NGHIEN COu-TRAO OOI
JOPYHOAN THIEN MQT SOQUYDjNHTiU PHAN IHl(VD\f])iiiOBQLUATDANSil(S(rAD^
VU TH! PHU'ONG LAN * Tom tdt: Bdi viit tgp trung gdp $ cho Phdn thii V D\r thdo Bg ludt ddn su (sira doi) - sau day ggi ldt td Du thdo, irong do tgp trung vdo cdc vdn de nhu kT thugt lap phdp. vdn de nhd nu&c Id chu the quan h4 ddn si^ cd yeu id nu&c ngodi, lira chgn h^ thuoc lugt dieu chinh, phdp lugl quoc te trong lua chgn h4 thuoc lugt diiu chinh.
Tir khod: Bg lugt ddn s\e; chgn lugt dp ditng; tuphdp quoc te.
Abstract: This paper aims lo offer comments on Part V oflhe draft Civil Code (amended) - hereafter called the Draft in which issues such as drafting techniques, state as a subject of civil relations involving foreign elements, choices of governing law, and international law on choices of law are the main focuses.
Keywords: Civil Code; choice of governing law; private international law.
P
hdn thli V eiia Du thao dieu chinh viec lira chinh quan he xa hpi nhdt dinh. Khi cd su clchpn phap ludl dp dung ddi vdi cdc quan he ddn syr cd ydu td nudc ngoai,''* tuong ting vdi Phdn thii VU eua Bp luat dan sir nam 2005 (BLDS). Co the thdy, phdn ndy da dupc so^n thao tuofng ddi cdng phu, cdch tiep can khd mdi me va cac dieu khoan duac thiet ke cu thd ban so vdi cac quy djnh tuong ung cua BLDS. Mac du vdy, nhin mdt cdch tdng the, cd the thdy Phdn thti V van edn ed mpt sd ban che cd vd npi dung va kT thuat lap phdp, Iam cho ndi dung va tu tudng bao trum ciia che dinh ndy duoc the hien mpt each phiic tap.
1. Ve kl thuat lap phap
7.7. Vdn di ddn chiiu ngu<;rc, ddn chiiu t&i phdp lugt nu&c thu ba (Diiu 691, Dieu 692)
Dieu 691 va Dieu 692 Du thao sir dung khdng nhat quan thudt ngu: "dan chieu".
Doan 1 Dieu 691 quy dinh: "Phdp lugt ciia nu&c ngodi dugc ddn chiiu din nhirng niu thugc mgt trong cdc truang hgp sau ddy thi phdp lugt Vi?t Nam dugc dp dung". Trong quy dinh ndy, "dan chieu" duoe hieu la viec din tdi he thdng phdp luat nao dd dd didu
vien dan den he thdng phdp ludt thi duoc gpi la "dan chieu". Day la khai niem phd bien ciia thudt ngii "dan chieu" dupc sii dung trong khoa hpe tu phap qudc te'^* va cung ehinh la khdi niem dupe sir dung tai doan 1 Dieu 691.
Tuy nhidn, tai Didu 692, thuat ngii "dan chieu" eung dupc sir dung song vdi ndi hdm khdc Didu 691. "Dan chidu" la tidu de ciia Dieu 692. Khoan 1 Didu 692 quy djnh: "Tne&ng hgp phdp lugt nu&c ngodi dugc xdc dinh Id phdp lugt dp dung nhung phdp ludt do ddn chieu din phdp lugt Viit Nam hogc phdp ludt ciia nu&c thie ba thi phdp ludt Viet Nam duac dp dung, tru tru&ng hgp dugc niu tgi khodn 2 Biiu ndy". Nhu vay. "dan chidu" d day khdng con chi mang ham y dan tdi he thdng phdp luat eu thd ma nd mang ham y la viec phap lu^t Viet Nam da dan chieu tdi phdp luat nudc ngoai song phap ludt nudc ngodi lai dan chidu tdi phap luat Viet Nam hoac ddn sang phdp luat ciia nudc ihii ba.
* Tien sT luat hpe, giang vien Truong Dai hoc Lu^l Ha Noi
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Nhu vay giiia Dieu 691 vd Dieu 692 da cd su khdng nhdt qudn ve npi hdm khi sit dung thuat ngO "dan chieu" md nguyen nhdn Id do viec sii dung thudt ngii "dan chieu" de ddt tieu dd cho Didu 692 khong chi'nh xdc.
Npi dung didu chinh ciia Dieu 692 thuc chdt Id vdn dd dan chieu ngupc vd dan chieu tdi phdp luat ctia nude thu ba. Day deu la ede khdi niem da dupc xac dinh trong khoa hpe tu phap qudc te.*^* Vi vdy tieu dd Didu 692 can dupc doi lai thanh "dan chieu ngupc vd dan chidu tdi phdp luat cua nudc thii ba".
Cde ngu canh khde sir dung thudt ngii "dan chieu" trong hai dieu nay deu ehinh xae vd phdn dnh nghia phd bien ciia thu^t ngii ndy trong tu phdp qudc te.
7.2. Vdn di dp dung phdp lugt nu&c ngodi (Dieu 695)
Dieu 695 quy dinh: "Cdc quy dinh ciia phdp ludt nu&c ngodi dugc dp dung theo su gidi thich chinh thiic vd thuc tien dp dung cdc quy dinh ndy tgi nu&c ngodi do". Nhu vay, van de dupc quy dinh d day Id cdch thiic dp dung phap luat nudc ngodi, cu the Id phap luat nudc ngoai khi dupc vien dan den thl duprc hieu qua ngudn gidi thich phap ludt ndo. Trong khi dd, tieu dd eua Didu 695 Id
"dp dung phdp luat nudc ngodi". C6 thd thdy tidu de ndy bao triim pham vi rpng hon nhieu so vdi npi dung cua Dieu 695. Vide ap dung phdp lual nudc ngoai cd the bao gdm ca van de chii the dp dung, nguyen tdc lira chpn he thdng phap luat ap dung... Trong khi do, npi dung quy dinh ciia Dieu 695 chi Id vdn dd cdch thiic, phuong hudng de xdc dinh chi'nh xdc phdp ludt ciia he thdng phap luat nudc ngoai sau khi da dupc lira chpn. Vi vay, tidu
de cua Dieu 695 cdn dupc di^u chinh thdnh:
"Nguyen tie dp dung phdp ludt nudc ngodi".
7.-'. Ve trgt tie cdu tnic ciia mgt sS quy phgm (Diiu 705, khoan 4 Diiu 706, Diiu 709}
Dieu 705 quy dinh: "Phdp lugt cua nu6c md ngudi dugc gidm ho Id cdng ddn dp dyng doi v&i quan h4 gidm hg ".
Khoan 4 Dieu 706 quy dinh: "Phdp lu$
cua nu&c nai co bdt dgng sdn dp dung ddi v&i hgp dong cd doi tugng Id bdt dgng sdn".
Didu 709 quy dinh:
"I. Phdp lugt cua nu&c nai cd su hu&ng lgi khdng cd cdn ai phdp lugt dp dung doi v&i viec hu&ng lgi khdng cd cdn cii phdp lugt.
2. Phdp lugt cua nu&c nai thuc hi^n cdng vi?c khong cd uy quyin dp dung doi v&i vi?c thuc hien cong vi^c khdng cd iiy quyin".
Trong tu phap qudc te, 4 quy pham dupc quy dinh trong 3 didu khoan trdn ddy dupc gpi la quy pham xung ddt hay quy ph^m chpn ludt. Mpc tieu cua cdc quy pham ndy \k chi ra he thdng phap lu^it dieu chinh moi quan he ndo dd. Vi vay, logic cdu tnic quy pham loai ndy bao gdm hai thanh td theo trinh tu Id: pham vi - he thupc. Phdn "pham vi" chi ra mdi quan he cdn didu ehinh, c6n phan "he thupc" chi ra he thdng phap luat dieu chinh mdi quan he. Trinh tu pham vi - he thupc ciing Id trinh tu pho bidn de thiet lap quy pham xung dot. Phdn Idn cdc quy pham xung dpi cua Phdn thu V Du thao deu tuan thu trinh tu nay, vi du: Viec thira ke theo phap luat dupc xae djnh theo phdp luat cua nudc md ngudi dd lai di sdn thira ke c6 qudc tich vdo thdi diem chdt (khoan I Dieu 703); ndng lire lap di chuc, thay ddi hode huy bd di chuc dupc xdc dinh theo phap ludt cua
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nudc md ngudi lap di chuc cd qude tich tai thdi dilm lap di chuc (khoan 1 Didu 704).
Tai Didu 705, Didu 709, trat tu cdu tnic ciia quy pham xung dot da hi dao ldn. Su dao Idn ndy thd hien su thidu nhdt qudn trong viec sir diing ki thuat lap phdp thiet ke eac quy pham xung dpt trong Phdn thii V ddng thdi gay khd khan eho viec dpc va hieu quy pham xung dot tuong iing.
Trdn ca sd cac phan ti'ch trdn, theo tac gia Didu 705, khoan 4 Didu 706, Didu 709 nen duprc siia ddi nhu sau:
Didu 705: "Quan hp giam hp dupc xac dinh theo phap luat cua nudc nai ngudi dupfc gidm hd Id cdng dan".
Khoan 4 Didu 706: "Hprp ddng cd ddi lupng Id bdt ddng san phai tuan theo phap ludt ctia nudc noi ed bat dpng san do".
Didu 709: "1. Vide hudng loi khdng ed cdn cii phdp luat dupc xae dinh theo phdp ludt ciia nudc noi cd su hudng loi do.
2. Vide thuc hien cdng viec khdng cd uy quyen do phap luat cua nudc noi thuc hien cdng vide khdng cd uy quyen dieu chinh".
2. Ve npi dung cac quy dinh
2.7. Vdn di Nhd nu&c, cdc ca quan nhd nu&c Id chu thi cua quan h$ phdp lugt ddn su cd yiu id nu&c ngodi (Dieu 689)
Didu 689 Du thao xac dinh eac quan he ddn sir co yeu td nudc ngoai la ddi hipng didu chirih ciia Phdn Ihii V BLDS la cac quan he ddn sir thudc mpt trong cdc trudng hpp sau:
• "a) Cd it nhdt mdt trong cdc bin tham gia Id cd nhdn hogc phdp nhdn nu&c ngodi;
b) Cdc ben tham gia diu Id cong ddn Viet Nam hogc phdp nhdn Viet Nam nhung viic xdc lap. '^^^y ^^^ ^^^^ chdm diit quan hi do xdy ra & nu&c ngodi;
c) Cdc ben tham gia diu la cdng ddn Viet Nam hogc phdp nhdn Viet Nam nhung ddi tugng ciia quan he ddn su do Id tdi sdn &
nu&c ngodi"-
Nhu vay, theo quy dinh nay, chu the cua cac quan he dan su ed ydu td nudc ngodi la ddi tupng didu ehinh ciia Phan thii V chi bao gdm cac cd nhan va phap nhan trong nudc hoac nude ngodi md khdng cd Nha nude va cdc CO quan nhd nudc.
Viec khdng quy dinh Nha nude vd co quan nha nudc la chu thd quan h? dan su c6 yeu td nude ngodi cd the la thieu sol. Bdi le trong thuc tien, ed nhieu trudng hpp Nha nude vd cdc co quan nha nudc tham gia quan he ddn sir vdi ddi tde nudc ngoai, vidy, hpp ddng BOT, BT v.v. md trong do quyen miln trir nha nudc da dupe tu bd. Cae quy dinh tai Chuong V Phdn thii nhdt Du thao cung thl hien dilu dd. Trong trudng hpp Nhd nude hode cac ca quan nhd nude tham gia quan he dan sir cd yeu td nude ngodi vdi tu each binh ddng vdi ddi tac dan su cua minh thi tdt ydu ddn tdi van dd lua chpn he thude luat dl didu ehinh ede quan he dd. Cac quy dinh tai Chuong 5 Phan thii nhdt tap trung dilu chinh viee Nha nude, ca quan nhd nudc tham gia quan he dan su song chi de cap vdn dl quyen mien trir nhd nudc ma khdng dl cap vdn dl lua chpn hp thupc luat dilu chinh mdi quan he dan sir ed ydu td nudc ngoai ma Nha nudc hay cdc co quan nhd nudc tham gia.
Cung cd thl cd y kiln cho rdng thuat ngii
"phdp nhan" da bao gdm Nha nude va eac ea quan nha nudc vd vi vay khdng cdn dl cap cac chii thl nay mdt each ridng biet. Tuy
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nhien, theo lac gia, Nha nudc vdi tu each chu thl tham gia quan he ddn sir, khdng phai la phap nhdn ma Id mdt chu the trim tucmg.
Trong ll luan vl nha nudc va phap luat, Nha nudc dupe xdc dinh mpt each chung la "to chiic quyen luc cdng cgng ciia todn xd hgi, vi vgy nhd nu&c cd vi the tua hd nhu dimg trin m hgi, dimg tren giai cdp".^^^ Nhu vay, Nha nude Id khdi niem trim tupng, khong gan vdi thiet chi duy nhdt nao. Cac co quan nha nudc cu thl cd phdi la phdp nhan hay khdng cung dang cdn Id van de tranh luan. Du thao cung ehua quy dinh rd van de nay.
Vl vay, cdn bd sung vao khodn 2 Dieu 689: "Nhd nudc va cae ca quan nha nudc la chil thd quan he ddn sy cd yeu td nude ngoai".
2.2. Vdn de chinh sdch phdp ludt ddn ste ddi v&i vdn de lua chgn he thugc lugt dieu chinh (Diiu 690)
Dilu 690 giii vai tro het siie quan trpng trong Phan thii V Du thao. Dieu nay quy djnh nguyen tde can ban nhat cua viec lira chpn hp thudc luat dp dung theo phap luat dan su Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, logic xac dinh nguyen tde lua ehpn he thudc luat dp dung trong Dieu nay khdng that sir thuylt phuc vd dupc trinh bay tucmg ddi kho hieu.
Theo Dieu 690 thi he thude luat dp dung doi vdi mdi quan he dan sir cd yeu td nudc ngodi cd the dupe xac dinh theo mdt trong ba each: 1) Do cdc ben lira chpn (khoan 1 Dilu 690); 2) Do eac quy pham xung dot (quy pham ehpn luat) eua phap ludt Viet Nam xac dinh (doan 1 khodn 2 Dilu 690); 3) Phap ludt ciia nudc noi c6 "quan he gan bd nhat" vdi quan he ddn su ed yeu td nude ngodi dang dupc xem xdt (doan 2 khodn 2 Dilu 690).
Van de Id d ehd su uu tidn trong cac cdch
thiic lira chpn lu?lt trdn ddy khdng dupc the hien rd trong Dilu 690. Khodn 1 Dilu ndy quy dinh: "Cdc ben cd thi lua chgn phdp lugt dp dung ddi v&i quan hi ddn S{r cd yiu td nu&c ngodi theo quy djnh cua Phdn ndy".
6 day khdng the diing tir "cd the" bdi le nd khdng the hien Id cdc ben cd quyen lira chpn hay khdng va sir lira chpn eua cac ben dupc uu tidn nhu the ndo trong tuang quan vdi sir lira chpn do phap ludt quy djnh. Dieu ndy cang gdy khd hieu hon khi ddt trong bdi cdnh khoan 2 Dilu 692: "Tru&ng hgp cdc ben dugc lua chgn phdp lugl dp dung thi phdp lugt md cdc bin lua chgn la phdp lugt npi dung"- Vdi quy dinh nay, ngudi dpc cd the suy ra rdng cd trudng hop cdc ben dupc lira ehpn phdp luat dp dung vd cd trudng hpp cdc bdn khdng duac lira chpn. Kit hpp vdi quy dinh ciia khoan 1 Dilu 690, cde ben mpt lan nira khdng thl chde chdn dupc minh c6 quyen lira chpn luat dp dung hay khdng vS dupc lira chpn tdi ddu.
Vdi ban chdt cda cdc quan hp dan sir c6 ylu Id nudc ngodi la quan hp tu, di,ra tren s\r thoa thuan eua cdc ben, sir lira chpn ciia cdc ben vl he thupc luat dp dung phdi dupe uu tien hang ddu. Phdp luat ddn su chi ban che &f lira chpn nay trong nhiing trudng hpp cy the dl bao dam trat tu hode thdng le nhat dinh.
Vi vay, khoan 1 Dilu 690 c k dupc sua thanh: "Cdc ben cd quyln I\ia chpn phdp Iu$t dp dung ddi vdi quan he ddn sir cd yeu to nudc ngodi md minh tham gia trir trudng hpp Phan nay cd quy dinh khdc".
Khodn 2 Didu 692 cdn dupc sua thanh:
'Trudng hop cac bdn lua chpn phdp ludt ip dung thi phdp luat ma cdc ben lya chpn IS phap iuat npi dung".
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2.3. Vdn de lua chgn hi thugc ludt diiu chinh theo quy dinh ciia diiu udc quoc ti (Diiu 690)
Nhu tren dd dl cap. Dilu 690 quy dinh 3 cdch thiic xac dinh phdp ludt dp dung la su lira chpn ciia cdc ben, phdp lu$t Viet Nam va phdp ludt ciia nudc noi cd quan he gdn bd nhdi.
Dieu nay khdng dd cap cac dieu udc qudc te md Viet Nam tham gia trong do co chiia dung cac quy pham xung dot thong nhdt. Thieu sdt ndy can dupc bd sung vi vdi xu hudng hpi nhap qudc te hidn nay, sd lucmg cac dieu udc quoc te nhu vay dang ngdy cang tang.
2.4. Viic su dung thugt ngU "xdc dinh"
tgi Diiu 700
Dieu 700 Du thao quy dinh ve vide lua chpn he thudc luat dieu ehinh viec tuyen bo mdt ngudi mat tich hode chet. Theo dd,
"vi^c tuyen bd mgt ngu&i mdt tich hogc chit tgi Viit Nam dugc xdc dinh theo phdp lugt Viet Nam"- Tuy nhien, vide sir dung thudt ngii "tuydn bd" d day Id khdng chinh xdc.
Thuat ngir "tuyen bd" dd ehi hanh vi cu the eiia ca quan nha nudc ed tham quyen cdng bd vl mat phdp li mdt ngudi nao do da chet hode mat lich. Hanh vi nay mang ti'nh thu tue nhiiu hem npi dung, nd lien quan tdi hinh thiie vd cdch thirc tien hanh vide tuyen bo.
Trong khi dd, moi quan he dupc dilu ehinh bdi Dilu 700 mang ti'nh chat ndi dung nhiiu han Id hinh thiic, dd Id mdi quan he lidn quan ldi viec xac nhdn vd mdt pfidp If mpt ngudi da chet hoae mat tich, trong dd bao gom cae vdn dd nhu cdn cii, tham quyen xdc nhan mdt ngudi da ehit hoac mat tich. Vl thuc chdt day Id su xac dinh vide chit hode mdt tfch chii khdng phdi thii tue tuydn bd hai van dl ndy.
Vi vay, Didu 700 can duoe siia ddi nhu sau: "Vide xac dinh mpt ngudi mdt tfch hoac chdt tai Viet Nam dupc thirc hien theo phap luat Viet Nam".
2.5. Vdn di lua chgn he thugc lugt dp dung doi vdi quan he gidm hd (Diiu 705)
Dieu 705 Du thao dieu chinh viec lira chpn he thudc ludt ap dung*^' ddi vdi quan he gidm hd cd yeu td nudc ngoai, theo do he thudc ludt ciia nude ma ngudi dupe gidm hd la cdng ddn dupc chpn de dieu chinh quan he gidm hp.
Tuy nhien, su lua chpn nay can dupc can nhac kl ve tinh hop If cua nd. Quan he giam hd cd yeu td nudc ngoai cd lien quan ft nhat tdi ba he thdng phap luat: he thdng phap luat cua ngudi gidm hp, cua ngudi dupc gidm hd, nai eu tru cua ngudi dupc gidm hp hoac noi thuc hien viec giam hd. Lua chpn he thdng phdp luat cua ngudi dupc gidm hp hay ciia ngudi giam hd deu td ra khdng hop If bdi le cac he thdng phap luat ndy ed the xa la va khdng diudn lien doi vdi viec bao ddm quan he giam hd tuan thu diing phap ludt do quan he gidm hp cd the dupc dien ra d qudc gia khdc vdi qudc gia ma ngudi gidm hd hay ngudi ducrc giam hd mang qudc lich. Ddi vdi quan he gidm hp, he thudc luat gdn gui nhdt la he thupc ludt cua noi quan he giam hd diln ra. Noi cu tru cua ngudi duoe gidm hd cung thudng chfnh la noi quan he gidm hd diln ra nen he thudc ludt nay cung ed thl dupe gpi Id he thdng phap luat cua nudc nai cu tni ciia ngudi dupc giarn hd.
Vdi nhung li do trdn, Dieu 705 ndn dupc sua ddi nhu sau: "Quan he giam hp do he thdng phdp luat noi ngudi dupc gidm hd cu tni dieu chinh".
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2.6. Viec bdo dam s\e nhdt qudn trong viec sie dung thudt ngU "hgp ddng " tai Dieu 706. Diiu 707
b i l u 706 va Dilu 707 Du thao dilu chinh v l lira chpn he thdng phap luat dieu chinh hop ddng dan sir. Dieu 706 cd tidu dd la "hpp ddng", trong khi dd Dieu 707 lai cd tieu d l la "hinh thiic cua hop ddng". Viec Idch ra hai dilu dl dat ten nhu vay la thidu logic, bdi le lieu de "hpp ddng" da bao trum ea vdn dh vh hinh thuc hpp ddng. Viec tach rieng nhu vdy eung gdy nen su trung lap va gay khd hiiu. Ngudi dpc sS khdng biet chac dupc rdng Dilu 706 vdi lieu de "hpp ddng"
ed bao gdm ed ede van de ve hinh ihiic hpp ddng hay khdng, ndu cd thi khi lien quan tdi hinh thiic hpp ddng giua Dieu 706 va Dieu 707 se uu tien dp dung dieu khoan nao hay Dieu 706 ehi dieu chinh cac van de ve ndi dung hpp ddng? Ben eanh dd, khoan 1 Dilu 706 va khoan 1 Dieu 707 vl thue chdt Id triing nhau, bdi vi khodn 1 Dilu 707 quy dinh hinh thiic hpp ddng dupc xdc dinh theo phap luat ap dung ddi vdi hprp ddng, die la phap luat dupc xde djnh theo khodn I Dilu 706.
Nhu vay, theo tae gid khdng nen tach thdnh hai dieu ridng md nen gdp thanh mpt dieu vdi tieu de chung Id "Hpp ddng dan su cd yeu td nude ngodi", trong dd d l cap viec lya ehpn luat dp dung ddi vdi cd npi dung va hinh thiic ciia hop dong.
2.7. Viec sir dung thugt ngU "nai thuc hiin hanh vi" tgi khodn 1 Diiu 710
Dieu 710 quy dinh ve lira chpn phdp ludt dieu chinh vide bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hgp ddng. Theo dd, he thdng phdp ludt dupc l\ia chpn Id he thdng phdp luat ciia nudc noi
thuc hien hdnh vi gdy thidt hai (khoan 1 Dieu 710). Khi ndi "nai thuc hien hdnh vi gay thiet hai" cd nghia rdng cd ai dd (ngudi phai bdi thudng) da thuc hien hdnh vi vd sy ih\rc hien dd Id chu ddng, thdm ehi co ^. Quy djnh nhu vay de gay hidu nham rdng hdnh vi gdy thidt hai dan tdi quan he bdi thudng thiet hai ngodi hprp ddng la hanh vi cd ^. VI v§y, dS bao ddm sy chi'nh xac can diing thudt ngO mang tfnh khdch quan han, dd Id "noi xdy ra hdnh vi gdy thiet hai" thay vi "nai thuc hien hdnh vi gay thidt hai". Theo dd, khodn 1 Dilu 710 ndn sira thanh: "Cdc bdn dupc thoa thudn lua chpn phdp luat dp dung eho viec bdi thudng thidt hai ngoai hpp ddng, trii trudng hpp quy dinh tai khodn 2 Didu ndy.
Tnrdng hpp khdng cd thoa thuan thi phdp ludt dp dung la phdp luat eua nudc noi ph^t sinh hau qua cua hanh vi gay thipt h ^ . Neu khdng xdc dinh dupc noi phat sinh hdu qui thi vide bdi thudng thiet hai ngodi hpp ding dupc dp dyng theo phap lu^t cua nudc noi xay ra hanh vi gay thiet hai"./.
(1). Ve khdi ni^m quan he dan su c6 yeu to nutSrc ngodi, xem: Tru&ng D ^ hpe Ludt Hd Npi, Gido irinh tuphdp quoc te, Nxb. C6ng an nhan dan, Hd N^i, 2013, tr. 8,9.
(2).Xem: Truimg D^ii hgc Luat ffi N^i, Gido trinh ivphdp qudc ti Nxb. C6ng an nhdn dan, H& NOi, 2013, Ir. 30,39.
(3).Xem: Truimg Dai hpe L u | t Hd Npi, Gido trinh lu phdp qudc te. Nxb. Cong an nhan dan, Ha Npi, 2013, tr. 70, 71, 72.
{4).Xem: Ph. Angghen tuyin lgp, T^p VI, Nxb. Sy th^it, Hd Npi, 1984; Tru&ng Dai hpe Lu^t Hd Npi, Gido trinh li lugn nhd nuac vd phdp lugt. Nxb. C6ng an nhdn dan, Hd Npi, 2014, tr. 29.
(5). VS khdi ni^m h§ thupc luat dp dgng, xem: Tnrdng D^i hpe Lu^t Hd Npi, Gido trinh tu phdp qudc le.
Nxb. C6ng an nhdn dan, Hd Ngi, 2013, tr. 40.
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