UCN AAINH NHnr BnN - nNH vn Tnc D O N G TOI QUnN H€
m - NHRT fiRN TRONG NHUNG NRM 1902-1923
(Tiep theo vd het)TRAN THIEN THANH*
Trong nhiJng nam 1906-1907, quan he My - Nhat rdi vao tinh trang khung hoang nghiem trpng. Cupc khung hoang do lien quan de'n hai va'n &i:
Va'n de thfl nha't, Nhat khong tudn thu chinh sdch md c^a Mdn Chdu nhU da cam ke't vdi chinh phu Anh va My dl dd'i la'y vide hai nUdc nay ilng hp Nhat trong cupc chie'n tranh vdi Nga nam 1904-1905. Mac du Thu tudng Saionji chinh thflc khang dinh r i n g chinh phii Nhat da quye't dinh thiic hien chinh sach md cfla Man Chau trong cdng ham gfli Wilson ngay 11-4-1906 (14), tuy nhidn, tren thiie td, sfl binh dang tren ta't ca cac mat da khdng dupe thiet lap d Man Chau.
Nhflng hanh ddng sau dd eua Nhat Ban eho tha'y Nhat khdng mud'n chia se ldi ich d dia ban chie'n lUdc nay. Ngoai viec xam nhap manh me ve kinh t-e vao Man Chau, nam quyin hanh chinh va quan sU tai Quan Ddng, ddng thdi tie'n tdi gianh quyen hanh chinh d nhflng vung dpc theo dudng sit, Nhat Ban cdn ky hiep fldc vdi Phap (thang 6- 1907) va Nga (thang 7-1907). Theo dd, Nhat va Phap cdng nhan lpi ich dac bidt eua moi ben trong vide "duy tri hda binh va trat tfl d Trung Qud'c", "dae biet Id d nhflng khu vuc
tie'p giap vdi cac vung lanh thd ma hai nUdc cd quyen cai quan, bao hd hoac chie'm ddng".
Nhat Ban va Nga xae dinh dudng phan ranh gidi khu viie anh hudng ciia mdi nudc d Man Chau va cam ke't khdng xam pham cac tuyen dudng sit, he thd'ng dien tin trong khu viic anh hudng cua nhau (15). Vide tdn tai nhflng khu viie anh hudng nay rd rang mau thuin vdi nguyen tac thfl hai cua "hpc thuyet Hay"
vl "sU toan ven cua Trung Quo'c".
Va'n de thfl hai la udn di ngiidi Nhat nhap cii tai My. Viec sd' lUdng ngUdi Nhat d Hawaii va vung bd bien phia Tay nUde My tang nhanh, vdi sd lUdng ldn hdn nhieu so vdi d Man Chau, Dai Loan va Trilu Tien da lam tang them ndi lo sd ve
"mdi hidm hpa da vang" trong dan ehung My. Vi the, ngay khi eude chie'n tranh Nga-Nhat chfla ke't thuc, trudc nhflng t h i n g ldi quan sii cua Nhat, lan sdng chd'ng ngUdi Nhat d vung bd bien Thai Binh Dfldng nUdc My da dien ra. Ngay 11- 11-1906, San Francisco thdng qua Bao luat cdch ly tre em chau A, khdng cho hpc chung vdi tre em da t r i n g . Su phan biet ddi xfl va cac vu bao liic ciia mdt bd phSn dan chung My chd'ng lai ngfldi Nhat da 'TS. Khoa Lich sfl • Trudng DHKHXH&NV - DHQGHN
68 Rghien eflu Lieh s^. so 7.2014 d i n dd'n khung hoang trong quan he giiia
hai nudc N h a t - My.
Ngay khi nhflng h a n h dpng bai trfl ngudi Nhat d i l n ra, Dai sfl Nhat gfli cdng ham phan doi gay gat. Bao chi Nhat len an hanh ddng tay chay ngUdi Nhat d San Francisco. Mot so' td bao va nhan vat ed anh hfldng d Nhat keu gpi chien t r a n h chdng My.
Lo ngai phan flng manh me cua Nhat se pha huy hoat ddng ngoai thUdng ciia My d Vien Ddng va cd the se dan tdi chid'n tranh, mdt mat My bi mat tang cudng luc lUdng hai quan san sang hanh ddng, mat khac cd' gang tim mdt giai phap mang tinh thda hiep vdi ca California va Nhat Ban. Kdt qua la^ ngay 24-2-1907, "Thoa thuan cua nhOng ngiidi qudn t^" (Gentlement's Agreement) dfldc ky ke't. Theo do. My cam kd't ngan ehan lan sdng phan bidt ddi xfl vdi ngfldi Nhat, dd'i lai Nhat phai cam ket se ban che ngfldi Nhat di cU sang My. Nhung, khi lan sdng chd'ng ngUdi Nhat d California giam di thi nhflng ddt di cU cua ngudi Nhat vdn tie'p tuc tran tdi Hawaii va bd bien phia Tay nUde My, tuy cd giam di chut it. Vi vay, cupc bao ddng ehd'ng ngUdi Nhat lai didn ra d San Francisco vao thang 5-1907.
Khi nguy cd chie'n t r a n h tai xua't hien trong quan he My - Nhat, Tong thdng T.
Roosevelt da ap dung chinh sach "khdng can ndi nhieu chi can mang theo mpt cay gay ldn". Mdt mat, Roosevelt lam ra ve quan tam xem xet nhflng phan flng gay g i t eua Nhat, mat khac, tieh cflc chuan bi cho mpt cupc bieu dUdng lUe lUdng cua My tren quy md ldn. Vide chuan bi eho mdt cupc bieu dUdng liic lUpng ldn cua My xua't phat tfl thUe te My khdng mud'n e l t dflt quan he vdi Nhat vi chfla chuan bi d l y dii eho chien tranh. P h i n ldn ham dpi My dang tap trung hoat ddng d Dai Tay Dudng, ehi cd
mdt vai t u i n dUdng ham d Thai Binh Dudng. NhUng My mud'n ran de va cho Nhat Ban thay ham dpi eua My ed thd dl dang dieu chuyen tfl Dai Tay Dfldng sang Thai Binh Dfldng va My khdng "ngon xdi" nhfl de qudc Nga trUdc day (16).
Cudc bieu dfldng Iflc lUdng vdng quanh the gidi cua "Ham dpi vi dai mau tring"
(Great White Fleet) cUa My tfl ngay 16-12- 1907 dd'n 22-2-1909, trong dd cd cap ben Yokohama, Nhat Ban va luu lai day den ngay 25-10-1908 thiic sU gay an tUdng manh me vdi Nhat Ban. Nguy cd chie'n tranh qua di. Thang 8-1908, My va Nhat ky cac hiep dinh ve nhan hieu hang hoa va phan xfl tranh eha'p b Trung Qude va Trilu Tien. Vai ngay sau khi cac chid'n ham My rdi Nhat Ban, ngay 30-10-1908, Ngoai tnidng My Elihu Root va Dai sfl Nhat tai Washington, dng Kogoro Takahira trao ddi cdng ham ddng y thid't lap cac nguyen tac trong qUan he gifla hai nudc phii hdp vdi chinh sach eua My. Cdng ham khang dinh
"tdn trpng cac vung da't thude sd hihi ciia mdi nUde d Thai Binh DUdng" va 'hao ve ldi ich chung cua ta't ca cae cUdng qud'c tai Trung Qud'c bang each ung hd mpi bien phap hda binh ma nhiing cudng qud'c nay sfl dung dd duy tri nen dpc lap va toan ven lanh thd eua Trung Qudc cung nhfl nguydn tac binh dang trong hoat ddng cdng nghiep va thUdng mai cua nhflng nxidc nay tai day" (17). Mac dii vky, cdng ham trao ddi gifla Root va Takahira chi ed ddi chut gia tri trong vide lam yen long cdng chung chfl khdng dfla de'n sfl cai thidn ldn nao trong quan hd song phUdng Nhat-My. My va Nhat v i n nhin nhau nhfl "nhflng ke thu tilm tang va la mdi de dpa thflc sU" va deu hi mat d l ra ke hoach chie'n tranh chd'ng lai nhau.
Thiic td tren trong quan he My-Nhat Ban edng them kha nang Nhat de doa
Lien minh Rhal^ B i n - Hnh..
thudc dia Phihppines cua My khien thai dp ciia My chuyen tfl lo ngai sang ngay cang thfl dich vdi ddng minh Nh^t-Anh. Trong nhiem k^ cua tdng thdng mdi die cfl W.H.Taft (1909-1913) vdi Ngoai trudng la Philander C.Knox, do chiu anh hudng quan diem cua William Straight - eflu tong lanh sfl My d T h i m DUdng (Man Chau), Trudng ban Viln Ddng trong Bd Ngoai giao My trong vai thang tfl 1908-1909. ddng thdi cung la ngudi cd moi quan hd than thiet vdi vua dfldng s i t My Harriman va gidi tfl ban tai chinh d New York, My thay ddi chinh sach tfl "can b i n g quyen lUe" sang "chinh sach ngoai giao dd la" de kiem che tham vpng cua Nhat d Vien Ddng. Ndi dung cd ban cua chinh sach mdi la: thdng qua quan he thfldng mai va khuye'n khich cac nha d i u tfl My cho nude ngoai vay qua dd md rdng ldi ich ciia My. Sau khi khdng nhflng khdng thanh cdng trong ke' hoach ddi quyin mua va sau do "trung lap hda" cac tuyen dfldng elt thudc sd hflu cua Nga va Nhat Ban d Man Chau eho cac nha bang My va chau Au (thang 10-1909) ma cdn day Nhat va Nga lai g i n nhau hdn b i n g hidp Udc ky ngay 4-10-1910 (18), cung vdi viec kien tri thi^c hien y do xam nhap manh vao Man Chau, thach thflc ba quyen kinh td cua Nhat Ban va quyin ldi cua Nga, My tim each van dpng de dieu ehinh md'i quan he vdi Anh n h i m lam giam kha nang Anh dflng v l phia N h a t trong xung dot Nhat- MJ. B i n g chflng la nam 1911, My tie'n hanh dam phan vdi Anh (va Phap) ve viec k^ kd't hiep fldc trpng tai phan xfl dfla tren nguydn t i c "trpng tai khong gidi han"
trong cae t r a n h cha'p gifla 3 cfldng qudc.
Tuy nhidn, khi qua trinh dam phan chfla di den hdi ke't thi ngay 13-7-1911, hiep udc ddng minh Nhat-Anh dUde gia ban vdi ndi dung:
1. Tai k h i n g dinh sfl hdp tac Anh-Nhat trong vide thuc hien cac cam ke't da dUdc neu tai dieu 1, 2, 5 va 7 trong hidp udc ky nam 1905 va de cap rd rang hdn v l pham vi khdng gian la duy tri quyen ldi va bao ve nhflng ldi ich dac biet cua mdi ben d khu vflc Ddng A va An Dp (Ldi md diu, Dieu 1, 2, 3 va 5), quy dinh "chi'nh phu hai nfldc...
se can n h i c ap dung cac bidn phap thich hdp de bao vd nhflng quyen va ldi ich neu trdn" (Dilu 1),
2. Bo sung cac dieu khoan: a) Ndu mdi ben ky ke't hiep udc trpng tai phan xfl vdi mpt cUdng qud'c thfl ba thi hiep udc do phai khdng chfla dung cae dieu khoan b i t budc nude ky ke't phai tham gia vao cupc chien tranh eung vdi cUdng qudc dUdc quy dinh trong npi dung hiep Udc da neu (Dieu 4); b) Hiep fldc ed hidu lUc ngay sau khi dUdc ky ket va cd hidu Iflc trong 10 nam (Dieu 6).
Vide hidp fldc nay dUdc tai ky trUdc thdi diem hdt ban 4 nam trong bdi eanh cue didn b Viln Ddng va moi he gifla Nhat Ban vdi cac qudc gia khac dien bidn phfle tap, dan xen cho thay rd tinh trang cang thing kdo dai trong quan he Nhat-My va nd lUc ciia Nhat n h i m true xua't My khdi khu vUc dUde dd" cap trong hiep Udc, mac dfl tren thflc te' hidp Udc trpng tai phan xfl ky gifla My vdi Anh vao thang 8-1911 khdng dUdc thflc thi do va'p phai sfl phan doi cua Thfldng vien My.
Sau khi Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl Nha't bung no d chau Au thang 8-1914, ca My va Nhat Ban deu mudn ldi dung chidn tranh de cung cd va md rdng dia vi cua minh d Trung Qud'c, dac bidt la d vung Man Chau.
Vide Nhat Ban tham gia khdi Hiep fldc (tii thang 8-1914) la de thflc hien tham vpng phan chia pham vi anh hudng va xae lap vi the cua minh tren trfldng qud'c te. Muc dich cua Nhat khi dflng ve phia Nga • Anh -
Rghien cflu Lich sfr. so 7.2014 Phap la mudn thdn tfnh eac lanh dia thudc
Dflc d Trung Qud'c (Sdn Ddng) va b chau A - Thai Binh Dfldng (cac dao Marshalls, Carolines, Marianas). Nhan cd hdi cac nudc ban chid'n tranh b chau Au, Nhat md rdng pham vi anh hudng d Trung Qud'c va Vien Ddng.
V l phia My, tac ddng cua cudc chie'n tranh the' gidi va vide nhflng ldi ich tai ehinh, cong nghiep phu thudc ngay cang tang vao cac ddng minh chau Au da anh hudng tdi sii dilu chinh chinh sach doi ngoai cua My. Ngay 15-9-1914, My ky vdi Anh Dieu Udc cho sU tie'n bp eua hoa binh va dupe Qud'c hdi My thdng qua thang 11- 1914. Chinh phu Anh, sau do, thdng bao vdi Nhat rang Anh coi dieu fldc nay cd gia tri tUdng tii nhu hiep udc trpng tai phan xfl va vi vay tfldng thich vdi ndi dung die'u 4 cua Hidp Udc ddng minh Anh-Nhat. Chinh phii Nhat cha'p nhan quan diem ciia Anh va dieu do ddng nghia vdi viec Anh khdng cd nghia vu b i t budc phai dflng ve Nhat trong cudc chien vdi My. Ta't nhien, tai thdi diem nay, nhflng npi dung trao doi tren khdng dfldc cdng bd' edng khai va eung khdng cd bang ehflng eho tha'y mdt trong hai nfldc thdng bao cho chinh phu My bie't ve quyet dinh nay (19). Vdi Anh, vide ky dieu ude ngay 15-9 eung khong cd nghia nUde nay dflng ve phia My trong cac xung dot lpi ich vdi Nhat Ban. B i n g chflng la trUdc y dinh cua My ve dung ap luc tap the cua 3 nude thanh vien khdi Hiep Udc la Anh, Phap va Nga cung vdi My chd'ng Nhat, nhflng nudc nay cho r i n g trUde khi chie'n tranh ke't thue khong the lam cho quan he vdi Nhat phfle tap them. Day la mot trong nhflng tac dpng ben ngoai, trong dieu kien Nhat chUa the dung vu luc de ehiem toan bd Trung Qud'c, cdn My ban tham gia chien tranh (tU thang 4-1917), My va Nhat da tam hda hoan vdi
nhau cho de'n khi Chien t r a n h the' gidi thfl Nha't ke't thuc.
Sau chien tranh, trong khi cac nfldc tu ban chau Au ke ca nhflng nfldc thang tran deu suy yd'u, thi nfldc My ngay cang ldn manh nhd viec lam giau trong chid'n tranh.
Sau khi budc dan r a khoi cupc khung hoang 1920-1921, nen kinh te' My di vao dn dinh sdm hdn cac nfldc tfl ban khac va cd nhflng bfldc phat trien manh me khi cae nfldc canh tranh vdi My van cdn trong tinh trang khung hoang. Y thfle dfldc sfle manh eua minh, dudng hUdng quan trpng trong chinh sach dd'i ngoai ciia My la theo dudi chu trUdng md rpng anh hudng cua My, vUdn ldn lam ba chii the gidi. Nha't quan vdi dudng ldi trdn, trong nhflng nam cudi nhidm ky ciia Tong thd'ng Wilson (1913- 1921), My tfch cue c h u i n bi cho mpt chie'n dich ldn n h i m chd'ng lai sfl banh trfldng ciia Nhat Ban. Chid'n dich dd dUde triln khai theo 4 hUdng cd ban;
1. Co' g l n g dilu chinh vide dau tu ciia Nhat d Trung Qud'c trong khudn kho cac van ban dUdc ky ke't gifla eac thanh vien cua "to hdp bd'n cfldng qud'c mdi" (gdm My, Anh, Phap, Nhat).
2. Tham gia lien quan vidn ehinh do bp vao Siberia nham ngan can y dd ciia Nhat tach cac tinh ven bien khdi sfl cai quan cua nudc Nga.
3. Kien quye't gay ap luc buoc Nhat tra Sdn Ddng cho Trung Qud'c.
4. Ky cac hiep Udc n h i m dien che eac nguyen t i e trong chinh sach Vidn Ddng cua My.
Viec My khdng dat dUdc cac mue tieu neu ra tai muc 1, 2 va 3 cpng vdi vide van de dao Yap va nhflng quyen ldi trfle tie'p eua My b Viln Ddng, Thai Binh Dfldng chUa dfldc giai quye't tai Hdi nghi Versailles eung nhfl nhieu va'n khac c h i n g ban va'n di
Lien minh Rhat Bin - ?tnh...
dan nhap cU, v^n de chay dua hai quan...
da khien cho nhflng mau t h u i n mdi lai nay sinh gifla My vdi Nhat Ban. Thflc te' la vdi hfldng thfl hai, vide vidn binh My ddng vai trd mpt luc lUdng ddc lap khdng nhiing khdng nhan dUde sii hdp tac cua Anh va Phap ma cdn khien My nhan thay r i n g My chi la "ngfldi bi Ifla" trong ke hoach cua Anh-Nhat khid'n My quan tam manh me hdn tdi hiep udc ddng minh Anh-Nhat va mudn hidp Udc nay dUdc sfla ddi theo hUdng cd the cha'p nhan dUdc vdi My.
Ngay tfl nhflng nam 1919-1920, trudc
"tin ddn" la Anh va Nhat da b i t dau dam phan ve viec tie'p tuc gia ban hidp fldc ddng minh Anh-Nhat, dai sfl My tai London nhan dupc chi thi phai "bao cao than trpng cho Bd Ngoai giao v l ta't ca nhflng thdng tin cd the thu th$.p dfldc v l didn trinh dam phan va quan dilm chung eua Anh ve va'n de nay. Bp Ngoai giao dac bidt mud'n bidt lidu nfldc Anh cd xu hUdng mudn md rdng hoac han che sU edng nhan nhflng lpi ich dae bidt cua Nhat Ban d Ddng A hay mudn sfla ddi pham vi hoac muc tidu cua Hiep fldc ddng minh nkm 1911". Ben canh dd, mpt cau hdi dupc dat ra cho Dai sfl Davis la
"cd ba't cfl can cfl nao cho gia dinh r i n g nfldc Anh ed 5^ dinh ldi dung dam phan dd thuyet phue Nhat Ban tfl bd tuydn bo ve nhflng ldi I'ch dac bidt d Trung Qud'c cung nhfl ddng ^ loai trfl Man Chau va Mdng Co ra khdi pham vi boat ddng cua lien minh dii kien?" (20). Nhflng trao ddi tid'p theo gifla ngoai trfldng My va dai sfl My tai London trong nam 1920 cho thay chinh phu My da cd nhflng dpng thai chfla tflng tha'y dd gdi y r i n g hiep fldc Anh-Nhat sd dUdc sfla ddi nhu the nao de' phu hdp nha't vdi mong mudn ciia My. Ching han ndi dung cdng didn ngay 10-5-1920: "Chung ta hy vpng r i n g trong hiep Udc sfla ddi, nfldc Anh sd kien quye't bd sung nhflng dieu khoan
nhu se bao vd nguydn t i c cd hdi ddng deu b Trung Qudc va cac quyen hflu hieu hdn ciia Trung Qudc. Chung ta cung hy vpng r i n g chu dich cua ddng minh Anh-Nhat khdng phai n h i m vao My... Mac du it kha quan hdn nhung cd the dUa ra gpi y r i n g vi dinh hudng chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia Nhat dudng nhu khdng dn dinh, thdi ban cho ban hiep Udc mdi ndn la 5 nam, thay vi la 10 nam, de chinh phu Anh cd cd hdi ngan ban hdn trong vide gay anh hudng tdi hoat ddng eua Nhat b Vien Ddng" va hy vpng rang "...
Anh se dap lai de nghi r i n g trong hiep Udc ddng minh Anh-Nhat, cac nguyen t i c tao ndn nen tang ciia sU ddng cam hien hflu trong quan he hdp tac Anh-My se dUdc cdng nhan mdt each dflt khoat hdn" (21).
Trong nhiem ky tid'p theo eua Tong thd'ng Dang Cpng hda - W.Harding (1921- 1923), My tie'p tuc thiic hien muc tieu ed ban trong chinh sach eiia My vdi Nhat la gat Nhat Ban ra khdi thi trfldng Trung Qudc. Vide thiic hien muc tieu nay trd ndn dac bidt quan trpng vdi My vi day la thdi ky quan he thUdng mai gifla My vdi Trung Qude, quan dao Philippines, tham chi ca Hawaii va vung bd bien phia Tay nUde My bi Nhat Ban de dpa nghiem trpng. Cd hai ly do giai thich dilu nay:
ThU nhdt, Nhat Ban khdng ngflng md rdng anh hUdng tai Trung Qudc va Thai Binh DUdng. Sau khi budc Trung Qudc cdng nhan Yeu sach 21 diem, tai Hdi nghi hoa binh Versailles nam 1919, Nhat Ban gianh dupc quyen thay Dflc chie'm ban dao Sdn Ddng va chiem gifl mot sd' dao tren Thai Binh DUdng (Marshalls, Carolines, Marianas). Ben eanh dd, Nhat vin tie'p tuc duy tri sfl chie'm ddng d Siberia sau khi quan My da rut khdi day.
ThU hai, Nhat trien khai chUdng trinh tang cUdng sfle manh quan sU, theo dd den
Rghien eihi L|eh afr. s o 7.2014 gifla nhflng nam 1920, ham dpi Nhat d
Thai Binh Dudng se dUdc bd sung 16 chien ham mdi. Vdi Iflc lfldng hai quan manh, hien dai va dang chid'm gifl nhidu dao ed vi tri chie'n Ifldc tren Thai Binh Dudng, Nhat Ban la mdi de dpa thudng xuyen va nguy hiem dd'i vdi vide duy tri va md rdng quan hd thUdng mai cua My vdi Trung Qud'c, quan dao Philippines, Hawaii va vung bd bidn phia Tay nUdc My.
Tiiih hinh do budc My phai tang cudng sflc manh quan sU va thi hanh nhflng bidn phap kidn quyet hdn chdng Nhat. Mot trong sd dd la gay ap Iflc de hiiy bd lidn minh Anh-Nhat. Nhflng ngudi My cd t u tudng chd'ng lai lien minh nay phii nhan ldi giai thich cua Nhat r i n g Anh va Nhat khdng bao gid coi My la cudng qud'c de doa den nhflng quyen lanh thd va ldi ich dac Met ciia hp d Viln Ddng. Bao chi My nam 1921 h l u hdt deu ddng thanh ddi hdi cha'm dflt hidp Ude Anh-Nhat khi de'n thdi diem gia han vao thang 7-1921 (22). Khi chinh phu Anh tie'n hanh cae cdng viec c h u i n bi cho Hdi nghi dd qud'c td chflc vao mua He nam 1921, Dai sfl Anh tai My Geddes da gfli didn cho Ngoai trudng nUdc nay Curzon, trong dd ndu quan diem cua My nhu sau: "Can nhd r i n g ngudi My cung nghi ve ngudi Nhat theo each ma nhieu ngudi Anh nghi ve ngUdi Dflc nam 1913 nhu la ke thu khdng t r a n h khdi cua cupc chie'n tie'p theo, va quan diem ve sii hdp tae Anh-Nhat ciing gid'ng nhu quan diem eua nudc Anh ve su hdp tac My-Dfle thdi gian dd" (23).
Quan diem cua My cung vdi n h i l u tae nhan quan trpng khac da anh hudng manh me tdi chinh sach ciia Anh. Dd la: 1. Su phat trie'n luong quan diem trong Nghi vidn va bao gidi Anh r i n g vide gia han hiep ude ddng minh Anh-Nhat se lam td'n hai tdi
quan he vdi My va moi quan hd ddng minh vdi Nhat cd lidn quan tdi mpi va'n d l eua khu viic Thai Binh Dudng ciing nhfl v^ii d l giai trfl Iflc lUdng hai quan va chi co mdt thda fldc gifla ta't ca cac cfldng quo'c cd lien quan mdi cd the giai quye't thda dang va'n de nay. 2. Thai dd chdng lai vide tie'p tuc duy tri quan he ddng minh vdi Nhat cua cac lanh thd t u tri trong dd' ehe' Anh ma tidu bieu la chie'n dich t r u y i n thdng tren bao chi d i n dau bdi td Toronto Globe d Canada, quan diem cua Dang Lao ddng d Australia; 3. Ldi phan nan trong nhilu nam cua cac cdng dan Anh sinh sd'ng va budn ban d Vien Ddng ve sfl canh tranh thfldng mai cua ngUdi Nhat va nidm tin ciia hp r i n g Nhat Ban rd't cudc se xae lap sii thd'ng tri hoan toan trdn da't nudc Trung Quoc va la mdt doi thu canh t r a n h ve kinh td' Nhat Ban khdng the dap flng d l y du tieu chuin cua mdt ddng minh v l ehinh tri (24); 4. Sfl phan dd'i cua chinh phu va ngudi dan Trung Qud'c vdi hiep Udc ddng minh Anh- Nhat va he qua tai hai doi vdi ldi ich cua Anh d day ndu hiep Udc dd dUdc gia han.
Ket qua la ngay 23-6-1921, Ngoai trUdng My Hughes va Dai sfl Anh Geddes da ed cupc hpi dam quan trpng ban ve hidp Ude Anh-Nhat va tac ddng eua nd tdi quan he Anh-My. Tai cudc hdi dam, Ngoai trudng My phat bieu r i n g : "khdng mudn bay td ba't cfl quan diem chinh thfle nao ve mpt va'n dd rd rang trong quan he gifla Anh va Nhat, nhflng lUu y vdi dai sfl Anh r i n g ngUdi My quan tam sau s i c de'n va'n d l nay", "vdi tU each ca nhan, dng cho rang ehi cd mdt ngudn gd'c nghidm trpng duy nha't cua nhflng va'n de nan giai d Viln Ddng...
Chi'nh phii My cd quan diem r a t rd rang ve van de Vidn Ddng nhu da thUdng xuyen tuydn bd' va hy vpng r i n g Anh va My se ed cung quan diem cung nhu cd nhflng ldi ich tUdng ddng; Chinh sach ma ehinh phu My
U&n minh fth&t Bin - ftah...
theo dudi gdm chinh sach md cfla va sU toan ven lanh thd Trung Quoc va nay can cfl vao tinh hinh thuc tidn bao gdm ca sfl toan ven lanh thd Nga". Ddng thdi bay td lo ngai ring: "neii Anh va Nhat cd bai cii thda thuan nao ma theo dd Anh ung hp cac ldi ich dac biet cua Nhat Ban, Nhat Ban ra't ed kha nang, trong trfldng hdp dang quan phidt n i m quyen, se chiem linh nhflng vi tri cd the gay ra lan sdng phan dm tfl chinh phu My va trong trfldng hdp do, chinh phu My se cam tha'y g i n nhfl la ddn ddc... va vi vay, nd'u thiic sU la chinh sach cua Anh 6 Viln Ddng tUdng ddng vdi My thi Anh va My nen hdp tac vdi nhau va cd the My se tim tha'y sii ung hd hoan toan cua Anh trong viec duy tri va thflc thi dilu do" (25).
Ngay 5-7, Ngoai trudng Anh Curzon gdi J vdi dai sfl My tai Anh r i n g Tong thdng Harding nen mdi eac eudng qud'c ed lidn quan trflc tie'p tdi cac va'n de d Thai Binh Dfldng va Viln Ddng tdi tham dfl mdt hdi nghi de dat dfldc hieu biet chung ve kha nSng xoa bd sfl canh tranh hai quan. Ngay 8-7, d l nghi nay cua Anh dUdc Dai sfl My giii trong ban bao eao nhanh vd Washington. Sau khi nhan dfldc bao cao, vao 4 gid chieu cflng ngay, chinh phu My gfli cdng ham tdi cae dai sfl Anh, Phap, Italia va Nhat Ban tai Washington de ed cSu tra ldi khdng ehinh thflc nhflng ro rang ring lidu chinh phu nhflng nUdc nay cd ddng y de My mdi tham gia hdi nghi Washington v l ban ehe vu trang hay khdng (26). Ngay 9-7, sau khi nhan dUdc ldi gdi y cua Anh mdt ngay trUdc dd. My quye't dinh bd sung vao ke' hoach thao luan ban dau vide ban thao td't ca cac va'n d l cua Vidn Ddng, Thai Binh DUdng va d l xua't mdi Trung Qudc tham gia hdi nghi (27).
Dfl cau tra ldi s i n sang tham gia hdi nghi cua nhflng nUdc cd hen quan dd'n vao
cac thdi diem khac nhau, trong nhflng hoan canh khdng gidng nhau va xua't phat tfl nhflng tinh toan ldi ich cd nhieu dilm khac Met, tfl ngay 12-11-1921 dd'n ngay 6-2- 1922, Hdi nghi qud'c te ban v l viec kiem soat vu khi va td't ca cac van de cua Vien Ddng, Thai Binh Dudng vdi su tham gia ciia 9 nfldc My, Anh, Phap, Nhat, Italia, Bi, Ha Lan, Bd Dao Nha, Trung Qud'c da dUde trieu tap tai thu dd WasMngton D.C cua My. Tai hdi nghi, ba hiep udc chinh da dUde ky kd't gdm:
Hiep udc bd'n nUdc (Anh, Phap, My, Nhat) ky ngay 13-12-1921, theo dd cac ben thda thuan "tdn trpng quyen cua nhau ve eac dao d Thai Binh DUdng". Ndi each khac. My da lam giam mdi de dpa ciia Nhat ddi vdi vide duy tri va md rdng quan he thUdng mai cua My d cac dao tren Thai Binh DUdng va vung bd bien phia Tay nUde My.
Hiep Ude chin nudc ky ngay 6-2-1922 vdi quy dinh Anh, Phap, My, Nhat, Italia, Bi, Ha Lan, Bo Dao Nha, Trung Qud'c cdng nhan nguydn t i c "hoan chinh ve lanh thd va tdn trpng chu quyin cua Trung Qude"
ddng thdi neu nguyen t i c "md cfla" va "cd hdi ddng deu" eho cac nfldc trong boat ddng thUdng mai va cdng nghiep trdn toan lanh thd Trung Qud'c. Vdi hiep fldc nay, Mj da trdi tay Nhat Ban va hdp phap hda sfl banh trudng cua minh vao Trung Qudc, dieu ma My khdng thuc hien dUdc d Hdi nghi Versailles.
Hiep fldc nam nfldc (Anh, Phap, My, Nhat, Italia) ky cung ngay 6-2-1922, theo dd Anh phai tfl bd nguyen t i c "sflc manh quan sU gd'p ddi" da cd tfl nam 1914. Trpng tai tai chie'n cua cac nfldc d khu viic Thai Binh DUdng dUdc quy dinh theo ty Id: My va Anh ngang nhau - 525.000 ta'n, Nhat - 315.000 ta'n, Phap va Italia bing nhau
74 Rghien curu Lieh sil'. so 7.2014
175.000 ta'n. Vdi hidp ude nay. My vUdt Nhat Ban ve hai quan.
Cd the ndi, mac du hidp ude ddng minh Nhat Ban-Anh khdng he dUde de cap trong ldi mdi ehinh thfle ciia My gfli cac cfldng qud'c cung khdng dfldc ban thao trong chUdng trinh nghi sU cua Hpi nghi Washington, nhUng trdn thiic td', he thdng hidp Udc Washington da dat da'u cha'm het cho Mep udc Nhat - Anh, rdt cudc sup do vao ngay 17-8-1923. My da giai quye't quyin ldi
CHU THICH
(14). United States Department of State (1906), Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States with the annual message of the president transmitted to Congress December 3, 1906, (In two parts). Part I, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D C, p.177-180.
(15). Esthus, R. A. (1966), Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, University of Washington Press, Seattle, p.l26.
(16). Pratt, J. W., V. P. De Santis, et al. (1980), A history of United States foreign policy, Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J, p.217.
(17). United States Department of State (1908), Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States with the annual message of the president transmitted to Congress December 8, 1908, U S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C, p..511-512.
(18). Noi dung cd ban ciia hiep udc nay la hai nudc Nga va Nhat tai k h i n g dinh khu vUc anh huSng cua Nga hoang 5 Bic Man Chau va Ngoai Mong Co, va ciia Nhat la cf Nam Man Chau va Noi Mong Co theo noi dung ciia hiep dinh ngay 30-7-1907.
(19). Charles Nelson Spinks, The Termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Dec, 1937), University of California, pp. 323, Source- http://www.jstor.org/stable/3633877.
eua minh b i n g each md dUdc cfla Trung Qudc, gianh quyin binh d i n g vdi cac nude khac. Tfl day, hai quan My ngang hang vdi Anh va VUdt qua Nhat. Trong kM dd, Nhat Ban hi suy giam sflc m a n h tren bidn, ddng thdi phai cha'p nhan nhUdng bd trong van dd Trung Qudc. NhQng sU kien nay khdng nhflng danh dau mdt chUdng mdi trong quan he My - N h a t Ban ma cdn lam nay sinh nMeu va'n de trong quan he qud'c te d i n den CMd'n t r a n h thd' gidi thfl Hai.
(20), (21). United States Department of State, Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, 1920, Volume II, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1920, p.679, 680-681.
(22). Dan theo Charles Nelson Spinks, The Termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Pacific Historical Review, Vol, 6, No, 4 (Dec, 1937), University of California, pp. 326, Source- http://www.jstor.org/stable/3633877.
(23). D i n theo Sydney Giffard, Japan among the Powers 1890-1990, Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1994, p.59.
(24). Dan theo Charles Nelson Spinks, The Termination of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Dec, 1937), University of California, pp. 327-328, Source-http://www.j stor.org/stable/3633877.
(25). United States Department of State, Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, 1920, Volume II, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921, p.314-315.
(26). United States Department of State, Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, 1920, Volume 1, U S Government Printing Office, 1921, p.18.
(27). United States Department nf State, Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, 1920, Volume I, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921, p. 23
