NBHIEN CUU- THAO BOI
MOT SO NGUYEN TAC SUT DUNG TUT TRONG TIENG VIET
NGUY&N THi BICH HANG •
Neu ta xem viee sir dyng tieng Viet nhu xay mot can nhi thi sd dung tir tieng Viet dOng va hay co thi cd la vlec tao dung nen mdng ciia ^n nha ay. Vay lam the nao de sir dung tU diing va hay sirdtfngtU diing chuan muc vi ed tinh nghe thuat, dat bieu qua cao trong giao tidp?
Bai Viet dadi day xin chi ra bdn nguyen ^ ca ban ma ngudi sir dung tieng Viet can tuan tha de dat duoc hieu qua cao.
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Sff dyng tir dung, chuan ngff'am va chff' hai mud lam hai mud nam• vidt - Tidng Vidt ed nhffng quy tie ve chuan chinh - Phdt dm ehudn effa ngudi Vidt Id phat am t i . Vidt dung chinh ta Id mpt yeu eau nghidm ngat theo ehff qude ngff (ngPn ngff todn ddn). Thye vd tat cd mpi ngud. Tuy nhien, ngud Vidt rat hay td hidn nay, phdt dm effa ngudi Vidt thudng nham lin cdc phy dm dau ch- tr, s- x, d- r- gi; phu mang tinh dja phUdng, gin vd dac diem effa am cudi t- e, n- ng; hoac vidt sai thanh (thudng Id tffng vung dia ly, cd thd gdy khd hidu hoac thanh ngd"-" vd thanh hdl"?").
bleu nham giffa cae vffng khae nhau. Cd thd vidu:
nhdn thay rat rd didu nay qua mpt sd vi dy filing Sai didn hinh sau: Tra sffa Tran Cbdu Tri sffa Chin Trdu
Hpe sinh tidn tidn Hpe sinh tidn tidn sudt xuat sic xie Da dd hdng hio Ra re hdng hdo Nd Id ngud chat Nd la ngud chat phit phie
Chff nghla lang man Chu nghla lang mang Me ghi cpn chdng Me ghd cpn chdng
• Mpt sd ngud khdng phin bidt vd phdt im Cd ta_ rat hay suy Co ta rat hay suy nghi dffng hai phu im l/n (do inh hudng dja phuang nghTvan vo vin vo
hoae ndi ngong) din td vide vidt sai ehlnh ta. ... giinh gidt thj phan ... danh glit thj phan V((ju; khii nidm triru tupng khdi nidm triu tupng Dpi tre MU tudng Dpi tre MU tUdng laixdnlan lai sdng lang
- Vidt sal chinh t i edn gdy hidu lam. Ching han:
(a). An com tiiia; (b). An com ehua?
"trua" Id khoang thd glan giffa ban ngdy, vdo Iffe mat trd Idn eao nhat nhung "ehua" bidu thj y 53 TCr dta phuang
Gid tffng dung md
bdu hooc bue
TU toin din Trd tang nhung mi
bao hoc bac
filing nany mye ndt Long Vuong
Idu nim
Sai Lany mye lit Nong Vuong
ndu nam
• Thvc si. Hoc vien Chinh tri Khuudcl.
TAP CHi GIAO Dye LY LUAN - S6 220 (2014)
NBHIEN CliU-THAB BBI mudn hoi ve didu ma cho ddn mpt t h d didm dupe xde djnh ndo dd khdng biet ed xay ra hay khdng.
Rd rdng hai tff ndy mang npi dung khac nhau v i nd d i n den s y khde biet trong npl dung bai phdt ngdn: (a) Id mpt thdng bdo edn (b) l i mpt cau nghi van.
Hidn nay, tdn tai mpt thye td xuat hidn nhieu hien tupng bidn dm trong tin n h i n : Chang ban:
budn q u i - bun wa, dupe rdi - dk oj... C i c h vidt ndy giup tidt kiem ki ty tin n h i n , Bdt kiem t h d gian vd the hidn duoc cd tinh cua n g u d sff dyng nhung rd ring nd dd khidn eho ngud dpe hieu lam thdm ehi khdng hieu dupe npl dung tin nhin.
- Cung v d tinh chinh x i e , khi sff dyng tff theo chuan ngff dm v i chff viet cung can ehu y den tinh nghd thuat tffc p h i i ehu y ve tidt tdu, nhjp didu, van didu.
Qua cau nho nhd Cii vo van van Nay anh hoc gan Mai anh hpc xa
B i i ca dao cd van, ed didu, cd su hdi hda ve ngff dm ndn de nhd, de thupe.
Nhu vay, khi dung tff can phdt dm theo i m thanh chuan eua tidng Vidt, vidt dung theo quy t i c hidn h i n h ve chinh ta va chff vidt. Ngodi ra, can ehu y ddn su uyen ehuyen, hdi hda trong van didu, tidt tdu, trong Idi c h d chff nghe thuat.
2. Dung tff chuan ve nghTa
- Tieng Viet cd h i n g chye van tff. Do dd phdn blet vd dung cho dung nghla effa tffng tff khdng phai vide don gian, ddi hdi mpt q u i trinh ren luydn, thuc hdnh.
VI dy:
Kien thiet (tff H i n Viet) = xay dung nen khdng the ndi vd viet: "Chung tdi xay dung vd kidn thiet cho tuong lai".
_ Trong tff uu viet da ed net nghla: vupt trdi hon h i n do dd khdng the ndi v i viet: "Ddy Id tinh n i n g uu viet nhat cua may Ipe nude ndy".
Trpng Bdng Viet ed nhffng hien tupng tff nhieu nghla, tU ddng nghla, tff ddng am, tff trdi nghla... Khi ndi vd vidt phai blet phdn blet vd van
dung ehffng chuan x i e t r i n h nham lan.
' V i d u :
Tff hinh vj "nho" cd the tao ra h i n g loat eic Iff ddng nghla theo phuong thffc lay s i c thdl nhu nhd n h i n , nhd nhen, nhd nhat nhd nhe, nhd nhoi...
Tuy nhidn khdng thd dung tff "nhd nhe" (ehi cdch an ndi) de mldu ta hinh thffc nhff ti'ong eiu
"Cd ay cd d i n g ngud nho nhe" m i phai dung tCr
"nhd nhin".
- Khdng chi can sff dung tff dung m i edn phS hay tffc phai bidt e i c h kdt hpp mpt eich nghd thuat tap hidu q u i cao, bidt van dung vdn hllu biet ve tff nhieu nghla, tff ddng nghla, tff ddng im, tff trdi nghla... cho phu hpp v d npl dung can dl§n dat
Vidy:
Ngdy ngdy ddng ngudi dl trong thuong nhd Kdt t r i n g hoa d i n g b i y m u d chin mffa xudn (Vldng lang Bde - Vidn Phuong)
Tff "ddng" ed thd thay bang "doin" (ddng nghla) md ndi dung cau tho khdng thay ddl. Tuy nhien, sac thai y nghla cua hai tff ndy cd dem khic blet: " d o i n " ngud Id hffu han con "ddng" nguS lai Id vd han. Do vay, chff "ddng" ngud khdng ehi gd dupe su bat tan effa nhffng "rfoirj" ngud v i o lang vldng B i e ma edn cho thay su nhd thuong, bidt on Bde vd bd ben eiJa ngud ddn Vidt Nam. Rd ring dung ehff "ddng" dat hon ehff "doan".
Didn ta eai bao la vd eung effa vu tru, Huy C|n dung cum tff sau chdt vdt.
N i n g xudng trdi Ien, sau chdt vdt.
(Tring giang)
Chdt vdt la tff lay dien ta dp eao (vffot trpi hdn ien trdn nhffng cdi khie). Sau l i tinh tff (nguydn nghla da ehi dp sdu) kdt hpp v d chdt vdt eing nhan manh hdn dp s i u tham tham, hun hiit khdn eung eua khdng glan. Tff dd, t i e g i i day md khdng glan ra k h i p ba ehidu cao - rdng - siu.
Ddng t h d , diem nhin eua thi nhdn cffng dUOC ndng Idn nhu bay giffa lung ehffng khdng gian mi bao qudt sy vdt
Ldi c h d ehff ddng i m trong ddl v i thd ed tinh
54 TAP CHi GIAO D y e LY LUAN - s 6 220 (2014)
NBIHEN CUU-THAB Ba nghd thuat eao, dua ngud doc td nhffng bat ngd,
ttiff vj, Tmdng hpp dffng tff ddng im dffd diy l i minh ehffng cho nghd thuat chd ehff ddng am ti'ong van hpe dan gian.
Chj Xuin di chp mffa hi Mua ca fnu vd, ehp hay edn ddng.
Vd hai edu thd trdn, tdc gii khdng ehi mudn tii hien nhffng canh sinh hoat effa eupc sdng dd ttiffdng, bang Idi chd chO dung tff ddng im Xuan (tdn ngud) vd mffa xudn; thu (tdn mpt loai cd) vd mffa thu; ddng (mldu t i canh ehp) vd mua ddng, tae gii da vd ndn mdt bffc tranh ed du ca bdn mffa, Didu dd d i cho thay su khdo ldo, tai ti'nh trong sff dyng tff effa tac gia va tao sy dpe ddo hap dan cho edu tho.
Nhu viy, dffng tff can phil dffng vd hinh thffe vi eau tao, ve y nghla. Dung tff phii kheo lee, nghd thuat v i Bnh td,
3. Dung tir dung die diem ngiT phip Die diem ngff phdp eua tff Id die didm tao edu cua ehffng. Dd la nhffng die didm xuat hidn khi td hpp tff vd tff tap ndn nhffng edu ndi hidu dupe, chap nhdn dupe ddi vd mpt edng ddng ngdn ngff.
Cdc tff khde nhau cd nhffng die didm ngff phip khie nhau song tinh chat chung nhdt effa die diem ngff phip Id tinh ddng loat Dae diem ngff phip tim ra i\\% khdng phii Id ridng effa mpt tff md edn l i ehung effa mpt sd tff. Nhd tinh ddng loat eua die didm ngff phap md tff vyng cua mpt ngdn ngff md ehia ra dupe thinh eae tff loai. Nim dupe die diem ngff phip effa tff giffp chung ta sff dung tff ehinh xie.
6 Bdng Viet, die diem ngff phdp effa tff khdng bidu hidn trang npi bd tff md bleu hidn chu ydu ngoai tff, ti'ong tffong quan cua nd vd eie tff khde trong ciu. Tuong quan dy thd hidn:
ThU nhat, kha ning ket hap giOa tU dang xet vdi nhUng tinhin chUng.
Tff nhdn ehffng Id nhOng tff ed y nghla khdi qudt, y nghia quan hd hay tinh thdi,jhudng ehi ket hpp vd nhffng tff thupe mpt loai nhat djnh.
Chang han: Kdt hpp vd phd tff dffng tiude - Dpng tii thudng kdt hpp ede phd tff chi mdnh
TAP CHi GIAO o y c LY LUAN - s a 220 (2014)
Idnh: hay, dffng, chd... vd phd tff chi thd gian: da, dang, se...
- Danh tff ttiffdng kdt hop vd cae phd tff ehi sd lupng: mdi, cdc, nhffng... hoac phia sau danh tff cd phd tiy chi thj: nay, kia, ay, np...
- Tinh tff ttiudng kdt hpp vdi nhffng phd tff ehi mffe dp; rat hd, khd, khi, eye kl..
Vidy:
filing Sai hay hpc rat hpc nhffng hpe sinh ay dffng hpe sinh ay rat dep hay dep
Thu hai, kha nang lim cac thanh phan eau nhu lim chi ngU, vi ngO
Danh tff thffdng Idm chff ngff edn ddng tff, ti'nh tff thffdng Idm vj ngff tryc tidp.
Danh tff khi lim vj ngff thudng dffng sau tff "Id"
Tuy nhidn trong ngdn ngff ddn lap ndi ehung, tidng Viet ndi rieng cd hidn tupng chuydn loai effa tff: cung mpt hinh thffc ngff dm nhffng trong sff dung ed the ehuyen tff loai niy sang tff loai khie NghTa l i mang ddc diem ngff phip effa nhldu tff.
Vi du tff "edn" trong ba ciu sau:
a. Tdi cd 2 cii cin b. Hp dang cin thde e. Bffc anh tree rdt ein
Trong edu a, can kdt hpp vd IB ehi lupng 2 cii, can Id danh Iff, mang y nghla chi su vat
Trcng ciu b, can kdt hpp vd phd tff chi ttid gian dang, can l i dpng tff, mang nghla ehi hoat dpng.
Trong ciu c, cin ket hpp vd phd tff ehi mffe dp rat, cin la tinh tff, mang nghia chi tinh chat (thing bang).
Ngoii ra, die ddm ngff phdp eua tff edn ndi ddn khi nang chi phdl ede IHinb phan phy trong cum tu, trong eiu.
Khi sff dung tff can phai nim dupe die ddm ngff phip eua tffng tff loai dd dim bao sff dyng tff chuan xie.
4. Dung tir dffng phong cieh
Mdi phong eich ehffc ndng cd nhffng yeu ciu ridng trong vide sff dyng... (xem tiep trang 68)
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