TAP CHi CQNG THI/tfNG
CAC YEU TO ANH Hl/CfNG TCfl QUYET DINH K H d l NGHIEP
CUA Nlf SINH VIEN:
TRlTOiNG H 0 P SINH VIEN
TRl/C(NG DAI HOC CONG NGHIEP HA NOI
• NGUYIN MANH CL/CING - HA THANH CONG
T 6 M TAT:
Nghien ciJu xem xet cdc ye'u to' co the anh hifdng den viee mot niJ sinh vidn quy^t dinh kh6i nghiep. Nhom tic gia da tie'n hanh phong van sau mot nhom 20 cifu sinh vien va 10 smh vi§n. K6't qua nghidn clJu cho th^y, cac ye'u td'quyet dinh mot nO" sinh vien cd trd thanh doanh nhan hay khdng vddl xa eae tidu ehu^n Itfa chpn cdng vide thdng thi/6ng, bao gom nhilu khia canh tijf viec kidm tien, ttf do trong cdng viec dd'n mong muon phat trien ca nhSn va phiic ldi.
Ding chu y, ye'u to quan trong nha't khien nff sinh vien quye't dinh khdi nghidp chinh Ik ddm tin tifdng v^o ban thSn trong viec nhSn thiJe dung dan va sin sang lam chu cd hpi kinh doanh.
Tit khoa: Khdi nghidp, nff gidi, nff sinh vidn, nff doanh nhan.
1. Dgt v3'ndl
Tren phu'dng dien quan ly ngudn nhan life, sff gia tang cua nff doanh nhan la rat quan trpng dd'i vdi nIn kinh td' Alvarado va Lynham (2005). Rat nhi^u nln kmh te' va to chffe da phai ganh chiu nhieu ton that khi nhffng ngffdi phu nff tai gioi va tai nang rdi bo cdng vide cua hp (Hevt'lett va Luce, 2005). Bdi vay, mot trong nhffng chi so' trung thffc phan anh thanh cdng kinh te'cua dat nffde la khuyd'n khich phu nff tham gia khdi nghidp. trong do cac nff sinh vidn la mpt nguon Iffc quan trong. Dieu nay khdng chi ddng gdp
vao tang trffdng kinh td'va tao vide lam, ma con la con dffdng cho sff the hien vai tro va giii phdng tiem nang cua phu nff (Eddleston vS Powell, 2008).
Tai clc nffdc phat trien, phu nff sd hffu vi quan ly tdi 1/3 tdng so'doanh nghiep va vSnc6xu hffdnggia tang. Tai Viet Nam. ty Id nay con thap mac dij binh ddng gidi da di/de thffa nhan rdng rai, phu nff hay nam gidi blnh da ng trong vide lim va tham gia phdt trien kinh te'. Du mong murfn khdi nghiep ciia bp phan nff giai Vidt Nam til cao vdi ehl sd'khdi nghiep la 15.5'^. imngkhiciSi
112 So 14-Thang 6/2020
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nam gidi la 11,6% (VCCI, 2015). Tuy vay, so doanh nghiep Viet Nam thffc sff do phu nff dieu hanh hoac sd hffu con thS'p v^ chffa tffdng xffng vdi con sd' nay. Co the ndi, nff doanh nhan la nguon Iffc chffa dffdc khai thae hidu qua va dong gdp con han che' so vdi tiem nang de thuc day nen kinh td' tang trffdng.
Nghidn cffu sff dung phffdng phap nghien cffu dinh tinh thdng qua vide phdng van sinh vien va cffu sinh vidn nff de kham pha tac dpng cua cac yd'u to' tdi vide ra quye't dmh sang lap va quan ly doanh nghidp. Trong cac cffu sinh vien nff, mdt nhom la chu sd hffu, dieu hanh va mpt nhdm lao dpng thong thffdng dai dien eho hai cffc quan diem v^ khdi nghidp, dieu nay giup nghidn cffu so sanh tae ddng eua eae yd'u to' dffdc ro net.
2. Tdng quan nghidn cifu
Theo Verheul (2006), nhffng ngffdi phu nff sang tao, chu ddng hoac ap dung mdt hoat ddng kinh doanh la nhffng nff doanh nhan. Nff doanh nhSn xuS't hidn trong xa hdi chu yd'u vi hai ly do, hoac do hoan canh thay ddi hoac de'n tff chinh tham vpng va sff Iffa chpn chu ddng. Mdt so' phu nff tham gia vao iinh vffc kinh doanh chi ddn thuan la do cac hoan canh tinh cd. Nhffng, mdt so'lai co cac muc dich thffc hidn sff nghidp kinh doanh ro rang va khdi nghidp kinh doanh trd thanh la Iffa chon chu ddng va duy nha't eua hp. Co kha nhieu nghien cffu da thao lu3n vi cac yd'u to' cu the quye't dinh kha nang thffc hidn sif nghiep kinh doanh eua nff gidi.
Mot sd'nghidn cffu tid'p can ly thuye't da nhan manh t^m quan trpng cua xa hdi hda doanh nhan gan liln vdi ly thuyet hpc tap xa hpi (Bandura, 1977) nhff mpt each lam rd hanh vi kinh doanh va t5ng trffdng kinh doanh. Hpc tiip xa hpi cd kha nang xay ra khi hanh vi cua ngffdi khac dffdc quan sit va nhffng ngffdi khac thffdng dffdc gpi la md hinh vai trd. Ly thuyd't hpc tap xa hdi de lam sang to cac Iffa chpn nghe nghidp kinh doanh da dffdc phit hidn trong c l c nha nghien cffu khac nhau.
Hisrich and Brush (1989) cung md ta each cha me cd the thffc hien t i c ddng tich cffc dd'n cac doanh nhan nff.
Theo quan diem ve lien ke't mang. tinh than
kinh doanh dffdc nhung trong mpt mang Iffdi phffc tap cila cac md'i quan he xa hpi. Aldrich va Zimmer (1986) da gdi y trong cac mang Iffdi nhff vay, tinh than kinh doanh dffdc hd trp hoac ngan chan bdi cac ke't nd'i giffa cac doanh nhan, vd'n va cd hoi khao khat. Quan diem nay cho tha'y hidu sua'tcuacac doanh nhanbi anh hffdng bdi sff hien didn hoac vlng mat cua cac mang, ehlng han nhff thanh vien trong cac to chffe, dieu nay rat quan trpng cho sff phat trien cua mot doanh nghiep.
Tuy nhien, mpt so'phan chia va rang bupc nha't dinh cd the han che' quyen truy cap eua phu nff vao mang, dieu nay co the gay ra nhffng can trd dang ke cho sff xua't hien cua cac doanh nhan nff (Aldrich, 1989).
Mdt so' nghien cffu khac da cho thay, cac yd'u td' mdi trffdng anh hffdng de'n tinh than kinh doanh ciia phu nff. Cd mot sd'ye'u to'quye't dinh ehu ye'u, nhff cau true khac bidt ve cd hoi, dia diem, hoat dpng nganh va cac bie'n so'chinh tri - xa hdi (tffc la, tid'p can hd trd cua chinh phu) trong hoat ddng cila eae doanh nhan. Theo Lerner et al. (1997), cac ye'u to'nidi trffdng tich cffc cai thien hidu suat cua clc doanh nhan nff. Ngoai ra, gidi tinh, cung vdi nhan khau hpc xa hdi, anh hffdng dd'n vide tie'p can eae hinh thffc vdn khac nhau va von, anh hu'dng de'n thanh cdng cua doanh nhan. Khung ly thuye't cua Bourdieu tap trung vao anh hffdng eua qui trinh xa hdi hda va vd'n van hda trong vide phat trien nguydn vpng cua ca nhan (1993).
Vd'n xa hoi de cap de'n cac mang xa hdi, clc tieu chuan ve sff cd di cd lai, hd trd lan nhau va sff tin cay ciia hp (Putnam va Feldstein, 2003).
Cae khia canh ciia vd'n xa hdi dffdc xac dinh bdi Narayan va Cassidy (2001) ve dac diem nhdm, chuan mffc chung, sff gin ke't, xa hpi hang ngay, ke't nd'i khu phd', tinh nguyen va niem tin. Nhff vay, cac nghien cffu thffe nghiem nham phan tich cac ye'u to' hoat dong khdi nghiep ciia nff gidi thffdng xuydn nhan manh cae ye'u to' sau: Gilo due; Gia dinh; Xa hpi; C l c yd'u td'ca nhan; Mdi trffdng va cac chinh sach hd trd.
Cac nghidn effu cho tha'y viec mong mud'n va quye't dinh khdi nghiep trd thanh nff doanh nhan gdm ca cac ye'u to' mdi trffdng ben trong va ben
TAP CHi CUNG THirUNG
ngoai. Tuy vly, trong cac nghien effu nay, vide quye't dinh du'dc xem xet la Iffa chpn ciia ea nhan trong bd'i canh cac thd' chd'kinh te'thi trffdng phit trien sdm va day du. Nhffng ke't luan trdn cd the khdng dii tin cay trong di^u kien the ehd'kinh td' thi trffdng phit trien chffa day dii, mdi trffdng kinh doanh bie'n ddng eCing vdi sff thid'u thd'n ve thdng tin. Hon the' nffa, tdi nay co rat it nghidn cffu di sau vao qui trinh ra quyd't dinh khdi nghidp ciia nff sinh vidn.
Khi thid'u nhffng dieu kien the ehd thi trffdng, van hda co nhffng die thu, vide quye't dinh khdi nghidp ciia nff sinh vidn co thd' chiu sff chi phd'i khac bidt bdi cac yd'u to nay. Cd thd' cd nhieu yd'u to' khd thay ddi nhff van hda, tap quan, nhffng Cling cd nhieu ye'u td' cd the cai thien nhff thdng tin, giao due,... Viec hieu ro cau tra Idi nay cd y nghia quan trpng, cho phep xlc dinh rd clc hanh ddng hdp ly dd cai thidn thffe trang khdi nghidp ciia nff sinh vien ndi neng va nff gidi ndi chung tai Viet Nam.
3. PhuTdng phap nghidn cifu 3.1. Thiet ke nghien ciiu
Dffa tren tdng quan nghien cffu, nhdm tae gia cd du luan eff de dffa ra gia thuye't clc nhdm yd'u td'dffdc eho la anh hffdng tdi vide nff sinh vidn se tid'n hanh khdi nghidp va trd thanh doanh nhan.
Phffdng phap nghien cffu dinh tinh (eu the la phdng van sSu) la clch tiep can phu hpp nha't cho nhffng dff an nghien cffu kham phi nhff loai nghien cffu nay. PhffOng phap nghien cffu dinh tinh dffdc su" dung de tie'n hanh thu thap cac mmh chffng, luan cff de lam rd va kiem dinh clc gia thuyd't, ddng thdi kham phi, giai thieh y nghia hien thffc tai sao mdt nff sinh vidn quye't dmh khdi nghiep cdn ngffdi khac thi khdng. Vdi muc tieu dat ra nhff tren, nghien cffu chu trpng de'n cac trai nghiem el nhan ciia do'i tifdng khao sat nham kham pha y nghia nhan thffc, quan diem, niem tm eua dd'i tffdng.
Phffdng phap thu thap dff lieu chu ye'u la tie'n hanh phdng van '^au. ke't hdp quan sat (Hanh vi.
ldi ndi) \a tim hidu Ijch sff dd'i tffdng. Nhdm t i c gia mudn thu thap cac thdng tin phong phii ve quy trinh ra quyet dinh va hieu rd hdn cac ye'u to na>
di/dc sff dung bdi ai, theo each nao va d mffc dp nao. Phffdng phap phdng van sau cho phep theo sat dffdc ludng suy nghi eua ngffdi dffdc phdng van, giup dffa ra nhffng cau hoi phii hdp de lam sang td eae Iffa chon ciia hp.
3.2. Mau phong van
Nghien cffu Iffa chpn mdt nhdm 8 effu sinh vien nff dang la chii sd hffu doanh nghidp va rapt nhdm 12 cffu sinh vidn nff dang la lao dpng nff tic nghiep dai didn eho clc hffdng quye't dinh ciiaca nhSn. Ciing vdi dd la 10 sinh vien nff dang hpc nam cud'i tai Trffdng Dai hoc Cdng nghiep Ha Ndi. Tae gia va dpi ngu cpngsff trffc tid'p tie'p xiic vdi dd'i tifdng, gidi thidu tdm tat vdi ho ban chat cua nghidn effu nay, vl xin phep dffdc phong v2'n.
Sau khi dffdc sff ddng y. cac cudc phdng va'n dffdc thffc hidn trong khoang thdi gian tff thing 10 nlm 2019 de'n thing 01 nam 2020. Vdi nhdm chu s6 hffu, giam ddc doanh nghiep, mlu bao gdm 5 ngffdi lam viec tai Ha Npi, 1 ngffdi d Hai Phdng vS 2 ngffdi tai H^i Dffdng. Mlu phdng va'n lao dpng tic nghiep bao gdm 10 ngffdi 11m vide tai cac doanh nghidp d clc quan, huyen khdc nhau tai Ha Ndi.
3.3. Thu thap da li$u
Cac cudc phdng van difdc thffc hien dffdi hinh thffc phdng van bin ca'u true. Phan thff nha't cHa ndi dung phdng van la cae cau hdi lidn quan den thong tin chung ve ngffdi dffdc phdng vS'n, bao gdm ci lich sff nghe nghiep. Phan thff hai tap trung vao cae yd'u to' dan tdi quye't dinh ngh^
nghiep hien tai. Phan thff ba tap trung clc quyd't dinh nghe nghiep trong tffdng lai.
Qua qui trinh phong van, nhffng y tffdng vi phat hien mdi tff clc cudc phong van trffdc se dffdc dffa vao clc cupc phdng van tie'p sau vi cud'i cung t i t ca cac y tffdng va phit hien mdi dffdc sff dung cho viec phan tich dff lieu. Hoat dpng phdng van dffng lai khi khong con khii niem hay y tffdng mdi phat sinh them. Do dd, kel qua phdng van se phan anh day dii hanh vi khdi nghidp. Cac phdng van dffdc ghi am va sao ch6p gan dung nguyen vln trong vong 24 tie'ng ke til cudc phdng van, vdi thdi Iffdng tff 60 dd'n 90 phut trung binh khoang 70 phut.
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3.4. Phdn tich dU li$u
Trffdc het, dd'i vdi mdi phdng vS'n, tac gia ghi nhan can than cac nhan dinh m l mdt nff sinh vidn/cffu sinh vien khlng dinh se ed vai tro nha't dinh tdi vide khdi nghidp, sau do chung dffdc phan theo c l c nhdm theo ndi ham dffa vao clc ke't qua eua c l c nghidn cffu s i n cd va kd't qua phdng van. Mdt so'cdng tac vien cd kinh nghidm ciing tac gia sff dung ke't qua phan loai nay de kiem tra lai tffng cupc phdng van. Mdi cupc phdng van deu danh da'u sff hidn dien cua mdi yd'u td', sau dd, so sanh cae kd't qua kid'm tra, nhffng diem chffa thd'ng nha't se dffdc thao luan va dieu chinh lai
4. Ke't qua nghien cu'u
Quye't dinh khdi nghiep la quye't dinh mang tinh kham phi, dinh gil va khai thac hang hoa, dich vu trong tffdng lai Hen quan de'n viec nghien effu ele cd hdi va trien khai thffe td'. Vdi mdt nff sinh vidn, nghidn cffu da rdt ra mdt so'nhdm ye'u td'chinh ye'u nhif sau:
TrUdc tien la vffdt qua dinh kie'n gidi: Mac du van de binh dang gidi Viet Nam trd thanh mdt hien thffc rat rd rang, hau hd't nff sinh vidn/cffu sinh vidn vln cho bidt hp bi thiet thdi trong clc giao dich, tid'p can cae dd'i tac kinh doanh, nha't la clc giao dich cd quy md. Nhffng dinh kie'n nhff vay tie ddng tieu cffc tdi kha nang khdi nghiep ciia cac nff sinh vidn/cffu sinh vidn. Hdn nffa, hp cung cam nhan ky vpng ciia xa hpi va cac chuan mffc phi ehinh thffe tffdng tff nhff eoi nhffng viec
"Idn" phai danh cho nam gidi dang han chd hp hidn thffc hda sff nghiep doanh nhan
Thd hai la nang Iffe ciia ban th§n va kha nang nhan thffc cd hdi kinh doanh: Sff tich liiy nang life trong hpe tap va ca qua trinh lam viec sau td't nghidp la van de quan trpng lidn quan tich cffc vdi viec tff lam chii va hinh thanh doanh nghidp, dd chinh la kha nang ciia nff sinh vien trong vide to chffe va thffc hien clc hanh ddng can thidt dd dat dffdc nhffng th^nh tffu nha't dinh. Ngoai ra, nd cung lidn quan trffc tie'p de'n niem tin, ctingcd'sff quyd't tam se dat dffdc thanh edng eua ban than hp. Khi mpt sinh vien nff du tin tffdng vao nlng Iffc ciia ban than, kha nang trd thanh doanh nhan
trd nen ro rang hdn. Tuy nhien, mdt bd phan Idn ngffdi difdc phdng van dang quan niem clc doanh nghiep dffpe dan dlt bdi nam gidi cd hidu qua kinh doanh eao hdn. Dieu nay cd ve dang anh hffdng tieu cffc tdi sff hinh thanh clc nff doanh nhan Vidt Nam.
vd nhan thffc cd hpi kinh doanh, mot trong nhffng van de hien nay khid'n nff sinh vidn khdng dam dffa ra quye't dinh khdi nghiep la hp khdng ro tai sao, khi nao va lam the' nao cac cd hpi kinh doanh ton tai. Noi clch khac hp thid'u hieu bid't mpt clch day du ve ngudn gd'c, clch thffc va quy trinh ma hp cd the khlm pha, dinh gia va khai thac CO hpi kmh doanh. Dieu nay khie'n nhieu nff sinh vidn chap nhan lam thue thay vi khdi sff hoac cha'p nhan tff doanh nhd le kieu hd gia dinh. Dieu nay cung lien quan trffc lie'p tdi viec hp cd dffdc tie'p can vdi mdi trffdng giao due ed y nghTa, giiip ho dii nang Iffc nhan ra tiem nang kinh te' va cd hpi cho ridng minh. Nhffng sinh vidn hpc tap dffdc dieu nay tff clc chu'dng trinh gilo due chinh thffc hoac tff sff nghidp kinh doanh truyen thd'ng ciia gia dinh giiip ho tap hpp du'dc kie'n thffc, ky nang va ddng Iffc eao hdn de trd thanh doanh nhan.
Thd ba la ddng ed va muc tieu ca nhan: Ddng cd va muc tidu cl nhan, die bidt la mong mud'n tff ehii eung la mdt trong nhffng ye'u to' anh hffdng de'n nff sinh vien trd thanh doanh nhan. Ddng ed ciia doanh nhan nff se khdng kie'm tien mdt clch ddn thuan ma ludn di cung vdi mong mudn dffdc tff do khdi cdng viet. phat trien cl nhan va phuc ldi khac. Ne'u chi mong mudn vffdt qua khd khan tai chinh, nff gidi hoan toan cd the Iffa chpn cdng viec lam thud de dffdc tra Iffdng, ehi khi ho thffc sff mud'n dat tdi sff tff ehii hoan toan ve tai chinh se thuc day hp sang lap va sd hffu sff nghiep kmh doanh ridng.
Thd tu la dim eha'p nhan rui ro: Kinh doanh ludn la mdt cdng vide mao hidm. O nhdm effu sinh vidn dang la doanh nhan va nhffng sinh vidn nam cud'i mudn trd thanh doanh nhan, hp ludn the hidn rd sff sin sang cha'p nhan thach thffc, san sang phieu lifu vdi mong mud'n va quyd't tam lam ndn sff nghiep. O chieu ngffdc lai. ly do khien nff sinh vien khdng san sang khdi nghidp du eho ho
TAP CHi CDNG TKKONG
e d k h i d a y dii e l e d i e u k i e n c h i n h la b d i h p k h d n g thich riii r o . D a y cd t h e dffdc c o i ia m p t r a o c a n dd'i v d i sff p h i t t r i e n eiia h p .
Thii ndm la h e tho'ng c h i n h s a c h hd trd nff g i d i k h d i n g h i e p : C a c c h i n h s a c h hd trd c l c ca'p c h i n h q u y e n va c a c to ehffc t a i c h i n h d a n h c h o nff sinh v i d n n d i r i d n g va nff g i d i n d i e h u n g cd t h u c d a y p h d t t r i e n d o a n h n h a n nff. N d cd t h e t a o ra t h u a n l d i t r o n g q u a t r i n h t h a n h 13p, q u a n ly d o a n h n g h i e p d e bffdc d a u t a o thu n h a p c d b a n , rdi d a n d a n dSn dd'n t a n g trffdng.
5. K e ' t l u a n
Nff g i d i V i e t N a m n d i c h u n g , nff sinh v i e n n d i r i d n g v e c d b a n d a h d i dii c a c k y n a n g v a t a i n a n g k i n h d o a n h . N g h i e n cffu c h o tha'y, de' sinh
v i e n nff b ^ t d a u s a n g l a p c a c d o a n h n g h i d p giiip c d dffdc dia vi td't h d n t r o n g xa h p i , s e cd nhi^u va'n d d c a n g i a i quyd't. N g o a i nhffng v a n de m a n g tinh cd n h a n , sff t d n t a i v a p h d t t r i e n ben vffng c i i a c a c d o a n h n g h i d p c i i a nff g i d i phu t h u p c r a t n h i d u v a o c d e h d trd b d n n g o a i nhif:
Tie'p c a n g i a o d u e k h d i n g h i d p d e sd hffu c l c ky n a n g v a kid'n thffe tie'n b d , sff ling h d tff gia dinh va xa h d i d e b a t d a u k i n h d o a n h , d a c b i e t la c3c chffdng t r i n h h d trd p h a t t r i e n nff sinh v i e n khdi n g h i d p nhff ffu d a i tff c h i n h phii va t d chffe ngSn h a n g t a i c h i n h . H i d u q u a ke't h o p c u a ta't ca nhffng d i e u n a y c h a c c h i n sd t h u c d a y qua trinh p h i t t r i e n d o a n h n h a n nff V i e t N a m tff the he sinh v i e n nff h i e n n a y •
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O :
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Management Review.
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11. Verheul, I . Van Stel, A. and Thunk. R. (2006). -Explaining female and mate entrepreneurihip ui the country level". Enlrepreneurship and Regional Development.
116 So 14 - Thang 6/2020
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Ngay nhan bai: 20/5/2020
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va su'a chtfa: 29/5/2020 Ngay chd'p nhdn dang bai: 10/6/2020
Thong tin tdc gid:
1. TS. NGUYEN MANH CUCfNG 2. TS. H A THANH CONG Khoa Quan ly Kinh doanh TrtfoTng Dai hpc Cdng nghidp Ha N$i
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ENTREPRENEURIAL DECISION OF FEMALE STUDENTS:
CASE STUDY OF HANOI UNIVERSITY OF INDUSTRY'S FEMALE STUDENTS
• Ph.D NGUYEN MANH CUONG
• Ph.D HA THANH CONG Faculty of Business Adrninlstratlon
Hanoi University of Industry
ABSTRACT:
This study examines the factors affecting the decision of female students to start a business, hi-depth interviews with 20 alumni and 10 current students were conducted to carry out this study. This study's findings reveal that the factors affecting the femal students' entrepreneurial decision exceed common job selection standards in terms of many aspects from making money, seeking freedom in work, achieving personal developments to ensunng personal wellbeing. Remarkably, the most important factor that affects female students to start businesses is the self-belief and the willingness to seize busmess opportunities.
Keywords: Start-up, women, female students, businesswomen.
