho cac trudng cao dang cdng ddng trong 10 nam dl cai tien cac ehucmg ttinh giao dye va dao tao nghe. Tinh den nam 2015 Chinh phd Hoa Ky da cung cap 9,1 ty USD cho cac trudng cao dang cdng ddng.™ Day la mdt chuong trinh tai trg canh teanh dugc thidt ke de khuyen khich va khen thudng cac trudng thuc hien cai each quan tegng nham thu hep khoang each thanh tich va cai thien ket qua hgc sinh, bao gdm ca danh gia sinh vien tdt ban; he thing dtt lieu tdt hon dd cung cap cho giao vien va phu huynh thdng tin ve sy tiln bd cua hgc sinh; budc mdi dd phat tridn va hd teg giao vien hieu qua; va nhttng nd lye nang cao chat lugng trudng hgc chat lugng thap. Tinh ddn nam 2015, 19 bang da nhan dugc tai trg ty cac quy trdn; va dd canh teanh 34 bang da sua ddi luat va chinh sach giao dye bang de cai thien giao dye. Dao luat Phuc hdi cflng md rgng chuong trinh Pell Grant, nang cap tdi da cac khoan tai tro cho sinh vidn
tir 4.731 USD din 5.550 USD. Chinh sach nay sau dd dugc md rgng bdi Dao luat ciiu trg thul, bao hilm thit nghiep tai phe chuan va tao viec lam nam 2010 va Luat thul ciiu trg My nam 2012.
Viec thdng qua Dao luat cham sdc sdc khde va giao due nam 2010 cho phep md rgng hgn ntta giai thudng Pell Grant.
Nhiing nd lye de md rgng eg hdi giag dye cao hon da giup cac ca nhan cung eg cac ky nang cua hg trong mgt thi trucmg viec lam canh tranh. Ket qua la, cac chuong teinh Pell Grant cung cip 36,5 ty USD vien trg cho hon 8,8 teieu sinh vien dai hgc, cao dang trong nam tai chinh 2010, so vdi khoang mdt niia lugng vien trg 18,3 ty USD cho 6,2 teieu sinh vien teong nam tai chinh 2008.^'
Chinh sach giao due cung dugc Tdng thing Obama nhan manh se tao ra dugc mdt thi he ngudi lao dgng mdi cd trinh do ky thuat cao nham dap iing ydu ciu cua mdt nen san xuat tien tien hon va nang cao kha nang canh teanh eda nude My. Chuong trinh vuon tdi vi tri din diu uu tien xay dung he thdng giao due STEM dugc chinh quyen Obama chd tegng. Chuong trinh nay bao gdm viec chuin bi va phat triln giao vidn STEM, thanh lap cac trudng hgc tap teung vao STEM, hoac ap dung cac phuong phap tilp can mdi dl giang day cdng ngh? va ky thuat. Ngoai ra, Tdng thdng Obama cflng da dua ra chidn dich giao due sang tao de kit hgp lien minh cac cdng ty, cac quy va cac td chile phi Igi nhuan.
Kit qua cua chuong temh giao due STEM
54 SO 02-2019 CHAU MY NGAYJjAY, se cd ddng gdp to Idn trong ddi mdi va
phat teien cua Hoa Ky teong thi ky XXI, dd la cd lye lugng lao dgng dugc dao tao v l khoa hgc - cdng nghe, ky thuat va toan hgc tir lau da la trgng tam ddng gdp vao viec san xuat cac san pham tdt hon va thdng minh hon, nang cao chat lugng cham sdc siic khoe, phat trien cac ngudn nang lugng sach va hieu qua ban, bao ve mdi trudng va phat tridn nin kinh tl. Dd la ly do tai sao Tdng thdng Obama chu ttgng vao chuong trinh giao dye nhim ddng gdp cho Hoa Ky mdt lye lugng lao ddng trinh do cao dap ling yeu cau cua mdt nen san xuat tien tien trong tuong lai.
Chinh sdch phat trien ca sd hg tdng phiic vu sdn xudt
Dao luat Phuc hdi da tai ttg gin 50 ty USD cho cai thien co sd ha tang cua Hoa Ky," khoan diu tu nay khdng chi t?o ra cdng an viec lam, ma cdn thuc diy ddi mdi va tang trudng kinh te teong dai ban, md rgng co hdi va nang cao nang lye canh tranh tdng the cua nin kinh tl Hoa Ky.
Tdng thing Obama da thuc hien tang cudng diu tu vao mang ludi van tai hang hda qudc gia dl dam bao rang cac doanh nghiep cd chudi cung ling tdt hon. Chuong trinh nay ciing bao gdm viec tang cudng hd ttg cho cac he thdng van tai tidn tiln nhu xe buyt van chuyin nhanh - khuyin khich kha nang lien ket khu vyc va su di chuyin cua ngudi lao ddng, cflng nhu ho ttg cho hien dai hda he thdng giao thdng hang khdng cua
Cue Quan ly Hang khdng Lien bang.
Thdng qua Sang kiln diu tu xay dung, Chinh quydn Obama cung dua vdn tu nhan va chuydn gia vao phat triin O sd h? tang de nganh van tai cd thi hudng Igi tir sy ddi mdi cua khu vyc tu nhan teong thilt kl, ky thuat va xay dvmg.
Chinh quyln Obama khdng chi tang cudng dau tu phat ttien co sd ha tang yen ca nude, ma cdn thye hien cac budc dl nang cap co sd ha tang cua Hoa Ky trd nen thdng minh han, nang cao hieu qua va tiet kiem.
Phat ttiln co sd ha tang mem cQng dugc chinh quyen cua Tdng thdng Obama chu ttgng. Chinh phu Hoa Ky da danh 7,2 ty USD ttong Dao luat Phyc hdi cho phat teien he thdng bang thdng rgng va mang khdng day d khu vyc thanh thi va ndng thdn.^'
Tdng thdng Obama da cdng bd mdt sang kiln teong nam 2010 de cai tiln co sd ha tang khdng day eua Hoa Ky, teong nam 2011 dng da cdng bd Sang kiln mang khdng day toan qudc tdc do cao (4G) hoat ddng it nhit 98 phin team toan qudc. Nam 2015, Hoa Ky da dat dugc 98 phin team myc tidu. Tdng thing cflng kdu ggi Cyc quan ly thdng tin va vidn thdng qudc gia phdi hgp vdi Uy ban truyln thdng lidn bang xay dyng dai bang tan va bang thdng rgng 500 megahertz cho dien thoai di ddng va cd dinh vao nam 2020. Nhung nd luc nay se thuc diy ddi mdi, kich thich tang trudng kinh ti va tao ra viec lam dang kl cho tucmg lai cua Hoa Ky.
CHAU MY NGAYNAY 55 Tu nam 2009-2014, Chinh phu Hoa
Ky da diu tu hon 4 ty USD vao phat teiln bang thdng rgng de xay dyng co sd ha ting mang, thiet lap cac trung tam may tinh edng cdng va phat trien dao tao ve ky thuat sd. Chuong trinh da xay dyng, nang cap hon 114.000 d|m sgi cap quang va ket ndi vdi hon 26.000 td chiic cdng ddng cung nhu trudng hgc va thu vien. Chinh quyen cung da hd trg triln khai mang tdc do cao d ndng thdn. Trong nam 2009, Dao luat Phuc hdi da cung cap 2,5 ty USD thdng qua dich vy ti?n ich ndng thdn cita Bd Ndng nghiep Hoa Ky cho bang rdng phyc vy ndng thdn.^''
Mot so danh gia
Sau hang loat chinh sach hd teg cua chinh phu, nganh cdng nghiep cua Hoa Ky cd sy tang trudng san lugng trd lai tit nam 2010, tiic la mgt nSm sau khung hoang, Gia tei gia tang ciia nganh cdng nghiep, cd nhiing cai thien dang ke. Tit gia tej thip nhit 1.727 ty USD nam 2009 san lugng cdng nghi?p cd sy tang trudng ddu dan qua cac nam . Mac du gia tti san lugng nganh cdng nghiep cd sy tang Idn dang kl, nam 2015 dat 2167,8 ty USD, tdc do tang trudng eua nganh cdng nghidp la khdng dn dinh.
Sau khi tang manh tren 4% nam giai doan 2010-2012, tdc do tang trudng cua nganh edng nghidp cd xu hudng tang cham lai dao ddng xung quanh 3% giai doan 2013-2015^' Trong nganh san xuat cdng nghidp nam 2015 thu hut
12,3 trieu vide lam, neu so sanh vdi tten 13 trieu vide lam nim 2008 cd thi thiy rang cdn khoang I trieu viec lam da mat di so vdi trudc khung hoang." Mdt sd van dl cdn tdn tai vdi nganh cdng nghiep Hoa Ky nhu qudc gia nay cd ty le cao nhat ve thue tinh gdp ca thud hen bang nha nude so vdi cac ddi tac thugng mai Idn eua hg. Muc thud doanh nghiep cao lam giam kha nang canh ttanh cua cac doanh nghiep san xuat Hoa Ky. Ngay ca cac doanh nghiep san xuat trong nude cflng cd xu huong dau tu vao nhung qudc gia cd miic thue dganh nghidp thap hon de tang Igi nhuan. Tham hyt thugng mai cdng nghidp cua Hoa Ky dang cd xu hudng tang va dat miic ky luc 524,2 ty USD nam 2014, tiic la tang 76,8 ty USD tuong duong 17,6% so vdi nam 2013.
Cdng ddn tir nam 2000-2014, Hoa Ky tham hyt thuang mai hang hda tdng cdng 6455,95 ty USD, day la mdt con sd khdng Id dang lo ngai ddi vdi nin kinh te Hoa Ky. Trong tham hyt thuang mai eua Hoa Ky, Trung Quoc la qudc gia ehilm ty tegng Idn nhit 65,8% tuong duong 345 ty USD nam 2014. Tham hyt thuong mai hang hda cua Hoa Ky vdi Trung Qudc tang lien tuc tir nam 2000 tdi nay, tu con sd 83,9 ty USD ddn nam 2014 tham hyt thuong mai hang hda cua Hoa Ky vdi Trung Qudc da tang hon 4 lin. Tham hyt thuang mai cua Hoa Ky vdi khu vyc EU cung tang gan 3 lan tir nam 2000 la 56,3 ty USD ddn nam 2014 la 146,3 tyUSD^*
56 S 6 02-2019 CHAU M Y N G A Y N A ^ L
Co thi thiy ring, T6ng thong Obama da thuc hien he thfing chinh sach co nhimg dong gop dang ke cho nganh cong nghiep cua Hoa Ky. Chinh phu thirc hien vai tro di6u tiet va can thiep vao nhung nganh cong nghiep then chot dang gap Icho khan ciia Hoa Ky nhu nganh cong nghiep nang lucmg, cong nghiep che tao 6 to. Ben canh do, chinh quySn Obama da thuc hien nhirng giai phap khic phuc khiem khuyet ciia thi trucmg, nhu tang cucmg dau tu cho nghien cuu ca ban, thiic day phat trien giao due va phat tridn co so ha tang.
Theo nhieu chuyen gia danh gia, Tong thdng Obama da co nhiing dong gop tich cue hon so vai vi tong thong tien nhiem trong viec h6 tro va thiic day phat tridn cong nghiep cua Hoa Ky.
Tuy nhien, Hoa Ky can mot chinh sach t6ng thd dd h6 trg nganh cong nghidp dky dii hon, bdn canh do van de thud su4t va tham hut thuang mai se la nhimg cau hoi cho t6ng thong tiep theo cua Hoa Ky tra lori n h ^ phuc hung nganh cong nghidp va duy tri vi the dan dau vd san xuat cong nghiep ciia Hoa Ky trong tuang lai •
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