Nghien ciiu - Trao doi Tpp chf C<kng sAn
NHUNG THACH THUC DOI VOI CONG TAC BAO V l MOI TRUONG TRONG QUA TRJNH
VIET NAM HOI NHAP QUOC TE
TRAN THANH LAM*
Ddy mgnh hdi nhdp qude te Id mgt trong nhihig chu trucmg mang tinh chien lu^c cua Ddng, Nhd nu&c ta trong qud trinh ddi m&i ddt nu&c vd da gdp phdn mang Igi nhihig thdnh tyu het sire to l&n ve kinh ti, xd hgi, chinh trf vd do/ ngogi. Tuy nhien, bin cgnh nhumgy nghia tich cue, thyc te hgi nhgp qude ti cua nu&c ta th&i gian qua cdng cd mgt sd tdc dgng tiiu cue.
Mdt trong nhung tdc dgng do Id sugia tdng nguy ca d nhiim mdi tru&ng.
Tac dong cua hoi nhap quoc te tdi moi trirdug or Vidt Nam
Nhung tac ddng den mdi trudng trong qua trinh hpi nhgp quoc te chu yeu thdng qua cac ITnh vyc sau:
1 - Thdng qua hogt dgng xudt khdu Hdi nhap qude te da tao dieu ki6n, thdi co cho Viet Nam phat trien xuat khdu trong thdi gian qua, gdp phdn day nhanh tang trudng kinh tl. Song, do nude ta dang d vao giai dogn diu cua tdng trudng xuat khau - giai dogn ma gid frj gia tang dugc tgo ra thap nhdt, chi ehu ylu dya vao lpi thi ve dieu kien ty nhien, ngudn lao ddng re, ty le hdng xuat khau dd qua ehl biln cdn thap, vi vgy, vi^c day mgnh xuit khiu nhdm hdng ndng sdn theo chiSu rdng da lam thu hpp dien tich rimg, pha vd he sinh thdi fren cgn va ven bien do md rdng dien tich canh tac. Cy thi, chi trong hon hai thap ni6n qua, dipn tich rGng nggp man d nude ta giam di ban mdt nGa (trung binh
giam 20.000 ha/nam); hon 80% dp che phu da bj anh hudng (eu tang 1 ha mat nude nudi trdng thuy sdn se mdt tuong duang 0,027 ha didn tich rimg ngdp man). Mat khde, hogt dpng khai thdc hai san qua mGc, sG dyng chat nd, chat ddc,... frong danh bdt Id nguyen nhan chinh lam mat di cdc he sinh thdi dac trung rieng, nhu; cd bien bi giam 40% - 50%, khodng 80% rgn san hd frong tinh frang rui ro. Nudi tdm fren cdt d mien Tmng lam d nhiem va cgn kiet ngudn nude ngdm, canh quan ven bien, trong khi chung ta mdi chi quan ly dugc khodng 10% dien tfch nudi. Cung vdi dd, cdng nghe danh bit, khai thac cdn Igc hdu (ludi mit nhd, ludi keo), Igi phat frien o at nghe danh ca kit hpp dnh sdng d ven bd, nen ty Id ca con, cdc logi cd, tdm, muc dang mang tning bj ddnh bat da tdng ddng ke, gay hgi ldn cho ngudn
* TS, Vi?n T^i nguyen nu6c \k Moi tmirag Dong Nam A
S6 836 (thang 6 nam 2012) 77
Nghien cuu - Trao doi T p p chf C ^ n g sdn lpi hai san, pha vd hp sinh thdi ven bd, dnh
hudng nghiem trpng den cdc bdi san hd, khu thyc vgt ngdm von la noi cu tni, sinh sdn cGa nhieu logi hdi sdn.
Dign tich rieng tu nhien dang bi thu hgp.
Theo thong ke, hi?n nay dipn tfch rung gidu d Vipt Nam chi con khodng 5% (tuong duong 0,57 tripu hde-ta phan bd rai rdc), mdt ty 1? Idn rung bj phd de md rpng dipn tfch trdng cdc logi cdy cd gid tri kinh tl cao, nhu cd-phe, diSu, tidu, cao-su, dang gay sGc dp len da dgng sinh hpc, lam thay doi thdnh phdn cdc loai sinh vgt vd cdc mdi quan h?
giGa cdc lodi sinh vat trong cdc h? sinh thdi.
Mac du nhimg ndm qua chung ta da cd ging tang dipn tfch trdng rimg, nhung chit lugng rimg chua dugc cai thien do thupc ning ngheo.
Tiem dn nguy cor cao ve 6 nhiem mdi tru&ng. Do vide su dung cdc logi phan bdn, hda chat bao ve thyc vat khdng dung quy each vd qua muc nhdm tang ndng suit cdy frdng van kha phd hidn frong sdn xuat ndng nghipp, nhit Id khi su dyng lai tuy ri?n, khdng tuan thu day du cdc yeu ciu ky thugt dd gay d nhiem nude, dit, khdng khi; lam tang mGc dp quen thudc, khang thudc, thuc day vi?c hinh thanh cdc quin the sau benh khdng thudc; tieu dipt nhilu lodi sinh vat ed ich frong cdc hp sinh thdi ndng nghipp, pha vd nguydn tie tu can bdng frong phdt triln lodi; gay dpc cho gia sue, gia cdm vd gay dOc tryc tilp cho ngudi ndng dan; dl Igi du lupng chit dpc trong ndng san.
Cdc ca sa che bien, sdn xudt hdng xudt khdu (dgc bi?t Id tgi cdc khu che xudt) dang gay 6 nhiem moi trudng nghiem trgng.
Vdi lupng thuy san che bien, mdi ndm thdi ra khodng 160 nghin - 180 nghin tin chit
thdi rin, 8 tripu - 12 tripu met khdi nude thdi deu xd vdo nguon tidp nhgn, nen lugng BOD va COD diu vugt tieu chuan cho ph6p tG 5 - 10 lin, chi so ni-to hGu ca gap 7 -
15 lin, trong khi chi cd khodng 40/280 xi nghipp ehl biln cd hp thdng xu ly nude thai.
Cac ca sd sdn xuat hdng xudt khdu, nhu d^t may, da gidy, do g5, hdng thu cdng my nghp, ehl biln thyc phdm da gdy d nhilm cao din mdi trudng. Khai thdc khodng san xuit khau, nhat Id than vd cdc logi khodng sdn tgn thu deu sinh ra byi, khf thai, nude thdi, chat thai rin gay d nhiem mdi trudng, phd vd chu ky thuy vdn, Idm mdt da dgng sinh hpe, tan pha rimg, gay hoang mgc hda, sa mac hda, pha hogi canh quan thien nhien.
Cdc md kim logi vd cdc khu md khdc dang dupe khai thdc hdu het ndm d vung nui vd trung du bdng cdng nghp khai thdc, che bien quy md nhd, thd sa, lac hgu, ddc biet la cdc hogt ddng khai thdc len lut, trdi phep dd gay lang phi tai nguyen, d nhidm va sy cd mdi trudng.
2 - Thdng qua hogt dgng nhdp khdu Hipn nay, cdng tdc qudn ly hogt dpng nhgp khdu edn bat cgp nen cung gay nhieu dp lyc ddi vdi mdi trudng. Cy thi:
Nhgp khdu giong cdy trong, vgt nudi, cdc lodi sinh vgt Ig dd dnh hudng din bdo tdn vd phdt trien cdc lodi cdy, con. Din nay da cd U4 lodi thuy sinh vgt ngogi lai du nhgp vao Viet Nam, frong dd cd m^t sd lodi nguy hiem, nhu 6c buou vang, hdi ly, rua tai do, gia cim, gia sue mang mim benh. Nh§p khau mdt sd thyc phdm biln ddi gen va sinh vgt bien ddi gen chua dugc kilm soat va danh gia muc dp an todn ddi vdi sue khde va mdi trudng.
Nhgp khdu hda chdt. thuoc bdo vg thyc vgt khdng du^rc kiem sodt chat che gdy nSn 78 So 836 (thang 6 nam 2012*
Nghien cuu - Trao doi Tpp chf C 6 n 9 s d n tinh frang ngd ddc thyc phdm, anh hudng
dSn khd nang phdt frien cua mpt sd logi cdy frdng, thoai hda ddt, d nhiem ngudn nude.
Theo ket qud cua dgt kidm fra gdn day, thdnh phd Ha Ndi cd 875 td chGc, cd nhdn kinh doanh thudc bao vd thyc vgt, nhung chi cd 496 cGa hang dugc cap chGng chi hdnh nghd, do vay tinh frgng vi phgm quy djnh frong kinh doanh thudc bao vp thyc vgt edn phd bien.
Nhdp khdu cong nghe Igc hgu, da qua su dung. Trong giai doan 2001 - 2009 Vipt Nam chu yeu nhgp nhiing cdng ngh? logi nay tG cac thi trudng chau A (chiem 77,8%), frong dd, mdt ty frpng ldn la tG Trung Qude va cdc nude dang phdt frien. Trong khi dd, cdng nghe tG ede nude ASEAN chu ydu Id the he
"cdng nghe trung gian", cdn cdng nghe dugc nhdp tii cdc nude cdng nghiep phdt trien ehi chilm 14,2%.
Nhgp khdu chdt thdi vd phe lieu ed xu hu&ng gia tang.- Vdi ban 4.600 km dudng bien gidi fren bd, gdn 3.500km dudng biln, khodng 60 cGa khiu qude te, 49 cang bien cac logi, Viet Nam b; ddnh gia tiem dn nhieu nguy CO do cac dudng day, doi tugng budn bdn, xuit nhdp khiu hdng hda gay d nhiem mdi trudng, nhu rac thai cdng nghipp, phi lipu ldn tap chit, chit thai nguy hgi, tham chi ea hang hda cd nguy co gay d nhiem sinh hgc, anh hudng tryc tiep ddn sue khde cdng ddng.
3 - Thdng qua hogt dgng ddu tu nuac ngodi
Tinh ddn cudi nam 2010, cd tdi 72,89%
tdng sd vdn diu tu fruc tilp nude ngoai (FDI) thyc hipn la tG cac nhd dau tu chdu A. Theo danh gid vl mGc dp hipn dai cua day chuyen cdng nghe cdc lien doanh vdi nude ngodi trong nganh det may, hda chat, xi-mang,
Theo mgt bdo cdo, nhdn logi hi^n dang su dtfng vugft qud 50% ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien md Trdi dat co the cung cdp, Tir ndm 2008, nhdn logi dd cdn t&i 18,2 ti hic-ta Mt, trong khi trdi ddt chi c& 12 ti hec-ta ddt cd the canh tde. Ngodi ra, 55% ngudn ddt dai cdn ddnh cho rimg di hdp thu nguon khi thdi cdcbdnic (CO 2) dang gdy higu ihtg nhd kinh. Neu the gidi khdng nhanh chdng thay ddi cdch thuc s^ dyng tdi nguyen, thi vdo ndm 2030, ngay cd khi cd 2 Trdi Mt nhu hien nay cang khong thi ddp ung dugfc nhu cau.
dudng... thi cdng nghe thi he nhCng ndm 80 cua thi ky tiirdc (dd het khau hao vd lac hdu) do cac doanh nghiep nhap khdu va su dyng chilm 20%; thd he nhung nam 90 cua thi ky trudc chilm 50%, cdn cdng nghe hien dgi, cdng nghe eao dugc sG dyng la 30%.
v l tinh ddng bd cua day chuyen cdng nghp nhgp khiu, cd tdi 60% doanh nghiep cd vdn FDI dua vao sG dung cdc day chuyen cdng ngh? ddng bp d muc trung binh vd chi 40%
doanh nghipp su dung cdc day chuyen cdng ngh? ddng bp cao. Ve mGc dp than thien vdi mdi trudng, cd tdi 10% doanh nghiep ed vdn FDI nhgp khau vd dua vao sG dyng cdc cdng nghp, thilt bj gdy d nhiem mdi trudng nghiem frpng, 60% doanh nghiep nhgp khau vd sG dyng cdng nghe, thiet bi gay d nhiem d mGc chip nhdn dugc va 30% doanh nghipp nhdp khiu va sG dyng cdng ngh? sgch, cdng ngh? than thipn vdi mdi trudng. Sd dT cdn tinh frang nay Id do cdc quy djnh cua Viet Nam vd nhdp khdu cdng nghd chua chat che, chua ed cdc quy djnh ve tieu chuan ky thugt cdng ngh? nghiem ngat, cdng tdc qudn ly, thim djnh, van hdnh vd su dyng cdng nghp
So 836 (than-^ 6 n;mi 2012) 79
Nghien ciiu - Trao doi T p p chf C ^ n g sAu cung chua nghiem. Nhieu dja phuang duy
tri chinh sdch "tnii tham dd" mdi gpi cdc nhd dau tu, vdi cac chfnh sdch uu dai hap dan dc cgnh tranh thu hut cdc dy dn dau tu, thieu quy hogch phat trien vd cdc bao cdo ddnh gid tdc dpng mdi trudng, khdng cd sy phan tich ky. can nhSc giGa cdi lpi vd hgi ciia dy an dau tij, nhat Id cdc tdc dpng xau ve mdi trudng va bien ddi khf hgu.
Ddng thdi, sy bung nd ciia ludng vdn FDi dan den tdc dp phdt triln "ndng" ciia cac khu cdng nghi?p, khu che xuit. Dieu ddng lo nggi la trong tdng sd 249 khu cdng nghiep dugc thdnh Igp vd di vdo hoat dpng mdi ehi ed ban 50 khu cdng nghi?p cd nhd mdy xG ly nude thai tap trung; khodng 20 khu cdng nghiep khac dang xay dyng hoac chudn bi dau tii; sd lupng doanh nghi?p cd he thdng xG ly nude thai cue bd hodn toan khdng dang ke. Khdng ft doanh nghiep, khu cdng nghiep, khu che xuat tuy da thyc hipn mdt sd bien phdp khdng che d nhidm mdi trudng, nhung Igi khdng van hanh cdc h?
thdng nay, khdng thyc hien vipc theo doi, giam sdt cdc chat thdi nguy hgi ddi vdi mdi trudng... Khodng 70% trong so hon I trieu met khdi nude thai/ngay tG cdc khu cdng nghipp, khu che xudt dupe xa thing ra cac ngudn tilp nhgn khdng qua xu ly.
Nhirng thich thirc d6i vdi moi tnxifag do hgi nhap quoc tl trong th6i gian tdi
Dy bdo frong 5 nam tdi, vdn FDI vdo Vipt Nam se tang binh quan 20%/nam, kim nggeh xuit khdu tang 15% - 17%/nam, kim ngaeh nhdp khdu tang 13% - 15,5%/ndm. Cy thi:
Vexudt khdu, quy md sdn xuit, xuit khiu cdc san pham chu lyc, nhu khai khodng, luyen kim, dd gd npi thit, det may, da giay, thuy san, ndng san... cd xu hudng tilp ti^c
md rpng. Day Id nguy co ldm cgn kiet ngulu tdi nguyen khodng san khdng tdi tgo, pha huy rung vd anh hudng den bdo tdn da dang sinh hpc. Ben cgnh dd, xu hudng chuyen dii myc dich su dyng dat (dat rung, ven bien) dfi md rpng dipn tfch dat ndng nghipp trdng cac logi cay ed gid tq kinh te vd xudt khau cao, nhu cd-phe, dieu, tieu, cao-su, md rpng di?n tfch canh tdc, nudi trdng thuy san sd thu h?p dien tfch ning, pha vd h? sinh thai tren can va ven bien, lam cgn ki?t ngudn tdi nguyen,
Dong thdi, sy ra ddi cua nhieu cum, khu cdng nghipp, khu che xuat tgp tmng, cac doanh nghipp nude ngoai, doanh nghiep trong nganh cdng nghiep phu trg se lam gia tang d nhiem mdi trudng. Tuy nhien, do quy hoach tdng the phat trien cac nganh cdi^
nghiep tu nay den nam 2020 khuyen khfch md rpng cac cym, khu cdng nghiep, doanh nghipp dugc trang bj day du vdn, nhan lire, trinh dp cdng nghe tien tien, ky nang quan ly san xuat hipn dgi, bao ddm cdc yen cau bdo vp mdi trudng, nen muc dp dnh hudng den mdi trudng cua eae doanh nghipp mdi se thap hon nhieu so vdi cac doanh nghipp hien dang hogt dpng; ddng thdi, dan den giam dan cac doanh nghiep vGa va nhd, gidi the cac doanh nghipp gdy d nhidm mdi tnrdi^
nghiem trgng.
Ve nhgp khdu, cimg vdi sy phat tiien kinh te la sy gia tang nhgp khiu va chuyen giao cdng nghp, may mdc, thilt bj phuc vu sdn xuat. TG dd dan tdi tang mGc nhien Heu tidu thy cung lugng cac chit thai. Trong khi dd, neu chung ta khdng kilm soat tdt nhap khau thi sd dd din din tinh frgng Viet Nam frd thdnh "bai thdi" cdng ngh? Igc hau. Tuy nhien, hy vpng vdi lugng nhiing du an dSu tu nhdp khiu cdng nghe xG ly d nhidm, xG ly nude thdi dan tang len, cdng suat xu ly nude thai cung se tdng nhanh frong nhiing nam 80 S6 836 (thang 6 ndm 2012)
Nghien ciiu - Trao doi Tpp chf C<kng s 6 n tdi, gdp phan tich cyc lam giam d nhidm
mdi trudng. Song, vi?c gia tdng nhap khiu nguydn lipu, hda chdt, thudc nhupm, phy gia nham phyc vu san xuat va day mgnh xuit khiu frong cac nganh cdng nghipp, hay vipc nhgp khau cdc loai phan bdn, thudc bao ve thyc vat vdn Id nhiing van de rat nghiem frpng neu khdng dupe kiem sodt tdt.
Rieng vipc nhgp Igu trdn lan chit thdi, phi thdi, phe lieu, ke cd chat thdi nguy hgi ldm nguyen lipu hodc phy gia san xuat dy bdo se cdn tidp didn. Ndu khdng ed nhiing quy djnh kiem soat chat che va xG ly nghiem khie thi day se la ngudn gay d nhiem dang bao dpng.
Ve ddu tu true tiep nude ngodi. Vdi nhirng Igi the ve vi frf dia ly, dieu kien tu nhien vd lao ddng, Viet Nam se la didm den eua cdc cdng ty xuyen qude gia. Ddng thdi, trong mdt vai ndm tdi ea cau dau tu vin cdn theo hudng tap trung vdo khai thdc tai nguyen, chd bien khoang sdn, sG dyng dat dai va mpt sd ngdnh cong nghidp bdo hd (d- td, dipn tii...), cdng nghiep gay d nhidm (xi- mang, sit thep, hda chit...), djch vy bit dpng san. Dilu dd se tilp tuc ldm phdt sinh cdc he qud khdng mong mudn ve sG dyng dat dai, lam cgn kiet ngudn tdi nguyen vd pha buy mdi trudng sinh thdi.
D I xuit mgt sd giai phap Vdi nhGng phan tich va dy bao fren day, dl thyc hipn cd hieu qua edng tdc bao vp mdi trudng frong qua trinh hdi nhgp qude te, xin dl xudt mpt sd gidi phdp:
- Nghien cGu xay dyng, ban hanh mdi hogc bd sung va hodn thipn he thdng eae vdn bdn quy pham phdp ludt, ca che chinh sdch cd lien quan nhim thyc hien cd hipu qua edng tdc bao vd mdi trudng. Xay dyng va ban hanh kl hogch hanh ddng tdng the phdng ngua, ngan chSn tdc ddng xdu den
mdi trudng thgt cy the, chi tiet de td chGc thyc hi?n ed hipu qua edng tdc bdo v? mdi trudng trong qud trinh hpi nhdp quoc te giai dogn 2011 - 2015 va tdm nhin din ndm 2030.
- Da dgng hda ede ngudn vdn dau tu trong qua trinh hpi nhdp quoc te. Khuyen khich, hd trg viec su dyng, diu tu cdng ngh? sgch bdng cac cdng cy kinh te, hanh chinh.
Tdng cudng nang lyc quan ly cua hp thdng cdc ca quan qudn ly nhd nude ve tdi nguyen va mdi trudng tG Trung uang ddn dja phuong. Huy dpng sy tham gia cua cpng ddng trong vipc kiem fra, thanh tra, giam sat, ddn ddc vi?c thyc hipn kl hoach hanh dpng frong cdng tac bdo ve mdi trudng.
- Day manh gido dye vd truyen thdng fren eae phuang tidn thdng tin dai chung, nang cao nhgn thGc eua cpng ddng ve sy can thiet phai bao ve mdi trudng. Tien hanh cdc chuang trinh bdi dudng cdc cap chuyen vidn frong he thdng co quan quan ly nha nude vd eae nha qudn ly doanh nghiep nhim ngan chan va xG ly triet de tinh frang cdc nhd mdy cd vdn dau tu nude ngodi vd vide nhap khdu gdy d nhiem mdi trudng.
- Tang cudng hgp tac qude te dd khai thac nhGng ngudn lyc cua cac td chuc va ca nhan nude ngoai gdp phdn thyc hidn thdnh cdng ke hogch hanh dpng tdng the phdng ngGa, ngdn chan tdc ddng xdu den mdi trudng.
- Thdnh lap Ban chi dgo lien nganh de chi dgo thyc hipn ke hogch hdnh dpng vd thyc hien nhipm vy ehu tri, phdi hpp vdi cac bp, ngdnh va dja phuang cd lidn quan td chGe thyc hipn ke hogch hdnh dpng. Ban hdnh cdc van ban quy phgm phdp luat, cdc uu dai ve vdn dau tu, tin dyng, thue, dat dai, kj^ thuat dd djnh hudng hogt dpng dau tu nude ngoai va thuong mgi quoc te theo hudng ben viing.G
Sd 836 (thang 6 nam 2012) 81
