NGHIEN c u u • TRAO 0 0 1
XAY DUIMG CHU NGHIA XA HOI PHAT TRIEN 6 VIET NAM
THEO TU TUONG HO CHI MINH
Q PGS. TS. NGUYEN HUU OdNG Hpc vi$n Chinh tri quoc gia Hd Chi Minh
Giai phong dan toe klioi sii ap bufc, bat cong cua tiiiic dan, phong kien va xay di^ng chii nghia xa hpi (CNXH), tufc dpc lap dan toe phai gan lien vdi CNXH la hoai bao lan nhat ciia Ho Chi Minh. TU tiicmg cua NgUffi ve xay di/ng CNXH phat trien"' de phat trien xa hoi va tiifng biiac tiuic hien muc tieu dan giau, ntio'c manh, dan chii, cong bang, van minh, moi ngUM co cupc song am no, tii do, hanh phuc, co dieu kien phat trien toan dien a Viet Nam CO y nghia ly luan va thUc tien sau sac.
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QUANNI^MCClA HdCHiMINHVE CNXHPHATTRIEN CNXH phdt tnen la khainiem da dUge Hd Chi Minh neu ra Khai niem nay bao gdm mue tieu xa hdi phat trien tien bd va phUang phap thffc hien.
nguyen tae bao dam. nham dat dffac myc tieu xae dinh. Xa hgi phat trien tffc la san xuat phat trien va xa hdi tien bd; trong dd, phat trien san xuat va tien bg xa hdi phai gan lien vdi nhau. San xuat kem phat tnen thi xa hdi it tien bd, tye eae hien tffang van hda, chinh tri. kmh te. xa hdi trong qude gia ed bleu hien suy thoai (thoai bg)- Hd Chi Minh da tffng ndi ve nhffng dieu nay nhff sau: "San xuat phat trien tffc la xa hdi phat trien. Che do nao hgp vdi sye san xuat thi dyng vffng"'^' va "xa hdi phat trien
khdng ngffng, tien bo eung phat trien khdng ngffng Neu hdm nay ngffng tien bd tffc la ngay mai thoai bd"'^'-
Trong xa hdi loai ngUdi, tdn tgi cac cdng ddng, tUc "nhan dan" - IUe Iffgng bao gdm "edng, ndng, tieu tU san. tU san dan tde va nhffng phan tff khac yeu nude"''". Nhan dan la bao gdm tat ca cac "ca nhan" (ca the),
"nhdm" (tap the), "cdng ddng"
(xa hdi). nhu nhffng ngffdi dan thudng. eae edng dan. to chffc gidi, nghe nghiep. dan tdc, tdn giao trong "nffdc nha"'^' (qudc gia, to qude). Hd Chi Minh tffng ndi: "Chff Ngffdi, nghia hep la gia dinh. anh em. ho hang, bau bgn. NghTa rdng la ddng bao ca nffdc Rdng nffa la ea loai ngffdi"'®'. Tff nhffng dieu dffac phan tich cho thay rang. CNXH phat trien la khai niem ndi ve
edng ddng cac dan toe deu dUoc sdng trong mdt qudc gia "ddc lap" (vat chat sdng dUge bao dam edng bang). "tU do" (gia tri sdng duoc bao dam binh dang) va "hanh phuc" (tinh than sdng dUoc bao dam edng ly). Ndi each khac, dde lap dan tdc gan lien vdi CNXH phat trien, tffc la tat ea ca nhan. nhdm, cdng ddng dan tdc trong qude gia deu dffoe hffgng "quyen dffgc sdng.
quyen tff do va quyen mUu cau hanh phuc""*. Theo Hd Chi Minh:
"CNXH nghia la tat ca moi ngUdi
eae dan tde ngay cang am no, eon chau ehung ta ngay eang sung sUdng"'^'. Theo dd, trong khai niem CNXH phat trien, xa hdi phat trien dffgc nhin nhan tffang tff nhff mue tieu tien bd;
cdn CNXH phat trien dffoe nhin nhan tffgng tff nhff phffong phap, nguyen tac thffc hien.
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n h a m bao dam m u c tieu phat trien tien bd, xa hdi "dan chii va giau mgnh"'^l
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TUTUdNGH6CHiMINH VEXAYDMNGCNXH PHAT TRIENXay dffng CNXH phdt trien d Viet Nam la, trffde het. ddi ngu
"can bd" "can bd {trong Dang va ngoai Dang)"'"", tffc eae edng chffc. vien chffc. dai bieu dan cff trong chinh quyen. can phai n h a n thffc rd rang, day ehinh la thffc hien "con dffdng" hay
"dffdng idi each mang dan toe - dan chil"'"' de bao dam phat trien dat nffdc. dem lai ddc lap, tff do, h g n h phue eho n h a n dan.
Theo Hd Chi Minh: "Mue dich eua each mgng la xay dffng mdt nffdc Viet Nam ddc lap, thdng nhat, tff do, giau m a n h . Lam eho n h a n dan dffoe hffdng h a n h p h u c va xay dffng mdt xa ligl
sung sffdng, ve vang""^'; "lam each mang de cai t a o xa hdi cu t h a n h xa hdi mdi"'^^' va "thdi dgi mdi khien each m a n g Viet Nam phai la each m a n g d a n chu mdi, tffc la each m a n g d a n tdc - dan chu n h a n dan"*'"'.
Xay dUng con dUdng phdt trien phu t h u d e vao xay dffng
"con dudng c h i n h t n " cua Dang cam quyen phai d u n g dan; tUc boat dong e h i n h tri can phai bao dam sU c h a n that, hay "that tha doan ket"''^' (doan ket t h a t sy), the hien c h i n h t n n h a n van. Hd Chi Minh n e u rd- "Chinh tri la:
1) Doan ket 2) T h a n h khiet tff to d e n nhd""". Con dUdng phat trien p h y t h u g c vao "eon dUdng d a n ehii"'^^', tUc p h u t h u d e vao c h i n h sach eua Dang va Chinh p h u phai "di d u n g dUdng ldi cua n h a n dan""^'. NgUdi chi dan eho ddi ngu c a n bg n h g n thffc d u n g d a n m u e tieu xay dyng, each t h y c thffc hien con dffdng cua CNXH p h a t t n e n "tuy h o a n canli, ma cae d a n tdc p h a t trl^n t h e o con di^ngkhac nhau"'^"'.
Xay dffng CNXH p h a t trien dgt trong t a m vao ITnh vffe kinh te va van hda Kinli te la ,an Hen
xay dung CNXH phat trien cung tuong t u nhu xay 'iung "con dudng phat trien""^!^ tLfc xay dung, thuc hien cac chinh sach phat trien kinh te, van hoa, xa hpi, cong nghe, moi true ,-ig, nham bao dam su can ddi, can bang, hai hoa ve moi truong jng ton i tai, sy cong bang, binh dang, cong ly ve quyen Iqi, gi:- i, tinh
^ than giua cac ca nhan, nhdm, cdng dong.
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VOI san xuat, nang cao nang suat lao ddng va kha nang cgnh tranh hay "tranh dffgc loi vdi the
giOi-(Zl). f.^J^ ygj., j^^g J^ g|j^ Jjgj^vdi thffc hanh tiet kiem, phdng chdng lang phi. Do vay. can phai gan ehat tang gia san xuat vdi thffc hanh tiet kiem, phdng chdng lang phi sff dyng "nhan Iffc" (sffc lao dgng). "vat Iffc"
(tai nguyen), "tai Iffe" (tien vdn) trong san xuat, kinh doanh. dich vy. Vi the, "chung ta ehl ed the xay dUng CNXH bang each tang gia san xuat va thye hanh tiet kiem. San xuat ma khdng tiet kiem thi khac nao gid vao vao nha trong. Cho nen phai giff gin cua cdng"*^'; "tang gia san xuat va thffc hanh tiet kiem la eon dffdng di den xay dffng thang loi CNXH, xay dUng hanh phuc cho nhan dan. Tang gia la tay phai eua hanh phue, tiet kiem la tay trai eua hgnh phuc"'^^'; "tiet kiem thdi gid di ddi vdi tang nang suat"'^^' va "phai het sffc tranh lang phi ngay gid. nhan Iffe va vgt Iffe eua ddng bao"'^^'.
Xay dyng CNXH phat trien phai "xay dffng nhffng con ngffdi cua CNXH"'^*', tffc xay dffng nhffng ngffdi cd "dao dffc each mgng", tff tffdng tien bg.
khdng mae cae can benh dg chii nghTa ca nhan (nhdm) vi ky de ra, nhff quan lieu, tham nhung, lang phi. tff tffdng lac hau, kieu nggo, hep hdi."bao thii"'"'. Hd Chi Minh ehi ra eae can benh nay va each phdng, ehdng: "Ngay nay, thdi dgi mdi, dgg dffc eung phai mdi. Phai trung vdi nUde.
Phai hieu vdi toan dan, vdi ddng l33Q"(2B). -^f^^^ q^^ f-i^g benh kieu ngao la: thoai bd, xudng dde"'^^';
"benh hep hdi td ra d cho ddi vdi ngudi ngoai Dang nhieu khi
qua khat khe, hoac phdt ngUdi ta di. khdng chiu ban bgc, hdi han y kien"'^"'; "tU tffdng hep hdi. thi hanh ddng eung hep hdi.
thi nhieu thu it bgn. Ngffdi ma hep hdi it ke giup. Doan the ma hep hdi khdng the phat trien"'^'\
nhat la vi "ehung ta mudn xay dyng mgt xa hoi m&i, mgt xa hdi ty do, binh dang, mdt xa hdi can, kiem, hem, chinh cho nen ehung ta phai tay eho saeh het nhffng thdi xau eua xa hgi cu"'^'^'
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XAY DIING CNXH PHAT TRIEN TRONG THdiKY DdlMOIVAHQINHAPTu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve xay dffng CNXH phat trien cd y nghTa gia tri to idn trong thdi ky ddi mdi va hdi nhap qudc te giai doan hien nay. Viet Nam tien hanh xay dffng CNXH da hon 40 nam; trong dd, ed 30 nam phat trien kinh te thi trffdng. Tuy nhien, tu duy nhan thffc ve xay dffng CNXH cdn nhieu khiem khuyet. Hien nay. nhieu nha nghien effu khoa hoc. lanh dao ehinh tri, xa hdi chffa nhgn thffc rd thye chat cua eac ty ngff, khai niem cd lien quan den xay dffng CNXH trong dieu kien phat tnen kinh te thi trffdng, hgi nhgp qude te Chang han, nhieu nha khoa hoc cdn chffa nhan thffc, phan biet ro mgt "tinh ehat"
(tinh tff), "ban ehat" (ddng tff) va
"thffc chat" (danh tff) eua khdi
niem ndi chung; eac khai memquyen Iffe, chinh trj. dan chii.
phap lugt, phap quyen, phat trien xa hdi, CNXH, ehii nghTa ea nhan. kinh te thi trffdng ndi rieng. Cd nghTa la tU duy "hge thuat" (tn thffc khoa hoc) trong nghien cffu khoa hoe, dgc biet la khoa hoe xa hdi d Viet Nam cdn
chffa dffac phan tich lam rd ve thffc chat
Van kien Dai hdi lan thff XII eua Dang (2016) da ehi ra nhffng bat cap ve tff duy nghien cffu ly luan, tdng ket thffc tien trong cac linh vffe, nhff ehinh tri (chinh sach, chinh quyen. nha nffdc). phap luat (Hien phap.
eac dao luat), kinh te thi trffdng, phat tnen kmh te thi trUdng, van hda, xa hdi. Van kien da chi rd nhffng bat cap dd nhU sau:
"Cdng tae tdng ket thffc tien, nghien cffu ly luan cdn bat cgp, chffa lam ro dffac mgt sd van de dat ra trong qua trinh ddi mdi de djnh hudng trong thffc tidn. cung cap eg sd khoa hgc eho hogch dinh dudng Idi ciia Dang, ehinh sach va phap luat eua Nha nUde. Ly lugn ve CNXH va eon dffdng di len CNXH cdn mdt sd van de can phai qua tdng ket thUe tien, nghien cffu ly lugn de tiep tue lam rd"*"'; "sff phan dinh giffa vai trd lanh dgo cua Dang va vai trd quan iy, dieu hanh ciia Nha nffdc edn nhffng ndi dung chffa rd"'^*; "nhan thffc ve dan ehii trong mdt bg phan can bd, dang vien va nhan dan cdn han ehe"'^^' va "nhan thffe cua mot sd can bd eae cap, eae nganh ve nhiem vu bao ve To qude trong tinh hinh mdi chffa that day du, sau sae"'"''. Trong khi dd, "nhan thffe ve nen kinh te thi trffdng dinh hffdng xa hdi ehii nghTa edn chffa du rd, nhat la ve kinh te nha nffdc. doanh nghiep nha nffde"'^", nhat la
"chffa nhan thffe day du va xff ly tdt quan he giffa tang trffdng kinh te vdi phat trien van hda, xay dffng con ngffdi, thffc hien tien bd va cdng bang xa hpi, bao ve tai nguyen va mdi trUdng"'^"'...
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De thUe hien n h i e m vu Dang da de ra: "Tiep tue ddi mdi m a n h me tU duy, van dyng sang tao. p h a t trien ehii nghTa Mac - Lenin, tU t u d n g Hd Chi Minh"«^' va "d^y m g n h edng tac tong ket thUe tien. nghien effu ly lugn, eung cap cae lugn cff khoa hoc.
ly lugn eho viec hoach dinh, p h a t trien dudng ldi. ehii trUong ciia Dang, ehinh sach, p h a p lugt cua Nha nUde"''"", trUde het, theo e h u n g tdi. can phai thirc hien mdt sd giai p h a p ddi mdi tU duy ve ngdn ngff hgc. phat trien xa hdi va xay dffng CNXH nhU sau'
Mdt id, ddi mdi tUduy ue ngon ngUhQc. Doi mdi tff duy ve ngdn ngff hoc cd nghia la can phai nhin n h a n khai niem t h e o md hinh cau true thffc chat eiia sff that nhff sau: "Ban chat sU thdt - thffe ehat that - t i n h chat thdt sff"'*"'. Tye khai niem bao ham eac mgt ban chat (ndi dung, ben trong), tinh ehat (hinh t h y e , ben ngoai) va thffc chat (nguyen ly, toan dien) tdn tai d giffa. Md hinh cau true thffc chat eua khai mem cd t h e dffgc bieu thi nhU sau. bdn ci\at ben trong (dpng tif) - thffcchd'tdgiffa (danh tff)- tinh chdt ben ngoai (tinh tff). Dieu do CO nghia la, khi mgt tff, eym tff dffgc sap xep t h e o dung quy lugt khach quan, thi ehung ed t h e dffgc nhin nhgn la "khai niem hoan chinh" (khai niem vffa t h e hien ca ddng ty, d a n h tff, t i n h tff) hoac "khai niem chffa hoan ehinh" (khai niem ehi t h e hien ddng tU, d a n h tff, hoac d a n h tff - tinh tff). Do vay, ddi mdi tff duy ve khai niem trong ngdn ngff hge ed nghTa la mdi edng chffc e h i n h tri. vien chffc h a n h chinh, dgi bieu dan cy, cae n h a khoa hge can phai n h a n t h y e rd ban
Nhufng bat cap ve t u duy nghien ciru ly luan, tong ket thuc ti§n trong nghien ciru khoa hoc xa hpi, dac biet ve t u duy hpc thuat, ma Dang da chi ra, xuat phat chii yeu ttr sy han che ve nhan thffc tinh chat, ban chat, thuc ch§t cua cac khai niem trong khoa hoc xa hpi. Do vay, viec nhan thffc dung dan cac khai ni§m noi chung, trong do CO khai niem xay dffng CNXH trong dieu kien phat trien, do! mdi, hdi nhap hien nay la het sire
can thiet.
chat (ben trong), t i n h chat (ben ngoai) va thffc chat (toan dien) tdn tgi ggiffa cua khai mem. Day dffgc eoi la e a s d ly luan de ddi mdi tff duy nghien effu khoa hge xa hdi ndi ehung, phat t n e n xa hdi va xay dffng CNXH ndi rieng d Viet Nam
Hai Id dSi m&i tU duy ve phdt tnen xd tioi. Phdt trien xd hdi hay xd tioi phdt trien la khai niem chffa dffgc eae n h a khoa hgc n h a n thffe thau dao. phan tich that rd rang. Phat trien xa hdi cd t h e dffge nhin nhgn ta khai niem bieu hien thffe chat sff edng bang, binh dang, edng ly ve quyen ioi, gia tri, t i n h t h a n giffa cac ca n h a n (ca the), n h o m (tap the), cdng ddng (xa hgi) eua loai ngffdi'''^'. Phat t n e n xa hdi ia khai mem gan lien vdi khai niem tien bg xa hgi. Phat trien xa hdi la CO sd nen tang de phat trien dat nffdc (qude gia), Phat trien qudc gia la khai niem bieu hien thffc
chat sU can d m . •^^,.„c 1 hda cone bang (cdng ban^ ' T . ^ h r e
xa hgi giffa e.i. 'ihan._
edng ddng. Mc '"^^"^''''"1"
thffe ehat ciia i,.h. It trien x a h o i . qude gia e d U v d f f d C bieu t h nhff sau; gid tn (ban chat p h a t trien: thffc hien binh dang x a h d i ) - t / n h than fdnrcchat^ p h a t tri^n: bao dam cdng l y q ^ o c gia) - quyen ioi (tinh chat p h a t trien:
cdng b^ng xa hoD. Di^u d o co nghTa. ddi mdi tff duy yg p h a t t n e n xa hdi la can p h a i ^ n h g n thffe diing dfin ve t i n h chat, b a n chat, thffc ehat eiia p h a t trien xa hdi. Tinh chat cua p h a t trien xa hgi la ndi tdi phat trien k i n h te;
ban chat ciia p h a t trien xa hgi la ndi tdi p h a t trien van hda; cdn thffe ehat cua p h a t trien xa hdi la ndi tdi p h a t trien q u d c gia.
Ba Id. doi mdi tU duy ue xdy dUng CNXH. Da niiieu n a m nay, eae n h a k h o a hoe, lanh dao e h i n h tri. xa hgi d Viet Nam thffdng chi ndi tdi xdy dUng CNXH ma k h d n g ndi tdi thUc hi^n CNXH; tffe la, CNXH chi dffgc n h a n thffe ve m a t xay dffng m u e tieu (tinh chat), ehff khdng dffoe n h g n thffe ve m a t phffong p h a p (ban chat) va nguyen tac (thffe chat) thffe hien, n h a m bao dam dat dUge m u c tieu. Do vay, tidi mdi ui duv ve xay dUng CNXH, tuc la can ...an thffc d u n g r i a n r a ! i g , d f . chinh la xay dffng va thifc • -.on m u c dich (muc tieu) phdi ui^n ciia CNXH hay xay dung - NXH phat tri^n hffang tdi "moL nude Viet Nam hda binh, tiidnfi nhat d a n e h u va gkn.
p h a n xffng 6anv each mang t h e ^i
inanh, . ddc lap,
3 gop fihiep mong m u o n cuo, ung ^^^ ^^j.
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MotgocThHadHaNdi.
Chi Minh trong ban Di chuc.
Dieu do ed nghia la. CNXH phdt trien cung tffong tff nhff mgt con dudng phdt trien t h e o quy lugt khach quan. Trong eon dffdng nay. xa hdi phat trien dffge coi la m u e tieu cua cdng ddng qudc gia, dan tde, cdn CNXH phdt trien duge eoi la phUgng p h a p dan chil, nguyen tac p h a p quyen de thUc hien, n h a m bao dam dat duoe m u c tieu xa hdi phat t n e n . Noi each khae. xa hdi Viet Nam mudn phat trien n h a n h va ben vffng, thi can phai xay dffng
"the c h e c h i n h tr| - xa hgi p h a p quyen d a n ehu"'*"', n h a m thffe hien tffng bffdc cac m u c tieu
"dan giau. nffde m a n h , dan chu.
edng bang, van minh, mgi ngffdi ed eude sdng a m no. tff do, hgnh phuc. cd dieu kien phat trien toan dien" nhff Dieu 3 Hien phap Viet Nam n a m 2013 da n e u ra. Q
(1), (13) Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap. Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia - Sff thgt.
xuat b a n lan thff 3. H. 2013. t . l l , t r . l 5 8 , 601.
(2), (3), (4), (5), (10), (11), (12), (14), (19), (20). (25). (27), (29) Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap. Sdd. t.8, tr.292, 143. 264, 453, 356. 156, 265. 254, 50, 293, 166. 55, 507.
(6) Hd Chi Minh; Todn tap, Sdd, t.6, t r . l 3 0 .
(7), (18), (21), (28) Hd Chi Minh Todn tdp. Sdd. t.4, t r . l . 471, 47. 170.
(8). (22). (26) Hd Chi Minh: Todn tdp, Sdd. t . l 3 , tr.78, 70, 66.
(9). (43) Hd Chi Minh; Todn tdp, Sdd. t . l 5 , tr.623, 623.
(15) Hd Chi Mmh: Todn tap, Sdd, t 10, tr.272.
(16), (17), (31) Hd Chi Minh: Tbdn tap, Sdd. t.5, tr.315, 75, 88.
(23) Hd Chi Minh- Todn tdp, Sdd. t . l 4 , tr,311
(24), (30), (32) Hd Chi Minh; Todn tap, Sdd. t.7. tr.355. 33, 361-362.
(33), (34). (35). (36). (37). (38). (39). (40) Dang Cdng san Viet Nam Van kien Dai hoi dai bieu todn qudc lan thUXU, Nxb. Chinh t n qudc gia - S f f t h a t . H , 2 0 1 6 , t r . 6 7 . 174. 168, 146. 101,86, 1 7 . 2 0 1 . (41) lyluanehinhtri.vn/home/index.php/dien-dan/item/2651-doi- m o i - t u - d u y - n g h i e n - c u u - k h o a - h o e - x a - h o i - o - v i e t - n a m - h i e n - n a y . html.
(42) tcnn.vn/news/detail/39680/Xay_dung_chinh_saeh_quoe_gia_
kien_tao_phat_trien_ben_vung_,o^Viet_Namall.html.
(44) tcnn.vn/news/detail/41686/Tuan-thu-quy-luat-khaeh-quan- t r o n g - x a y - d u n g - c o - c h e - k i e m - s o a t - q u y e n - l u e - n h a - n u o e - o - V i e t - Nam.html.
