MQT VAI GOP Y VE CHE DINH HOP DONG TRONG Dir THAO BO LUAT DAN sir SU'A D 6 I
Dtrffng Quynh Hoa
Tom tat: Bdi viit phdn tich mgt sd bdt cap cua che dinh hgp ddng trong Bd ludt Ddn su ndm 2005 vd dua ra mot sd y kien gop y cho Du thdo Bg lugt Ddn su sica ddi nhdm hodn thien phdp ludt trong linh vuc ndy.
Abstract: This Article discusses shortcomings of provisions on contracts in the Civil Code of 2005 and provides some comments on the Draft of Civil Code (amended) to improve such provisions.
I. Nhirng bat cap trong cac quy dinh ve hop dong ciia Bo luat Dan s u nam 2005 can sva doi, bo sung
Thir nhdt, thiSu sdt ldn nhdt ciia phap lugt hop ddng d Viet Nam la su trimg lap thiSu nhat quan vd khdng ddng bd. Nhirng vudng mac liSn quan dSn viec xdc dinh cac tieu chi phan biet gifta htjp ddng dan su va hgp ddng kinh te theo nghTa xua cu van cdn tdn tai. Do cd su phdn biet giua hgp ddng kinh te va hgp ddng dan su nen d Viet Nam dudng nhu tdn tai 2 he thdng phap luat hgp ddng tach biet nhau. Cd mgt van dS vudng mac la, trong nhieu trudng hop phat sinh franh chip ttong quan he thuong mgi - kinh tl, khdng bilt phdi van dung Bd luat Dan sy (BEDS) hay ludt chuyen nganh dS xir ly nhung vi pham hgp ddng.
Mgt vdn de nfta la, hien nay frong he thdng tda an cua nudc ta cd hai logi la Tda dan sy vd Tda kinh te. Viec xdc dinh chinh xac !oai quan he nao liSn quan den viec xac dinh thim quySn cua tda an. Mac dit cd thS hilu khdi niem ve hpp ddng dan sy quy dinh tai Dilu 388 BEDS nam 2005 theo nghTa rgng, bao gdm ca cac quan he dan sy, hon nhdn va gia dinh, kinh doanh, thuong mgi.
• "PS, Vien Nhd nudc va Phap Iuat.
lao dgng, nhung cac tranh chdp va cac yeu cau ve kinh doanh, thuong mai quy dinh tgi Dieu 29 va 30 Bd ludt Td tung dan su lai thugc tham quyen cua Tda kinh te.
Thu hai, ve nguyen tac trong giao kit vd thtrc hien hgp dong
Cac qui dinh ve nguyen tac giao kSt vd thuc hien hpp ddng dugc ghi nhdn ttong BEDS nam 2005 kha tan mat, triing lap, thiSu thdng nhat. Vi dy, nguyen tdc "ty nguyen" dugc ghi nhdn frong doan 2 Dieu 4: "Trong quan he ddn su, cdc ben hodn todn tu nguyen, khdng ben ndo dugc dp dgt, cdm dodn. cu&ng ep. de dga, ngdn cdn ben ndo ", ngay sau do dugc nhac lai mpt phan trong Dieu 6: "Trong quan he ddn su, cdc ben phdi thien chi, trung thuc trong viic xdc lap, thuc hien quyen, nghia vu ddn su, khong hen ndo dugc liea doi ben ndo".
Trong khi Dieu 4 dudng nhu chi de cap d i n
"cam kSt, thda thuan" thi Dieu 6 lgi d l cap dSn "xac lap, thuc hien".
Dieu 6 quy dinh vS "Nguyen tdc thien chi, tnmg thyc" vdi ngi dung: "... cdc ben phai thien chi, trung thuc trong viec xac lap, thuc hien quyen, nghTa vy dan sy, khdng bSn nao dupc lira ddi ben nao", cd thS hilu
"khdng Ifta ddi" la mpt phin cda "thiSn chi, trung thyc". Tuong ty nhu vdy, cum tir
NHA NU'ilC VA PHAP LUAT SO 12/2014
"khdng dp dgt, cdm doan, cudng ep, de dga, ngdn cdn" de gay hiSu lam la cac ySu td tao nSn sy "ty nguyen". Nhu vgy, dudng nhu frong qui dinh cua BEDS nam 2005 khdng cd sy khdc biet giua "nguySn tac ty nguyen"
va "nguySn tdc thien chi, trung thyc".
Khoan 2 Dilu 389 qui dinh viec giao kit hpp ddng ddn su phai tudn theo nguySn tie "Ty nguySn, binh dang, thien chi, hgp tac, trung thyc vd ngay thang". Qui dinh mang tinh liet kS nay tudng chimg ddy du nhung thyc chat cho thay khoan 2 DiSu 389 da td hgp cac nguyen tac: ty nguySn, binh ddng vd thien chi vao lam mdt. Vdi qui dinh nay dudng nhu cac ySu td thien chi, hpp tdc, trung thuc va ngay thang dugc cho la nhung yeu td hoan todn khdc nhau.
Thu ba, ve de nghi giao kit hffp dong - Khdi niem vS dS nghi giao ket hgp ddng tgi khodn I Dilu 390 BEDS ndm 2005 cdn chung chung, dS gdy franh chdp cho cdc ben trong qua trinh ddm phan dS giao ket hpp ddng.
Khodn I DiSu 390 quy dinh: "De nghi giao kit hgp ddng la viec the hien ro y dinh giao kit hgp ddng vd chiu su rdng budc ve di nghi ndy cua ben de nghi ddi v&i ben da dugc xdc dinh cy the ". Qui dinh nay ve ca ban khd tuong ddng vdi thdng IS qudc te.
Cdng udc Vien ve hop ddng mua ban hang hda qudc te vd Bd nguyen tdc ciia UNIDROIT vS hgp ddng thucmg mgi qudc tS deu cho rang de nghi giao ket hgp ddng thoa man ba dieu kien; Dii rd rang, chinh xac; thS hien ro y chi cua ngudi de nghi mudn tu rang budc khi dS nghi dugc chap nhdn; ngudi nhan dS nghi phai dupc xac dinh. Tuy nhien, qui dinh neu tren ciia khoan 1 Dieu 390 khdng gidi thich "ben dd dugc xdc dinh cy the" vd "viec thS hien ro y dinh giao kSt hgp ddng". Cach quy dinh nay
gay khd hilu, vi vdi cac ben, viec giii de nghi giao kit hgp ddng thudng de bi nhdm Ian vdi giri bao gia. Su khac nhau giita mpt de nghi giao kit hgp ddng vdi mdt bao gid la dk nghi giao kit hgp ddng dugc gui dich danh cho mgt ngudi hodc mdt sd ngudi va ngudi giii dS nghi phai tu rdng budc minh vdi nhung ndi dung da dua ra; cdn bao gia khdng giii dich danh cho ai cd, nd mdi chi la mdt sy tham dd chung chung va do do khdng rdng budc ngudi bdo gid.
Thir ttr, vi diiu kipn cd hieu luc cm hgp dong
Khodn 1 Dilu 122 BEDS 2005 qui dinh:
"nguai tham gia giao dich co ndng luc hdnh vi ddn su". Qui dinh nay nhdm ddm bdo ngudi tham gia giao dich la cd nhdn cd kha ndng nhdn thiic ve hdnh vi ciing nhu hau qua cua hdnh vi do hg thyc hien. Ve co ban, qui dinh nay la phu hgp. Tuy nhien, cd mdt so van dS cdn frao ddi nhu sau:
- Mpt la, quy dinh "cd ndng lyc hdnh vi dan sy" chua cu the. Ddi chieu cac quy djnh tuong ling ve nang lyc hanh vi dan su ttong BEDS cho fhiay, viec tham gia vdo cac quan hS phap luat dan sy cua chu thi (cd nhan) phy thudc vdo cac miic d0 khdc nhau cua nang luc hanh vi dan sy. Moi logi quan he phdp lugt dan su khac nhau cd thS doi hoi miic dp nang lyc hanh vi khdc nhau. Viec quy dinh "cd ndng luc hdnh vi dan sy"
mang tinh chung chung nhu vay khdng phii hgp vdi tiing loai giao dich dan sy cu thS.
- Hai la, dieu kien cd ndng luc hdnh vi dan sy chi thich hgp vdi trudng hgp chii thi tham gia giao dich la cd nhan, cdn ddi vdi trudng hgp chu the xac lap, thyc hien giao , dich ddn sy la phdp nhdn, hd gia dinh, tl hgp tdc thi viec tham gia giao dich dugc thyc hien thdng qua ngudi dai dipn (dgi dien theo phap luat hoac dgi dien theo uy quyln)
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M0T VAI GOP f vi CHE BINH ...
va ngudi dgi diSn cua cac chu thi nay ludn Id ngudi cd ndng lyc hanh vi ddn sy ddy dii.
Do vgy, viec khoan 1 Dilu 122 chi de cap din nang lyc hanh vi ma khdng dl cap dSn thdm quyln cua chu thi xdc lap, thyc hien hgp ddng la chua that diy du, thdm chi cdn mdu thudn vdi cac quy dinh khdc trong Bd ludt. Khodn 1 Dilu 146 qui dinh: "Giao dich dan sy do ngudi dai dien xdc ldp, thyc hien vugt qua pham vi dai dien khdng lam phat sinh quyen, nghTa vu cua ngudi dugc dai dien ddi vdi phan giao dich dugc thuc hien vugt qud pham vi dai dien...". Nhu vdy, giao dich do ngudi dai dien xac lap, thuc hien vugt qua pham vi dai dien se vd hieu nhung khong phdi do ngudi dai dien khdng cd nang lyc hdnh vi ma do ngudi dai dien khdng cd tham quyen. Tuong ty nhu vdy, khodn 5 Dieu 69 quy dinh: "Cac giao dich dan sy giua ngudi gidm hg vdi ngudi dupc giam hd cd lien quan dSn tdi sdn cua ngudi dugc giam hd dSu vd hieu,..." ciing chinh la trudng hgp ngudi xdc lap, thuc hien giao dich dan sy mac du cd nang lyc hanh vi nhung khdng cd tham quyen xdc lap, thyc hien.
Ngoai ra, nlu chi xet trSn phuong dien nang lyc hdnh vi ciia ngudi xac lap, thuc hien giao dich dupc qui dinh tgi khoan 1 Dilu 122, cdc giao dich dan su dupc xac lap bdi nhftng ngudi cd nang luc hanh vi day du nhung khdng cd quyen vdi tai san la ddi tupng cua giao dich dan sy se la nhiing giao dich cd hieu luc phap luat. Tuy nhien, neu coi day la giao dich cd hieu luc thi lgi trai vdi nguySn tdc co ban dugc ghi nhan tgi khodn 1 Dilu 9.
Thir nam, cdc quy dink trong Bp lugt Dan SU" hien hdnh khong bdo vi Iffi ich cho ben yiu the
Dilu 407 BEDS nam 2005 mdt mat khdng cdm dilu khodn hgn chS ttach nhiem
cua ben de nghi hgp ddng mau da the hien su khdng chii ttpng den lgi ich cua ben yeu the, nhung mat khac, viec thira nhdn diSu khoan tang ttach nhiem la ylu td cd thi dua den su vd hieu cua hpp ddng lai thS hiSn xu hudng md rdng cac phuong tien bao ve lgi ich ciia ben ySu thS khi tham gia hpp ddng theo mau. Viec quy dinh mdu thuan nhu vgy ddn den nhiSu doanh nghiep cd the soan thao nhung diSu khodn hgn chl trach nhiem ciia minh ma vdn phu hgp vdi quy dinh ciia phap lugt.
Khodn 3 Dieu 407 cdn quy dinh cac bSn cd the thda thugn ve miln ttdch nhiSm ciia ben dua ra hgp ddng theo mau, tang fraeh nhiem hoac loai bd quyen lpi chinh dang cua ben kia. DiSu nay cd nghla, khi da cd su nhdt tti vd hgp ddng dugc ky kSt, thi bSn yeu the se khdng cd quySn ySu cau tuySn bd nhflng diSu khoan cdm nay la vd hieu, cho dil cd xdm pham den quySn va lpi ich chinh dang cua minh. Nhu vgy, BEDS chua nhat qudn vdi nguySn tac bao ve lpi ich cua ben yeu thS, bdo dam cdng bang va binh dang trong hgp ddng.
Thu sdu, ve hop dong vo hieu Theo quy dinh tgi Dieu 122 ve "Dieu kien cd hieu lyc cua giao dich dan sy", Dieu 127 vS "Giao dich dan su vd hieu", Dieu 410 vS "Hgp ddng dan sy vd hieu" cua BEDS nam 2005, thi giao dich dan su ndi chung vd hgp ddng dan sy ndi rieng se bi vd hieu khi vi pham vao mdt frong 4 trudng hpp sau: (1) Ngudi tham gia giao dich khdng cd ndng lyc hanh vi dan sy; (2) Muc dich vd ndi dung cua giao dich vi pham diSu cdm cua phap lugt hoac frai dao diic xa hdi;
(3) Ngudi tham gia giao dich khdng hodn toan ty nguySn; (4) Giao dich khdng dap ling dupc ve hinh thiic, ttong trudng hgp phdp luat cd quy dinh hinh thiic giao dich Id
NHA Nu'dc VA PHAP LUAT SO 12/2014
dieu kien cd hieu lyc cua giao dich.
Tuy nhiSn, Dilu 411 BEDS lai qui dinh trudng hgp hpp ddng dan su vd hieu do cd ddi tugng khdng thS thyc hien dugc.
Nhu vgy d ddy cho thay, sy thiSu bao triim cua Dilu 127 hay sy thiSu thdng nhdt trong cac qui dinh vS hgp ddng dan sy vd hieu.
Ben cgnh do, khodn 1 DiSu 411 cdn quy djnh: "Trong trudng hgp ngay tft khi ky kit, hgp ding cd ddi tugng khong the thyc hien dugc vi ly do khach quan thi hgp ddng nay bi vd hieu". Tuy nhien, qui dinh ndy chi dugc de cap dSn trong timg che dinh cu the ciia giao dich ddn su ma khdng dugc qui dinh bao quat tai Dieu 122 - dieu ludt qui dinh chung ve dieu kien cd hieu lyc ciia giao dich dan sy.
Ngoai ra, cdn mdt sd quy dinh khong ro thudc trudng hpp nao trong sd cac trudng hpp vd hieu ke tren: Quy dinh tai DiSu 69 ve "Qudn ly tai san eiia ngudi dugc gidm hd", Dieu 129 vS "Giao dich ddn su vd hieu do gia tao"; DiSu 131 ve "Giao dich dan su vo hieu do bi nham lan"; khodn 2, 3 Dieu 410 ve "Hgp ddng ddn su vd hieu" (hgp ddng phy bi vd hieu do sy vd hieu cua hpp ddng chinh va hpp ddng chinh bi vd hieu do sy vd hieu ciia hop ddng phy).
Thir bdy, hffp dong vi phgm ve hlnh thirc
Khoan 2 Dieu 122 vS "Dieu kien cd hieu lyc ciia giao djch dan sy" quy dinh:
"Hinh thiec giao dich ddn su Id dieu kien cd hieu Iuc ciia giao dich trong tru&ng hgp phdp ludt cd quy dinh"; Dieu 134 quy dinh:
"trong tru&ng hgp phdp ludt co quy dinh hinh thiec giao dich ddn su la diiu kiin cd hieu Iuc cua giao dich md cdc ben khdng tudn theo thi theo yeu cdu cua mgt hoge cdc ben, toa dn. ca quan nhd nie&c co thdm quyen khdc quyit djnh budc cdc ben thuc
hlin quy dinh vi hinh thuc ciia giao djch trong mgt th&i hgn; qud thai hgn dd md khdng thiec hien thi giao dich vd hieu"; va khodn 2 Dilu 401 vl "Hinh thuc hgp ddng dan sy" ciing quy dinh: "Trong truang hgp phdp ludt cd quy dtnh hgp ddng phdi dugc
the hiin bdng vdn bdn co cdng chung hoge chung thuc, phdi ddng ky hodc xin phep thi phdi tudn theo cdc quy dinh do" va "//op dong khong bi vd hieu trong tru&ng hgp co vi phgm vi hinh thiec, trir truang hgp phdp ludt CO quy dinh khdc".
Nhu vdy, theo cac quy dinh ttSn, khdng phai hgp ddng nao vi pham vl hinh thiic deu bi vd hieu, ma phai can cii vao quy dinh cu the cua phap luat vS viec hgp ddng se bj vd hieu khi khdng dap iing dugc cac dieu kien nay. Nghien ciiii cac quy dinh ciia BEDS nam 2005 va cac vdn ban phdp luat khac chua thay quy dinh nao vl viec hpp ddng khdng tudn thii hinh thiic thi bi v6 hieu, hoge tuan thu cdc hinh thiic dd la dieu kien cd hieu lyc cua hgp ddng. Trong nhiSu trudng hgp, phap ludt chi quy djnh hop ddng phdi dugc ky ket bang van ban.
Vdi quy dirih tgi DiSu 134 ve dieu ki?n de tuyen bd giao dich vd hieu do khdng tudn thu yeu cau ve hinh thiic va hgu qua phap IJ cua nd cd the hieu, trong trudng hgp hgp ddng vi pham ve hinh thiic, tda an khong mac nhien tuySn bd ngay la hgp ddng bi vo hieu, ma theo yeu cdu cua mdt hodc cdc ben, tda an se chi dinh cho cac ben mpt thdi hgn hgp ly de thyc hien cdc thii tuc hoan thien vl hinh thftc ciia hgp ddng. Trong thdi han dd, neu cac bSn dap iing dugc yeu cdu thi hgp ddng se cd hieu lyc; qua thdi hgn thi tda an se tuyen bd hpp ddng vd hieu.
Dilu 134 khdng quy dinh rd chu thi c6 quyln ySu ciu tda an tuySn bd hgp ddng vo hieu vdi ly do trSn ma chi quy dinh: "theo
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MQT VAI GOP ¥ VE CHE BINH...
ySu cau cua mpt hodc cdc ben". Nhu vdy cd thS hieu, bSn cd loi lam cho hgp ddng vd hieu cung cd quyln yeu cdu tda an tuyen bo hgp ddng vd hieu. Trong khi dd, theo nguySn tac chung ciia Ludt dan sy thi ddi vdi giao dich vd hieu tuang ddi, chi bSn cd quyen vd lgi jch bi xdm pham mdi cd quyen yeu cau tda an tuySn bd giao dich vd hieu'.
DiSm mau thudn nay dan den he qua la, bSn cd ldi lam cho hgp ddng vd hieu neu thay cd lgi thi thyc hien hpp dong, neu thay bat lgi thi dua ra ly do hpp ddng khdng tuan thu ve mat hinh thiic de trdn tranh nghia vu thyc hien hgp ddng. Thyc tS da xdy ra nhilu frudng hgp, nhat la ddi vdi hpp ddng mua ban nha hoac chuyen quyln su dyng dit.
Sau khi ky hpp ddng, ngudi mua da thanh todn cho ngudi ban todn bd hodc phdn ldn gia tri hgp ddng nhung hgp ddng chua dupc cong chiing thi gia fri ngdi nha hoat thiia ddt da tang len nhiSu ldn. Ben ban da lgi dung hgp ddng chua dugc hodn tat thii tuc cdng chiing de huy hgp ddng hoac ddi thSm tien mdi hoan tat thu tuc. Trong trudng hpp nay, chinh ngudi ban se ySu cdu tda dn tuySn bd hpp ddng vd hieu, va nSu tda an tuyen hpp ddng vd hiSu vd tinh dd dap ftng mong mudn ciia bSn cd loi, trong khi khdng bdo ve dupc quySn va lgi ich cua bSn bi bdi udc.
Chinh viec quy dinh khdng rd ve chu the dugc quySn yeu cdu tuyen bd hgp ddng vd hieu do khdng tudn thu quy dinh ve hinh thuc nhu ttong BEDS hien hanh vd hinh trung da tilp tay cho nhung ngudi bdi udc va tao ra sy khdng an toan phap ly frong giao dich dan sy (giao dich van bj vd hieu mac dil cac ben da thdng nhdt ve ndi dung cua giao dich).
' Nguyfin Ngpc Khdnh (2007), chfi dinh hpp dflng yong Bp ludt Ddn su Viet Nam, Nxb. T u phdp, tr.
204.
Dieu 130 BEDS nam 2005 cdn qui dinh: "Khi giao dich dan sy do ngudi chua thanh niSn, ngudi mdt ndng luc hanh vi dan su hoac ngudi bi han chl ndng luc hanh vi dan sy xac lap, thuc hien thi theo ySu ciu ciia ngudi dai dien cua ngudi dd, tod dn tuySn bd giao dich dd vd hiSu nlu theo quy dinh cua phap lugt giao dich ndy phai do ngudi dgi dien cua hg xde lap, thyc hien".
Qui dinh nay chua thuc sy cdng bdng do chi bao ve ngudi chua thdnh niSn, ngudi mit nang luc hanh vi dan su, ngudi bi han chl nang lyc hanh vi ddn su ma chua dgt ra viec bdo ve ngudi tham gia xde lap, thyc hien giao dich dan su vdi nhflng ngudi ndy khi hp khdng bilt vd khdng budc phdi bilt ddi tdc cua minh Id ngudi nhu thi nao, ddc biet trudng hpp, ngudi chua thdnh nien, ngudi mat nang lyc hdnh vi dan sy, ngudi bi han che ndng lyc hanh vi dan su cd ldi trong viec ldm cho ngudi xdc lap, thyc hiSn giao dich hiSu sai ve nang lyc cua minh ma giao ket hgp ddng.
Thu tdm, nhiiu quan he hap ddng m&i da hlnh thdnh, nhiiu biin thi cda cdc hap dong thdng dung da xudt hien chua duffc quy dinh trong BLDS nhu: Hgp ding bao ve (dgng dgc biet cua hgp ddng dich vu);
cdc hgp ddng HSn quan den hoat dpng tin dung, ngdn hang nhu hgp ddng bao thanh toan, hgp ddng bdo lanh ngan hdng, hgp ddng chiet khdu; hgp ddng cho thue tai chinh; hgp ddng chuyen giao cdng nghe;
hpp ddng chuySn nhugng cd phan, cd philu;
hgp ddng dich vy trong thuang mgi; hpp ddng dai dien cho thucmg nhan; hpp ddng dai ly; hop ddng dau thau; hpp ddng khoan viec; hpp ddng mua ban tdi san qua ddu gia;
hgp ddng nhdn thau; hgp ddng nhugng quyln thuang mgi; hgp ddng cung cip dien nang, nudc, dien thoai; hgp ddng mua ban hoac cho thue doanh nghiSp hoac co sd kinh
NHA Nu'dc VA PHAPLUATSO 12/2014
doanh; hpp ddng xay-dyng; hgp ddng ky thuat; hgp ddng dgi ly, uy thdc, mdi gidi;
hgp ddng liSn doanh, liSn kit kinh tl; hgp ddng tin thac...
Thu chin., vl nguyen tdc, phdp luat vl hgp ddng dugc xay dyng tren co sd tdn ttgng quyln ty thda thuan ciia cac ben.- Tuy nhiSn, trong cac quy dinh cu thi ciia BLDS lgi cd su can thiep mgt each khdng cin thilt. Vi du nhu trong npi dung ciia hgp ddng dua ra qud nhilu dilu khodn ca ban, hay quy dinh ve cac hinh thuc bdt huge ciia hpp ddng.
2. Mot vai gop y cho Dtr thao Bo luat Dan sir sua doi
Thir nhdt, Dilu 388 Dy thdo BLDS sua dli da bd tu "dan sy" sau tft "hgp ddng" khi quy dinh vl khai niem hpp ddng. Theo do, hgp ddng la sy thda thudn giua cac ben ve viec xdc lap, thay ddi hoac chdm diit quySn, nghia vu dan sy. Chiing tdi ddng y vdi phuang an cua dy thdo vi viec bd tir "dan sy" se lam tang tinh khdi qudt ciia cac quy dinh frong BLDS. Thuc tS cho thdy, khdi niem ve hgp ddng chi dugc quy dinh trong BLDS, cdn trong cac van bdn phap lugt ve thuang mai chuySn nganh deu khdng quy dinh hoac chi quy dinh khdi niem ve timg logi hpp ddng dac thii thudc phgm vi dieu chinh cua timg van ban phap ludt chuyen ngdnh dd. DiSu ndy cd nghTa la, khai niem ve hgp dong, quy djnh ve giao kSt va thuc hien hgp ddng ndi chung da dugc BEDS 2005 quy dinh, cdc van bdn lugt chuySn nganh khdng can phai nhac lai nham franh su tning lap khdng can thiSt. Cdch quy dinh nhu vdy Id hgp ly vi nd khdng chi tao su thdng nhdt, sy liSn ket chgt che ma cdn cho thay su he thong hda giua nhung quy dinh trong BLDS vdi cac quy dinh cua cac ludt chuySn nganh, trong do cd cdc quy dinh ve hgp ddng.
Tuy nhien, viSc sua ddi cua DiSu 388 frong Du thao BLDS Iai chua ttiet dl khi quy dinh frong dogn 2: "Hgp ddng dugc dieu ehinh bdi eac quy dinh vS giao dich ddn su va cdc quy dinh sau day...", cd nghTa la khi cum tir "hgp ddng ddn su" da bd chit ddn su thi cum tir "nghTa vu ddn sy" ciing can phai bd chft ddn su.
Thie hai, Dilu 122 Dy thdo quy dinh vl dilu kien cd hieu luc ciia giao dich ddn su nhu sau:
1. Giao dich ddn su cd hieu luc khi co du cdc diSu kien sau day:
a/ Ngudi tham gia giao dich cd ndng lyc hdnh vi dan su;
b/ Myc dich va npi dung cua giao dich khdng vi pham diSu cam cua phap lugt, khdng frai dgo dftc xa hdi;
c/ Ngudi tham gia giao dich hodn todn ty nguySn.
2. Hinh thiic giao dich dan sy Id diSu kien cd hieu luc cua giao dich frong trudng hiDp phap lugt ed quy dinh.
Ban soan thdo cho rdng, nSn bd Dieu 122 vi cac dieu kien trSn la thua khi nhac lai cdc quy dinh trong cac phdn khac ciia BLDS, theo do, ySu cau ciia khoan la da dugc quy dinh cu the va chi tiet tft Dieu 17- 23; ySu cau cua khodn lb dugc quy dinh tai cau dau cua Dieu 4; ySu cau cua khoan Ic dugc qpy dinh tgi cau 2 cua DiSu 4; khoan 2 da dugc nhdc lgi va cy thS d cdc diSu luat phan sau lien quan dSn hinh thiic ciia cac giao dich (Dilu 124 va 134). Tuy nhien, chiing tdi cho rdng, khdng nen bd hit dieu lugt nay vi cdc diSu tir 17-23 ehi neu ra djnh nghia va cdc mftc nang lyc hdnh vi cua cd nhdn. Vdi nhitng phan tich frSn, theo chiing tdi, khoan la nen gift lgi va dugc siia thanh
"Ngudi tham gia giao dich ddn sy phdi la
MQT VAI GOP Y VE CHE DfNH..
ngudi cd nang lyc giao kit giao dich dan sy"; Dilu 4 BLDS chi quy dinh vl nguyen tac ty do, ty nguyen cam kSt, thda thugn, khdng hoan toan trimg vdi khoan lb Dilu 122, do vay se giii nguyen khodn lb; nhat tri vdi phuong dn bd khodn Ic vi da dugc quy dinh d cau 2 Dilu 122; dl nghi bd khoan 2 vi hinh thiic giao dich da dugc neu tai Dilu 124.
Thu- ba, Dilu 124 Du thdo BLDS sua ddi quy dinh vl hinh thftc giao dich dan sy nhu sau: "1. Giao dich ddn sy dugc thi hien bang mgi hinh thuc. Giao dich cd the duge chiing minh bdng mpi phuong tien.
2. Hinh thuc chi la diSu kiSn cd hieu lyc cua giao dich trong trudng hpp phdp lugt quy dinh phai tuan thu mgt hinh thftc nhit dinh va khi khdng tuan thii hinh thuc nay thi giao dich ddn su vd hieu".
Nhu trSn da phan tich, viec sfta ddi phdi dugc thyc hien mdt each nhit qudn va xuyen sudt ca Bd luat. Nlu ngay tu ddu da bd cum tft "dan sy" trong "giao dich dan sy" hay "hgp ddng dan su" thi ttong bdt cu dieu ludt nao cd cac thugt ngu nay deu phai bd tir "dan su". Nhu vay, ten DiSu 124 ciing cdn dugc sira thanh "hinh thuc giao dich".
Dogn 1 khodn 1 DiSu 124 dugc sua ddi tir "giao dich dan sy dugc the hien bdng ldi ndi, bdng van bdn hoac bang hanh vi cy the"
ciia BLDS 2005 thanh "giao dich dan sy dupc thi hien bang mpi hinh thiic". Ly do ciia viec sfta ddi nay la hien nay cd qua nhiSu hgp ddng vd hieu liSn quan den hinh thiic.
Tuy nhien, nghiSn ciiu Dieu 124 sfta ddi cho thay dilu lugt ndy lgi mdu thudn vdi DiSu 404 sua ddi vl "thdi diSm giao ket hpp ddng".
Dilu 404 quy dinh nhu sau." ' 7 / Hgp ddng dugc giao kit vdo th&i diim ben di nghi nhdn dugc trd lai chdp nhdn giao kit.
2/ Trong truang hgp co thoa thudn im ldng
la su trd lai chdp nhdn giao kit trong mgt thai hgn, hgp ddng dugc giao kit a th&i diim cuoi citng ciia thai hgn trd Idi chdp nhdn giao ket 3/ Thai diim giao kit hgp ddng bdng l&i ndi Id th&i diim cdc hen dd thda thudn ve ngi dung ciia hgp ddng. 4/
Th&i diem giao kit hgp ddng bdng vdn bdn Id thai diem ben sau citng ky vdo vdn bdn hay hinh thirc chdp nhdn khdc. Trong tru&ng hgp hgp dong dugc giao kit bdng l&i ndi vd dugc xdc lap bdng vdn bdn thi th&i diim giao kit hgp ddng dugc xdc djnh theo khodn 3 ". Dieu 124 quy dinh giao dich dugc thyc hien bdng mpi hinh thftc, nhung DiSu 404 khi quy dinh vl thdi dilm giao kit hgp ddng lai chi quy dinh vl hai hinh thuc la giao ket bang ldi ndi va giao kit bdng vdn ban. Vi vdy, theo chung tdi, Dilu 404 cin cd them mgt khodn quy dinh vl thdi dilm giao kit hpp ddng ddi vdi cac hinh thuc khac. Khoan 1 DiSu 122 ciing nen sua lai theo hudng, quy dinh giao dich dan sy dugc thS hien bang mpi hinh thftc: ldi ndi, van bdn, thdng diep du liSu, hanh vi cy thi.
Mdt vdn de nua do la, khodn I Dilu 124 quy dinh ve giao dich dan sy dugc thi hien bdng mpi hinh thftc, nhung dogn 2 cua khodn 1 lgi quy dinh giao dich dugc chftng minh bdng mpi phuang tien. Thilt nghT, viec chiing minh cd giao dich hay khong, va bdng phucmg tien gi nen dl Bd lugt Td tyng Dan sy quy dinh ma khdng phai id BLDS.
Thir ttr, Dilu 128 vl giao dich dan sy vd hieu do vi pham dilu cdm ciia phdp ludt, trdi dgo due xa hpi da dugc sua ddi nhu sau:
"Giao dich dan sy cd myc dich vd ndi dung vi phgm diSu cim eiia phdp lugt, trai dgo due xa hdi thi vd hieu. Dilu cim cua phap luat la nhung quy dinh cfta phdp ludt nSu ro khdng cho phep chu thS thyc hien nhung hanh vi nhit dinh di bao ve lgi ich cua Nha
NHA Nu'dc VA PHAP LUAT SO 12/2014
nudc, lpi ich cdng cdng, quySn, lgi ich hgp phdp cua ngudi khac. Dgo dftc xa hdi la nhitng chudn myc ung xft chung giua ngudi vdi ngudi trong ddi sdng xa hdi, dugc cdng ddng thua nhdn vd tdn ttpng".
Viec dua ra nhung sfta ddi nay dupc ly gidi la, nguySn tdc ty do hgp ddng dupc ghi nhdn tai Dilu 4 cd hai ngogi IS la "dieu cam cua phdp ludt" va "dao dftc xa hgi". Ngoai Ie thft nhat dupc khai thac da ldm tS liet nguyen tac ty do hpp ddng. Trong mdt xa hdi hien dgi, chiing ta nen theo hudng chii the dupc ty do va dieu cam chi dupc dua ra khi can thiet dS bao ve mot lgi ich chinh dang vd diSu cdm phai dugc quy dinh rd. Vi vdy, cd nghTa chii thS chi chap nhgn la dieu cdm khi phdp lugt cd quy dinh r6 rang.
Chiing tdi ddng y vdi quan diSm sfta ddi ma Ban soan thdo dua ra. Tuy nhien, cuoi dogn 2 DiSu 128 cua Du thao dimg cum tft "lgi ich hgp phap cua ngudi khdc" dl gay hilu nhdm Id mdt con ngudi, mdt ca thi cy thS.
Do vgy, theo chung tdi, Dy thdo nen thay thS bdng cum tft "lgi ich hgp phap khdc cua chu thS khac".
Thu nam, Dilu 143 quy dinh: " 1 . Ca nhan, ngu&i dgi diin theo phdp ludt cita phdp nhdn cd the uy quyen cho ngudi khac xdc Idp, thyc hien giao dich ddn sy. 2.
Ngudi tft dil mudi lam tudi din chua du mudi tdm tudi cd the la ngudi dgi dien theo uy quyln, trft trudng hgp phap lugt quy dinh giao djch dan sy phai do ngudi tft du mudi tdm tudi frd len xac lap, thyc hien".
Khodn 1 Dilu 143 hien hanh chi dua ra hai chii the dugc iiy quyln cho ngudi khac la ca nhdn va phap nhdn, ttong khi viec uy quyen cd thi do chu thi khdc nhu doanh nghiep tu nhan (khdng phai Id ca nhdn cung khong phdi la phap nhdn). Hon nita, ddi vdi phdp nhdn, viec uy quyln khdng nhit thilt
phai tft ngudi dai dien theo phap ludt vi cd thS la dy quyln Iai, ddng thdi chu thS uy quyln d day khdng phai la ngudi dai dien ma chinh la phap nhan. Do vay, khodn I DiSu 143 ndy cdn dugc chinh sfta.
Vdi quan diSm cho ring, yeu cau ndng lyc hanh vi ciia ngudi dgi dien la khdng cdn thiSt, khdng diing vdi bdn chdt cua dgi dien.
NSu khdng cd quy dinh cy the cho timg trudng hgp thi ai ciing cd thS Id ngudi dai dien. Do vdy, ndi dung khodn 2 Dilu 143 cua BLDS hien hanh la khdng thuylt phye, vd Dy thdo da theo hudng bd ndi dung khoan 2.
BSn canh dd, Dy thao ciing chap nhdn ngudi dai dien bao gdm ca chii thS khdng Id ca nhan nen da thSm khoan 2 vl each thuc thyc hien cdng viSc dgi dien cua chu thi khdng la ca nhdn. Dy thao sfta ddi Dilu 143 nhu sau:
"L Cd nhdn, chit the khdc cd the uy quyin cho nguai khdc xdc lap, thuc hiin giao dich ddn su 2. Td chuc dugc try quyin thuc hipn viec iiy quyen thdng qua ngu&i dgi diin theo phdp lugt ciia minh, trir khi giira ben try quyin vd hen dugc uy quyen cd thda thugn khdc ". Chiing tdi ddng y vdi quan dilm sua ddi tgi khoan 2 dieu ndy. Thyc tiSn thyc thi phap ludt frong thdi gian qua cho thdy, da c6 nhiSu ttanh cai ve viec mot cd nhdn, phdp nhan cd dugc uy quySn cho mdt chii thi khac hay khdng. Vi vdy, theo chiing tdi khodn 1 Dieu 143 Dy thao nen sfta ddi nhu sau: cd nhan, chu the nay cd thi uy quyln cho cd nhdn, chu the khdc xdc lap, thuc hien giao dich dan sy.
Thit sdu, Dilu 390 BLDS hien hanh quy dinh: " D I nghi giao kit hgp ddng la viec thS hien rd y dinh giao kit hgp ddng va chju sy rang budc vl de nghi nay cua ben dl nghi ddi vdi bSn da dugc xdc dinh cu thi".
DU thdo b l sung thSm dogn 2: "Thdng tin (Xem tiip trang 42)
32
TI/DO UfA CHQNNGANH..
sdch khuyen khich doanh nghiep cdng khai thdng tin, cung cip kip thdi cdc thay ddi kmh doanh ndi chung va ngdnh, nghS ndi rieng ciing cin dugc can nhdc. Chinh sdch khuyin khieh doanh nghiep khai bdo thdng tin phai gan vdi lgi ich cy thi nhu viec xip hgng cac doanh nghiSp ve cdng bo thdng
tin, qua dd danh gia tihh thudng xuySn, lien tyc frong hoat dgng cfta doanh nghiSp ciing nhu mftc do minh bgch thdng tin cua doanh nghiSp, hoac cac ho frg ve quang cao hoge tira kilm ddi tae frong cung mpt nganh, nghS, ITnh vyc rad co quan quan IJ nhd nudc cd thS cung cap mien phi.
(Tiep theo trang 32 - Mgt vdi gop yvi...)
trong quang cdo, catalog, triln lam cua nha cung cip chuySn nghiep hdng hda, dich vu cung la dS nghi giao ket hgp ddng cho dSn khi het hang hda hay khdng cdn kha ndng cung cap dich vy nSu thS hiSn rd J dinh giao kSt hgp ddng va chiu sy rang budc cfta nha cung cap". Ban sogn thao da IJ gidi vl viec bd sung nay la do BLDS hiSn hdnh mdi chi ghi nhgn dS nghi giao kSt hgp ddng dugc gfti tdi chil thS nhdt dinh, tftc la khdng chip nhdn dS nghi giao kSt hgp ddng gfti den cdng chiing. Do d cdc nudc hiSn nay thudng quy djnh theo hudng chdp nhdn cd dS nghi gOri dSn cdng chftng, vd dS phdp ludt cua chiing ta phu hgp vdi thS gidi, Dy thdo da them quy dinh ve de nghi gfti tdi cdng cdng.
Tuy nhiSn, so vdi rapt sd he thdng lugt nhu Phap, Bp nguySn tdc chau Au vS hgp ddng thi Dy thdo cd phgm vi dieu chinh hep hon, Dy thdo chi theo hudng chap nhdn de nghi cdng cpng frong trudng hgp dd la de nghi ciia nha cung cap chuySn nghiSp ma khdng dp dyng eho ngudi de nghi la cd nhan khdng chuyen nghiep, vd ehi chap nhdn khi dS nghi dugc nSu ttong qudng eao, catalog vd triSn ldm.
Nhu phan tich d phdn trSn, mdt de nghi vl viSc giao ket hgp ddng dugc giri dich danh din mdt ngudi, mpt doanh nghidp hoac mgt sd doanh nghiSp cy the, do dd
ngudi giri de nghi giao kit hgp ddng phai ty rang budc minh vai nhung npi dung da dua ra frong de nghi dd; ttong khi dl nghi edng cdng khdng gfti dich danh dSn ai (doanh nghiSp ndo), vd nd khdng cd gid tri rdng bupc. O day. Ban soan thdo da ed sy nhdm lan giua de nghi giao ket hgp ddng vdi dS nghi cdng chiing (hay bdo gid). Do dd, theo chiing tdi, Du thao BEDS sfta ddi khdng nen quy dinh them dogn 2 ndy vdo khodn 1 Dilu 390.
Thu bdy, Dy thao cdn xem xet bd sung them mdt sd loai hgp ddng chua dugc dua vao BLDS nam 2005 nhu hgp ddng diu thau, hgp ddng khoan viSc; hgp ddng mua ban tai san qua dau gid; hgp ddng nhgn thau; hpp ddng nhugng quyln thuong mgi;
hgp ddng cung cap dien nang, nudc, dipn thoai; hgp ddng mua ban hoac cho thuS doanh nghiep hodc co sd kinh doanh; hgp ddng xdy dyng; hgp ddng ky thugt; hgp ddng dai IJ, uy thdc, mdi gidi; hgp ddng lien doanh, liSn kSt kinh te; hgp ddng tin thdc, hgp ddng bao thanh toan, hgp ddng bdo lanh ngan hang, hgp dong chiit khiu;
hgp ddng cho thuS tai chinh; hgp ddng chuyen giao cdng nghe; hgp ddng chuyin nhugng cd phan, cd phieu; hgp dong dich vu frong thuang mgi; hgp d^ng dgi diSn cho thuang nhan...
