N G H I E N CUU - T R A O D O I
T I M H I E D
V E C A Y L U A
V A N G H E T R O N G L U A X I I I
0 V I E T N A M
• Hoang Qudc Tuan
Lua (Oryza Sativa), tieu mach (Triticum), san (Manihot esculenta), ngo (Zea Mays), khoai tay (Solatium tuberosum) la nam loai cay luong thuc cd vj t r i dac biet quan trong trong ddi song cua phan ldn nhan loai tren trai dat. Vdi voi cac qudc gia Pong Nam A - noi dugc menh danh la cai ndi cua nen van minh ndng nghiep lua nude - lua la cay luong thuc hang dau. Lua la ngudn luong thuc dugc con ngudi tieu thu nhieu nhat, hon mdt nua dan sd the gidi sd dung gao lam thdc an chinh hang ngay. Bdi vay, t d lau cay lua la di tai nghien cdu cua nhieu nha khoa hoc thudc nhiJu ITnh vuc khac nhau. Tu cho xac dinh dugc gia t r j to ldn cua cay lua, con ngudi trong nhieu thdi dai da khdng ngdng tim each nang cao chat luong va nang suat cua loai cay trdng dac biet nay. Hien nay, Viet Nam la mot trong sd cac quoc gia xuat khau lua gao ldn tren the gidi. 9e gdp phan tim hieu them ve nen ndng nghiep trong lua d nude ta, bai viet nay xin de cap den ngudn gdc cua cay lua va nghe trdng lua xira thong qua cac dan lieu khoa hoc ljch sd, dan tdc hoc va khao co hoc.
I . Dau tich ve cay lua tren the gioi va 6" Viet Nam
Lua cd hai loai tieu bieu la:
Oryza sativa va Oryza glaberrima trong ho Poaceae, cd ngudn gdc d vung nhiet ddi va can nhiet ddi khu vuc Ddng Nam chau A va chau Phi.
Nhieu ket qua nghien cdu cho rang td tien cua chi Ida Oryza la mdt loai cay hoang dai tren sieu luc dja Gondwana, xuat hien each ngay nay khoang 130 trieu nam va phat tan rdng
khap cac chau luc trong qua trinh trdi dat luc dia. Hien nay, chi Ida nay cd khoang 21 loai cay hoang dai va 2 loai da duoc thuan hoa thanh 2 gidng Ida chinh la lua chau A (Oryza sativa) va Ida chau Phi (Oryza glaberrima).
Lua trdng chau Phi bat ngudn tu loai Ida hoang dia phuong cd ten la Oryza breviligulata, bat dau dugc trdng phd bien khoang tu 1.500 nam tr.CN. Dd la gidng Ida
ndi, than tran, song dudi nude va nua nude, xuat phat ban dau la d vung tam giac chau thd song Niger. Gidng Ida nay chu yeu dugc trdng d Tay Phi, ve sau lan truyen den Senegal, nhung hau nhu khdng phd bien d Ddng Phi va cung chua bao gid vugt ra khdi pham vi lanh thd chau Phi.
Lua trdng chau A cd ngudn gdc tu loai Ida hoang Oryza rufipogon, gdm hai loai chinh:
loai Ida nhieu nam (Oryza
N G H I E N C U U - T R A O O O I
perenniss) va loai lua mot nam [Oryza sativa va. spontanea) sinh truong kha pho bien d khu vuc xung quanh chan nui Himalaya. Lua trong hien nay d chau A co ba loai co ban [4;
148, 150]: Lua A n Do hay lua tien (Oryza sativa indica); Lua Nhat Ban hay lua canh (Oryza sativa japonica); Lua Indonesia (Oryza sativa javanica).
Day la nhung giong lua chinh dang dugc gieo trdng khap the gidi.
Tuy nhien, den nay ngudi ta van chua xac dinh dugc khu vuc nao tren the gidi la noi dau tien da tien hanh thuan hoa va gieo trdng cay lua. Khoang dau thien nien ky thu V tr.CN, mot sd gidng Ida trdng tren cac vung dat khd da dugc du nhap vao quan dao Nhat Ban va ban dao Trieu Tien, nhung phai den sau the ky thu I tr.CN thi cac gidng Ida nude mdi xuat hien d day. 6 khu vuc Trung Ddng va Dia Trung Hai, gidng Oryza sativa da thich nghi vdi viec gieo trdng tu the ky V I I I sau CN. T u sau the ky X V , cay Ida bat dau xuat hien phd bien d chau A u va den dau the ky X V I I I thi ngudi Tay Ban Nha da dem cac gidng Ida den Nam M y . . . Trong nhieu hdi nghj qudc te ban ve ngudn gdc cua ndng nghiep. cac nha khoa hgc da khao cuu rat ky dau tich cua cac loai thuc vat, nhat la cac loai cay lay cu, lay hat va lay bdt da dugc phat hien trong cac ldp dat khao cd t u thdi
dai dd da giua den thai dai dd sat, nham xac dinh rd han ngudn gdc cay lua.
O Thdi Lan, tai di tich Hang Ma (Spirit Cave) - thudc van hoa Hoa Binh - cd nien dai each ngay nay 11.690 ± 560 nam, dau tich cua nhieu loai cay trdng thudc ho dau, hp bau bi va cac gidng khoai mdn, khoai sg da dugc phat hien.
Mac du chua tim dugc dau tich hat lua d day, nhung mdt sd nha khoa hoc nhu Chester Gorman, Wilhelm G. Solheim van chu truong rang chu nhan cua van hoa Hoa Binh da biet den ndng nghiep trdng Ida [10;
7; 8]. Tai di tich Hang thung lung Cay Da (Banyan VIley Cave) cd nien dai 3.500 nam tr.CN, da tim thay nhung vd thdc cd hinh dang, kich thudc dugc D.E. Yen do dac rat ky va khang dinh la phu hop vdi Oryza sativa - tuc Ida trdng.
Nhung Truong Due Tu d Vien
lua qudc te (Philippin), khi phan tich cau true te bao cua cac vd thdc nay, lai cho rang dd la loai thdc Ida hoang [10;
9]. 0* vung Ddng Bac Thai Lan, tai di tich Non Noc Thd (Non'Nok Tha) cd nien dai 3.500-500 nam tr.CN va di tich Bdn Chieng (Ban Chiang) cd nien dai 3.600-2.700 nam tr.CN da tim thay nhung hat lua hoa than cung vdi nhung dau in cua hat Ida tren do gdm.
Cac ket qua nghien cuu deu cdng nhan rang nghe trdng Ida da ra ddi va phat trien d day.
Nhu vay, d Thai Lan, cay lua da xuat hien it nhat cung each chung ta ngay nay khoang tu 6.000-5.500 nam.
O Indonesia, nam 1973, cac nha khao cd da tim dugc 10 hat gao hoa than va hang nghin manh vd trau trong hang I-lu Le-ang (Ulu Leang), dugc xac dinh la Ida trdng. Chung nam giua hai ldp dat cd nien dai C14
So 2 / 2 0 1 1 Thong t i n KH-CN Nghe An (34)
N G H I E N C l f l J - T R A O 0 0 1
la: each ngay nay 4.172 ± 90 nam va each ngay nay 8.785
± 45 nam, vi vay dugc doan dinh co nien dai khoang 4.000 nam tr.CN [10; 9].
O Malaysia, dau tich cua lua co cung da dugc tim thay trong van hoa Ban Kao, cd nien dai each chung ta ngay nay khoang 6.000-5.500 nam.
O Trung Quoc, dau tich cua Ida dugc tim thay trong rat nhieu di tich khao cd cd nien dai khac nhau. Tai khu vuc hd Dong Dinh (tinh Hd Nam) da phat hien dugc 10.000 hat thdc vdi kich co khac nhau, mdt sd hat to gap bdn lan cac hat khac.
Theo cac chuyen gia ndng hoc, day la loai Ida dang d dang chuyen tiep tu lua hoang sang lua trdng, cd nien dai each ngay nay 8.000 nam. (J di tich Ha Mau Do (tinh Triet Giang) da tim thay hat Ida dai cd nien dai C1 4 each ngay nay la 5.895
± 1 1 5 nam va each ngay nay 6.310 ± 100 nam. Day la loai lua tien (Oryza sativa snbsp.hisen Ting) chua dugc thuan dudng hoan toan. Nhung hat lua dai loai Oryza sativa indica cung da dugc tim thay d di chi Tung Thach (Thugng Hai) cd nien dai 3.395 ± 105 nam tr.CN. C» di chi Tiin Son Dang (Triet Giang) cd nien dai each ngay nay 2.750 ± 100 nam va di chi Khudt Gia Linh (Hd Bac) cd nien dai each ngay nay 2.245 ± 160 nam, each ngay nay 2.195 ± 100 nam, da tim thay nhung hat Ida trdng bao gdm ca loai hat dai va hat trdn. Nhu vay, d Trung Qudc,
cay Ida da xuat hien each ngay nay khoang tu 8.000-4.000 nam [4; 149].
O An Do, dau tich cua nhieu loai Ida cd bao gdm ca Ida hoang (Oryza c f . rufipogon) va lua trdng (Oryza sativa) da dugc phat hien trong nhieu di tich khao cd va da dugc xac dinh nien dai kha rd rang: di tich L6- tan (Lothal) cd nien dai 2.300 nam tr.CN, di tich Rang-pua (Rangpur) cd nien dai 2.000 nam tr.CN, di tich A-ha (Ahar) va Chi-ran (Chirand) nien dai 1.800 nam tr.CN. Dac biet nhat la d di
tich Con-di-he-va (Koldihevah), dau tich hat
Ida dugc tim thay trong cac ldp dat thudc thdi dai dd da mdi cd nien dai each ngay nay 6.480 ± 185 nam [10; 9].
Day la dau tich sdm nhat cua cay Ida d khu vuc Nam A .
Viet Nam la qudc gia cd dieu kien tu nhien rat thuan lgi cho su sinh trudng cua cay Ida. Hien tai d nude ta dang cdn ton tai nhieu loai Ida hoang va ca nhung loai dugc coi la trung gian giua lua hoang va lua trdng [4;
150]. Chang han d Tay Bac:
cd Oryza perennis, Oryza gramilata, Oryza officinalis,
Oryza fatua; Tay Nguyen cd:
Oryza latiflia, Oryza myliana; Ddng bang song Cuu Long cd: Oryza rufipogon, Oryza nivara, Oryza minuta.
Trong cac van hoa khao cd thuoc giai doan so ky va
trung ky cua thdi dai da mdi (Bdc Son, Da But, Quynh Van), chung ta chua tim dugc dau tich cua hat lua ma chi mdi tim thay bao tu phan hoa cua Ida, nhung khdng nhieu.
Mai den cudi thai dai da mdi, dau thai dai dd ddng thi cac dau tich Ida, gao, trau mdi dugc dugc phat hien trong nhieu di tich khao cd tren khap ca ba mien cua dat nude. Han mdt van nam trudc, do anh hudng cua dgt bien tien Flandrian, dien tich luc dia bi thu hep, cu dan Hoa Binh budc phai di ddi dia ban cu tru len cac vung chan nui bao quanh cac thung lung. Phuong thuc san xuat chu yeu cua hg, ngoai hai lugm va san bat, da budc dau biet trdng rau cu, nudi gia sue, m d dau cho thai ky da mdi. T u hai lugm tuy tien tien t d i hai lugm theo mua, con ngudi da biet tdi nghe ndng nguyen thuy v d i cay trdng chu dao la lua va cac gidng cay thudc ho bau b i , hg dau, cay an qua... Ddng thai v d i phat minh quan trgng nay la viec con ngudi biet che tao ra cung ten. T u san bat con ngudi tien t d i san ban, cat gift thuc an ddng vat song, phat hien them nhung tap tinh cua ddng vat de thuan hoa va nghe chan nudi ra ddi. Td tien cua ngudi Viet each day khoang 4.000 nam cung bi thien nhien dat vao mot tinh the tuang t u nhu con ngudi thai van hoa Hoa Binh, dd la
N G H I E N C U U - T R A O O d l
nude bien dang, dien tich trdng trot va cu tru bi thu hep. Con ngudi lai budc phai ddn len d tren nhung dai ddt cao, dan cu ddng due, nhu cau luong thuc trd thanh mdt van de buc bach. Bang kinh nghiem hai lugm, trdng tia phong phu tich luy dugc qua nhieu nghin nam, cdng v d i ky thuat mai da va due ddng, td tien ta da ra cdng khai pha, tai tao va m d rdng dien tich gieo trdng loai cay hoa thao cho hat cue ky huu ich - dd la cay Ida. Cay lua trd thanh ngudi ban ddng hanh gan bd thuy chung v d i ngudi Viet trong sudt chieu dai cua lich su dan tdc. Dau tich cua cay Ida da dugc phat hien trong nhieu di tich khao cd thai dai dd ddng, dd sat va dugc ghi chep trong nhieu trang thu tich cd.
Tai cac di tich khao cd hgc Ddng Dau (Yen Lac - VTnh Phuc), Xuan Kieu, Tien Hoi, Dinh Trang, Dudng May (Cd Loa - Ha Ndi), trong ldp dat cd nien dai each ngay nay 3.330 ± 100 nam, da tim thiy dau tich cua nhung hat gao va vd trau chay, day la loai Ida dang hat trdn, cd the la lua nep [5; 252]. Dau tich cua Ida, bdng Ida, vd trau cdn dugc luu lai tren nhieu dd gdm trong cac di tich khao cd cua van hoa Gd Mun, van hoa Ddng San, van hoa Sa Huynh, thudc thai dai ddng thau va sat sdm, nien dai each ngay nay tren 3.000- 2.000 nam.
Nhung dieu ghi chep trong cac thu tich cd cung cho thay, vao khoang thai gian trudc va sau Cdng nguyen cd nhieu gidng lua khac nhau da dugc gieo trdng d nude ta.
Sach Di vat chi cua Duong Phu (the ky I) chep: "Lua a Giao Chi mdi nam trong hai ldn vao mua he va miia dong" [9; 44]. Sach Quang chi cua Quach Nghia Cung, ddi Tay Han (280-304) ghi:
"Phuong Nam cd lua hd chudng, lua tic mang, lua xich khoang (lua sd), lua thien minh, lua cai ha bach, lua thanh vu, lua luy tic, lua bach mac, lua canh..." [9;
44]. Sach Pham Thang Chi thu, ddi Tay Han cung chep:
"Phuong Ddng nhieu liia dao (gao miia te), liia mach;
phuong Bdc nhieu liia thuc (thdc); trung uong nhieu lua hod; phuong Nam nhieu lua thic (nip)" [9; 44]. Sach Linh Nam chich qudi cua Tran The Phap cd doan: "Ddt nhieu gao nep, lay dng tre de nau com" [7]. Trong Vdn ddi loai ngu, Le Quy Ddn viet:
"Ngudi Nam Giao tiep xuc vdi ngudi Chiem, nen trdng duoc nhieu thic lua gao chin ve ha nen goi la lua chiem"
[9; 44]...
Cd le trudc day, do con ngudi chua cd nhung phuong phap khoa hoc de truy tim ngudn gdc cua cay Ida nen chi dung lai d each phan loai Ida theo thudc tinh cua tung loai nhu: Ida ua nude va lua chiu can. Theo Le Quy Ddn, Ida ua
nude cd hai loai chinh: Lua chiu ung nhu liia chiem ngam nude mdt thang van ket hat dugc; Lua cdn nude d chan nhu lua bdt ngoat, nen cay vao rudng khdng cao, khdng thdp, gao trdng, hat trdn, chin sdm...; Lua chiu can thi cd lua md, lua ldc (?) trdng d ddi nui, dat bai ngoai de... Ngoai ra, trong Vdn dai loai ngu, Le Quy Don cdn gidi thieu mot sd gidng lua khac nhu: lua cdi ha bach trdng vao thang gieng, den thang 5 dugc gat, cat nggn rdi Ida lai moc, den thang 9 lai cd Ida gat. Lua tdi thuc dao hay lua tdi tien, gat rdi ma gdc lai moc ddng ddng len, lai cd bdng, gao trang, hat to.
Thuan hoa dugc cay lua dai va bien nd thanh cay Ida trdng la mdt thanh qua vd cung to ldn cua nhan loai.
Cay Ida de thich nghi vdi nhieu loai dat khac nhau, yeu td quan trgng nhat ddi vdi cay Ida nude (d dat thap) la can phai cd nude d chan va vdi cay lua can (d dat cao) la cd du nude trong mua mua de thoa man nhung nhu cau sinh ly. R.O. Whyte da viet ve ngudn gdc cay Ida nhu sau:
"Cdc cu ddn sdn bat vd hdi lugm d vung ria sa mac luc dia chau A dd nhdn thicc duoc rang nhitng cay mdt nam cd vd boc hat mdm bi nut vd, va hp mudn hoc each vui cdc hat mdm vao trong ddt de bao ve chiing khdi su phd phdeh ciia cdc loai chim vd hp ddn ddn biit sit dung gay dao bdi vd
So 2 / 2 0 1 1 Thong t i n KH-CN Nghe An (36)
N G H I E N C l / U - T R A O D O I
canh tdc nhitng mdnh rudng kho" [9; 44].
Tir nhirng bang chung tren co the khang dinh gan mot van nam trudc, cay lua da xuat hien d nhieu noi tren the gidi nhung sdm nhat va phd bien nhat la d Tay Phi va luc dia chau A. Rieng khu vuc Ddng Nam A bao gdm ca phan luc dia va hai dao, khoang hon 4.000 nam trudc, con ngudi da biet thuan dudng va canh tac nhieu gidng Ida khac nhau, nhung chu yeu la cay Ida nude.
I I . Nghe trong lua xira d Viet Nam
Ngudn su lieu quan trong cho phep cd duoc nhung hieu biet ve nghe trdng Ida xua d nude ta chu yeu tap trung trong cac truyen thuyet, huyen thoai, thu tich cd, cac ghi chep dien da cua dan tdc hoc va dac biet la tu nhung bp suu tap ndng cu tim dupe qua cac cudc khai quat khao cd.
Trong truyen thuyet ve thai dai Hung Vuong cd phan anh hai phuong thuc canh tac ca ban cua ngudi Viet cd la:
choc 16 tra hat tren dat bai khd va cay Ida tren rudng nude. Chuyen Vua Hung day dan lam rudng dupe md ta:
"...Tai bdn song, vua xudng bdi lay que nhon choc 16 de tra hat lua vd gieo hat ke...
Cdc vung ddt ven song mdi ldn nude ldn dang len lai duoc phit sa bdi them mau md. Vua Hitng thay ddt dy tdt lam mdi goi ddn den bao tim each ddp bd giir nude. Vua
thay lua moc hoang nhieu mdi bay each cho ddn giir hat, gieo ma, khi ma len xanh thi dem cay vao cdc chan rudng cd nude" [ 11 ;56].
Truyen thuyet Pu Luang Quan cua ngudi Tay ke: "Sao Cai - bd td ciia ngudi Tdy - thay tren bd sudi cd thii cd xanh, hat cd nhdn trdng, nem thit, thay an duoc, lien lay ve cay xudng bdi bun. Sau dd Bao Luong lai nghi each khudy ddt vdi nude cho ndt rdi gieo liia... Khi canh tdc nhitng chd ddt thieu nude, khdng dung each thiiy nau duoc mdi nghi ra each cay rudng, chat cay Urn deo nhon dau rdi budc day keo" [11 ; 57].
Trong Sir ky sach an cua T u Ma Trinh va trong Linh Nam chich qudi deu cd nhung ghi chep ve phuong thuc canh tac lua khd nhu: "cay bang dao, ddt cd bdng lira". Hau
Hdn thu cung chep: "Cuu Chan cd tuc dot cd ma trdng trot d rudng" [9; 45]. Trong Vdn ddi loai ngu, Le Quy Ddn chep kha chi tiet ve each thuc lam rudng d Nghe A n :
"Ddt 12 tdng, huyen Ddng Thanh, trdn Nghe An deu Id ddt cat, ddn huyen dy, theo tuc truyen cit dau tiet mang chimg (tua rua moc) thi khdi cdng cay bira, gieo thdc gidng rat day, ngay ngay horn gieo gidng lai bira luon ldn nua, thdc gidng vdi cat ldn ldn.
Khdng bao lau thdc moc mdm, mua xudng tham udt, mau ddt bdi bd cho lua, lua moc len tdt nhu cd, lai bira ldn nita, mdc dau la dd cd liia. Bira the dd khdng hai liia md lai tru duoc cd" [2; 162].
Ngoai ra dng cdn md ta ky thuat gieo ma rat ky cdng cua ngudi xua nhu: chon thdc gidng ngam 3 dem, vdt ra dai sach, sau ngam tiep 3 dem
Nghi trdng lua nu'dc
N G H I E N C U U - T R A O o 6 l
nira, khi thdc moc mam dai do 3 phan thi dem cay vao rudng da cay bua ky. Nhieu thu tich khac cua Trung Qudc nhu Giao Chau ngoai vuc ky, Quang Chau ky deu cd nhung ghi chep ve each thuc lam rudng Ida nude cua ngudi Viet. Thuy kinh chu dan mdt doan van trong Giao Chau ngoai vuc ky nhu sau: "Xua luc Giao Chi chua co quan huyen, thi ddt dai co rudng Lac, theo nude trieu len xuong. Ddn khan rudng dy md an nen goi Id Lac ddn". Sach Quang Chau ky cung chep tuong tu: "Giao chi cd rudng Lac theo nude trieu len xudng. Ddn kiem an d rudng..." [1; 293].
Be cay Ida sinh trudng, trd bdng va cho hat, ngudi xua phai cd nhung bien phap cham sdc hieu qua cho cay Ida nhu diet cd dai, be bd giu nude, tudi nude, dap de ngan nude... Diet cd dai cd nhieu each nhu thu tich cd da ghi
"dot cd ma trdng trot", "thiiy nau" hoac nhd xdi cd d rudng khd, va cd d rudng nude hay bua theo each ma Le Quy Bdn da md ta...
Nhu vay, cac tai lieu truyen thuyet va thu tich deu cho phep khang dinh: ngay tu budi dau cua lich su dan tdc - thai dai Hung Vuong cu dan cd nude ta da rat thanh thao cac hinh thuc canh tac vdi ca hai loai Ida khd va lua nude, hay ndi each khac la biet lam ray va lam rudng. Nhung de thuc hien mot each cd hieu
qua, con ngudi can phai cd nhung cdng cu lao ddng can thiet. Bd suu tap ndng cu cua ngudi Viet cd qua cac di tich khao cd kha phong phu va da dang, gdm cac loai chinh nhu:
1. Ndng cu cat, chat cd cay de tao rudng, r l y , nuang, vudn gdm cac loai riu, dao ban dau bang da, ve sau bang kim loai (ddng thau va sat).
2. Ndng cu lam dat chu yeu la cudc, cay, xeng, mai, thudng... Trong cac di tich khao cd tien Phung Nguyen va Phung Nguyen, cdng cu lam dat tim duoc phd bien la nhung chiec cudc da det mdng, duoc mai sac va gdm nhieu kich thudc khac nhau.
Trong van hoa Hoa Ldc (Thanh Hoa), van hoa Ru Tran (di tich Nam Hung, Nam Ban, Nghe An) da tim dugc nhung chiec cudc da, dai 27-30cm, rdng 10-12cm, day 1-1,5cm.
Rat phu hop vdi chuc nang vun xdi d loai dat toi xdp, dat bai bdi ven song, bien. Nhung d giai doan sau dd, khi ddng thau phat trien va do sat ra ddi (giai doan Bdng Bau - Gd Mun - Bdng San), cdng cu lam dat chu yeu la cudc, thudng, mai, luoi cay bang ddng thau hoac bang sat. Tuy theo tinh chat, dac diem cua tung loai dat d tung vung mien ma ngudi Viet cd da sang tao ra nhung kieu luoi cay khac nhau. Luoi cay hinh trai tim, hinh tam giac ton tai d nhung vung dat thit nang nhu ddng bang Bac Bp; ludi cay hinh budm, hinh xeng tim dugc d
vung Thanh - Nghe - TTnh thich hop vdi loai dat phu sa nhe. Nhung chiec cay kim loai cdng vdi sue keo cua trau bd khdng chi cho phep td tien ta nang cao nang suat cay trdng ma cdn md rdng quy md canh tac tren nhieu loai dat dai khac nhau. Vao cudi thai ky van hoa Bdng San khi nhung canh ddng trung da duoc khai pha, con ngudi da biet tao ra mdt loai ludi cudc bang gd, dung de cao san bun...
3. Ndng cu thu hoach lua cua ngudi Viet cd cd 3 loai chinh: nhip( , liem va dao gat dugc lam bang ddng va bang sat, da dugc phat hien trong nhieu di tich khao cd thudc van hoa Gd Mun va Bdng San. Nhung dung cu gat Ida cd ddi tugng tac ddng true tiep la cay lua, do vay chung bi chi phdi bdi nhung dac diem cua cay Ida va rudng Ida. Tuy thudc vao dac tinh sinh thai cua cay Ida (cao hay thap, than cung hay mem, de rung hat hay khdng...), tuy thudc vao each thuc gieo trdng (gieo vai hay cay...), tuy thudc vao dac diem cua chan rudng (rudng can hay ngap nude, bang phang hay ddc dung...) ma con ngudi se su dung nhung dung cu gat hai thich hgp.
Mat khac, dieu nay cdn tuy thudc vao nhu cau va muc dich thu gat cay Ida cua con ngudi (lay ca ram, lay ca ra hay chi lay mdt minh hat...) ma each gat va dung cu gat se khac nhau:
Sd 2 / 2 0 1 1 Thong t i n KH-CN Nghe An (38)
N G H I E N CITU - T R A O O O I
a. Chi thu hoach lay hat lua, nhu each tuot bang tay cua ngudi Tay Nguyen, dung dua tuot cua ngudi Kho Mu, dung gay dap cua cu dan Dong Thap Mudi. Cach thu hoach nay thudng di lien vdi cac do dung thich ung nhu giii, thuyen, mung...
b. Thu hoach lay hat vd ram, cd the dien ra theo hai each: thu hoach tirng bong thi dung cu chinh la nhip; thu hoach nhieu bong mot luc thi dung cu gat la liem, vang, hai...
c. Thu hoach lay toan bo than cay lua, thi dung cu gat chu yeu la liem.
Qua trinh phat trien cua nghe trdng Ida cd truyen cua nude ta dien ra tren ca ba loai dja hinh: mien nui, trung du va ddng bang. Khu vuc mien
nui, nuong ray la chu yeu, phu hop vdi cay Ida khd; khu vuc trung du va ddng bang chu yeu la rudng, thich ung vdi cay Ida nude. Trung du bao gdm vung ria nui va trudc nui la dia ban cd v i tri quan trong. Trong thai dai Hung Vuong, hudng phat trien cua nghe trdng Ida la di tu trung du xudng ddng bang, khai thac cac bai bdi ven song, hd, dam lay, tien tdi quai de lan bien.
Trai qua hang nghin nam lich su, ke tu khi duoc con ngudi thuan chung va gieo trdng den nay, cay Ida luon la cay luong thuc chu dao.
Trong xa hdi cdng nghiep hien dai ngay nay, Ida gao la ngudn cung cap nang luong song cho hon nua nhan loai tren trai dat. Lua mai mai se
van la cay trdng chien luge cua nhieu qudc gia, nhat la cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A.
Ddi vdi Viet Nam, cay Ida da in dau an sau sac len toan bd ddi song xa hoi. Sir phat trien manh me cua nghe trdng Ida chinh la ddng lire thuc day con ngudi chuyen cu khdi vung rung nui hiem trd, ra mien trudc nui va ddng bang.
Dinh canh cay Ida la co sd de con ngudi dinh cu, quan tu thanh cdng ddng lang ban cd ket ben vung, tao nen sue manh to ldn de che ngu tu nhien va chdng ngoai xam.
Dac tinh cua nen van minh ndng nghiep Ida nude da hun due cho ngudi Viet mdt nep song hai hoa, thuan hau, gan gui vdi thien nhien nhung cung rat anh hung va qua cam./.
(*) Nhip la ten goi mang tinh quy udc trong khao cd hoc nhdm chi mot dung cu gat, diing ludi sac bam dirt tirng bong liia, hien ton tai phd bien & Ddng Nam A. Nhip thudng cd hai bo phan chinh: mdt ludi sat mdng nhd gan vao mdt mieng gd lam cdn, mdi ddn tdc theo truyen thong md cd nhung kieu cdn khac nhau. Day la dung cu gat lua thong dung ciia dai bd phan cdc ddn tdc a khu vuc Bdc Ddng Duong...
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguyln Dong Chi: Tinh chat xa hdi thdi Hitng Vuong, trong Hung Vuong dung nude, tap II. Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, HaNpi, 1972.
2. Le Quy Don: Vdn ddi loai ngir (ban djch ciia Tran Van Giap). Nxb Van hoa, Ha Npi, 1962.
3. Nguyen Duy Hinh: Nghi trdng liia nude thdi Hung luong, trong Hung Vuong dung nude, tap III. Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, HaNpi, 1973.
4. Han Van Khan (Chu bien): Co sd khao cd hoc. Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Npi, 2008.
5. Hoang Van Khoan (Chu bien): Cd Loa - trung tam hdi tu van minh song Hong. Nxb Van hoa thong tin, Ha Npi, 2002.
6. Hoang Van Khoan: Ludi cay ddng Cd Loa. Khao co hoc 1/1982.
7. Tran The Phap: Linh Nam chich quai. Nxb Van hoa, Ha Npi, 1960.
8. D3ng Phong: Kinh te thdi nguyen thiiy d Viet Nam. Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1970.
9. Chii Van Tan: De tim hieu nghe trdng lua d thdi dung nude dau tien. Khao co hoc 1/1980.
10. Hi V3n Tan: Ve md hinh Tre-xto Godc-man va nien dai xuat hien ndng nghiep trdng liia d Ddng Nam A. Khao co hpc 2/1980.
11. Truyi'n thuyet Hitng Vuong. Chi hpi van nghe dan gian VTnh Phii xuSt ban, 1971.
12. Dang Nghiem Van: Cac hinh thuc trdng liia: tulieu ddn tdc hoc. Khao c6 hpc 1/1980.
13. Nguyen Vi?t: Budc dau nghien cuu phuong thuc gdt liia thdi Hiing Vuong. Khao c6 hpc 2/1980.
