HOAT DONG THUONG MAI
CUA CAC VUONG QUOC CO THAI LAN
NGUYEN VAN KIM*
N
am d phia Tay Nam ciia ban dao Ddng Nam A. viiOng qud'c Thai Lan viia gan vdi luc dja chau A viia hda nhap vdi mdi triidng kinh te bien Thai Binh Diidng va An Do Diidng. Tii nhung the ky dau sau Cdng nguyen, mot sd'qud'c gia hinh thanh tren lanh thd Thai Lan hien nay da cd md'i lien he sdm vdi khu vUc Ddng A, Tay Nam A cung nhieu trung tam kinh te, van hda xa xdi khac. Vi tri dia ly gida hai dgi dUdng, sii ket ndi cua bien vdi luc dia cung cdc dong thien di, cdc mdi quan he rong md, da dgng, da chieu... dd tgo nen bdn tinh ndng dgng, khong ngdng bien ddi ud khd ndng thich dng cao cua con ngUdi, xd hgi, udn hod Thdi.Hoa nhap vdi sU phat trien chung cua cac vUdng qud'c co hinh thanh tren quan dao Inddnexia. Malaixia cung nhu Ddng Nam A ban dao, cac tdc ngUdi chu yeu ndi ngdn ngii tien Khmer va Mdn thuoc ngii he Nam A (Austroasiatic languages), da lap nen vUdng qud'c cua minh. Cd the ke den Dvaravati (TK VI-XII). Lavo (VII-
1388), Sukhothay (1238-1438), Lanna (1269-1774)... Nhin chung, cac viidng qud'c dd deu sdm cd tam nhin hudng bien va truyen thd'ng khai thac bien.
Vdi muc tieu cd' gang phac diing nhiing net cd ban ve quan he giao thUdhg ciia Thai Lan thdi cd trung dai, bai viet mudn hudng den mot cai nhin tdng the de tit dd tha'y dUdc vi tri kinh te cua Thai Lan, cac md'i lien he khu viic. qud'c te cung nhu tien de ma hoat ddng giao thUdng truyen thdng tao ra cho sii phat trien cua kinh te Thai dac biet la ngoai thuong cua nudc nay trong nhiing the ky sau. Ve cd ban, bai viet difng lai d cudi the ky XV tdc la khi nen kinh te Thai van chu yeu boat dong trong khudn khd cua He thdng thiidng mai ndi A (The intra-Asian trad- ing system), chUa dii nhap, chiu tac dong va phai ddi choi vdi nhiing thach thiic kinh te, xa hoi cua cac tap doan thUdng mai phUdng Tay.
Tii nhieu the ky TCN, do nhiing ban che ve kha nang di bien nen chu nhan cua cac vUdng qud'c cd chUa the td chiic cac doan thuyen ldn, thiic hien nhiing chuyen hai trinh xa. NhUng, do nam d vi tri ban dao nen Thai Lan da sdm trd thanh diem den cua nhieu doan thuyen budn qud'c te.
Cac cang bien d day viia la ndi cung cap dich vu hang hai viia la dia diem trung chuyen hang hoa giiia cac trung tam nguyen lieu, tieu thu san pham cua he
* PGS.TS Nguypii Van Kiin, Tnidng Dai hoc KJioa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van, DHQG HN
iMifhicn cuu Dong iWini A 7,2()(i9
thdng hai thUdng Ddng N a m A - N a m A.
Nhin n h a n sii tiep giao kinh te theo hudng Bac - N a m c h u n g ta t h a y . tii thdi H a n (203TCN-220) dac biet la t u thdi Luong (502-557) cac doan t h u y e n buon T r u n g Hoa ciing ngay mot xua't hien thiidng xuyen d vinh Xiem {Siam gulf) cung nhieu thi tru'dng Ddng N a m A ' " . Thong qua cdc mdi quan he, giao lUu kinh te, vdn hod da dgng do, cdc cong dong cii ddn cd khong chi CO dUdc cdc thUdng phdm qudc te, tiep nhdn ky thudt che tdc sdn phdm thii cong md con tich luy dUdc tri thdc, kinh nghiem budn bdn. Ben cgnh do, hg cung co nhdng nhgn thdc sdm, tiidng do'i ddy du vc gid tri ciia tdng nguon thiidng phdm cung tiem ndng, sdc mgnh kinh te ciia nhieu qudc gia trong khu viic.
Cac bang chiing k h a o cd hoc cho thay, khoang 3.000 n a m triidc, nhieu cong ddng cU dan sinh sd'ng t r e n lanh thd Thai Lan hien nay da cd mdi lien he vdi An Do va cac qud'c gia hai dao de n h a p ve chuoi hat.
Nhiing di viit jjhat hien dudc d h a n g Bucng Baeb huyen K h i n a l Nikhom, tinh S u r a t Thani cho tha'y rd dieu dd. Ve sau.
trong cac di chi d Non Nok T h a . Ban Na Di. Ban Khok thuoc tinh Khon Kaen va Ban Chiang... deu cung cap nhiing b a n g chiing tin cay ve mdi lien he sdm vdi the gidi ben ngoai. Nhiing hien vat che tac bang ddng p h a t hien d Ban Chiang khong chi cho t h a y moi q u a n he sdm vdi cac t r u n g t a m van boa thudc Ddng Nam A luc dia ma cdn the hien sU gan gui trong giao tiep van hoa, trao ddi ky t h u a t vdi cac cdng ddng cU dan viing hai dao. Nhieu chudi hat t h u y tinh cd nien dai 2.300-
1.800 n a m BP p h a t hien tai cac di chi dd chdng td chii n h a n cua mot nen ky t h u a t sdm da cd mdi lion he mat thiet vdi vung
N a m An. T r u n g Can Ddng ciing n h u Dia T r u n g Hai. d U Thong, mot ddng tien La Ma thudc thdi cam quyen cua h o a n g de Victorius ciing da dUdc p h a t hien. Qua giam dinh, hien vat quy cd nien dai 258- 270 SCN. Den k h o a n g t h e ky VII. mot sd ddng tien Ba T u ciing dugc tim t h a y d huyen Y a r a n g t i n h P a t t a n i . B a n g chiing khao cd hoc da cung cap nhieu thdng tin gia tri ve boat dong cua t u y e n giao t h u d n g nay tii' thdi tien va sd sit. Theo q u a n diem cua nha k h a o co, c h u y e n gia ve Ddng Nam A ngudi Anh I a n C. Glover thi: "Khi chiing ta ndi. dudi gdc do lich sit, nhiing md'i lien he giiia An Do va Ddng N a m A, dieu dau tien phai ngh! den la van de An Do hoa {hidianization). q u a t r i n h phiic hdp.
m a n h me nay cd t h e dUdc khdi dau tit dau Cdng nguyen da t r u y e n tai biet bao gia tri van hoa den phUdng Ddng thdng qua vung vinh Bengal"*'^'.
Mac dii nhieu hoc gia tin r a n g giiia An Do va Dia T r u n g Hai da sdm cd q u a n he giao t h u o n g nhUng p h a i k h o a n g tif t h e ky III trd di thi n h u n g md'i giao lUu dd mdi ngay cang trd nen d a m net. Cac p h a t hien khao cd hoc t r o n g 4 t h a p ky q u a ciing cho tha'y cd r a t nhieu chudi h a t , dd ddng, con da'u, tien, hide nga voi, gd'm ciing nhieu loai hien vat k h a c da dUdc dua den Ddng N a m A tit An Do dac biet la v u n g Ddng N a m An. Khdng cdn nghi ngd gi niia, chinh cac thd t h u cdng. thUdng n h a n An Do. Tay N a m A vUa la ngUdi che tac cac san p h a m t h u cdng viia ddng vai trd chuyen giao cac san p h a m van hda cua van minh Dia T r u n g Hai, Ba T u den Ddng A. Tuy nhien, c u n g p h a i tha'y rSng, mac du md'i q u a n he, giao t h u d n g qud'c te da sdm p h a t trien va p h a t trien da dang n h u n g d mot sd k h u vuc tUdng ddi biet
Ni^iiyen Vdn Kim - Hogt doiii^ fhiro'tii^ mgi cua cdc vUaiig qudc co Thdi Lan...
lap, nOi cd cac " t h a n h dia" cua T h e che ndng n g h i e p {Agricultural polity) hay lam nghiep {Siluiculturol polity), thi nhiing tac ddng k h u viic, qud'c te dUdng nhU dien ra r a t c h a m c h a p . Theo dd, mot sd k h u vUc n h u v u n g nui p h i a Bac Viet Nam, Lao, Ddng - Bac T h a i Lan... da sdm h i n h t h a n h nen nhiing t r u y e n thd'ng v a n hoa rieng biet. Hoat ddng k i n h te d day m a n g tinh hudng noi k h a dien hinh''*'. Ngoai nhiing k h u viic dac thii dd, sii du n h a p va ca tiep n h a n , tiep bien van hoa d cac vUdng qud'c cd T h a i Lan ciing n h u cua c h u n g k h u viic Ddng N a m A la mot thiic te khdng t h e p h u n h a n .
Vao nhUng the ky trudc, sau Cdng nguyen viec s a n xuat, sit d u n g dd ddng d T h a i Lan ciing gdp t h e m nhUng c h d n g cii d a n g tin cay ve md'i lien he m a t thiet vdi cac t r u n g t a m v a n hoa p h i a Bac ban dao Ddng N a m A vdi viing Hoa N a m (Trung Qud'c). Ciing vdi cac t u y e n giao thUdng dudng bo chay doc theo b a n dao Ma Lai, cU dan cd cdn cd nhieu mdi lien he bang dUdng bien. Tii lau, cac n h a t h a m hiem, thUdng n h a n T a y N a m A da biet den xit Suvarnabhumi tdc dai "Ddt udng". Viing dat nay khdng chi la ndi cd ngudn cua cai phong phii ma cdn la k h u vUc cd t r u y e n thd'ng van hoa sdm d a t den trinh do p h a t trien kha cao. Cu d a n xd "Ddt vdng" la nhiing ngUdi t h a n h t h a o ky t h u a t ddng thuyen, che tac cac s a n p h a m thii cdng va nghe t h u a t .
La mot nen van m i n h ddng thdi la t r u n g t a m kinh te ldn. An Do da sdm cd nhieu a n h hUdng den cac qud'c gia k h u vUc. Qua t r i n h "An Do hod" d Ddng N a m A dien ra tif r a t .sdm. NhUiig cung phai tha'y rc^ng, h a n h t r i n h tien ve phitdng Ddng ctia cac thUdng n h a n . thd t h u cdng,
n h a t r u y e n giao An ludn gan vdi nhiing huyen thoai ve sii giau cd cua vung dat n a y ' " . Theo each hieu cua ngudi An va nhieu qud'c gia khac d Tay A, Ba Tu... thi xif Suvarabhumi hay Suvarnavipa (Dao vang) ddng nghia vdi nhiing xif sd chifa day tai nguyen quy. Chinh muc tieu kinh te, h a y ndi each khac la ngudn cua cai cua dai da't phUdng Ddng, da thdi thiic nhieu n h a t h a m hiem, thUdng nhan... khdng q u a n t h a c h thiic, hiem nguy tim den Ddng N a m A. Trong tac p h ^ m A r t h a s a s t r a viet vao the ky thit IV, ngUdi An da cd nhieu t r a n g md ta ve xif J a v a het siic phong phii ngudn tai nguyen. Theo dd, "Neu ai da den J a v a thi khdng the trd ve. NhUng neu n h u cd cd hoi trd ve thi a n h ta cd the dem theo mot so' lUdng cua cai dii de cho bay the he trong gia dinh sinh sd'ng"'''*.
Tudng t u n h u vay, ngUdi T r u n g Hoa qung da sdm q u a n t a m den cac qud'c gia k h u vUc " N a m Dudng" {Nanyo hay Nanyang)^^''\ Den the ky VII, khi viet ve
Phil Nam, Liidng thU da md ta ve mot vUdng qudc d phUdng N a m goi la "TrUdng canh uUdng qudc" (Nudc cua ngUdi cd dai, chac b a n la do tuc deo nhieu ldp vdng bac?- TG): "Tuc d dd cung cd nha cita, q u a n Ao, an cdm gao. Tieng ndi ciia ngUdi d day cd khac Phii N a m chiit it. Cd niii san xua't vang. Nudc vang toat len tren da nhieu vd ke... Qud'c vUdng Phii N a m nhieu lan sai sit dUa qud'c thU va t h u d n g dUdc dap lai b a n g each t a n g qudc vUdng P h u N a m 50 tUdng ngUdi bSng vang rdng"''^'.
N h u vay, "TrUdng canh vUdng qudc" la mot qud'c gia giau cd, cd mdi q u a n he va chiu sii t h a n thudc Phii N a m . Mac du khdng the khSng dinh mot each chac chan n h u n g cd the doan dinh r a n g vUdng qud'c nay chinh la Suvarnabhumi hay chi it
Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
cung cd md'i lien he m a t thiet vdi dia d a n h huyen thoai dd. ThUc te lich sU cho tha'y, trong sud't nhieu the ky, tii T r u n g Qud'c, An Do va Tay A... n h i e u chuyen di den Ddng N a m A tim vang, hUdng lieu da dUdc thuc hien.
Trong khi mot so'tac p h a m van hoc An mo ta Suvarnabhumi n h u la vung da't dem lai ngudn ldi thUdng mai ldn thi cac tac p h a m dd ciing ddng thdi nha'n m a n h den ddi sd'ng tdn giao cua xd sd nay. Khi den viing "Dd't vdng" ngudi ta ciing cd the quy y theo P h a t . Cd it n h a t ba phai bo truyen giao la G a v a m p t i , Sona va U t t a r a da ditdc n h a e den t r o n g tac p h a m S a s a n a v a m s a p p a d i p i k a . Trong do, hai phai bo sau da duoc dich t h a n hoang de Ashoka (273-236 TCN) giao su menh hoang diidng Phat p h a p cho cif dan xif Suvarnabhumi ngay sau dai hoi P h a t giao lan thu ba vao giiia the ky 111 TCN. Nhieu nguon tif lieu cho t h a y b a n g chUng chac chan rang vao giua TNK thu' nhat, cit dan vung ha chau thd sdng H a n g ciing da co q u a n he vdi Ddng N a m A qua cac tuyen giao luu t r e n d a t lien va t r e n bien. Vifdt qua vinh Bengal, thUdng n h a n mien Ddng - Nam An da d u n g san p h a m dia phUdng de ddi lay muoi, vai, kim loai, gdm cua Ddng Nam A. Do nhiing "tac ddng cua q u a n he giao thiidng, nhu cau sit dung tien bac cung t a n g len ciing vdi sii md rong a n h hudng ciia P h a t giao, Ba La Mdn giao va dao J a i n a (Jainasm). Tif nhiing md'i ldi thiidng mai, nhieu tuyen giao thuong dudng dai ciing da dUo'c thiet lap gida chau thd sdng H a n g vdi cU dan luu vUc sdng I r r a w a d y cung nhii cac viing niii cao Ddng N a m A. N h u cau nguyen lieu ciing n h u n g s;in p h a m dac thii Ddng N a m A da thiic dav sU t a n g tru'dng mau chdng
cac md'i giao luu k i n h te va dd ciing la mdt trong nhiing n g u y e n n h a n cd b a n khien cho viing h a lUu sdng H a n g trd t h a n h t r u n g t a m k i n h te q u a n t r g n g cua An Do.
Vd'n cd nhieu tiem n a n g ve ndng nghiep, t h u cdng nghiep cU d a n viing sdng Me ciing da sdm p h a t t r i e n k i n h te thUdng nghiep va hdi n h a p vdi m a n g ludi giao thUOng lien A.
Nhiing p h a t hien k h a o cd hgc da dem lai nhieu thdng tin xac thiic ve vai trd va hoat dgng cua thUdng mai cd Thai Lan ciing n h u cac b o a t ddng da d a n g khac trong giao luu van hoa. Viec p h a t hien ra cac con t a u d a m trong viing vinh Xiem thiic sii cd y nghia dd'i vdi nhieu nganh khoa hoc. Thdng tin tu' cac con t a u dam da va d a n g dem lai nhiing n h a n thiic chuan xac hdn ve ky t h u a t ddng t a u , hoat ddng kinh to. sU p h a t trien cua cac n g a n h thu cdng, ddi sd'ng xa hdi, niem tin tdn giao cung n h u t r u y e n thd'ng h u d n g bien, thudng mai t r e n bien cua n h i e u ldp cU dan cd''""'. Khao ciiu san p h a m t h u d n g mai trong cac con t a u dd deu t h a y cd nga voi, da, chi, thiec, gd quy... Ngoai ra, cdn c6 gd'm sif T r u n g Qud'c, Viet N a m , Thai Lan (Sangkhalok) ciing nhieu loai vat dung khac. Hien vat t r o n g cac con t a u dam cho t h a y nen t h u d n g mai cd T h a i Lan luon co mdi lien he rdng ldn vdi cac viing cung cap nguyen lieu cung n h u thi trUdng khu vUc.
Trd lai vdi nhiing md'i giao thudng t r u y e n thd'ng, cd t h e tha'y trong khoang thdi gian tit t h e ky III-VII, thdi ky kien diing cua nhieu qudc gia cd Ddng Nam A, h a u het cac vUOng qud'c deu cd md'i lien he m a t thiet vdi cac t r u n g t a m k i n h te k h u viic, qud'c te. Ciing vdi nhiing t r a o ddi m a n g t i n h ngi viing, h o a t ddng giao thUdng k h u viic cdn diig'c thiic day bdi nhu
Nguyen Vdn Kim - Hoat dgng diuang mgi cua cdc vuang qudc cdThdi L an.
cau tieu d u n g nhiing san p h a m xa xi phUdng Dong cua cac de' che ddng thdi la cac t r u n g t a m kinh te ldn n h u T r u n g Qud'c, An Do. La Ma, Ba Tu... Vi tri dia ly trgng yeu, nhu cdu tieu dung sdn phdm xa xi cua thi trUdng qudc tecung sdc hdp ddn cua cdc nguon tdi nguyen Dong Nam A Id nhdng nguyen nhdn chinh yeu ddn den viec md rong he thd'ng thUdng mgi Dong Nam A vd bien khu uiic ndy thdnh mgt trung tdm kinh te co vai tro quan trgng trong he thdng thUdng mgi the gidi. Trong dieu kien phUdng tien di bien cdn nhieu thd sd, cac t h u y e n budn cua Ba Tu. An Do, T r u n g Qudc da t u a n theo che do gid miia va cac dai bd bien de den budn b a n vdi Ddng Nam A trong dd cd cac vUdng qud'c cd tren da't T h a i .
Ngudn hUdng lieu, lam, thd, hai san va ca nd le... da dUdc m u a b a n . trao ddi dgc theo cac tuyen giao thiidng nay. Cac cudc dieu tra, k h a o sat, nghien citu k h a o cd hgc d M a n t a i , A n u r a d h a P u r a , Oc Eo, U Thong, Biin Don T a p h e t va mdt so' di chi khu vUc mien N a m T h a i L a n da chiing minh cho q u a n diem dd'^''. Dieu d a n g chii y la, trong cac hien v;U p h a t hien dUdc vao
nhiing the ky dau SCN da cd nhUng che p h a m dac t h u cd ngudn gdc tii Dia T r u n g Hai, An Do, T r u n g Qud'c. Nhiing p h a t hien dd, cung vdi so hien vat tim dUdc d A r i k a m e d u va B c g r a m thudc An Do cd dai, da cung cap t h e m nhiing thdng tin khoa hgc xac thiic ve vi t h e k i n h t e c u a cac vifOng qudc cd d T h a i Lan.
Dgc theo cac t u y e n t h u d n g mai truyen thd'ng d bd Ddng cua vinh Bengal, phia Tay - BAc vinh Xiem dac biet la khu vUc CO Kra, cac n h a n g h i e n cdu ciing da tim dUdc mgt he thd'ng n h u n g dicm dd, ndi che tac, sua c h d a t h u y e n . Rd r a n g la. nhdng
hogt dgng giao thUdng ngi vdng, ngogi vi do dd gop phdn het sdc quan trgng vdo sii hUng thinh cua cdc vUdng quo'c Thdi Lan cung nhu nhieu quo'c gia co Dong Nam A.
De cd phuOng tien di bien an toan, hieu qua kinh te cao, cU dan Ddng Nam A da sU d u n g n h i e u ky t h u a t ddng thuyen.
Nhin chung, t h u y e n Ddng N a m A cd trgng tai khdng t h a t ldn nhu'ng ludn the bicn k h a n a n g thich ifng cao vdi mdi trUdng bien k h u viic. Cu dan cd da dimg go tech.
gd sao cd trU lUdng phong p h u trong nhieu canh rifng m u a nhiet ddi de ddng thuyen.
Den the'ky XV-XVI, trifdc ngUdng cUa ciia sii giao luu, tiep xiic va dung do Ddng - Tay dudng n h u d mdt sd'qud'c gia khu viic da dat dUdc budc tien vUdt trdi ve ky t h u a t h a n g hai. Trong cac boat ddng thUdng mai, loai t h u y e n cd trgng tai ldn {Jong) til 350 den 500 tan da dUgc sif d u n g phd bien""'.
Trong lich sif, ngUdi ta van ndi ve "Con dudng td lua" t r e n da't lien va tren bien.
T h a m chi "Con dUdng tdlua tren bien" cdn dUdc ggi la "Con diidng bien vl dgi" (The Great sea road). Tuyen thUdng mai nay x u a t p h a t tit cac cang ven bien mien Nam T r u n g Qud'c ndi ket vdi he thdng cang viing vinh Bac Bg, dai bien dao mien T r u n g vdi cac cang C h a m p a rdi t a p t r u n g ve viing vinh Xiem (hay cdn ggi la Bien Tay). Mat khac, tif k h o a n g the ky t h d IV- V da dan h i n h t h a n h he thd'ng thUdng cang t r a i dai tit v u n g ha luu Chao P h a r a y a den b a n dao Ma Lai. Tam diem ket t u cua hai t u y e n giao thUdng Bac - Nam, Ddng - Tay dd da gap n h a u d vinh bien nay. NhUng tii k h o a n g the ky VI trd di, tuyen hai thUdng qud'c te dan md rdng xud'ng phia N a m vi the vai trd cua eo Kra cat n g a n g qua ban dao Ma Lai ngay mdt
8 Nghien edit Dong Nam A 712009
hi suy giam. T h u d n g t h u y e n khu viic, qud'c te b a t dau t a p t r u n g ve eo bien Malacca de tii' dd tien den vinh Bengal ciing nhieu t h u d n g cang v u n g Tay A. Nhu' vay, q u a n he t h u d n g mai Ddng N a m A ludn la mgt ddng chay da t u y e n . Su t h a m gia cua cac thUdng n h a n Tay N a m A cung gdp p h a n lam cho t u y e n hai t h u d n g Ddng - Tay qua cac eo bien Malacca, S u n d a them nhdn nhip.
Ciing vdi sii hinh t h a n h ciia he thong cang bien, cac cang sdng cung ngay cang tr'd nen cd vai trd q u a n trgng trong viec ndi ket ba khdng gian kinh te: Bien - Chau thd - Rifng niii. Vdi Thai Lan, tieu bieu cho md'i lien ket nay la t r u n g t a m t h u d n g nghiep S a t u k t r e n sdng Mun d mien Ddng Bac. Theo q u a n diem ciia nhieu nha nghien ciiu, t r u n g t a m thiidng nghiep nay dugc hinh t h a n h la do su t h i n h dat ciia viing san x u a t gd'm xua't khau Buriam gan dd. Trong thdi gian nay, d Thai Lan da xua't hien niiieu t r u n g t a m gd'm ndi t i e n g n h u : P a - 0 , B u r i a m , Sukhothay, Sisatchanalai... hay cac viing chuyen che tac t h u y linh: S a t h i n g P h r a , S o n g k b l a , W a t R a n g ( N a k h o n Si T h a m m a r a t ) , Wat Vieng ( S u r a t t h a n i ) , va P r a s a t M u a n g S i n g h a thugc t i n h K a n c h a n a b u r i .
Dua t r e n nhiing i)hat hien k h a o cd hgc cung n h u cac b a n g chiing khoa hgc khac, cd the tha'y d T h a i L a n da sdm hinh t h a n h md'i lien he kinh te, giao luu van hoa giCta nhiing ngudi ban dia sd'ng d mien Ddng vdi mien Tay ban dao. Chinh bd p h a n cU dan phia Tay, da't b a n bd cua vUdng qud'c Dvaravati, do cd t h e giao hda vdi An Do Diidng da tiep n h a n nhieu ngudn h a n g hda, gia tri van boa An va rdi chinh hg lai truven tai nhiing llianh luu kinh le, van
hoa dd den cac qud'c gia k h u viic. Trong khi dd, bg p h a n cU d a n p h i a Ddng lai la n h u n g ngUdi v a n c h u y e n h a n g hoa tit Ddng s a n g T a y b a n g ca d u d n g sdng, dUdng bg chay xuyen q u a cac t h u n g liing.
Mgt so' t u y e n t r a o ddi dd cho den nay van con tdn tai. Diia t r e n cac ngudn tit lieu lich sif va p h a t h i e n k h a o cd hgc, nha n g h i e n ciiu ngudi T h a i T h a r a p o n g S r i s u c h a t da p h a c diing lai cac tuyen t h u d n g mai t r u y e n t h d n g h i n h t h a n h tren dat Thai trUdc t h e ' k y XVI. Gia t h u y e t dUa ra gdm 10 t u y e n chinh:
1. ThUdng n h a n cd t h e tit viing bien A n d a m a n ( t h u g c vjnh M a t a b a n , M y a n m a r ) theo cac t u y e n sdng Salaween, Mei sau dd vUgt qua deo Mae Sod thugc tinh Tak rdi v a n c h u y e n h a n g den mien Bac Thai Lan. Nhiing p h a t hien khao cd hgc cho t h a y cd n h i e u loai h a n g hoa, trong dd cd gd'm sif T r u n g Qud'c, Mien Dien, L a n n a va S u k h o t h a y da la nhiing mat h a n g trao ddi q u a n trgng.
2. T u y e n thii hai c u n g tii bien A n d a m a n trong viing cang M a u l e m e a n vinh M a t a b a n . Theo dd, t h u y e n budn cd the di vao sdng S a m i , h a n g hoa dUdc chd den viing Chedi S a m Ong (Ba ngdi chua), rdi lai dUdc tiep tuc c h u y e n den cac sdng Kwae Noi va K w a e Yai t h u d c tinh K a n c h a n a b u r i . Tii day, thUdng n h a n cd the toa den v u n g ddng b a n g t r u n g tam T h a i , dem h a n g de'n cac t i n h nhU S u p a n b u r i , R a t c h a b u r i , N a k h o n Pathom.
Nhieu k h a n a n g , tii tuyen t h u d n g mai nay, h a n g boa ciing da dUdc dUa den vinh Xiem, C a m p u c h i a , Viet N a m va mien N a m T r u n g Qud'c. T r e n t u y e n giao thUdng dd. nhieu hien v a t n h a p ngoai da ditdc p h a t hien d P h o n g T u k , Ban Don T a p h e t ihudc tinh K a n c h a n a b u r i va di tich Don
Nguyen \'dn Knii - Hogt dgng thuang mai ciia cdc vKo'iig qudc cdThdi Lan...
R a k a n g thudc tinh S u p h a n b u r i .
3. Tif bien A n d a m a n , thifdng n h a n cd t h e VUdt qua v u n g b a n dao hep nha't dd la eo Kra thudc t i n h R a n o n g di ngUdc sdng Kra Buri den k e n h C h a n , sau dd vUdt qua vung ddi thugc t i n h C h u m p h o n rdi dgc theo sdng C h u m p h o n den vinh Xiem va cac cang mien Dong b a n dao. Trong cac di chi dUdc p h a t hien, dia diem Khao Sam Kaeo thugc tinh C h u m p h o n cd vai trd q u a n trgng.
4. Tit bien A n d a m a n , t h u y e n budn di qua dao P h r a Thong vao k e n h N a n g Yon.
Tif day, hg vUdt qua viing doi K h u a n Chalie thudc viing Chon Mining, sau dd den sdng Saeng. Tiep dd thUdng n h a n den sdng P h u m d u a n g , sdng Ta Pi rdi vao vinh Bandon tinh S u r a t t h a n i . Dgc theo tuyen nay cd r a t nhieu di chi n h u P h u k h a o Thong, Khao Kok, Chong Khrong, K h u a n T h o n g , T h a P h a k N a m Rob, Khao Srivichai va K h u a n P h u n Phin thugc tinh S u r a t T h a n i .
5. Tif bien A n d a m a n , qua dao Ko Kho Khao t h u d n g n h a n cd the thiic hien tuyen hai trinh dgc sdng Ta Kua Pa, vUdt qua deo Sok rdi den sdng P h u m d u a n g . Tif day, di dgc sdng Ta Pi hg cd t h e dem h a n g den viing Tay Bac tifc la den viing vinh Ban Don. Cac di chi k h a o cd hgc thugc he thd'ng sdng nay cd Ko Kho Khao, K h u a n P h r a Nua, Khao P h r a N a r a i va Tha H a n thudc t i n h P h a n g n a .
6. Tif bien A n d a m a n den mien Nam tinh P h a n g n a vudt qua cac tuyen dudng bd den tinh Krabi, di vao kenh Sin P u n den sdng Ta Pi rdi lien den vinh Ban Don thudc tinh S u r a t t h a n i . Di chi k h a o cd hgc CO y nghia nha't la K h u a n Luk P a t thugc tinh Krabi, viing Vieng Sa thugc tinh
S u r a t t h a n i va viing h a n g P h a n n a r a tinh Nakhon Si T h a m m a r a t .
7. Tif bien A n d a m a n den vimg Bac cua tinh Trang, thUdng n h a n cd the vUdt qua dai da't lien den N a k h o n Si T h a m m a r a t . Di chi khao cd hgc dgc theo tuyen nay cd Khao Sai thudc tinh Trang. Sdng Ta Rua c6 the dUa hg den vimg bd bien phia Ddng. Nhieu hien vat da dUdc p h a t hien d khu viic nay dd la di chi Ta Rua va M u a n g P h r a Vieng thudc tinh Nakhon Sri T h a m m a r a t .
8. Cac doan thUdng mai cd the di tit bien A n d a m a n den song Sungai Muda sau dd den viing bien gidi T h a i Lan - Malaixia, theo he thd'ng sudi den viing P a t t a n i . Cac di chi lien q u a n den tuyen thuong mai nay da dUdc p h a t hien cd Sungai Mas, Bujang, Kedah...
9. Dgc theo tuyen bien gidi va cac day nui giiia Thai Lan - Campuchia la tuyen van chuyen gdm tU cac Id san xuat tinh Buriam ciing nhieu ngudn lam san khac.
Dac trUng cua tuyen thUdng mai nay la thiidng n h a n ph.ai vUdt qua nhieu day nui cao n h u Bok, Ta Thao, P h r a Plai, Chom...
de den dUdc vung ddng b a n g Campuchia.
Til dd, h a n g boa lai tiep tuc dUa den Viet Nam va Ddng N a m A. Nhieu kha nang, khdng it t r u n g t a m kinh te - van boa trong k h u vUc da theo tuyen thuong mai nay giao luu vdi v u n g Ddng Bac Thai.
10. Thudng n h a n cd the di theo lUu viic Mekong den cac dia phUdng mien Bac Thai Lan n b u Leoi, Nong Kai, Nakhon Pbnom, M u k d a h a n , Ubon R a c h a t h a n i . Co nhieu nen van hda, t r u n g t a m van minh da binh t h a n h dgc theo tuyen thUdng mai n a y n h u P a k s e (Lao), Angkor (Campuchia), hay trUdc dd la dc Eo (Phii Nam) thudc chau thd Mekong (Viet Nam).
10 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
Nhin chung, cac di tich n a y cd cung nien dai vdi di tich k h u viic mien N a m Thai'^^'.
N h u vay, den k h o a n g the ky XV, t r e n cac vung da't cd cua vUdng quo'c T h a i Lan hien nay da h i n h t h a n h 10 t u y e n giao thuong chinh yeu. Mac dii can phai khao cifu, bd sung t h e m cac tuyen giao t h u d n g triic tiep tif N a m An den T h a i Lan, Ddng N a m A qua vinh Bengal nhUng cac tuyen giao thUdng ndi t r e n la nhiing bg p h a n q u a n trgng ciia cac md'i q u a n he vung, lien vung ddng thdi c h u a n bi nen t a n g thiet yeu cho sii p h a t trien cua he thd'ng thUdng mai Thai Lan nhieu t h e ky sau./.
C H U T H I C H
1. Martin Stuart-Fox: A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence, Allen & Unwin, 2003, p.23-42.
2. lan C. Glover: The Southern Silk Road:
Archaeological Evidence for Early Trade Between India and Southeast Asia, The SUk Roads - Highways of Culture and Commerce, UNESCO Pubhshing, 2000, p.57.
3. Sakurai Yumio: Thd phdc diing cdu true lich sdcila khu vUc Dong Nam A {Thong qua mdi quan hegiUa bien vd luc dia). Tap chi Nghien cifu Dong Nam A, sd 4-1996, tr.37-55.
4. George Coedes: The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1964, p. 19-21.
5. Din theo lan C. Glover: TJie Southern Silk Road: Archaeological Evidence for Early Trade Between India and Southeast Asia, p.59.
6. Theo mot so' nguon sif lieu, tit thoi Chu nhieu san pham xa xi nhif nga voi, sifng te, mai rua, nggc, long chim tri... da ditdc difa tii phia Nam den kinh do Trung Quo'c.
Mot so' nha nghien cifu cho rang do chinh la san pham cua ngUdi Viet va "Ma Lai".
Xem Martin Stuart-Fox: A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence, Sdd, p.23.
7. Luang thU: Tit lieu Trung Quo'c viet ve Viet Nam va cac qudc gia Dong Nam A; Tit lieu Khoa Lich sif, sdLS-TL 0058, tr.50.
8. Theo nha nghien cifu Thai Lan Erbprem Vatcharangkul thi tii nam 1974 d vimg bien Thai Lan da co 52 thuyen dSm {Shipwrecks) ditdc phat hien. Phan ldn cac thuyen do c6 trgng tai titdng do'i ldn va deu CO nien dai the ky XVI-XVIl. Trong so' cac thuyen d i m co 11 thuyen da dUOc khao ciiu ky cang. Xem Underwater Archaeological Evidence from Shipwrecks of Siam; in FY
2007 Report of Sakai-Asia Cultural Partnership Conference Collaborative Research Project, International Division, Sakai city, March 2008, p.71.
9. Ian C.Glover: Beads and Bronzes:
Archaeological Indicator of Trade between Thailand and Early Buddhist Civilization of Northern India; in Karl Reinhold Haellquist (Ed.): Asian Trade Routes:
Continental and Maritime, Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies, 1991, p . l l 7 - 141.
10. Pierre-Yves Manguin: The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries), in Anthony Reid: Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era, Cornell University Press, 1993, p. 198.
11. Tharapong Srisuchat: Geological and Archaeological Expeditions in Thailand related to the Maritime Silk Route; in Ancient Trades and Cultural Contacts in Southeast Asia, The Office of the National Culture Commission, Bangkok Thailand, 1996, p.133-235.
