Thuc tieh - Kinh nghiem
Ufng dung phirang phap phan tich da tieu chi va l(y ihuat tien trinh phan tich cap bac d[nh
hiroing si dung mat b^ng sau l(hai thac mo
O HOANG THj HONG HANH
Khoa Ky thuat Dia chat va Dau khi, Dai hoc Bdch Khoa TP. Hd Chi Minh HOANG THI THANH T H O Y
Khoa Dia chdt, Dai hoc Tai nguyen va Mdi trUdng TP. Hd Chi Minh CH^'oiNH L V
Wen MOI trudng va Tai nguyen, Dai hoc Qudc gia TP. Hd Chi Minh
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Neo Luat Khoang san vd Luat Bao ve mdi trudng, cdng tde cai tao md vd djnh huting sddung mat bang sau khai thae (MBSKT) md phai dupc neu trong bdo cdo ddnh gid tde ddng mdi trudng trudc khi dUpc cap phep khai tilde. Tuy nhien, tren thu: tevi nhieu ly do, da so cdc md dang khai thac chua cd djnh hudng sddung MBSKT mdt cdch huu hieu hoac cdc md dd ngung khai thdc van chiB dupc cai tao vd phue hdi ma trudng dedi& vdo sddung theo nhieu mue tieu khdc nhau. Dieu ndy, ddn den viec Idng phi tdi nguyen dat vd ed the gay d nhi&n mdi trUJ/ng nudc, ddt vd rui ro xay ra tai eac MBSKT mdt sdmd dd xay dung. Tren co sd cac ddc diem tu nhien kinh te, xd hdi khu vtA cd md, cdc tac gia sddung phuong phap phan tich da tieu chi (MCA) xay dung bd tieu chi va sd dung ky thudt ti&i trinh phdn cap bdc (AHP) delua chpn hinh thdc sddung MBSKT mo hop ly nham ndng cao hieu qua sddung dai cung nhu tinh tich cue cua hoat ddng khodng san. Trong bao cao, cac thdng tin cua cum md Tdn Ddng Hi^, Huyen DTAn, tinh Binh Ducfng dupe sddung vd ddnh gid bdng phuong phdp MCA vd ky UiuatAHP delua chpn hudng sudung hop ly MBSKT md.1. G l d l THIEU MBSKT md, can xay dUng he thdng tieu chi dUa tren Hien nay, da sd eae md da va set da ket thue khai cac dac diem tU nhien kinh te xa, hpi cCia khu md. ket thac van chUa 6uac dong cda md va eai tao, phuc hdi hop vdi tham khao y kien cpng ddng va cac chuyen gia moi truang (CTPHMT) de dua vao sd dung. Cac van de danh gia va lua ehpn phuong an sd dyng MBSKT de moi trudng, rCii ro van xay ra b cac MBSKT mo; tam md hpp ly. Qui trinh danh gia se duac thUe hien bang quan trpng cua viec CTPHMT de sddung MBSKT md phUdng phap phan tich da tieu ehi (Multi Criteria chua dupc cac doanh nghiep, dia phuong cung nhu Analysis- MCA) va ky thuat tien trinh phan tich cap bae cpng ddng danh gia dung mde; CTPHMT chua dupc (AHP).
xem la mpt hoat ddng khong the taeh rdi trong qua MCA la mpt edng cu thieh hdp de giai quyet nhdng trinh phat then cac ngudn nguyen lieu khoang san. van de lien quan den danh gia tieu chi, co kha nSng Quyet dmh sd 71/2008/QD-TTg va Thong tu sd 34 phan tich dUdc da tieu ehi, eo the lam viec dupc vdi /2009/TT-BTNMTve hudng d i n CTPHMT da dat dupe nhieu loai dd lieu va qua trinh phan tieh khong can nhdng ket qua nha't (flnh. nhieu md dang khai thac da nhieu dd lieu va cho phep sd dung ca dd lieu ve sd bd sung du an CTPHMT. Tuy nhien, ehi mpt sd rat it lupng va chat lupng; cho phep sutham gia true tiep cOa md dupc CTPHMT va sd dung hieu qua MBSKT md. cac ben lien quan (edng ehung, doanh nghiep, cac Do do, de nang cao tinh tich cue ei!ia hoat dpng khai nhom quan tam), qua trinh phan tieh dupc cong khai vdi thac khoang san, va sd dung hop 1^ va hieu qua ta't ca cac ben lien quan
Toi n g u y e n v o Moi t r a o n g | Kjf 2 - Thang 11/2012 g j
MCA dupc sd dung rpng rai nhd't trong phSn tieh da tidu ehi de giai quyet cae quydt dinh phdc tap. cung e^p thuat toan khaeh quan de' danh gia taeh rdi khoi chO quan va cae sd thich hdng t u cCia mpt cd nhdn hoSe nhdm trong vipe dua ra quyd't djnh.
Trong bao cao ede thdng tin cCia cum mo Tan Bong Hipp. HuySn DT An, tinh Blnh Duong dUpc sd dung va danh gia b^ng phuong phap MCA va ky thuat AHP d ^ lua chpn huPng sd dung hpp ly MBSKT md
2. PHUONG PHAP
2.1. Xac dinh muc tieu cua lira c h p n Trudc tien phai xae djnh muc tiSu cOa phuong an chpn. MBSKT md dupe s d dyng hpp ly khi dap dng dupc eae nguydn t^e sau: Phu hpp vdi dac didm tu nhien (tu nhidn), phu hpp vdi dae didm kinh te - xa hpi (kinh td- xa hpi), an tcan mPi trudng (mPI trudng), hidu qua kinh te (kinh td).
2.2. Xay d u n g he thd'ng tieu c h i
Do cac md khae nhau phan bd d cae vj tri cd dac diem tu nhien kinh te, xa hpi khac nhau nen he thdng cac tieu chi nay se phan anh toan bp dae diem md va Chung co mdi quan he bd sung va hd trp nhau
De dat duoc phuong an sd dung da't hpp ly cho MBSKT cae md, 17 tieu chi 6uoc xay dung dap dng duoc 4 nguyen tac chinh tren;
Nhom 1: Dac diem t u nhien cua k h u VLTC C 6 m d Bao gdm eae tieu ehi lien quan den khu md va khu vUc lan can nhu dia hinh, dien tieh, loai hinh khoang san cua khu md; dac diem nudc mat, nude dudi da't; khi hau; he dpng thuc vat va eae thdng tin cd gia tn ve dia ehat trong khu md. Cac tieu chi nay rdt quan trong trong viec quyet dmh hinh thdc sd dung MBSKT md.
Tieu chi 1. Dja hinh khu cd md la mot tieu chi dae biet quan trpng trong viec quyet dmh hinh thde sd dung MBSKT md. Do lupng khoang san lay dl qua Idn nen dja hinh khu md khi ket thue khai thac cd the la moong sau tich nUPe hoac day moong van eao ban dia hinh xung quanh do md nam d sudn hay chan nui,
Tieu chi 2 Nude mat, mat dp sdng sudi xung quanh va luong nudc chay vao mcdng dong vai tro quan trpng trong viee cap va thoat nude moong sau khai thae.
Tieu chi 3: Nude dudi dat eo the la ngudn cung cap nude cho moong trong trudng hdp day moong eo chda nUdc khe ndt.
Tieu chi 4: Khi hau ndng khd it mua hoac mua nhieu cung nhu dp bay hoi se anh hudng den mUcnUde moong.
Tieu ch( 5: Hd dpng thUc vat khu md trUdc khi khai thae cd lidn quan ddn viec bd trf vd tai phQ xanh, giijp chpn lua loai eay phu hpp cho khu m d .
Tieu c h i 6: Qui md khu md dupc danh gia 6i xem mdc dp phu hpp cilia didn tich mo vdi cac mue dich sft dung.
Tieu chf 7' ThPng tin dja chat bao gdm c^u tnic dia chat va hda thach. Cdc thdng tin nay dac bidt quan trpng trong vide s d dung MBSKT mo thanh noi nghien cdu dja chdt khu vuc.
Nhom 2: Dac diem kinh td xa hpi vCing bao gom cae tidu chf lidn quan den dan sd, dieu kien ed s6 ha t^ng, edng nghiep, eac djeh vu giai tri... Hinh thdc sii dung MBSKT md phai hal hoa gida v6i quy hoaeh phat tridn kinh te xa hpi khu vUe.
Tieu c h i 8 Ddn sd. Mat dp ddn sd ed iien quan mat thiet den hieu qua s d dung MBSKT md.
Tieu c h i 9: Dieu kien co sd ha tang bao gdm he thdng giao thdng, ben cang va sd diem giai tri va phuc vu cpng ddng. Cae dieu kien ndy gidp cho sii van chuydn de d^ng t d cae noi ddn hinh thde sd dung MBSKT
Tieu c h i 10: Cdng nghiep, sd lUpng khu cong nghiep Idn se thu hut lUdng Idn cdng nhan sd dung dich vu giai tri.
Tieu c h i 11: S d dung dat trudc khai thac. Loai dat va hinh thdc s d d u n g dat cua khu md trudc khai thac se giup hinh thde s d dung da't mdi hieu qua va phu hop hdn.
Nhom 3: Bao dam an toan moi trudng. Hinh thCic sd dung dat mo sau khai thac phai dam bao khong gay 0 nhiem den cae ngudn nudc, han chd rui ro ve nhSn mang, it tdn chi phi bao tri.
Tieu chi 12: Moi trudng nude. Hinh thde sddung da't mdi se it nha't hoae khdng gay o nhiem moi trucing nudc;
Tieu c h i 13: Moi trudng khdng khi. Hinh thdcsi dung dat mdi se it nha't hoae khong gay d nhiim moi trudng khong khi.
Tieu c h i 14 Rii] ro. Hinh thdc sd dung da't mdi se rat han ehe riJi ro ed the xay ra lien quan den viec quan I]? mat nude.
Nhom 4: Lpi ich chu dau tu, cpng ddng, P phuong. Hinh thde s d d u n g MBSKT mo cd mang lalM ich cho chu dau tu, ddng gdp ngan sach eua ^a phuong va dSe biet Id dap dng 6uoc mong mudn valui feh eija cpng ddng.
Tieu c h i 15: Hinh thde si> dung MBSKT md mang lai lpi nhuan cho chu dau t u se dam bao tudi thp ciia hinh thde sd dung MBSKT mo va Idi ich cua eac b^r lien quan.
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Tieu c h i 16: Lpi ich cho cpng ddng. Hinh thdc sd dung ddt dap dng dupc mong mudn va lpi feh eiia cpng ddng khu mo.
Tieu chi 17: Lpi ich cho dja phuong. Hinh thde sd dung MBSKT md phii hpp vdi quy hoach va lpi feh eCia dia phUdng.
Trdn cd sd eac nguyen tac va tieu chf, thuc hien cac budc sau eho mdi phuong an:
Budc 1. Gan t r p n g so c h o cac nguyen tac
• Gan trong sd cho cac nguydn tSc bang each xay dung mot ma tran so sanh cap duy nha't cho cac nguyen tac. So sanh tCrng cap nguyen tae de xac i^nh tam quan trong tuong ddi ci!ia mpt nguydn tac ddi vdi nguyen tac khac.
Budc 2. Xac d m h t r p n g so' cho cac tieu chi cua tirng nguyen tac
Qui trinh gan trcng sd eho cae tieu chi ciia tdng nguyen tac dupc thue hien gidng nhU vide xac dmh trpng so cho cac nguydn tac.
Budc 3. Danh gia t o n g hpp
Danh gia tdng hdp tren cd sd cae trpng sd ei!ia eac nguyen tac va cae tieu chi ed ket hpp vdi diem danh gia cua eae chuyen gia Ket qua cCia budc danh gia tdng hop la diem cOa phUdng an.
Budc 4. So sanh diem danh gia cua cac phUdng an
So sanh diem danh gia tdng hdp cCia cac phUdng an, phuang an chon la phuang an eo diem danh gia eao nhat.
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
Apdung MCA va AHP lua chon phUdng an sddung MBSKT cho cum md da Tan Dong Hiep huyen DTAn, tinh Binh Duong.
Sd dung hpp 1^ MBSKT cum md da Tan Ddng Hiep dupe lua chpn gida 2 phUdng an Hd chda nUPc tudi tieu va khu du lich ket hdp nghi dudng. Cae thdng tin ciia cum md Tan Ddng Hiep dugc tham khao t d de tai
"Nghien cUu, danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng tong hop hoat ddng khai thac da xay dung thudc huyen DJ An, tinh Binh Duang va de xuat cac bien phap quan ly, khai thac, sCt dung hap ly khoang san, (Ha Quang Hai va nnk, 2008).
Tren co sd cac nguyen tae va tieu ehi da neu se thuc hien eac bUde sau eho mdi phuong an, ket qua danh gia cGa timg phuong an.
Kdt qua cho tha'y, phuong an khu du lich- nghi dudng dugc danh gia la phu hpp vdi cae dac diem tU nhien kinh fe, xa hpi cOa khu vUc md, diem danh gia la 71,37 so vdi phuong an xay dung thanh hd chda nude
An toan mdi trudng" la diem yeu cua phuong an hd ehda nudc (trpng sd 0,10), do kho quan 1^ dien tieh nudc mat han so vdi "an toan mdi trudng" cOa phuong
an khu du Ijch - nghi dudng (trpng sd 0,21). Tuy nhidn, nguyen tae "phij hpp vdi dac diem t u nhien" lai la diem manh eQa phUdng an hd chda nudc (trpng sd 0,41) do cd didn tich mat nudc Idn.
Tieu chf 7 "Thong tin dja chat" cd trpng sd ra't thap (0,03) d ca hal phuong an do thue te d khu md khdng phat hien dUpc hda thach eijng nhu eac eau trUc dia ch^t 1^ thU.
Qua dd, eho th^y cac hd thd'ng tieu ehi cd thd dupe ap dung cho cac loai hinh mo khac nhau d cac vung co eac dac diem t u nhien kinh td, xa hPi khae nhau, Tuy theo tdng phuong an sd dung MBSKT, cae nguydn tac va tieu chi nay se dUpe danh gia manh, yeu theo mdc dp quan trcng ci!ia chCing.
4. K ^ T L U A N
Cd sd de lua chpn phUdng an CTPHMT dap dng duoc mue tiPu cDa hinh thde sd dung MBSKT mo phai la cae dae diem tu nhien, kinh td, xa hdi cCia khu vue md. Do vay, lUa chpn phuong an sd dung dat sau khai thac chinh la bai toan phan tich danh gia da tieu chi.
Sd dung MCA va AHP de lUa chon phuong an sd dung MBSKT md se bao dam mde dp phCi hpp gida dae diem vung va phUdng an lua ehpn do ky thuat danh gia dUdc rang budc bdi tf le nhat quan va y kien danh gia eCia eae ehuyen gia va eong ddng. Ket qua nghien edu se gop phan hoan thien cong tac danh gia hieu qua sd dung da't hdp 1^ trong boat dong khoang san, phat then quy dat dai dap dng yeu eau phat tnen eiia khu vUe, ddng thdi co the ap dung de lUa chpn hinh thdc sddung MBSKT eho eac md da va set d eac dia phuong khac nhau cung nhu cho cae loai hinh khoang san khae.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Guidelines for Applying Multi-Criteria Analysis to the Assessment of Criteria and Indicators.
Indonesia.
2 Ha Quang Hai va nnk, Nghien cUu, danh gia tac ddng mdi trudng tong hap hoat ddng khai thac da xay dung thudc huyen DiAn. tinh Binh Duang & de xuat cac bien phap quan ly, khai thac, sd dung hap ly khoang san. Sd Tai nguyen- Moi trudng, Uy ban Nhan dan tinh Binh DUdng.
3. Che Dinh Ly, 7/e'n trinh phan tich thUbac. Bai giang Cao hpe (2012),
4. Che Dinh Ly, Phan tich da tieu chi va do thi rada. Bai giang Cao hoc (2012).
5. Jeff Kunzto, The Analytic Hierarchy Process.
The Eagle City Hall Location Options Task Force (2010).
6 Thomas L. Saaty, Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process International Journal Sen/ices Sciences, Vol. 1, No 1 (2008) •
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