KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE
PHAT TRIEIV IVOIXIG LAIVI KET H O P - GIAI P H A P CAI THIEIXI HIEU Q U A SAiXI X U A T IMOIXIG - LAIVI IXIGHIEP TROIXIG DIEU KIEIV S U Y T H O A I TAI IXIGUYEIV O T A Y IXIGUYEIM
Q u y ^ Thi Lan Phtrong^, Pham Van HOi'' T6MTAT
Nghidn cuu nay danb gia tbuc trang suy thoai tai nguyen va thach tbiic ddi vcri san xufit nong-lara nghiep, ttr do tim ra giai phap cai tbien bieu qua san xuJlt nong-lam ngbiep a Tay Nguygn, gop phin xay dung nong th5n moi (NTM). Phuong phap ngbien cuu bao gom: tbu thap s6 heu thu cap, so cap; xir ly so li^u thu thap dugc bang Excel va pban tich ANOVA; phan tich danb gia tinb hinh suy thoai tai nguyfin, cac tbach thuc ddi vol san xuat ndng-Iam nghifep, vai tro ciia be tbdng nong Iam ket hop (NLKH) va su pbii hop voi Tay Nguyen bi^n nay. Ket qua nghien cmi cho thay, tinh binb suy thoai tai nguyen oTSy Nguyen gin day dang ngay cang nghiem trpng va anh hirang khong nbd den san xuat nong-lam nghiep, bao g6m- suy thoai dat, suy tboai nuoc va suy tboai da dang sinb hpc. Ben canh do, tinh trang ddc canb va san xuat ndng nghiep tr^n dat rung dang Iam cbo he thdng san xuat o Tay Nguyen ddi mat vai nbieu thach thiic, dac biet trong dieu kien suy thoai tai nguyen hien nay. Nhimg nam gan day, cac ho gia dinh o Tay Nguyen dang co nhimg chuydn dich ticb cue trong co' cau cac ngudn tbu nhap. tuy nhien nhimg chuyen dich nay cdn chua rp net, do do can phai cau true lai he tbdng san xuat nong-lam nghiep. De cai tbien hieu qua san xuat, dong thai duy tri va bao v§ tai nguj^n, giai phap tbiic day phat tnen NLKH duoc dua ra. Thdng qua khao sat va phan tich hi^u qua ciia mdt so md hinh NLKH, ngbien ciiu da nhan didn nhung uu vigt cua cac mo hinh nay trong viec cai thien thu nhap, tang bigu qua san xuat, giam nii ro cho nguoi dan va cai tao mdi tnrdng sinh thai.
Tir do, nghien cuu da dg xuat mot sd giai phap day m&nh pbat trien NLKH b Tay Nguygn, bao gdm: tSng cudng nang luc cho ngudi dan; tiep can von vay; bao hiem ndng ngbiep; va kiem soat thi trudng dau vao.
Til kh6a: Nong-lam ket hgp, sin xudt nong-lSm nghiep, suy thoai tai nguyen., TSy NguySn, xay dung nong than mdi.
Tay Nguyen la dia ban c6 vi tri chi^n luac dkc
tich circ. Tuy nbien, ket qua dat duoc cua Chuong trinh con chua d6ng deu, nhom tieu chi thu 3 - Kinh ,,, . , , . _ , . , te va to chuc san xuat van chua duoc quan tam tri$t Diet quan trong ve kinh te, xa hoi, quoc phong va an ,.' , , . - - ^ i ' -• *' - -..i,- i. • -- 1*1,"'
, ; t , ^. . ^ . de, dac biet la van de san xuat hang hoa von la tbe ninh; cung la dia ban dau nguon quan trong doi vm ^ ^ ^ ^, ^ .^..^ ^^^^^ .^^^ ^ . j ^ „ . ^^^ ,„j„ „ ^ moi tnmng sinh thai cac tmh Tay Nguyen va duyen ^^^ ^ ^ ^ . g ^ ^^^ ,^ ^ . j ^ ^ ^ ^ j ^ ^ jj^M tai Krong hai mien Trung. Toan vtmg co tong dien tich hr g._^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ . ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ 3/2„ig)_ „ ^ 3- nhien hon 5.464 nghin ha, trong do dien tich dat san xuat hang boa - vdn duoc coi la the manh ciia nong nghiep chiem 44.32%, di6n hch dat lam nghiep j_j.^ ^^„ " „,,j.^ ^^ ^ ^ . j j chiem 45,81% (Do Thi f^ga va N ^ y e n Van Mmh, J ^^^^.^ , ^ ^ , , , ^^^ ^, , , „ „ , „ , , j „ ,^^^
^019). Tay Nguyen con la vung co nhimg dac thu nhu: da dang dia hinh va vung khi hau, dat dai man
mo, da dang dan toe va mat do dan so thap, tu do co • , - * • • i.
th« day manh san xuat nong nghiep thuong mai va Mot trong nhimg nguyen nhan dan den tinh da dang hoa nganh hang trang tren xuit phat tti tinh h-ang suy thoai tai nguy6n hien nay, keo theo nhihig he luy sinh thai Theo danh gia cua Thuong true Ban Chi dao Tay ^ j , jniong lam anh huong khong nho den san xuSt Nguyen (2017), sau gan 10 nam hien khai Chuong ^^^ ^^.^^^^ ^ ^jy Nguyen. Them vao do, san taih Muc tieu Quoc gia (MTQG) xay dung NTM, ^^.^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ j , ^^ j g , ^^^^ j Xay Nguyen hong dien mao nong thon cua vung da co nhieu thay d6i ^.^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^3 ^^ ^^o hg jj,(jng san xuSt nong nghiep Tay Nguyen ngay cang rui ro hon, dac biet ' Khoa Quan ly Ml dai. Hoc viSn N6„g nghiep Viel Nam hong diju kien suy thoai dat dai, thieu nuoc tuoi va -Khoa Moi inrdng. Hoc vicn Nong nghiep Viet Nam suy giam dien tich rimg. Mac du chuong hmh
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 1/2020 119 cac nguon luc cho san xuat nong nghiep chua duoc
quan tam va dau tu.
MTQG xay dung NTM da co nbiing giai phap tich cue h6 trg cho pbat trien nong-lam ngbiep, nhung neu kbong kip tbdi cku true lai he thdng nong-lam nghiep Tay Nguyen theo huong da dang hoa san pham thi se khong chi lam giam tbu nhap cua nguoi dan, ma con d^n den nhung rui do v^ moi truang smh thai, an toan tbuc pham va nhirng kho khan trong xuat khau nong san.
d nghien cim nay, nhom tac gia danh gia nhirng thach thuc ddi voi san xuat nong-lam nghiep b Tay Nguyen bien nay tir suy thoai tai nguyen va san xuat doc canh, tir do khSng dinb tdm quan trgng cila viec day manh san xukt NLKH trong viec cai thien hieu qua san xuat nong-lam nghiep trong tuong lai. Trong do, nghien cim tap trung cbu y^u vao tinh dai dien la Dak lAk, noi co dien tich ca phe nhieu nhat vung Tay Nguyen, voi 02 xa dai dien la Hoa Son (buyen Krong Bong) va Cu Sue (huyen Cu M'Gar). Day la 02 xa dugc di^u tra dai dien vdi co can san xuat dac thii cua viing Tay Nguyen voi cac cay'cdng ngbiep chu dao nhu ca phe, tieu, til do lam ro nhting khd khan trong san xuat bien nay, nhimg rui ro tir tinb hinb suy thoai tai nguyen va phuong thuc san xuat dpc canh, nhirng cbuyen dich trong san xuat nong-Um nghiep va cac nguon thu nhap nhung nam gan day.
2 . PHUDNG PHAP NGHIBU CUU
2.1. Phuong ph^p thu th$p tai lieu, s6 li6u So lieu tbu cap duoc tbu thap tir cac phong ban cua cac don vi hanb cbinh cap tinh, huyen, xa tren dia ban Tay Nguyen ben quan den vai trd va lgi ich mo hinb NLKH trong dieu kien bien doi khi hau va nhiing hit on thi truong nong san, thi trudng lao ddng tu do. Mpt sd sd lieu thii cap duoc thu tbap tic de tai "DiSu tra, danb gia nhting cbuyen dich co ban trong pbat trien ndng thdn va nhan diin nhimg van de ca ban cua xay dung NTM nhim pbuc vu tdng ket Cbuang trinb MTQG xay dung NTM"
trien khai tai dia ban 02 huyen la Krong Bong va Cu M'Gar, tinh Dak Lak. Mot sd sd lieu dugc lay tic ket qua cua d^ tai "Danb gia thuc trang va de xuat giii pbap phat triin ndng ngbiep bin vimg nang cao gia tri gia tang tai Tay Nguyin" (ma sd DTDL.CN-18/18), chuyen vk cac hoat dgng ap dung va san xuat NLKH tai 5 tinb Tay Nguyen, trien khai tir tbang 12/2018.
Sd lieu so cip duoc dieu tra khao sat tir cac hoat dgng sau:
To chuc cac cudc hgp voi Ban quan y Chuang trinh NTM tinh Dak Lak. Ban quan ly chuang trinh NTM 02 huyen Krong I^dng va Cu M'Gar, Ban quan ly Chuang trinh NTM xa Hoa ^ (huyen Krdng Bong) va xa Cu Sue (huyen Cu M'Gar) (thuc hien thang 3/2019).
Phong van cac hg gia dinb theo mau phieu dugc thiet ke san vdi cac noi dung lien quan den^ su tbam gia va danb gia cua ngudi dan ve Chuong h-inh MTQG xay dung NTM. Tdng dung luong mau phong van la 60 phieu, lua chgn nghi nhien theo danh sach tai 02 xa tren, mdi xa 30 hg. Cac thong tin thu thap la thong tin chung ve hg, tinh hinh san xuat va thu nhap, su tham gia va danh gia vk Chirong trinh MTQG xay dung NTM (tiiuc hien thang 3/2019).
Didu h-a vd tbuc hanh NLKH o Tay Nguyen.
Tdng dung luong mlu dieu h-a la 248 hd tai 90 thdn ban tiiugc 20 xa cua 10 huyen, tai ca 5 tinh Tay Nguyen - Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Dak Lak, Dak Ndng va Lam Ddng. Ngi dung dieu tra bao gdm cac md hinh b-ong xen giua cay chu Iuc la ca phe vdi cac loai cay ti-dng khac (thuc hien thang 12/2018).
2.2. Phuang ph^p xiic ly so Mu
He thdng sd lieu dieu tra dugc tdng hgp va xu ly bang Excel, so sanh ddi chieu vdd cac van ban phap quy dd lam ca sa cho phan tich danh gia. Sd beu dieu ti-a pbdng van ti-ong xay dung NTM tai Dak Lak dugc tong hgp bao gdm: cbuyen dich trong ca cau thu nhap bo giai doan 2015 - 2018; cac hoat dgng nham nang cao bieu qua san xuat va chat Iugng cudc sdng trong 5 nam gan day. Sd lieu ve thuc hanh NLKH d Tay Nguyen dugc tong hgp bang cac chi tieu kinh te cbinh CLia cac mo hinh NLKH.
Ngoai ra, pbuong pbap phan tich ANOVA dugc su dung de danh gia nhUng sai khac thdng kd ddi voi mot sd chi tieu nghien ciiu, nbu thu nhap tir cac he tbong NLKH bao gdm va khong bao gdm chi phi cdng lao dong.
2.3. Phuong phAp phan tich danh gid Cac van de phan tich danb gia: (1) tinb hinh suy thoai tai nguyen d'Tay Nguyen bao gdm: (j^t, nude va da dang smh hgc; (2) cac thach thuc ddi voi san xuat nong-lam nghiep a Tay Nguyen bao gdm: nhiing kho khan chinh trong san xat nong-lam nghiep hign nay trong mdi ben quan vdi suy thoai t;u n.'jiiyen; chuyen dich san xuat, thu nhap cua bo gia diuh va nhung thach thuc trong lira chgn mo hinb s;ui xuat trons
120 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - Th ,E^G 1/ I J Q
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE tuang Iai; (3) vai ti-d cua hd thdng NLKH ti-ong viec
giai quyet cac van de hien nay cua Tay Nguyen va nhiing md hinh NLKH phu hgp ddi vda Tay Nguydn.
Trong do, su chuydn dich san xuiit, thu nhap cua hg gia dinh dugc danh gia ti-ong Chugng trinh xay dung NTM, nham xem xet su thay ddi ve thu nhap hd thdng qua da dang hoa cac boat ddng san xuat. Cac md huih NLKH dugc phan tich danh gia thong qua thuc hanh NLKH cua cac hd gia dinh Tay Nguydn, nham tim ra hieu qua ciia cac md hinh trdng xen giua cay chu luc la ca phfe vda cac loai cay tiong khac, tdng chi phi san xuat, tdng thu hoach va tdng thu cua hd thdng NLKH ddi v6i mdi mo hinh.
3 . KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Thixc trgng suy thoai tai nguyftn a Tay Nguyen
Tir nam 2015 den nay, td'c do tang trudng ndng nghiep vung Tay Nguydn tang 6% nam, hang nam dong gdp khoang 40% GDP cua vimg. Tuy nhien, vide khai thac tai nguyen qua miic dan ddn tinh trang dat dai bi xdi mdn, thidu nuac, ban ban, bao Iti ngay cang gia tang, dan den nhieu rui ro trong san xuat ndng nghiep hien nay (Huong Ly, 2018). Qua trinh canh tac ddc canh cay cdng nghiep qua hang chuc nam da Iam dat Tay Nguyen dan suy thoai, dac biet la suy thoai hiiu co, ddng thdi tich tu nhidu tac nhan g£iy bdnh cho cac cay trdng chu Iuc nhu ca phe, tieu.
Vi$c stt dung ngudn nuoc mat va nude ngdm khdng hop ly va tac ddng ciia bidn ddi khi hau Iam cho qua trinh khd ban o' Tay Nguyen dang tra nen ngay cang khdc liet. Theo ket qua dieu tia tai Dak Lak (thang 3/2019), vao mua khd nhidu khu vuc van chua chii ddng dugc nude tudi, ti le dat canh tac dugc tudi con thap so vdl dien tich dat nong nghiep, nguoi dan phai dao gieng de chii ddng nude tudi vao miia kho. Ben canh do, ngudn tai nguygn rung a Tay Nguydn dang bi suy thoai nghiem trpng ca vd sd Iugng lan chat Iugng, dan den da dang sinh hgc cung bi suy giam, keo tiieo nguy eg "sa mac hoa" xuat hidn d' mgt sd vting (Bg Ndng nghidp va Phat trien ndng tiion, 2017).
Tinh tiang suy thoai tai nguyen la mdt trong nhiing nguydn nhan khien cho san xuat va doi sdng cua mdt bg phan ngudi dan Tay Nguyen gap nhidu khdidian nhting nam gan day.
3.1.1. Suy thoai tai nguyin dat
Tay Nguydn la vung cd the manh ve dat dai. Tai nguyen dat or Tay Nguyen kha da dang, dac bidt co
1,3 tneu ha dat do bazan vdi ham lugng chat huu co, dam, Ian, kali... cao, cbo phep phat tiien nhieu loai cay tidng, nbat la cay cong nghiep dai ngay nhu ca phe, hd tieu, cao su, dieu, che, dau tam, cay an qua.
Kinh nghiem o' cac huyen dugc dieu tia xay dung NTM tai Dak Lak (thang 3/2019) cho thay, n^u dia phuang nao phat huy dugc Ipi the ciia minh, nhat la nang cao dugc gia tri dat dai, lam cbo mdi tac dat thyc su ti-o' thanh mdi tac vang thi viec xay dung nong thon mdi se bet siic tbuan lgi va dat ket qua cao.
Tuy nhien, suy thoai dat o' Tay Nguyen hien nay dang ngay cang nghidm tigng. Nguyen nhan cbu yeu do Ianh tho cd do ddc cao, lugng dong chay phong phu va cd tdc dp kha Idn dd lam xdi mdn dat, rua troi va suy thoai chat hiiu ca, trong khi canh tac nuong ray, cay tidng can hang nam theo kieu quang canh da khong co tac dgng bao ve dat. Dat dai hi suy thoai khdng nhung lam giam nang suat cay trdng, mat kha nang san xuat ndng nghiep ma cdn mang lai hau qua mdi trudng nang ne nhu 6 nhi^m ngudn nuoc, bdi lang sdng sudi va cac cdng trinh thuy Igi, thiiy dien.
Do do trong tuong Iai can phai cd ke hoach sii dirng dat dai mdt cac hgp Iy, ti^p den la thuc hi$n Ccic bien phap ky thuat chdng xdi mdn, tham canh cay trdng va sir dung cac he thdng cay trdng va hd thdng bao ve tdng hgp.
3.1.2. Suy thoai tai nguyen num:
Nhidu chuyen gia cho rSng, pbat trien bdn vting tai nguyen nude a Tay Nguyen ndi chung va Dak Lak ndi neng ludn la yeu cau biic thiet. Tuy nhien, tien thuc td hien nay, yeu td ben vung ay dang mat dan do nhieu nguyen nban: bien ddi khi bau, mat can bang sinh thai, dien tich rimg suy giam va nan khai thac, su dung nuac bira bai da khidn ngudn nude ngdm a day can kiet dan.
Theo ket qua tbao Iuan vdi can bg Ban quan Iy Chuang tiinh NTM tai Krdng Bdng va Cu M'gar, Dak l i k (thang 3/2019), viec su dung ngudn nuoc mat va nuoc ngam khdng hpp Iy va tac ddng cua bien ddi khi hau Iam cho qua tiinh kho ban dang tid- ndn ngay cang khdc bdt, nhat la vao giai doan cao diem cua miia khd hang nam. Nhung nam gan day, nguon nuac ngam suy giam tiong khi nhu cau sir dung nude tiong san xuat nong nghiep tang da gay khdng it kbd Idian cho ngudi dan d- Dak l i k ndi rieng va Tay Nguyen ndi chung. Cung tiieo kdt qua thao Iuan,
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 1/2020 121
ngoai lugng mua bang nam cd xu huong it di do miia khd keo dai, thi tinh trang mat rimg va su tbay ddi nhanh cbdng cua Idp phu be mat tren tbanh tao dia chat, ma cu the la tren dat da Iam cbo muc nuoc ngam tut giam trung binh tir 3 den 5 m, co noi 7 den 8 m.
Do dd can tinh toan va quan tam den van dd can ddi kha nang lugng nude co the khai thac cua cac vimg, cac dan vi sir dung tren timg dia ban. Rieng nuoc ngam van pbai uu tien cbo nbu cau dan smh, khong the tim each vat kiet cho san xuat ndng nghiep.
3.1.3. Suy thoai tai nguyin da dangsmhhgc Tay Nguyen la mpt tiong nhiing vimg cd tidm nang ldn ve tai nguydn rimg va dat lam nghidp ciia Viet Nam. Tai nguydn rimg va dat rimg o' day khdng nhirng la ngudn luc sinh kd dac biet ciia ngudi dan Tay Nguyen ma cdn cd vai trd quan trgng trong bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai. Viec khai thac Igi thd tai nguyen rimg va dat lam nghiep de phue vu phat tiien kinh te - xa boi vung Tay Nguydn, ben canh nhiing thanh qua tich cue, cUng da tao ra nhidu he luy ve moi trudng sinh thai. Ty le rimg ty nhidn giau chi con 11,8%, rimg tu nhidn trung binh la 32,7%; con lai 55,5% la rimg ngheo Iddt, rung phue hoi, rimg hdn giao gd - tre niia, rimg tre niea... O nhirng dien tich rimg nay cac loai gd quy cdn rat hiem, chi cd d cac vimg xa xoi, hiem trd', cac loai thao dugc quy hiem ciing bl khai thac can kidt, sd Iugng ddng vat rtmg giam manh (Bd Nong nghiep va Phat tnen nong thdn, 2017).
Ngoai ra, nhieu ngbien cuu da chi ra mdi Udn he gitia phat tridn san xuat nong nghiep vdi su suy giam didn tich rimg. Cac nguyen nban chii yeu dan ddn vide suy giam dien tich rimg nbu cbuyen va xam Ian rimg lu nhien sang san xuat ndng nghiep; khai thac trai phep va chay rimg; phat trien cac cdng trinh thuy dien, thuy lgi; quan ly kem hieu qua ciia ca quan quan ly nha nude va cac td chuc quan Iy, bao ve rimg;
trong do nguyen nhan chinb la vide mo rpng dien tich d^t canh tac nong ngbiep (Nguydn Tbi Mai Duong va ddng tac gia, 2016).
Nhu vay, suy thoai da dang sinh hgc d' Tay Nguyen dang ngay mot nghiem trong. Do do, trong tuong lai can tbuc day phirong tbicc san xuat phii hop a do cac tai nguyen dugc khai thac va bao ve tien co sa sinh thai hpc.
3.2. Nhimg thdch thiic ti-ong san xar.^ nont —' nghidp 1 ^ Nguydn
Trong nhung nam qua, hd tiidng san xuat nong nghidp Tay Nguyen ngay cang phat tiidn tiieo huong tham canh va dgc canh. Nhijng chuyen dich nay giup Tay Nguyen ti-a tiianh viing san xuat ndng nghidp bang hda qui md Idn va ddi vdi mgt sd cay tidng chu luc nhu ca phe, tieu, didu, cay an qua. . Tuy nhidn, tiiam canh va dgc canh lam cho he tiidng san xuat nong nghidp Tay Nguydn ngay cang riii ro hon, dac biet tiong dieu kien suy thoai tai nguyen hidn nay, cu tiie la: (1) nguoi dan phai tang cudng su dung tiiudc bao ve thuc vat va phan bdn hda hgc do su suy giam tai nguyen keo theo nhiing he luy sinh thai; (2) nang suat va san lugng cay trdng bi anb huong do suy giam tai nguyen dat, nude, da dang sinh hoc va d nhidm moi trudng; (3) ban che cac co hdi thi tiirdng tieu tiiu cao cap va xuat khau. Suy giam chat lugng moi trudng la thach thuc Idn nhat ddi vdi tinh ben vting cua he thdng san xuat ndng nghiep va phue Igi Iau dai cua ngudi dan. Neu khong co cac giai phap sinh thai, dudi tac dpng ciia bien ddi khi hau, Tay Nguydn se phai ddi mat voi nang suat Iiia giam 11,1 - 42,0% va nang suat cac cay tiong khac giam tir 7,5 - 45,8% (Pham Thi Sen, 2015).
Nong-lam nghidp d" Tay Nguyen nhieu nam nay phat trien tiong the ddi lap, ndng nghiep lan at lam nghidp. Phat tiien san xuat ndng nghidp dang gan vdd su suy giam dien tich riing. Didn tich dat san xuat ndng ngbiep tren dat lam nghiep o' Tay Nguydn hidn nay chu yeu dugc hinh tbanh do: i) dat ndng nghidp duoc ngudi dan san xutit iau ddi dugc dua vao quy hoach dat lam nghidp; ii) dat lam nghidp dugc giao khoan de phat tiien rimg nhung nguoi dan sir dung sai muc dich chuydn sang san xu^t ndng nghiep; iii) xam Ian rung ti-ai pbep d^ san xuat nong nghiep ciia nguoi dan dia pbuong - day la nguyen nhan quan tiong dan den mat rimg {^ran Quang Bao va La Nguyen Khang, 2019).
Viec khai thac qua muc tai nguydn rimg, chuydn ddi rimg va dat rimg sang cac muc dich su dung khac lam cho rimg o Tay Nguydn bj suy giam ngbiem ti-gng ca vd didn tich va chat luong nhung nam gan day. Trong dd, dien tich rung dugc danh gia la khu vyc "rimg giau" da giam gan 20 tridu ni^
tuong ling 21% (Cdng tiiong tin dien tir tinb Dak l i k ' 2016). Bdn canh dd, cong tac giao dat. giao rimg a Tay Nguyen theo cbu truong xa hoi boa chani To 122 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 2 - TH> G 1/2 ?0
KHOA HOC C6WG NGHE didn tich dat lam nghidp da giao quan ly, six dirng gan
3 tiieu ha, vkn chidm hon 87% tdng didn tich dat quy hoach cho lam nghiep. Do vide tiiuc hidn cdng tac giao dat, giao rimg va khoan bao ve rimg cdn han chd, nen didn tich rung va dat rimg quy hoacb cho iam nghiep hidn dang bi tranh chap la rat Idn.
3.3. MOt s6 chuy&i dich v^ ca c^u cdc ngudn thu nhap ciia cdc ho di6u h-a
Theo ket qua dieu tra thuc hidn Chuong trinh xay dung NTM tai Dak l i k , vd su chuyen dich tiong co can thu nh§p hO giai doan 2015 - 2018, ca ban ngudn tbu chinh ctia cac hg van la tir cac hoat dgng san xuat nong-lam nghiep, tuy nhidn da cd su chuyen dich tiong ca c^u thu nhap cua bp, giam ttr 85% tir Bang 1. C h u y ^ dich trong ca c^u cdc ngu6n thu
san xuat nong Iam nghiep xudng 75%. So voi nam 2015, den 2018 sd hp cd ngudn tiiu tii vide di lam time tang tii 24 hp Idn 30 hp, tij dich vu tang tir 1 hp len 5 hg, sd hg hoan toan le tbugc ngudn thu tir san xuat ndng Iam nghidp giam tir 35 hd xudng con 26 hd. Co cau ngudn thu nhap do dd cd su chuyen dich theo huong giam dan thu nhap tir san xuat nong nghidp (tis 86,6% nam 2015 xudng cdn 74% nam 2018) va tang dan thu nhap tii cac boat ddng kbac (Bang 1). Sy chuyen dich nay cho thay nhimg nam gan day, nhieu hg da cd gang da dang nguon thu nhap, nham tang thu, tang cudng hieu qua sir dung Iao ddng va giam cac rui ro trong cupc sdng.
nhap c i a cdc hd d i ^ ti-a tii ndm 2015 d ^ 2018 Crdng sd hp didu tra: 60) STT
1 2 3 4
chiaeu
So ho tham gta So he CO ngu6n thu 100%
Sd ho c6 ngu6n thu 0%
Co cau nguon thu nhap Donvi
tinh ho ho ho
%
Thu nhap nam 2015 San xuat
nong nghiep 54 35 3 86,6
Lam thue 24
6 27 10
Buon ban, dichvu
1 0 41 1,7
Hoat dong khac 1 0 41 1,7
Thu nhap nam 2018 San xuat
nong nghiep
55 26 2 74
Lam thue 30 4 25 13
Buon ban, dichvu
5 0 38 9
Hoat ddng khac 2 0 41 4 Ve cac boat dgng nham nang cag hidu qua san
xuat va chat lugng cugc sdng tiong 5 nam gan day, hon 60% sd hg phdng van cho rang da quan tam den che do dinh duong, bao ve siic khoe va thyc hanh tiet kidm nham phdng ngira cae rui ro trong cugc sdng.
55% sd hd da ap dung mgt sd tien bg khga hgc ky thuat tiong san xuat nong lam tiong thdi gian qua nhu: thay ddi gidng mdi, thay ddi phan bdn, each
Bang 2. Cdc hoat dOng nhdm ndng cao hidu qua san xuat & ch^t lugng cuoc sdng cua hd trong 5 ndm gan ddy (Tdng sd hg dieu tra: 60) (Nguon: Sdliiu diiu ti-a hp tai Dik Lik, 3/2019) thiic su dung phdn bdn (vi du: chuyen sang dung phan don, phan chudng)... Tuy nhidn, sd bg quan tam va tham gia cac Idp tap huan ky thuat chi chiem 36,7%. Ca bidt, sd hg manh dan vay vdn dau tu san xuat chi chiem 30% tong sd hg - miic thap nhat tiong cac chi tidu dieu tia ve cac hoat ddng nhdm ndng cao hieu qua san xuat va chat Iugng cugc sdng cua ho tiong 5 nam gan day (Bang 2).
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cac hoat dong Thay doi gidng, thtic an, phan bdn, ap dung KHKT Quan tam va tham gia cac Idp tap huan ky thuat san xuat
Quan tam hpc tap Idnh nghiem xung quanh va cac thdng tin trdn sach bao, dai, tivi
Manh dan vay vdn, md rdng quy md san xuat
Sac biet chu trong tdi viec hoc tap ctia con em, khdng de bd hpc giira chimg Quan tam den che dd dinh dudng, cham sdc strc khde
Thuc hidn tiet kidm, tich luy du phdng inii ro
Ty le hd (%) 55,0 36,7 43,3 30,0 40,0 60,0 66,7 (Ngudn: So lieu diiu ti-a hd tai DSk Ilk, 3/2019)
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG I /2020
Qua tim hieu nhting chuydn dich vd ca cau thu nhdp tir cdc hg dieu tiB, cd the nhdn thay nhiing nam gan day, cac hp gia dinb dang timg budc da dang hoa san xuat dd tang tiiu nhap, tuy nhien su cbuyen dich nay vdn chua ro net, thu nhap cua cac bo gia dinh vdn chu yeu la tir san xuat nong-lam nghidp. Ty Id hg sir dung cac giai phap nang cao hieu qua san xuat &
chat Iugng cugc sdng 5 nam gdn day mdi chi dat trdn duoi trung bmh, dac bidt cac hp quan tam va tham gia tap huan ky thudt san xuat va vay vdn mo rpng san xuat cdn chiem ty le thap. Dieu do cho tbay d^
cai thien hieu qua san xuat 6 Tay Nguyen, can cd cac giai pbap hd trg ticb cyc hon nira, dac bidt trong dieu kien suy thoai tai nguyen dat, nude, rung hidn nay.
Nong-lam nghiep Tdy Nguydn ndn dupe cau tnic lai, de cd the khai thac lgi the ciia vung cd hidu qua ban trong khi duy tii va bao ve tai nguyen, ddng thdi gdp phdn cai thidn tinh on dinb ciia he thdng san xuat nong nghidp va dam bao ve sinh an toan thyc pham, giiip tang ca hgi chiem linh thi trudng nong san tiong nuoe va xuat khau.
3.4. Vai trd ciia hd thdng NLKH va mOt sd md hinh NLKH hidu qud dTdy Nguydn
3.4.1. Vai ti-d cua he thdng NLKH
NLKH la mgt hd thdng quan ly su dung dat, trong dd cdy hdng nam, cay bui, cay than thao duoc trong xung quanh hoac xen giua cac cay tidng Iau nam, co the kdt hgp dong co hoac cban nudi. Nbd' so biiu cdc thudc tinh da chuc nang, he thdng NLKH la mgt phan cua giai phap ddi voi cac van de kinh te, xa hoi vd moi truong hidn nay. He thdng NLKH la dpng Iuc 6 dd cdc tdi nguydn dugc khai thac va bao vd tren CO sd sinb thdi hpc: da dang hda cac Ioai cdy, con, cac Ioai san pham thu hoacb va on dinh sdn Iugng gdp phdn tang cac lgi ich kmh te, xa hdi va moi trudng cho nguoi dan.
He thdng NLKH khong cd duoc kha nang bao vd su da dang sinh hoc nhu cdc be sinh thai ty nhien, song nd Iai cao hon rat nhieu so vdi cdc he sinh thai dgc canh. NLKH cung cap moi trudng sdng md rpng cho nhieu Ioai sinb vat, tir vi sinb vat dat den con triing rdi den dong vat cd vii. Mdi trudng
n Cdy rimg ~ Cd phe - Sau ridng Cdy rimg - Cd phd - Bo 11 Cdy rimg - Cd phe - Mang cdu
Cao su - Chanh ddy - Cdy duoc heu ' Cay rimg - Cdy ngdn ngay - Chanh ddy
sdng dugc md- rdng ciing Iam tdng tinh da dang •- be sinh tiidi NLKH (Sanchez, 1987). Su da dang nay gitip he sinh tiiai cdn bang tdt bon, kd cd ve mat sinh hoc va do man ma cua dat. Nhirng loi ich nay se giiip cat giam chi phi dau tir cho ngudi dan Iren ciing mdt didn tich dat canh tac so vdi tidng dpc canh tiidi gian dai (Kaushal, Panwar va ddng tdc gia, 2017).
Vol dac tiiu ve da dang cdy, con, va cau tiiic phan tang, hd tiiong NLKH cung cap cdc dich vii mdi tiirdng quan tigng. Cac dich vu sinb thdi chinh ciia he thdng NLKH bao gdm:
Lpc va giu nude, gdp phan cai thien chat lugng vd qui nude cbo cdy h-ong/vdt nudi;
Tao dieu kidn cho hdng loat cdc loai cdy. cdn tiling va dpng vat phdt trien, giiip tang da dang smh hoc, giiip giam Id tbugc vao tiiudc bao ve thyc vdt;
Giiip phue hdi va cdi thidn chat Iugng ddt;
Giiip phue hdi chat lugng canh quan trong khi dap ling nhu cau san xuat ndng-lam nghiep.
He thdng NLKH da dugc ap dung tii lau 6 Vidt Nam, kd ca ngudi dan tgc thieu sd o- vimg cao. Hinh tbiic san xuat nay chinh thiic dugc thd chd hda bdi Chinh phu Viet Nam thdng qua Ludt Dat dai 1987 tiong do, phdt trien theo huong NLKH dugc xem la tiach nhidm cua nguai dan dugc giao dat nong Iam nghiep. Tuong tu, trong Luat Bao vd va Phat trien rimg 2004, hd thdng NLKH dugc xem la nguyen tdc bao vd va phdt trien rimg. Tuy nhien, trong cdc Ludt Dat dai sua ddi (1993, 2003, 2013), NLKH khdng cdn dugc xem Id tiach nhiem ma chi mang tinh khich Id ddi vdi ngudi ddn nhdn dat. Boi vdy, vd mat chinh sach, cd su dich chuyen tir "bdt bugc" sang "lya chgn" b-ong viec dp dung phuang thiic san xuat hdn bpp nay.
3.4.2. Mdt sd md hinb ndnglam kit bgp biiu qua & Tay Nguyin
Nbieu hd thdng ndng-Iam ket bgp da dugc chiing minh la tbanb cdng d- Tay Nguydn tao thu nhdp cho ngudi ddn tir 500 trieu den 1 tv ddng/ha/nam, cd the trien khai nhan rgng, vi du- Q Cdy rimg - Diia
[] Cdy rung - Cdy dugc hdu - Chan nudi
D Cay rimg - Cdy ngan ngdy - Cdy dn qua - Chan nuoi
• Cay rimg - Chdn nuoi qui md Idn
L Ket hop san xuat nong nghiep voi du hch smh ili.t.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - TH
' 1./2020
Trong sd 249 hd gia dinh thtrc hanh NLKH didu tra tai 5 tinh Tay Nguyen (tai 90 thdn, ban thupc 20 xa ciia 10 huyen) fliang 12/2018, cd 158 hd gia dinh ap dung mdt ti-ong bdn md hinh NLKH, bao gdm: Ca phe - Sau ridng; Ca phe - Tidu; Ca phe - Bdi ldi; Ca phd - Cay an qua Idiac.
Bang 3. C^c chi tidu kinh t^ chinh ciia cac md hinh NLKH tai Tay Nguydn
(Tong sd hd dieu tra: 158) Do tinh chat phu thudc dieu ludn ttr nhien, sd
Ishdng thd cd thi hudng ndng san on dmh. NLKH duoc xem la ludi an toan cho ngudi dan nhim ddi phd vdi nhting bdt dn vd thi trudng, dieu kidn thdi tiet bat l(?i va sii dung hidu qua lao ddng gia dinh.
He th5ng NLKH
Cii phe- siu rieng
Ca phe - tieu
Ci phe -
aphe-
cay an qua khdc
Tong
Chi neu thong ke
Trung binh
% h g S D Trung binh
% h 6 SD Trung binh
% h 6 SD Trung binh
% h 6 SD Trung binh
% h 6 S D
DT mo Mnh trung binh (ha/hp)
1.6 100.0 i.O 1.9 lOO.O
! 5 0.8 100.0 0.6 2.1 100.0 1,9 1.6 99.4 1.5
a phe
Tong chl san (nghin d)
68,913.3 1 0 0 0 41,124 8 54,495.0
100 0 36,930 2 45,415.9
97.2 34,076.1 67.244.2
100.0 31.784.6 59,349.2 98-7 36,661-9
Tong thu hoach (tr d)
92.3 97 0 57.7 62.3 97 6 32 9 49.4 100.0 56.1 86.5 100.0 52,3 72.8 98.1 52,6
Loi nhu fin tmh (tr-d/ha)
23.5 100.0 36 2 8.7 100 0
42 0 5.1 97 2 50.0 19.3 100 0
42 9 14.2 98.7 43 3
C3y xen chinh Tong chl san
xuat (nghin d)
22,132.8 84 8 32.145 8 38,480.1
82.9 51,909.2 6.031 8 97 2 8,104 9 7.025.0 72,3 6,468 6 18,152 7 82.9 33.314.4
Tong thu hoach (tr d)
414.7 84 8 5 1 4 8 40.6 82.9 43 1 23.6 97-2 29.9 54.6 74.5 75,7 119.2 83.5 284.0
Lm nhuan lmh (ir.d/ha)
392.6 84.8 494.8 2.1 82,9 56.0 17.5 97 2 26,4 47.7
12 3 76.7 101.5 82 9 277 1
H^ thong NLKH LiDi nhuan
tinh (tr.d/ha)
356.6 100.0 48 L6 10.4 100 0 67 6 21.9
97.2 54.2 54 5 97 9 78 4 99.8 98 1 264 7
Lai nhuan (trd/ha)
391.3 100 0 483.8 46.8 100.0 55.8 49.8 iOO.O
56 0 86.9 100 0
79.9 131.9 99.4 264,0
(Ngudn: Dieu ti-a tiiuc hanh NLKH Tay Nguyen, tiiang 12/2018) Ghi chu: IginbuSn be thdng NLKH khac biet kbdng dang ki so vdi tdng led nhuin 02 cay trong tinh riing re do sohd ed tbu tii mdi cay trong kbac nbau; SD~Dd lech chuan.
Til bang 3, phan tich thong ke cdc mo hinb NLKH cho ket qua: cac mo hinh ket hop voi cay an qua nguoi dan co xu huong chdm bon nhieu hon va boi vay tbu nhdp cung cao hon, mdc du dieu kien thoi ti^'t va gia kbong thuan loi vao nam 2018 doi voi cay trong chinh la cd phe. Cong lao d6ng six dting trong san xuat nong nghiep ngdy cang tang. Tinh tnmg binh, chi cong lao dgng chiem 44% tdng chi phi toan mo hinh NLKH. Boi vdy, ciing voi nang suat cd phe, tieu nam 2018 giam do mua nhieu, gid bdn thap, cac hp phai thue cong lao dpng se co thu nhdp rdt thap, cu the chi dat 10,4 tneu dong/ha a mo hinh NLKH xen b^u vd 17,5 tri$u dong/ha o mo hinh NLKH xen boi loi. Ddi voi cdc hp nay, neu chi sir dung cong cua gia dinh, miic lgi nhudn trung binh la 47 trieu ddng/ha ddi voi ho xen tieu va 50 trieu
ddng/ha ddi vol ho xen boi ldi cung khong the dam bao sinh ke cho cdc hp gia dinh co qui dat ban che (dudi 2 ha) ma kbong cd nguon thu khdc nbu chdn nuoi hoac nghe phu. Trong khi do, dai bo phdn cac ho dan d'Tay Nguyen cd dien tich dat canh tac dudi 2 ha.
Tir bang 4, phan ticb ANOVA cho thay: giua cdc mo hinh NLKH khong cd sir kbac biet ve tbu nhdp tinh tir ca phe. Tuy nbien, su kbac biet v^ thu nhdp tinb cua cdy trdng xen la cd y nghia tbdng ke {p<0,01). Theo ket qua chay tijoiig quan, tiiong quan giua tbu nhdp tinh cua ca mo hinh NLKH vdi thu nhdp tinh tir ca phe d mirc yeu (Pearson value = 0,25, vdi p<0,Ol). tuy nhien rat manb vdi tiiu nhdp ti> cdy ti-dng xen (Pearson value = 0,98, vdi p<0,0t). Didu ndy cd nghia la: cay ti-dng xen ddng vai h-d quy^t
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 2 - THANG 1/2020 125
dinh trong vitc ndng cao tdng thu nhap ctia mo hinh NLKH.
Qua khao sat cd the nhdn thay, cac mo hinh NLKH a Tdy Nguyen cd mot sd mi viet trong viec cai thien thu nhap ctia ngudi dan, guip giam chi phi dau tu, tang hieu qua san xuat va chat luong nong san, ngoai ra vdn dam bao an toan ve thu nhap cbo nguoi ddn trong tmdng hpp cay trdng chinh gap riii ro. Ben canh hieu qua ve kmh td, ket qua trao doi vdi hp dan Tdy Nguyen, trao doi vol cac can bd quan ly thuc Bang 4. Phdn tich ANOVA cdc chi ti6u Idnh
hien Chuong tiinh NTM Ddk Lak, cun,c '^-hu " - ; \ _ nghien cuu khdc dd cho thay cac mo innb N - _, dem lai hieu qud ve sinh thai nhu cai tao dai, ban c ^ xdi mdn, giir nude, tdng cudng da dang smb hoc g gidm dp luc sdu benh hai..., tii do ndm bdt duoc cac CO hpi thi ti-udng nong san da dang va dan nhu cau lao dpng giup hp chu dong mot phan (ddi vdi hp co dien ticb san xuat ldn) hoac hoan toan (ddi vdi bo co dien ticb san xuat nhd) de cd the cbu dong ve nguon luc lao dpng cho toan bd be thdng nong nghiep.
ti chinh cac md hinh NLKH tai Tdy Nguyen (Tdng sd hp difiu ti-a: 158) Cay trong
Ca phe
Cay trong xen chfnh
He thdng NLKH
Chi tieu thong lc£
Tong chi phi san xuat (nghind) Tong thu (tr.d)
Lgi nhuan tinh (tr.d/ha) Tong chi phi san xuat (nghin.d) Tong thu (tr.d)
Loi nhuan tinh (tr.d/ha) Loi nhuan tinh (tr.d/ha) Lgi nhuan thuan (tr.d/ha)
df 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Mean Square 4,569,654,994.7
15,014.0 2,737.5 7,948,207,270.7 1,040,435.4 1,017,704.2 936,890.8 951,597.3
F 3.569 5.940 1.473 8.381 17.894 18.649 17.721 18.161
^ S i g . .016 .001 .224 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 (Ngudn: Diiu ti-a tiiuc hanb NLKH Tay Nguyen, tiiang 12/2018) Gbi chd- df^Bac tir do; Mean Square^Tmng binb binb phmmg; Kiim dinh F; Sig^ Ynghia tbdng ki.
sinh ke cho cac ho gia dinh Tdy Nguydn. Phat trien NLKH khdng chi gdp phan tang loi ich kinh te cho ngudi dan vdi loi ich cao ban so vdi ndng nghiep tham canh, ndng cao chat lupng ndng san, ma cdn gdp pban bao ve tai nguyen vd moi tnrimg sinh thdi, tang cudng su thich ting vd giam nhe tac dong cua bien ddi khi hdu.
Tuy nhien, cac mo hinb NLKH a Tay Nguyen bi^n nay cdn mang tinh chdt rdi rac, chua cd chinh sdcb hudng ddn cu the de phdt tnen NLKH mpt cdcb ddy du vd cd he thdng. Nhdm thtic day phdt trien NLKH, dac biet trong bdi canb suy thodi tai nguyen hien nay, ddng thdi khac pbuc nhiing nii ro do bien ddi khi hdu va nhung nil ro ve thi trudng nong san, mpt sd giai phdp thiet thuc dupe de xuat nhu sau'
- Tang cudng nang luc cbo ngudi dan. Ap dung NLKH ddi hdi ngudi ddn phai cd kien tbiic va ky thudt va tinh ldu ben ctia be thdng san xuat. Do dieu kien cham sdc da dang hon ddi vdi cdc loai cay ti-dng ndi san xuat vd cac dac thii thi ti-udng nong san Tdy neng va tdng tiid he thdng NLKH noi chung. Ngoai Nguyen va viec tac dong vdo cac he sinb thai tij ra, ngudi ddn cung cdn trang bi cac kien tiiuc tdi thi^u nhien Id khong the ti-anh khdi, NLKH cdn phai duoc ve sinh thai de cd the lpi dung tdt hon vai ti-6 sinh thai xem Id lira chon phii hgp vd tiem nang de dam bao cua cac hpp phdn tirong he tiidng NLKH,
NLKH cung giiip ngudi dan khai thdc dupe cac CO hpi thi trudng xay ra trong tbdi gian ngdn, khd du doan. Do tinb chat co dan/dan hdi cua he thdng ndng nghiep dupe bao ve (cdc dich vu sinh thdi duoc duy tri), ngudi ddn cd the tang cudng khai thdc san pham ctia cdy trdng ndo dd trong thdi gian ngan kbi cd tiii trutmg tdt ddi vdi cdy trdng ndy, nhu sau neng hien nay. Sau dd cdc can thiep cdn dimg lai hoac dieu cbinh de guip he thdng san xuat phue hdi cac dac tinh smh thai, cung nhu ndm bdt cac co hpi thi trudng mdi phat sinb ddi vdi san pham cac cdy trdng khdc.
3.5. Giai phdp ddy manh phdt trien NLKH a Tay Nguyfen
Nong nghiep Tdy Nguyen cdn di theo hudng gidm thieu dp luc len cdc tdi nguyen kbi ma cac tdi nguyen nay chi phdi va quyet dinb d^n sire san xuat
126 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - TH.-
Tiip can vdn vay. D d u h i c h o h o p p h a n ldm nghiep/cay dn q u a ti-ong h e t h d n g N L K H t h u d n g Id dau t u dai h a n , b d i vdy, n g u d i d a n c a n d u o c tiep c a n voi cdc n g u d n vdn vay u u ddi cd t h d i g i a n d u ddi d e CO t h i m a n b dan ddu tu, t h u h o a c h v a tra np' n g a n bang.
Bao hiim ndng nghiep. T r o n g dieu kien n i i ro tang do bien doi k h i h d u vd thi trucmg, b a t k y ddu til ndo vdo cdy ddi ngdy ciing d o n g n g h i a vdi rui ro vd khdng chdc chdn. Vi du: tieu cd t h e hr vi h i cay v d n g den txb thdnh g d n h n d n g ddn d e n p h d s a n c h o nhidu hp gia dinb; sau rieng da giiip n h i e u b o trd- t b a n b ty phii ti-ong m a y n d m qua, n h u n g c u n g cd t h e s e k h i e n nhidu bd phd san t r o n g n h i m g n d m t d i . . . Bdi vdy h e thdng bao h i e m n d n g n g h i e p n h d m chia s e loi n h u a n cung n h u n h i m g k h d k h d n ciia n g u d i ddn Id rdt cdn thiet He t b d n g bao h i d m s e giiip kich cau viec dp dung mo h i n h NLKH, chia s e riii r o vd tdng c u d n g phiic loi cho ngudi dan.
- Kiim soat tbi tmdng dau vaa D d u t u NLKH la dau t u dai ban. Cdc riii ro lidn q u a n d e n g i d n g c h a t Iirong thap, phdn b d n hodc t h u d c bdo vd t h u c vat kem chat lupng s e gdy tac h a i r a t ldn d e n k i n h t e h d gia dinh. Bdi vdy, t r a c h n h i e m ciia c a c c o q u a n n h d nirdc trong viec Idem sodt c h a t l u p n g cdc d d u vdo ndy la rat can tiiidt ti-ong viec day m a n h p h a t trien N L K H de giam riii ro c u n g n h u tao p h t i c lpi c h o n g u d i d a n .
4. KET LUAN
Vdi t b ^ m a n h ciia m d t v i m g cd dieu kidn d a t dai, khi hau thich h g p vdi n h i e u loai cdy t r d n g , n h a t Id cac loai cay cdng nghiep ddi ngdy, cdy h d n g n a m n e n cac tinh Tdy N g u y e n da h i n h t h d n h cdc viing san xuat cbuyen c a n h tap t r u n g cd q u y m o ldn. T u y nhien tinb h a n g suy thodi tdi n g u y e n n h i i n g n d m gdn day bao g o m suy thodi dat, suy thodi n u d e vd suy thoai da dang sinb b g c , di ciing vdi san x u a t dpc c a n h va lan rimg da vd d a n g anb h u d n g k h d n g n h o d e n van de san xuat h d n g h o a - vdn d u p e coi Id t h e m a n h ciia Tay Nguyen, d i n tdi n h u n g riii ro v e t h u n h a p , an todn thiic p b a m va x u a t khdu n d n g s a n .
Nghien c u u da k h a o sat ddnh gid s u c h u y e n dich v^ thu nhdp cita cac h p gia dinh n h i m g n d m g a n ddy thong qua viec da d a n g h o d cdc h o a t d d n g san x u a t tren mdt sd dia ban T a y N g u y e n , d a n h gia h i e u q u a mgt sd mp b m h NLKH - c h u y e t la c d c m d h i n h trong xen giiia cay c h u Itic la cd p h d vdi c a c loai cdy bong khdc n h u tieu, sau n e n g , b d i ldi, cdy an q u a khac so vdi h e t h d n g cay t r d n g d o c canh. K e t q u a
p h d n tich d a n h gia cho thay, cac md h i n h NLKH t h u c s u d e m lai h i e u q u d k u i h te cao h o n so vdi c a y t r d n g ddc c a n h . B e n c a n h dd, rat n h i e u cac nghidn ciiu da chi r a t i n h u u viet cita h e t h d n g NLKH t r o n g h a n c h e riii ro s i n h thai, b a o vd va tdng c u d n g b i e u q u a s u d u n g tdi n g u y e n , h i e u q u a sir d u n g phdn b d n ciia n g u d i d d n . . . D e cdu t n i c lai san x u a t nong-ldm n g h i e p t b e o h u d n g b d n vihig, t h o a m d n n h u n g n h u cdu hien tai n h u n g k h d n g tdn h a i tdi n g u d n tdi n g u y d n , NLKH d u g c coi Id lua c h p n phii h g p vd k h a thi c h o viing Tdy N g u y e n ndi r i e n g va c a c v i m g mien niii Viet N a m ndi c h u n g . Ap d u n g b e t h d n g NLKH, ngudi ddn cd t h e dp d u n g cdc quydn u u tien dau t u cho cay cd tiem n a n g tin t r u d n g tdt b o n , b a n c h e nii ro tbi t r u d n g , s u dting lao d o n g gia dinh cd hieu q u d h o n , d d n g thdi bao ve moi t r u d n g sdn x u a t vd moi t r u d n g s d n g .
N h u vdy, c b i n h sach p h d t trien n o n g n g h i e p n o n g t h d n ndi rieng vd C h u a n g trinh M T Q G xdy d u n g N T M ndi c h u n g cho Tdy N g u y e n t r o n g thdi gian tdi can day m a n h phdt trien NLKH t r e n c a s d d e x u a t gidi p h a p d p h a n tren. Vi cdc d u dodn Uen q u a n d e n tdc d o n g cita bien ddi k b i bdu, nii do thi t r u d n g la k b o n g chdc chdn, s e k h o n g cd m o h i n h NLKH nao t h u c s u u u Viet h o n c a c m o b i n h NLKH k h d c , ddc b i e t k h i d a n h gid t r o n g k h o a n g thdi gian du ddi. Bdi vdy, p b a t trien NLKH cdn dtra t r e n n d n tdng cdc cdy t r d n g chit luc hien cd tai Tdy N g u y e n ket h p p vdi t a n g c u d n g da d a n g h o a cac loai cay, con t r o n g b e t b d n g t r e n c o s d phii h g p vdi didu kien tii nhien va kinh te-xa boi cua tiing tidu k h u vuc.
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NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 1/2020 127
n g h i e p b e n vtrng gdn voi b a o v e va p h a t trien r u n g tj N o n g . T a p chi K h o a h g c va C o n g nglu' ' -i^-' " ^ ' Viet N a m : Thijc t r a n g va k h u y e n n g h i c h i n h sach". So 6 - 2016, t r 3 9 4 8 , , . UN-REDD P r o g r a m . 8. P h a m T h i S e n (2015). T o n g quan ve n o n g
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P h a t trien n o n g n g h i e p b d n v i m g g a n \ tich n g u y e n nhiin m a t r u n g , suy thoai r i m g lam c o ^^^^ ^ . ^ ^ ^ ^ y.^^ j j ^ . .j^^ , r a n g va k h u y f a
I xuat giai p h d p q u a n ly bdo v e r i m g tinh Ddk n g h i c b i n h sdeh". U N - R E D D P r o g r a m . D E V E L O P M E N T O F AGROFORESTRY ~ S O L U T I O N F O R I M P R O V I N G AGRICULTURAL A N D
FORESTRY P R O D U C T I O N E F F I C I E N C Y I N T H E C O N D I T I O N O F NATURAL R E R O U R C E S D E G R A D A T I O N IN TAY N G U Y E N
Q u y e n TTii Lan P h u o n g ^ , P h a m V a n Hoi^
^Faculty of Land Management, Vietnam National Univet^ity of Agriculture
^Faculty of Environment, Vietnam National University of Agriculture S u m m a r y
This research evaluated the current status of the natural rerources degradation and tbe challenges of agricultural and forestry production, from that found out solutions to inprove the effect of agricultural and forestry production in Tay Nguyen and helped to support tbe new rural construction. The research methodologies involved: coilecting the secondary data, primary data; processing data by Excel and ANOVA analysis; analyzing and evaluating the current status of the natural rerources degradation, the challenges in agncultural and forestry production, the roles of agroforestry system and the suitability to Tay Nguyen nowadays. The research results showed that, the natural rerources degradation in Tay Nguyen recentiy has gotten more and more seriously and has significantly affected on the agricultural and forestry production, including: land degradation, water degradation and biodiversity degradation. Besides, the monoculture and the agricultural production in forest areas have been maldng the production system in Tay Nguyen has to face several challenges, especially in the condition of the natural rerources degradation nowadays. Recent years, households in Tay Nguyen are gettmg positive changes in the structure of income sources, however, these changes are sUll not evident, so it is necessary to restructure the agricultural and forestry production system. For improving the production efficiency, at the same time maintaining and protecting natural resources, the solution of promoting agroforestry development was given. Through out surveying and analyzing the effects of some agroforestry models, the research identified the advantages of these models in improving incomes, increasing production efficiency, reducing risks for people, and improving ecological environment. Form that, the research proposed some solutions to promote agroforestry development including: capacity building for people; approaching to loans; agncultural insurance; and controlling input markets
}^&Yfior6.s-. Agroforestry, agncultural and forestry producton, natural rerources degradation, Tay Nguyen, ne w rural eonstniction.
Ngtrdi p h a n bien: T S . D u o n g N g o c T h i Ngdy n h a n bai: 4 / 9 / 2 0 1 9 N g a y t h 6 n g q u a p b a n bi^n: 4 / 1 0 / 2 0 1 9 Ngdy d u y e t dang: 11/10/201Q
; N 6 N G N G M ; P P . '«-»AT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - T l ^4G l/202n
