Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 " Nganh Dau khi Viet Nam tnfdc them theky 21'
BAN VE NGUON GOC DAU THO DST#1 TAI GIENG KHOAN BIO - STB - IX, TRUNG H A NOI
KS. Nguyen Thi Dau KS. Nguyen Xuan Thanh KS. Phiing Hoai Anh Vien Dau khf
T O M T A T rt t^it fty^'wrT? :**r^V
Nam 1996. cdng ty Anzoil Ptc. Ltd. phat hien diu trong da mdng cacbonat trudc De Tam tai gieng khoan B10 - STB - IX khoan a phia Ddng Bie trung Ha Ndi. Su kien nay da thu hut su chu y ciia khdng it can bd lam cdng tac tham dd dau khi. Dia hda diu khi cin lam sang td ngudn gdc da me da sinh ra diu nay degdp phin huu ich cho cdng tac tim kiem, tham dd diu khi a trung Ha Ngi.
Miu diu tai do sau 1220 - 1230m, gieng khoan BIO - STB - 1X da dugc phan tich GC va GCMS tai phdng thi nghiem dia hda Vien Diu khi. Dua vao ket qua phan tieh, mot sd dae trung dia hda ciia miu eho phep dua ra nhffng ket luan ve da me sinh dau DSTttI tai gieng khoan BIO - STB - 1X nhu sau:
1. Dame la set ket ting dgng trong mdi trudng dim hd.
2. Vat chat huu ea (VCHC) ehii yeu la tao nude nggt nhung vin cd su ddng gdp cua thuc vat bac cao.
3. Mffe do trffdng thanh cua da me chua cao (tuang duang vdi 0.6-0,8%Ro).
4. Tuoi eiia da me khdng CO han De Tam.
cosdoCruEU „,. .
Bai viet sd dung ke't qua phan tich sac ky khf mau dau toan phan (GC Whole oil); sac ky long tach thanh phan dau (LC); sac ky khf va sac ky khdi phd thanh phan hydrocacbon no ciia mau dau DST#1 GK BIO - STB - IX; ke't qua phan tieh Roek-Eval, do phan xa viirinite (Ro), LC, GC mau vun khoan eiia GK D14 - STL - IX. Ngoai ra cgn tham khao eae bao eao dja hda d trung Ha Ndi va be Sdng Hdng, nhan xet ciia Cdng ty Geoteeh ve m l u dau DST#1 GK BIO - STB - IX. Tren thue te, phat hien dau nay khdng ed y nghTa edng nghiep nhung da thu hiit su ehii y eiia nhieu can bd lam edng tac tim kiem, tham dd dau khL Van de ngudn gdc eiia dau DST#1 ehda trong da cacbonat tudi Devon tai do sau 1200 - 1230m GK B10 - STB - IX (Hinh 1) da dugc mdt sd tac gia de cap tdi trong mdt sd bao eao.
Theo ke't qua phan tieh sac ky khf ban dau m i u dau toan phan tai phdng thi nghiem Oja hoa - Vien Dau khf, tac gia Le Nhu Tieu eho rang day la dau binh thudng, ehua bj phan huy sinh vat va la dau parafin.
Dau duge sinh ra tU da me la set tuang dd'i trudng thanh, ehda VCHC luc dia la chii yeu (Hinh 2, 3). [15]
Cdng ty Geoteeh phan tfeh GC va GCMS da eho rang dau thd nay ed ngudn gdc hon hgp, dugc sinh ra tu da me chua VCHC luc dia lang dgng trong mdi trudng fluvial-deltaic cd tinh khd. Dau dugc tach ra td da me tuang dd'i trudng thanh (d khoang nhiet do 125 - 140°C).
T R A O O d i
Theo ke't qua phan tfeh dja hoa cac mau set, bdt ke't phu tren da mdng cacbonat tai GK BIO - STB - 1X, gia trj TOC eao nha't ehi dat 0,38% - rat ngheo va khdng dat tieu chuan da me ve ham lugng VCHC.
Oieu dd ehung td dau da di cu td nai khae den. Miu dau DST#1 tai GK B10 - STB - 1X da duge phan tfeh them thanh phan nhdm eiia phan doan hydrocacbon C^^\ GC va GCMS tren phan doan hydrocacbon no 0,5* tai phdng thi nghiem Dia hoa - Vien Dau khi. Tren ca sd ket qua phan tieh mdi ed the dua ra nhung
Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau khi Viet Nam tnfdc them theky 21'
nhan xet ve ngudn gdc VCHC va mdi trudng lang dgng eua da me da sinh ra dau nay nhu sau:
1. Nguon vat lieu hffu cd va moi tru'dng lang dong tram tich a. Ket qua phan tich thanh phan (LC) va sac ky khi (GC)
• Thanh phan nhdm cua phan doan C^^* thu dugc tU tach thanh phan dau thd DST#1 cho thay dau thude loai parafin vdi thanh phan hydrocacbon no cao (78,50%) va hydrocacbon tham thap (10%). Hgp phan nang kha cao: nhua chiem 7,5% va asphalten chiem 4%; ty sd HC no/HC tham trong dau dat 7,85 chdng td dau dugc tach ra td da me ed do trudng thanh trung binh (tuang duang 0,6 - 0,8%Ro).
Phan tfeh GC hgp phan hydrocacbon no C^j" thu dugc tU LC eho thay phan bd n-alkane nhe tU nC,5- nCjo trdi han han phan bd n-alkane n C20' the hien qua ehi sd ALKIND = nC,; /(C17 -i- nC27) = 71,84 phan bd nay la dau hieu eiia ngudn VCHC td tao. Tfnh trdi eiia n-alkane ed sd nguyen td cacbon le so vdi n-alkane ed sd nguyen td cacbon chin (CPl-1 = 1,07 va CPl-2 = 1,13) trong phan bd C20* la dac trung cua dau sinh ra td da me cd ngudn gdc lue dja mac du tfnh trdi nay khdng the hien rd tren phd sac ky (Hinh 4). Bie'u dd quan he Pris/nC^ va Phy/nCig cho thay da me duge lang dgng trong mdi trudng dam hd (Hinh 5).
Ty sd Phs/Phy la thdng sd phan anh mdc do dxy hoa khd cua mdi trudng tren ca sd su thanh tao uu tien phytane td phytol ciia diep lue td (chlororophyll trong mdi trudng khd) [27]. Tuy nhien, khdng loai trd nhdng ngudn khae eung tao phytane va pristane nhu bisphytanyl ether cd trong mang te bao ciia loai halophilic archaebacteria phat then rat manh trong mdi trudng man va tocopheryl tU tocopherol tao ra phytene va pristene trong qua trinh diagenesis (Didyk va n.n.k., 1978; Ten Haven va n.n.k., 1985 va 1988;
Brassell va n.n.k.,1983). Thdng sd nay cdn phu thude vao mdc do trudng thanh eua da me, do trudng thanh eiia da me cang eao thi ty sd nay cang eao. Ty sd Pris/Phy hoi eao (3,87) so vdi ty sd Phs/Phy trong eac dau thd dien hinh cd ngudn gdc dam hd nude nggt (< 3) nhung lai thap so vdi dau thd dien hinh cd ngudn gdc deltaic (> 4.5) da gap d them luc dja Viet Nam. Nhu vay, da me sinh ra dau nay cd the' da duge lang dgng trong mdi trudng dam hd d dieu kien tuang ddi khd. Van de nay se duge de cap chi tiet han trong phan sau tren ea sd ke't qua phan tfeh sac ky khdi phd.
Phan tfeh sac ky khdi phd duge thue hien tren phan doan hydrocacbon no 0^5* cho thay nhung dae trung ve ngudn gde vat chat hdu ea va mdi trudng tram tfeh sau:
b. Phan manh m/z 123
• C14-C16 Bicyclic sesquiterpanes (Hinh 6)
Hg cae'eau td nay d§ dang duge djnh dang tren phan manh m/z 123 va chung cd mat trong hau het cac loai dau thd. Ngudn gde ed the eiia eae bicyclic sesquiterpane bao gdm tri- va pentaeyelic terpanoids td thue vat bae eao hay td hopanoid trong qua trinh diagenesis (Alexander va n.n.k., 1984). Tuy nhien, nhdng bicyclic sesquiterpanes xuat hien trong ke't qua phan tfeh vdi ham lugng cao, dac biet la 8p(H)-drimane (Bi=14.2) va 8p(H)-homodrimane (45,04). Bieu hien nay thudng quan sat thay trong eae m l u dau cd ngudn gdc dam hd die'n hinh da gap d them lue dja Viet Nam. (Dac diem nay da duge Philip va n.n.k., 1981; Noble va n.n.k., 1987 nghien cdu va cdng bd')[23].
c. Phan manh m/z 191 (Hinh 7)
• Tricyclic terpanes(Ci9-C29 hay T l - T i l )
Cac thclyelie terpanes duge tao thanh td nhdng san pham trao ddi chat thdng thudng cua sinh vat nhu polyprenols ed trong eau true mang eiia eac sinh vat prokaryotie tren ea sd hieu dng vdng hoa Markovnikov (Geissman, 1969; Ourisson va n.n.k., 1982; Aquino Neto va n.n.k., 1982; Moldowan va n.n.k.,1983). Tricyclic terpanes thudng xuat hien vdi nhung ham lugng khae nhau trong mdt sd m l u dau ed
Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau khf Viet Nam trffdc them theky 21'
Hinh 1. Sa dd vi tri gieng khoan B10 - STB - IX
Alkanes mach nhanh phCrc tap
Alkanes mach nhanh
\ \ \ \
\ \ \ \
2 L y Nguyen sinh \ \
* ^ - ^ Dich chuyen \ 9 0 I . ^ , ^ ^ N . . .
90 80 70 50 50 40 30 20 10
C: mach thing Ailcanes mach nhanh don gian
Hinh 2. Phan bd C7 - Alkane - Dau chua bj phan huy
90 80 70 60 DO 40 30 20 10
C, mach thang Allones mach vong
Hinh 3. Dau duae sinh ra tu da me la set
Hoi nghi KHCN 2000 "Nganh Diu khi Viet Nam tnfdc them theky2r
_JLJ^'
ilWllu m-
MAi >th>M-.KJX.if .j.U^Liij|ij_^ ^O C O C O O O O
O Si Ct c tw
Hinh 4. Phd sac ky C15 + Saturates 100
0.1 10 100
Hinh 5. Bieu dd xac dinh mdi tn/dng lang dgng vat chat huu co
Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau khi VietNam trffdc them theky 21'
Hinh 6. Bicyclic sesquiterpanes vdi ndng dd cao trong dau chdng minh da me duge tao thanh trong mdi trudng Lacustrine
I.ISO.OOO -
Phong thf nghiem VDK Mau DST#1 GK B10-STB-1X D6sau1220-1230m
Sac l<y kho'i phd hop phan no (Phan bo cCia Hopane)
m/z 191.20
Tl T l T3
• 1«4-1
J 1 .L£JLU_C
-lir.n
Hinh 7. Dau dugc tach ra tU da me lang dgng trong mdi trudng dam hd nude nggt ed tfnh khd tudng ddi trudng thanh va tudi khdng cd han Oe Tam
rioi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau khi Viet Nam trffdc them theky 21'
ngudn gde dam hd va bien. Oiem quan trgng la eae cau td nay khdng the djnh dang trong cae dau thd duge sinh ra tU da me ehda ehii yeu la VCHC td thue vat bae eao. Ham lugng cua chiing thugng gia tang ciing vdi su gia tang mdc do trudng thanh nhiet eiia da me. Su xuat hien eac eau td nay vdi ham lugng thap (H,, = T5/G = 2,83) eho thay da me cd the da lang dgng trong mdi trudng ngap nude. Them vao dd, C26 Tricyclic terpanes (peak T8) tuang ddi phd bien so vdi C25 Tricyclic terpanes (peak T7) chdng td da me ed ngudn gdc dam hd nude nggt. Dieu nay rat phii hgp vgi ke't luan td ket qua sac ky khf duge de cap d phan tren.
• Tetracyclic terpanes
Cac cau td nay cung duge djnh dang vdi ham lugng thap trong ke't qua phan tfeh (H^j = $/G = 3,97).
Oae biet la su xuat hien cae eau td 10 - desA - Oleanane va Lupane (cae peak 24/4-1, 24/4-2, va 24/4-3) vdi ham lugng tudng dd'i so vdi hopane la H12.1 = 3,75 va H12.2 - 0.96. Ngudn gde ehinh xae ciia cae ca'u td nay chua dugc nghien cdu ky. Tuy nhien, chiing duge eho la san pham phan huy ciia loai hat kfn Angiosperm da xuat hien td ky Creta mudn va tdn tai tdi ngay nay. Su xuat hien ciia nhung cau td nay trong dau phan tich cd the la dau hieu eiia ngudn VCHC td thuc vat bac cao cu the la loai Angiosperm. Nhung ca'u td nay eung . dugc djnh dang trong cae mau dau ed ngudn gde VCHC td thuc vat bae eao d Taiwan (Philip va n.n.k.,
1995).'
• 18a(H)-0leanane
Cau td nay (peak 01) duge djnh dang trong m i u vdi ham lugng tuang dd'i phd bie'n so vdi hopane H^
= 01/G = 18,54%. Oleanane duge cho la cd ngudn gdc td thue vat bae eao Angiosperm va diem quan trgng la eau td nay khdng dugc djnh dang trong dau sinh ra td da me ed tudi cd han De Tam. Nhieu mau dau lay tu them luc dja Viet Nam va cae nude khae nhu dau lay td be tram tieh Gippsland (Australia) va Taranaki (New Zealand) eung ed bieu hien tuang tu. Su xuat hien eae eau td nay trong ke't qua phan tfeh eho thay da me cd tudi khdng ed han Oe Tam va ed su ddng gdp ciia VCHC td thuc vat bac eao Angiosperm.
• Hopanes [C^i • C35)
Cae Hopanes dugc djnh dang trong hau het cae mau dau thd, ehung ed ngudn gde td vi khuan [21].
Su phan bd ciia nhdng hopane md rdng tU C31-C35 la dau hieu de danh gia mdc do oxy hoa khd ciia mdi trudng lang dgng tram tieh. Dai phan bd giam manh d khoang C31-C35 mdt lan nda chdng td da me da lang dgng trong mdi trudng lacustrine ed tinh khd. Phan bd nay tuang tu nhu phan bd d eae mau dau cd ngudn gde td da me lacustrine die'n hinh d be Cdu Long. Mat khae, ham lugng hopane rat Idn so vdi sterane dugc danh gia qua thdng sd M4 = 89,60 phan anh ed su hoat ddng ciia vi khuan trong mdi trudng non-marine.
Oae trung nay thudng quan sat duge trong eae dau ed ngudn gde lue dja.
d. Phan manh m/z 217 '••
• Regular Steranes (C27-C29)
Nhdng ddng phan quang hgc dang 5a(H) 14a (H) 17a (H) 20R ciia nhdng steranes C27, C28, C29 la san pham bie'n ddi true tiep td nhdng sterol tuang dng eiia thuc vat bae eao, ddng vat va tao. Cho de'n nay ed nhieu tac gia nghien cdu ve \^ le phan bd cua nhung sterane va cho thay rang \.^ le nay thay ddi rat ldn va^phu thuge ehii yeu vao ngudn VCHC ddng gdp, kha nang luu gid VCHC dd trong mdi trudng tram tfeh eu the, dae die'm thaeh hgc, tudi va mdc do trudng thanh. Tuy nhien, ham lugng tuang dd'i cao ciia C27 (peak 25) sterane so vdi C29 sterane (peak 38) quan sat dugc trong ke't qua phan tfeh la dau hieu cd su ddng gdp eiia tao vao ngudn VCHC ban dau (hinh 8,9) [6].
• C3o4-methyl Steranes (Hinh 10)
Cae cau td nay dugc djnh dang tren cd sd ke't hgp gida cae phan manh m/z 98, m/z 217 va m/z 231.
Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nnanh Dau khi Viet Nam trffdc them theky 21'
Phong thi nghiem VDK Mau DST#1 GK B10-STB-1X O6sau1220-1230m
Sac ky khoi phd hop phan no (Phan bd ciia Sterane)
m/z 217.20
^*VVAM|^A/.^,^|VlH^AA^^
Hinh 8. Su ddng gdp ciia tao vao ngudn vat chat huu ea cua da me (peak 25 va peak 38)
''f^r^-^f^'^'" " ' - ' i ^ y . - ^ ' ^..•*'
100
100 80 (,()
C27
40 20 0
C 2 9
Hinh 9. Bleu dd quan he C27 - C28 - C29 Steranes
Hoi ngh j KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau khi Viet Nam trffdc them theky 21'
n.ooo
10.000
Hinh 10. Su ed mat eiia tao Dinoflagellate trong da me sinh dau DST#1
»M^vAvOH^I,AM.V^.,v<W<Vr.*WAW'All*VM^^
!5».20
DIASTERANK DBTMBtmoN '
V^^^vS/,^VT»'VVVwMh,MTV^*^^
2 11
li^
15 1*
1
J7
Wv M ^ u
1<000
WMAVAU
Hinh 11. Thanh phan ehu yeu ciia da me la set
Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau khi Viet Nam trffdc them theky 21'
C30 4-methyl Steranes trong ket qua phan tfeh la 4-methyl, 24-ethyl C30 steranes cd ngudn gdc tU loai tao dinoflagellate (Robinson va n.n.k., 1984). Ham lugng cao eiia cau td 4-methyl, 24-ethyl 030 steranes quan sat duge trong ke't qua phan tfeh tuang tu nhu trong nhung miu dau va da me ed ngudn gdc dam hd d be Cuu Long. Han nua, ty sd Pr/Ph = 3,87, bieu dd quan he Pr/nC„ va Ph/nCig (Hinh 5) eho thay da me duge lang dgng va phan huy trong mdi trudng dam hd tuang ddi khu. Nhu vay, cd the coi tao nude nggt da ddng gdp mdt phan dang ke trong thanh phan VCHC cua da me da sinh ra dau DST#1 d GK 810 - STB - IX (mac dii tao dinoflagellate cd the phat trien ca trong mdi trudng bien va dam hd). Ke't luan nay cung phii hgp vdi ket qua nghien edu d nhung viing khae da duge cdng bd (Brassell va n.n.k, 1986; Wolff va n.n.k, 1986).
• Diasteranes (C27-C29)
Duge djnh dang rd tren phan manh m/z 217 va m/z 259. Nhung diasteranes dugc hinh thanh td su ehuyen hoa eae dan xuat sterols tuang dng dudi xue tac la khoang vat set trong qua trinh diagenesis (Hughes, 1984; Zumberge, 1984; Mello va n.n.k., 1988, v.v...). Mat khae, Moldowan va n.n.k., 1986 cho rang mdc dd dxy hoa khu ciia mdi trudng tram tich eung anh hudng de'n phan dng tao thanh diasteranes.
Nhin chung, ham lugng cao eiia diasteranes C27-C29 quan sat duge trong ke't qua phan tfeh ed the phan anh set la thanh phan ehu yeu eiia da me (Hinh 11). • ..,,,, ..,,,,
2. Dif doan mdc do tru'dng thanh _, , Du doan mue do trudng thanh eua dau thd dua vao phan tfeh biomarker trong phan doan
hydrocacbon no va hydrocacbon tham se ed do tin cay cao han. Tuy nhien, tren ca sd du lieu dia hoa hien ed ed the dua ra nhung nhan xet ban dau ve mdc do trudng thanh eiia da me sinh ra dau d GK BIO - STB - IX.
Thdng sd bieu thj phan dng ddng phan hoa eiia hopane md rdng la gia tri can bang eiia phan dng ddng phan hoa quang hgc xay ra trong hau het tram tieh De Tam. Hj - 0,6 eho thay da me sinh ra dau DST#1 da trudng thanh. Thdng sd bieu thi phan dng ddng phan hoa ciia steranes chua dat gia trj can bang (Si - 0,55) eho thay da me da vao eda sd tao dau nhung chua dat pha tao dau manh nhat.
Cae thdng sd khac nhu: thdng sd dac trung eho phan dng chuyen hoa moretane thap (H3 = 0,84) va phan urng chuyen hoa Tm thanh Ts thap (H5 = 0,5) cung phan anh mdc do trudng thanh chua cao ciia da me.
Tdm lai, dua vao nhdng phan tfeh va danh gia neu tren, cd the coi da me sinh dau DST#1 cd thanh phan thaeh hgc ehii yeu la set, lang dgng trong mdi trudng dam hd, ehda VCHC cd ngudn gdc tU tao nude nggt va thue vat bac cao. Tudi CLia da me khdng ed han Oe Tam.
3. Dudoan nguon cung cap san pham
Cae tap set tudi Oe Tam tai gie'ng khoan BIO - STB - 1X rat ngheo VCHC, khdng cd kha nang cung cap san pham eho da ehda cacbonat d day. Vay trong tram tfeh De Tam phan bd xung quanh GK B10 - STB - IX, tap nao ed kha nang ddng vai trd ngudn cung cap san pham?
Theo ke't qua nghien cdu eua Hoang Oinh Tien va nhieu ngudi khae nam 1983, mien vdng Ha Ndi (trung H,a Ndi) ed mat chii yeu la VCHC dang humic ed kha nang sinh khf la ehinh [12].
Tran Cdng Tao va n.n.k., 1985 dua vao ket qua phan tfeh dja hoa cae miu vun khoan va m i u Idi ed the ehi ra d mien vdng Ha Ngi tdn tai hai tang da me vdi tiem nang huu ca tU trung binh tdi tdt dd la tram tfeh tudi Mioxen trung (tac gia dat ten la DAMj) va Oligoxen (tac gia dat ten la DAM,). Ca hai tang da me nay deu ehda VCHC loai 111 la ehii yeu va ed kha nang sinh khf la ehfnh. Nghien edu qua trinh sinh thanh dau khi eiia DAMi va DAMj, eho thay d viing ehim sau cua DAMj hien tai dang nam trong eda sd tao dau trong khi DAMi da trai qua hau het eac ngudng trudng thanh, phan ldn san pham da di eu khdi da me. DAM, duge coi la da me ehfnh cung cap san pham eho cae biy trong viing nghien cdu. Theo ke't qua phan tfeh m i u dja hoa tai cac gie'ng khoan, eang ra phfa bien chat lugng DAM, cang tdt han [28]. . ^ , - ,,.-
Hoi nghj KHCN 200g "Nganh Dau khi Viet Nam trffdc them theky 21'
Gan day da cd them tai lieu mdt sd gie'ng khoan d trung Ddng Quan va ngoai khai phfa Bac be Sdng Hdng (Id 102,103, v.v...) do Cdng ty Total, Idemitsu va Anzoil thuc hien. Tram tfeh tudi Mioxen trung d phan dat lien va khu vue Id 102,103 dat tieu ehuan da me mdc trung binh ve ham lugng VCHC, ehda chii yeu la VCHC loai III, sinh khf la chfnh. Trong khi dd tram tfeh tudi Oligoxen dat tieu chuan da me mdc trung binh den giau ve ham lugng VCHC. Dac biet d khu virc gie'ng khoan D14 - STL - IX va Id 103 tram tfeh tudi Oligoxen kha giau VCHC hdn hgp loai 11 va 111 cd kha nang sinh dau va khf (Nguyen Thi Dau va n.n.k., 1998).
Nhu vay, cd the coi tap set ke't tudi Oligoxen (DAM^) phan bd d khu vue trung giua gieng khoan D14 - STL - IX, Id 103 va gie'ng khoan BIO - STB - IX ehda VCHC hdn hgp loai II va 111 la da me da sinh ra dau DST#1dGKB10-STB-1X.
KET LUAN
Qua danh gia dac diem dja hda mau dau DST#1 va nghien cdu nhung tai lieu lien quan, cd the dua ra nhdng ke't luan nhu sau:
• Dau thd DST#1 la dau thd binh thudng, chua bj phan huy sinh vat.
• Thanh phan thaeh hgc cua da me: chu yeu la set.
• Mdi trudng lang dgng: dam hd.
• Ngudn gdc vat chat hdu ca: ehu yeu td vi khuan, tao nude nggt va thuc vat bae eao (loai hat kfn Angiosperm).
• Mdc do trudng thanh: dau duge sinh ra td da me dang d eda sd tao dau nhung chua dat pha sinh dau manh nha't.
• Tudi: Oligoxen.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. ALEXANDER R., KAGI R. I., NOBLE R. AND VOLKMAN J. K. (1984) Identification of some bicyclic alkanes in petroleum. In: Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1983 (Edited by Schenck P. A., de Leeuw J. W. and Lijmbach G. W. M.), Org. Geochem. Vol. 6, p. 63-70. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
2. AQUINO NETO, F.R., RESILE, A., CONNAN, J., ALBRECHT, P., AND OURISSON, G. (1982) Novel tricyclic terpanes (C^g-C:^,) in sediments and petroleums. Tetrahedron Letters, Vol. 23, p. 2027-2030.
3. AQUINO NETO, F.R., TRENDEL, J. M., RESTLE, A., CONNAN, J,, ALBRECHT, P.A. (1983) Occurrence and formation of tricyclic and tertracyelic terpanes in sediments and petroleums. In : Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1981 (M. Bjoroy et al., eds) J. Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 659-676).
4. BRASSELL, S., C , EGLINTON, G., AND MO, F. J. (1986) Biological marker compounds as indicators of the depositional history of the Maoming oil shale. Organic Geoehemstry, Vol. 10, p. 927 - 941.
5. Brooks, J.D., Gould, K., and Smith, J. W. (1969) Isoprenoid hydroeaebons in coal and petroleum.
Nature, Vol. 222, p. 257-259.
6. Czochanska Z., Gilbert T. D., Philp R. P., Sheppard C. M., Weston R. J., Wood T. A. and woolhouse A.
D. (1988) Geochemieal application of sterane and thterpane biomarkers to a description of oils from the Taranaki Basin in New Zealand. Org. geochem. Vol. 12, p. 123-135-.
7. DIDYK , B.M., SIMONEIT, B.R.T., BRASSELL, S. C , AND EGLINTON, G . (1978) Organic geochemieal
Hoi nghi KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau khi Viet Nam tnfdc them theky 21'
indicators of palaeoenvironmentat conditions of sedimentation. Nature, Voi. 272, p. 216-222.
8. EKWEOZOR C. M., OKOGUN J. I., EKONG D. E. U. AND MAXWELL J. R. (1979) Preliminary organic geochemieal studies of samples from Niger Delta (Nigeria). Chem. Geol. Vol. 27, p. 11-28.
9. GRANTHAM, P. J., POSTHUMA, J., AND DEGROOT, K. (1980) Triterpanes in a number of far-Eastern crude oils. In: Advances in Organic geochemistry 1981 (M. Bjoroy et a!., eds.) J. Wiley and Sons, new York, p.
675 - 683).
10. GOODWIN, N. S., MANN, A. L., AND PATIENCE, R. L. (1988) Structure and significance of C30 4-methyl steranes in lacustrine shales and oils. Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 12, p. 495-506. ••;.
11. Ha Qudc Quan va nnk (1997) Tong hgp, nghien cffu tai lieu ky thuat hien ed, danh gia tiem nang dau khi khu vue phia Bac be Sdng Hong va de xuat phuang hudng tim kiem tham dd dau khi cho khu vue nghien cffu.
12. Hoang Oinh Tien va nnk (1983) Kha nang sinh dau khi cua tram tich Kainozoi mien vdng Ha Ndi. Luu tru Vien Dau khi.
13. HUANG, W . - Y . AND W . G . MEINSCHEIN, 1979, Sterols as ecological indicators, Geochimiea et Cosmoehimiea Acta, v.43, p. 739-745. «:,;"..:
14. J. - N . OuNG AND R.P. PHILP (1994) Geochemieal characteristics of oils from Taiwan. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, Vol.9, No.3, pp. 193-206.
15. Le Nhu Tieu (1996) Geochemieal analytical result of the crude oil sample from well B10-STB-1X, 1220- 1230 MKB.
16. MOLDOWAN, J. M., SEIFERT, W . K., AND GALLEGOS, E. J. (1983) identification of an extended series of tricyclic terpanes in petroleum. Geochimiea et Cosmoehimiea Acta., Vol. 47, p. 1531-1534.
17. MOLDOWAN, J. M., SUDARARAMAN, P., AND SCHOELL, M. (1986) Sensitivity of biomarker properties to depositional environment and/or source input in the Lower Toarcian of S.W. Germany. Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 10, p. 915-926
18. MELLO, M . R., TELNAES, N., GAGLIANONE, P. C , CHICARELLI, M . I., BRASSELL, S. C , AND MAXWELL, J. R.
(1988B) Organic geochemieal characterization of depositional palaeoenvironments in Brazilian marginal basins. Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 13, p. 31-46.
19. Nguydn Thj Dau va mk {]9%) Md hinh dia hda dau khi be Sdng Hong. Luu tru Vien Dau khf
20. OURISSON, G., ALBRECHT, P., AND ROHMER, M . (1982) Predictive microbial biochemistry, from molecular fossils to prokaryotie membranes. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, Vol. 7, p. 236-239.
21. OURISSON, G., ALBRECHT, P., AND ROHMER, M . (1979) The hopanoids. Palaeochemistry and biochemistry of a group of natural products. Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 51, p. 709-729.
22. OURISSON, G., ALBRECHT, P., AND ROHMER, M . (1984) The microbial origin of fossil fuels. Scientific American, Vol. 251, p. 44-51.
23. PHILP, R. P., AND GILBERT, T.D., AND FRIEDRICH, J. (1981) Bicyclic sesquiterpenoids and deterpanoids in Australian crude oils. Geochimiea et Cosmoehimiea Acta, Vol. 45, p. 1173-1180.
24. PHILP, R. P., AND GILBERT, T.D. (1986) Biomarker distributions in Australian oils predominantly derived from terrigeneous source material. In : Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1985 (Edited by Leythaeuser D. and Rullkotter J.) Org. Geochem. Vol. 10, p. 73-84. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Hoi nghj KHCN 2000 "Nganh Dau khi Viet Nam trudc them theky 21'
25. RADKE, M., SCHAEFER, R.G., LEYTHAEUSER, D., AND TEICHMULLER, M. (1980) Composition of soluble organic matter in coals : relation to rank and liptinite fluorescence. Geochimiea et Cosmoehimiea Acta, VoL44, p. 1787-1800.
26. SUMMONS, R. E., POWELL, T. G. (1987) identification of aryiisoprenoids in a source rock and crude oils:
biological markers for the green sulfur bacteria. Geochimiea et Cosmoehimiea Acta, Vol. 51, p. 557-566.
27. TEN HAVEN, H. L., DE LEEUW, J. W., SINNINGHE DAMSTE', J. S. (1987) Restricted utility of the pristane/phytane ratio as a palaeoenvironmental indicator Nature, Vol. 330, p. 641-643.
28. Tran Cdng Tao va nnk (1985) So sanh dae diem dia hda trong qua trinh hinh thanh be tram tieh Ha Ndi va CCru Long.
29. WOLFF, G . A., LAMB, N.A., AND MAXWELL, J. R. (1986) The origin and fate of 4-methyl steroid hydroeaebons I. 4-methyl sterenes. Geochimiea et Cosmoehimiea Acta, Vol. 50, p. 335-342.
30. WHITEHEAD E. V. (1974) The structure of petroleum pentacyclanes. In : Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1973 (Edited by Tissot B. and Bienner F.), pp. 225-243. Technip, Pahs.
31. ZUMBERGE, J. E. (1984) Source rocks of the La Luna (Upper Cretaceous) in the Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia, in: Geochemistry and Source Rock Potential of Carbonate Rocks (J. G. Palaeas, ed.) American Association of Petroleum Geologist, Studies in Geology No. 18, p. 127-133.
