K H O A H Q C - C O N G N G H E
GlCil THIEU MO HINH
c a Giai HOA D6NG BQ SAN XUAT LUA
6 DONG BANG SONG CLTU LONG VA DONG BANG SONG HONG
I. DAT VAN BE
Trong qud trinh thyc hi?n cdng nghiep hod, hi?n dai hod dat nudc, cdc khu cdng nghi?p va boat dgng dich vy da thu hiit nhilu lao dgng tir hiu hit cac viing d ndng thdn, ddn den tinh trang khan hiem nhdn lye cho sdn xuat ndng nghi?p. Vdi dgc thii ciia ngdnh sdn xudt lua ggo Id cd tinh thdi vy rit cao, yeu cau nhilu nhan Iyc trong mgt thdi gian rat ngdn, chii ylu tap trung vao thdi diem thu hoach, Idm dat vd gieo ciy. Dgc bi?t d vung DBSCL, do xuat hi?n djch b?nh ray ndu, vdng lim xodn Id, cdc dja phucmg da phdi dong logt xudng giong nen thdi vy Igi cdng gap nit. Vi?c khan hilm vd chi pM nhan cdng cao da ddy chi phi san xuat lua ggo khdng ngimg tdng len, car trd sy phdt trien ben vung ciia cdc viing san xuat lua tdp trung, ddc bi$t la viing DBSCL va DBSH. Mgt khdc, nhieu noi do thieu nhdn cdng nen khdng the thu hogch diing thdi vy, gdy ra tinh frgng mit mdt sau thu hogch cao khdng nhimg vl sd lugng md cdn vl cd chit lugng.
Da cd rat nhieu dl dn, chiln luge, kl hoach ve CO gidi hda san xuat liia ggo dugc vgch ra tii trung uong din dja phuang, song hen thyc te chua c6 dja phuang ndo xay dyng dugc md hinh mang tinh dong bd va danh gia day du hi?u qud cdc mdt dk hi do cd bi?n phdp nhan rdng vdo sdn xuit. Vi vgy, vi?c xay dyng md hinh ca gidi hda dong bg sdn xuat lua, ddc bi?t d DBSCL vd vimg DBSH, nhdm thyc hi?n ca gidi hod ddng bg tit ca cac khdu hi lam dit, gieo, cay, chdm sdc vd thu hogch la vi?c lam hit siic cin thiet, nhdm gdp phan vao vi?c tdng ndng suit, gidm t6n that sau thu hogch, gidi quylt dugc tinh hgng biic xiic ve lao dgng va tinh khan truong cua miia vy sdn xudt Ilia gao.
II. MUC TIEU, NOI DUNG VA PHUOfNC PHAP NGHIEN CU'U
' TS.Vi^n Co di?n NN & CNSTH ' TS.Vi^n Ilia DBSCL ' Ths.Vi?n Co di^n NN & CNSTH
6 1' TAP Chu Van Thien', Dau The Nhu' Hodng Bdc Quoc^, Trjnh Duy Do>
M^ic tieu: Xay dyng dugc md hinh co gidi hoa dong bg phu hgp tgi hai viing san xudt liia trgng dilm cua nudc ta.
Ngi dung: Nghien ciiu lya chgn h? thong thiet bj ca gidi hod cho 2 vimg; Xdy dyng md hinh co gidi hod san xuat Ilia tgi hai viing. Danh gia hi?u qua kinh te - xd hgi va khd ndng nhdn rgng md hinh.
Phirang phdp: Kit hgp gifla nghien ciiu ly thuyet va kinh nghiem thyc te, sii dyng phuong phap chuyen gia de dua ra cac can cii lya chgn mlu may vd thiet bj phii hgp vdi tiing khdu, tiing vimg; Tiln hdnh theo doi hogt dgng va thyc nghi?m tai hi?n trudng vdi viec do ludng, xdc djnh cac chi tieu kinh te-ky thugt. Ddnh gia hi?u qud sii- dung h? thdng mdy vd thiet bj, sii dyng cac bai todn vl tinh todn hi?u qud kinh tl, xa hgi, mdi trudng dk danh gia hi?u qua cua vi?c xdy dyng md hinh co gidi hod ddng bg. Tii do de xuit cdc giai phdp nhdm nhan rgng md hinh trong cd nudc.
Ill KET QUA D^T D\fQC VA THAO LU^N 1. Dia dilm xay dung mo hinh
Qua dieu tra khdo sat chiing tdi thiy rdng, Vi$n Cdy luong thyc-Cdy thyc phim vd Vi?n Lua DBSCL Id hai ca sd dai di?n cho hai vimg sdn xuat Ilia trgng dilm ciia nudc ta cd dii cac dilu ki?n ve hg tang ca sd, vl di?n tich thiia rudng, keng muong ngi dong, cap thoat nudc vd ddc bi?t co dgi ngii cdn bg khoa hgc ky thugt am hilu sau vl canh tac liia, can bd qudn ly am hieu ve ca gidi hod, cd d$i ngii cdng nhan vgn hdnh may dugc ddo tgo rit ca ban, quylt djnh sy thdnh cdng ciia md hinh.
2. IMgf s6 yeu c^u doi vol mo hlnh Md hinh phdi dam bdo dii Idn, thyc hi?n dugc ca gidi hod theo hudng dong bg, phu hgp vdi trang thilt bi vd cd hi?u qua kinh tl. Trong co gidi hod san xuat liia, khoi lugng cdng vi?c nhieu, n§ng nhgc nhat la khau Idm ddt vd higu qua thay rd nhat la khau thu hogch. Do vgy vi?c xdy dyng md hinh chu yeu cdn cu- vao h? thong mdy lam dit vd mdy thu hogch.
CHi CONG NGHlfP NONG THON - SO 2 - 2011
K H O A H Q C - C O N G N G H E Vi vay chung tdi chgn may keo cd trung (35
Hp) va cdc may cdng tac kem theo de trang bj cho md hinh vdi ndng suit lien hgp mdy khoang 1,5-
1,8ha/ngay vd phdi dap ling Idm ddt dugc vu He Thu (thdi gian ldm dit ngdn - khoang 20 ngay), do vgy vdi 01 li€n hgp may lam dat cd trung chi cd the ddm bdo khdi lugng cdng vi?c khoang 30-35ha; doi vdi thu hogch lua, viing DBSH chgn may GDLH-1500, ndng suit khodng l,5-l,8ha/ngay va trong thdi gian thu hogch 1 vu (18-20 ngay) thi 01 may GDLH cung chi dam bao cho khoang 30-35ha canh tdc, do vay, vung DBSH cung chi nen xdy dyng md hinh quy md 30-35ha.
Mo hinh tgi Vten Cay luang thuc va Cay Ihuc pham Cdn doi vdi vung DBSCL, canh dong rgng, lo thda Idn, chgn may GDLH-1800, nang suat khoang 2,8-3,5ha/ngay, vdi thdi vu thu hogch khoang 18-20 ngdy, 01 may ciing chi bdo ddm khoang 50ha va xdy dyng qui md md hinh DBSCL khodng 50ha;
M6 hinh tgi Vi^n lua dong bang song Ciru Long 3. Danh gia hieu qua kinh te ciia md hinh Hieu qua kinh te ciia md hinh dugc tinh todn tren ca so chi phi timg khau cdng vi?c khi sir dyng thiet bj ca gidi hod ddng bp cua md hinh, so sdnh vdi cac thiet bj ma trong thyc te sdn xuat dang dugc pho bien hi?n nay. Cu the:
- Thiet bi cua md hinh: May keo cd trung cdng suit 25-35Hp vd cdc thilt bi lam ddt kem theo {cay CT 4-25; banh sat; phay + banh long-trang).
- Thiit bi thm: te dang sir dgng: May keo ca ldn cd cdng suit > 50 Hp (MTZ50/52; MTZ80,..) va cdc thilt bj ldm dat kem theo (cay CT3-35; banh long-trang); May keo c5 nhd hai banh cd cdng suit 10-12Hp va cdc thilt bj ldm ddt kem theo (cay CT 2(l)-25 ; phay; bdnh Idng-trang).
Kit qud tinh todn d bdng 1, bang 2 vd bdng 3.
Bang 1. Tdng hgp chi phi CGH sdn xudt lua mo hinh DBSH (tinh cho Iha) Donvi: lOOOdong Khiu
Umd^l
Gieo c^y
Chdmsdc Thu ho^ch Tdng c^ng Khong tinh gieo ciy
Thiet b{ trong mo hinh May keo 35 Hp
809 Cdy miy MC 6-25
ma khay 2.957,91
ciy miy MC 6-25 m? khdng khay
2.477,87
Gieo thing 6 trdng 1.160,16 May phun thu6c siu ban tu hanh
182,00 Miy ODLH-1500
873,63
4.522,63 1 4.342,63 | 3.033,63 1,864,63
Thiet bj trong th^c te sin xuat May keo
>50Hp 911
May keo 10-12 Hp 834
Thue dich vu
1.600- 2.780 Cay tay, m? du(?c
3.579,17 May phun thuoc sau deo vai
620,20 Gat tay + MAy dip doc true 2.482,5
7.593 4015
2.482,5 7.516 3 937
2.660 8.519-9.639 4.940-6.060
TAP CHl CONG NGHIEP NONG THON • SO 2- 2011
K H O A H Q C - C O N G N G H f
Bang 2. Tong hpp chi phi CGH sdn xudt lua mo hinh DBSCL (tinh cho Iha) Don vi: 1000 d6ng Khiu
Lim dat
Gieo cdy Chim s6c Thu ho^ch
Say Tdng c$ng Gieo+GDLH Gieo +Git tay Ciy tay+GDLH Ciy tay+Gat tay Khong tinh
khau cdy Khong cay +
ODLH Khong ciy +
G$ttay
Thilt bi trong mo hinh Irfay keo 35 Hp
740,47 May ciy LV-6
2.563,92
May ciy MC8-207 2.979,34
Miy gieo GLH-2800
1.197,62 Miy phun thuoc siu ban t^r hanh
182 Miy GDLH -1800
957,9
May siy dio chieu tic nhin say cii tien 1.129
5.675 1 6.089 { 4.309
3,111
Thiet bj trong t h ^ te sin xuat May keo
L-2000 918,38
May keo JohnDeer 929,22 Gieo bang cong cu
1.160,16
Dich vu 2.200 cdy tay
3.579,17 Miy phun thuoc siu deo vai
620,2 May ODLH (KUBOTA)
1.034,4
Gat tay 2.627 May say dang sir dung trong sin xudt
1.165 4,898
6,491 7,317 9,841
3,737 5.330
4,909 6,502 7,148 9,852
3,748 5,341
6,180 7,593 8,599 11,123
5,019 5,612
Tir ket qud tinh toan neu tren thdy ring, khi dp dyng CO gidi hda, tdng chi phi sdn xuat lua la thip nhat, cy the nhu sau:
a. Khdng tinh din vi?c sir dyng mdy ggt cho sdn xuat phd bien:
+ Nlu dimg mdy cay MC6-25; MC8-207 cay mg thdm, t6ng chi phi CGH theo hudng dong bd chi bdng khoang 75-80% so vdi CGH don le bdng cac logi mdy keo cd Idn ^ 50Hp vd may keo tay 2 bdnh 10-12Hp vd cay tay; Bdng 67-75% so vdi thue djch vy hi^n nay vd cdng lao dgng bdng 65-70%, nghTa Id gidm 25-30% cdng lao dgng. Tong chi phi cho sdn xuat 1 kg Ilia gidm (22-24)%.
+ Nlu diing may ciy toe dg cao LV-6 cay ma thdm (tgi mo hinh vung DBSCL), tong chi phi cdn gidm hon, bdng khodng 72-77% so vdi CGH dan le vd chi bdng 64-72% so vdi thue djch vy hi^n nay va cong lao dgng bdng 67-72%, nghia Id gidm 28-33%.
Tong chi phi cho sdn xuit I kg lua gidm (24-25)%.
+ Nlu su dyng cdng cy bode mdy gieo hdng, tong chi chi CGH theo hudng dong bg chi bdng
khodng 68% so vdi CGH don \h vd bang 60-63% so vdi thuS djch vy; Nlu khdng tinh khdu gieo cdy, ting chi chi CGH theo hudng dong bg chi bdng 80%
so vdi CGH don le va bdng 63-70% so vdi thue djch vy. Cdng lao dgng bang 72-79%, giam 21-33%.
T6ng chi phi cho sdn xudt 1 kg liia giam (32- 34)%.
b. Neu tinh den vi^c sir dgng mdy ggt cho sdn xudt phd bien (vitng DBSCL):
+ N I U dimg mdy ciy mg thdm, ting chi phi CGH theo hudng dong bg bdng khodng 88-91% so vdi CGH don \h vd bdng 83-86% so vdi thue djch vy hi?n nay vd cdng lao ddng bdng 77-80%, nghTa la giam 20-23% cdng lao dgng. T6ng chi phi cho sdn xuit 1 kg liia gidm (25 - 28)%.
+ Neu khdng tinh khdu gieo cdy, tong chi chi chi bdng (90-92)% so vdi CGH dan le vd bdng 83- 85% so vdi thue djch vy. Cdng lao dgng bdng 91- 92%, nghia Id giam 8 - 9% cdng lao dgng.
c. Hi^u qud cao nlidt id sir dgng mdy GDLH:
Chi phi khau thu hogch chi bdng khodng 35%
va ton that sau thu hogch (khodng 2-2,5%), gidm TAP CHf CONG NGHIEP NONG THdN - SO 2 - 2011
K H O A H Q C - C O N G N G H E khodng 50% so vdi gat tay, tach hgt bdng may dap
Ilia (tdn thit gdt mdy GDLH 2-3%; ggt tay 5-7%).
d. Ldm mg thdm vd sir dung cdng cu gieo:
Chi phi giong gidm so vdi cdy mg dugc khoang 32-38%, ngodi ra chi phi chdm sdc ciing it han do chi phi thuoc phdng trur sau benh it han;
4. Hi?u qua khac
- Ca gidi hda ddng bg ldm gidm lao ddng ndng nhgc a ndng thon: cdng lao dgng sdn xuat liia giam 20-25%, neu dieu ki?n thugn Igi sii dyng cdng cy gieo cdng lao dgng cd thi gidm tdi 30-33% so vdi phuong phdp thyc hi?n trudc day;
- Ca gidi hda ddng bg gidi quyit kfp thdi vu de thdm canh nhdm tdng ndng sudt: cd nang suat cao, ngoai vi?c gidi phdng dugc sure lao dgng ndng nhgc ciia con ngudi, dong thdi gidi quyet kjp thdi vu de thdm canh nham tang ndng suat. Ddc bi?t, trong san xudt ndng nghi?p viing DBSH hi?n nay, khau thu hoach cdn theo phuang phdp nhilu glai dogn, gdt thii cdng ndng suat thap, tinh trang thieu lao dgng miia vy ngdy cdng nghiem trgng. Id dp Iyc rit Idn (nhat Id Bang 3. Tdng hgp a) Cho sdn xudt lua viing DBSH
Ddnh gid hi^u qud kinh te ciia md hinh:
Tdng chi phi giam 20-28%; Cdng lao dgng giam 20-33%; Tdn thit sau thu hogch giam khoang 45-50% so vdi ggt tay vd dap bang mdy; Chi phi gidng gidm so vdi cay ma dugc khoang 32-38%.
ddi vdi vy thu hoach he thu thdi gian chi 15-20 ngay). Dua may GDLH cung nhu he thdng may cdy vao md hinh CGH, se giai quyet dugc nhu'ng buc bach ve thdi vu cung nhu van de lao dgng hi?n nay d ndng thdn, ddm bao thdi vy cay trdng vu sau;
- Ca giai hda ddng bg gdp phdn ldm gidm sdu b?nh, trdnh thai diem phdt trien sdu b?nh: Vi?c lam dit diing quy trinh va ddp ung yeu cdu ky thuat, nhu phay la cdng cu thich hgp cd kha ndng ldm tren nhieu logi dat dap iing yeu cau ndng hgc cao. LTU diem chinh ctia phay Id giam so Ian lien hgp mdy di chuyin tren rudng, it phd hdng dat, nin rugng nhit la ddi vdi rugng nudc ddng thdi dg viii ldp cd dgi cao, hgn chl mam benh. Cay cd tac dyng lat dat de diet cd dai va lip thdn ra de mau hoai. Dgc biSt Id ddi vdi chi phi cho sdn xudt lua
Khau cong vifC Neu ciy
Chi phi (l.OOOdykg Ilia) Gieo thing Chiphl(1.000d*glila) Khong tinh gieo - ciy
Thiel bj, phuong phip ip dyng trong mo hinh 13,06(12,68) 22,02(21,38)
11,52 19,43 10,36
Thiet bj, phuong phip ip dung noi xay dyng mo
hinh trirdv diy 16,20 27,10 13,84 23,14 12,68
Thiet bj, phirong phip t h u ^ g sir dyng trong sin xuat
16,26 27,20 13,85 23,16 12,68
Thue djch VII
17,85 29,85 15,29 25,57 13,98 ) Cho sdn xudt ilia vimg DBSCL
Khau cong vi^c Thiet bj, phinnig phip ip dyng trong mo hinh
Thiet bj, phiroDg phip ip dyng noi xiy dyng mo hinh trui^c diy
Thiet bi, phuorng phip thudng siV dyng
trong sin xuat Tinh trung binh ci nim
TdnsTB Chiphl(1.000d*filaa) Gieo+GDLH Chi phi (l.OOOd/kg Ilia) Gieo -i-Gilt tay Chi phi (I.OOOd/kf; Ilia) Cay tay+GDLH Chi phi (1.000d*g Ilia) Ciy tay+Oit tay Chi phi (l.OOOd/kg lua)
May ciy LV-6 12.523 21.12
May ciy MC6-250 12.937 21.82
Miy gieo GLH-2800
11.157 18.81
11.791 19.88 13.384 22.57 28.419 23.96 16.734 28.22
11 784 19.87 13.377 22.56 28.405 23.95 16.727 28.21 TAP CHI CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO 2- 2011
KHOA H Q C - C O N G N G H E vy lua xuan d mien Bdc, cdy ai phai khd cd tdc dyng
cho dat thoang, Idm tdng dg phi ciia d a t , tieu diet dugc mdt so loai dich hgi trong dat, gdp phan tang ndng suat lua. Vdi vi?c su dyng h? thdng may cay mg thdm: Ma tham da dugc xu ly mam b,enh, luc dem di cdy la ma non, khoe, khdng nhiem benh nen phat trien nhanh, de nhieu nhanh, rut ngan thoi gian sinh truang. Cay may tao qudn the rudng liia thdng thodng, cdy sinh trudng phat trien tdt, giam dp Iyc sau hgnh. SCr dyng may phun thudc trir sau cd ndng suat, dg phun toi thudc cao, ngdn chdn kjp thdi djch b?nh va hi?u qua phong trir sau b?nh tdt ban. Thu hoach bdng may ggt dgp lien hgp cd ndng suit cao, ddp irng dugc thdi vy thu hoach, nhanh chdng dua dugc thoc vao bao qudn, trdnh dugc su tham nhgp vd lay lan mam b?nh. Ngodi ra co gidi hda dong bg lam tdng kha ndng tich ty rugng ddt; tdng khd ndng sdn xuit hang hda quy md tgp trung...
5. Chat lirgng Idm viec h? thong thiet b | ciia md hlnh co gioi hoa.
a. H4 thdng mdy ldm ddt: Six dyng logi may keo cdng suit cd trung binh (25-35 Hp) va cac mdy Idm ddt kem theo la phii hgp vdi 2 vung liia, mang lgi hi?u qua kinh te cao: chi phi thap, chat Iugng Iam vi?c tdt, ndng sudt tuong doi cao dap iing dugc yeu cau thdi vy, ngoai ra cdn cai tao nin rugng, tao thugn lgi cho CGH cac khau tilp theo. Quy trinh lam dat tot nhat la cdy di (vy Ddng Xudn - vimg DBSH, vy He Thu vimg DBSCL) va sii dyng lien hgp phay de Idm nhd ddt mgc dii chi phi cao han so vdi phuang phap long, nhung bCi Igi chit Iugng lam dit tot hon, rugng dugc cdi tgo tot hem, hgn chl dugc cac mdm b?nh,.. Idm cho nang suit lua tdng hem;
Cdc may canh tac Idm ddt cdy try ludi di?p, banh long, phay dat, bdnh sdt va trang dat phu hgp vdi dat Ilia 2 viing, rieng cay chdo chua phii hgp cho viing DBSH do dat thjt nang va trung binh, goc rg sau khi gdt qua ddi. Chi phi Idm dit giam 8-10% so vdi hi?n nay; Ve mdt chit lugng Idm ddt, ddp ung tdt hon cdc yeu cdu ndng hgc cua cay liia; nin dit dugc cai tgo tot hon, it bj phd vd; Ndng suat mdy dat l,5-2ha/ca
b. Mdy vd thiet bf gieo cdy: Nlu dilu ki?n thdi tiet thugn Igi, nen pho biln gieo thdng, sii dyng cdng cy hode may gieo vi cdc logi thilt bj nay cd ndng suat cao, de sir dyng, ddu tu va chi phi sdn xudt thap, tiet ki?m giong, hi?u qud kinh t l cao, dap ung dugc thdi vy; Nlu dilu ki?n thdi tilt khdng thugn Igi
10 TAP (ddc biet vy Ddng Xuan- vung DBSH), nen lam ma tham, cd thi dimg cho may cdy hogc ciy tay, thugn ti?n va cd hi?u qua han nhilu so vdi Idm mg dugc (ddu tu khdng nhieu, chii dgng thdi vy, mg khoe khang bgnh, tilt ki?n giong, di?n tich, cdng Iao dgng,...); May cay tdc dg thip MC 6-25 cdn nhilu nhugc diem, can dugc cai tien dam bao Iam vi?c on djnh mdi cd thi phd biln dugc vao trong san xuit;
- May ciy: Chit lugng ciy: 3-6 ddnh/khom (yen cdu 1 -3 danh/khdm); Thay thi Iao dgng 16-20 ngudi; Nang sudt 0,08-0, Iha/h. Nhin chung mdy cay chua dat dugc yeu cdu de ra do chdt lugng chl tgo trong nudc cdn thip, chua dn dinh.
- Cdng cy gieo vd may gieo: Chit lugng gieo:
2,0-4,0 danh/khdm; Dg khdng dong diu gieo 6%;
Thay thi lao dgng 25-40 ngudi; Ndng suit 0,4-0,5 ha/h; Cd chi phi sdn xuit thap, chl khoang 32% so vdi chi phi cay tay va bdng khoang 41-45 % so vdi ciy may; Hi?u qud kinh t l cao hon so vdi ciy tay, ldi tdng 15-51%; Chi phi giong gidm khodng 32-38%
so vdi cdy tay;
c. Mdy phun thudc trir sdu: May phun thuoc sdu ban ty hanh cd ndng sudt cao, chdt lugng phun deu, tiet ki?m thuoc, dap iirng dugc yeu cau ciia san xuat. Ndng suit 0,2-0,3ha/h; H? so biln dgng luu lugng giifa cdc vdi phun < 15%; H^ so biln dgng dg phdn bo hgt thuoc < 20.
d. Mdy thu hogch liia: Ndi chung dap iing dugc yeu cdu de ra. Tuy nhien dl mdy phdt huy hi?u qud hem niJa, dong ddt cin dugc cdi tao dl nin rugng cd dg chdt cao, nghTa Id khdu lam dit, khau thu hogch phdi tuan thu theo quy trinh da dugc khuyin cao. Chi phi den sdn phdm thdc ddu rugng la 873.630-958.000dong/ha; Thay thi 28-30 Iao dgng;
Ndng suit 0,15-0,22 ha/h vdi logi mdy GDLH-1500 cho vung DBSH, vd 0.25ha/h vdi logi mdy GDLH- 1800 cho viing DBSCL.
Nhin chung h? thdng mdy, thilt bj trang bj trong md hinh la tuong doi phii hgp, dgt cdc yeu cau ve ndng sudt, chat Iugng ciing nhu hi?u qua.
KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI Ket luan
1. Quy h-inh va he thdng thiet bi CGH san xuat lua thyc te o mdi viing, moi nai cd khac nhau va CO nhilu khdu chua phu hgp. Qua thyc te thay rdng ca 2 md hinh diu thyc hi?n quy trinh do di CHl CONG NGHIEP NONG T H 6 N - SO 2 - 2011
KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE trong vu chiem xudn nham cdi tao Igi nen rudng,
ddm bao khd ndng cho may thu hoach cd the di vao sau nay.
Tai md hinh DBSH Idm dit dugc thyc hi?n bdng 2 logi cdng cy phay vd banh ldng ludn phien.
Tgi md hinh DBSCL da sur dung banh Idng + bdng tryc ket hpp vai phay de lam dat. Voi nhung rupng CO gdc rg cao co the s\i dung hai phuong an:
Phay chuyen dung bam nat goc ra ho.dc su djing cac lo^i banh ldng hay phay rupng nuac thdng thuang kit hgp voi thiet bi cdt rg thanh nhimg doan nhd 15- 20 cm ldp truac may keo.
May keo su dung tdt nhat cho CGH san xuat lua la may keo 4 banh cdng suat tu 25 din 35ml va cac thiet bj lam dat kem theo.
May cdy toe dp cao thich hgp cho DBSCL.
May cay nhd hi?n tai thich hgp cho viing DBSH vd mgt so viing cd di?n tich rugng nhd d DBSCL, song can phai tilp tyc hodn thign cdng ngh? che tao ddm bdo tinh on dmh vd chat lugng cdy. Cdng nghp lam m? tren san se phat triln vd ddn ddn s5 thay thi san xuat m.a dugc nhu hipn nay.
Cdng cy gieo hang 6-8 trong (12-16 hang) vd may gieo hdng GLH-2800 cin dugc phat triln nhanh, mgnh va rgng d cd hai viing.
Cdng cu gieo lua theo hang May phun thudc tru sau ban ty hanh be rgng lam vi?c (4-5m) phii hgp khdu chdm sdc liia d ca hai vung.
May gat dap lien hgp co be rdng tu 1,5m tro len thich hgp voi cdng ngh.e thu hogch mpt giai doan a ca hai vung.
2. Ca gidi hda ddng bd la xu hucmg tdt yeu trong san xuat liia hang hda tdp trung vi mang Igi hieu qua cao, kit qud nghien ciiu cua dl tai dd chirng minh:
Hieu qud kinh tl: Tdng chi phi san xuat lua nho dua CGH vao giam 20-28%; Cdng lao ddng giam 20-33%; Ton thit sau thu hoach giam khoang 45-50%; Chi phi gidng giam khoang 32-38%;
- Hi?u qua khdc: CGH cd ndng suit cao, ngoai viec giai phdng dugc sue lao dgng ndng nhgc ciia ngudi nong dan, dong thdi gidi quylt kjp thdi vy dl tham canh nhdm tdng nang suat; CGH dong bp gdp phdn lam gidm sdu b?nh, trdnh thdi diem phat trien sau b?nh, lam tdng khd ndng tich ty rugng ddt; tdng khd ndng sdn xudt hdng hda quy md Idn; Ddng dat dugc cai tao nho co he thdng thiet bi thich hpp voi CGH san xudt lua. Tuy nhien, hien nay do CGH khdu cay con ggp nhieu kho khan, nen tgp trung phat triln CGH khau gieo theo hang khi thdi tilt thudn lgi ket hpp voi viec su dung cac loai giong ngan ngay da dugc ung dung trong san xuat.
3. Kha ndng nhan rpng md hinh: Trong qua trinh trien khai, chiing tdi da td chuc cac ldp tgp huan cho mdt so ndng ddn a hai vung va hpi nghi ddu ba nhdm gioi thi.€u cac ket qua va hi.eu qua cua viec ung dung CGH trong san xuat lua. Thay dugc hi.eu qua tu thyc te, nhieu dia phuang da m.anh dpn ddu tu thilt l?i may mdc, cac md hinh CGH ddng bp da va dang dugc hinh thanh rdt nhanh.
Nhu v.ay, tu ket qua dat dugc co the khang dinh kha ndng nhan rdng md hinh CGH san xuat lua a nhung nai co dieu kien la rat lan, dgc bi.et la khau lam dat-gieo theo hang-lam mg tham tren rupng hoac tren sdn va khau thu hoach bdng may gdt dgp lien hgp.
Kien nghi
1. Can cd cac chinh sach manh hon nhdm hd trg cdc thdnh phdn kinh te dau tu ngdnh che tao may ndng nghi?p. Trudc mdt de nghj cho thyc hien ngay dtf an: "Cdng ngh? chl tao hang logt may keo 4 banh 25-35ml vd may gat dap lien hgp" de phyc vy kip thdi yeu cau cap bach cua sdn xuat;
2. D I CGH nong nghi?p phdt trien nhanh va ben vihig, nha nuoc cdn cd cac ca che chinh sach thich hgp nhdm thiic ddy xdy dyng cac cdng trinh thiiy lgi, cai tao dong rugng, don diln doi thua va nang cdp co sd ha tang ndng thdn, cd nhu vgy mdi dua CGH san xuat tiia ciia nudc ta ngang tam vdi cdc nudc trong khu vyc, gdp phan thyc hien tiln trmh CNH - HDH ndng nghi?p, ndng thdn. • TAP CHf CONG NGHlfP NONG THON - SO 2- 2011 11
