Thuan Itfi hoa thifofng mai cua Viet Nam:
Thi/c trang va giai phap
cai RI MING*
DAO VAN DAY**
Tom tat
Dua tren sdlieu tdBdo cdo cqnh tranh todn cdu (GCR) cda Dien ddn Kinh te'The gidi (WEF), Chi sd cdm nhdn tham nhung (CPI) cda To chdc Minh bqch Qud'c tevd Nien gidm Thdng ke cda Tong cue Thd'ng ke Viet Nam trong giai doqn 2008-2017 vi cdc chi tieu ddnh gid thuan lgi hda thuang mqi cda Viet Nam, tdc gid dd thie't lap tinh todn mdc do thuan lgi hda thuang mqi cda Viet Nam vd cdc dd'i tdc thuang mqi. Ke't qud cho thdy, mdc do thuan lgi hda thuang mqi cda Viet Nam da dugc cdi thien, tuy nhien vdn d mdc thdp. Trong sd cdc chi tieu ddnh gid thuan lgi hda thuang mqi cda Viet Nam, thi Thuang mqi dien td cd mdc do cao nhdt. Thdng qua thytc trqng thuan lgi hda thuang mqi, tdc gid cung de xudt mot sd gidi phdp gidp thdc ddy thuan lgi hda thuang mqi cda Viet Nam (Bdi viet sd dung cdch viet sd thdp phdn theo chudn qud'c te).
Tuf khoa: thuan lgi hda thuang mqi, thuang mqi Viet Nam, xudt - nhap khdu Summary
Based on data collected from Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) of World Economic Forum (WEF), Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) of Transparency International and Statistics Yearbook of Vietnam's General Statistics Office in the period 2008-2017 on Vietnamese indicators of trade facilitation, the authors calculat the level of trade facilitation of Vietnam and its trading partners. The output shows that this level has been improved but stayed low. Among indicators of trade facilitation in Vietnam, e-commerce creates the highest level. Through the current status of trade facilitation, the authors also propose some solutions to boost the trade facilitation in Vietnam (The article uses decimal numbers under international standards).
Keyv^'ords: trade facilitation, Vietnam's trade, import - export
^
GIUI THIEU hien cac bien phap de thiic day thuan ldi hda thffdng mai, tff dd giiip kinh te Viet Nam tang trffdng manh me Theo Tdng cue Thd'ng ke, trong nam hdn nffa.
2017, kim ngach thffdng mai ciia Viet
Nam dat 428.21 ty USD, trong dd kim PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CLfU ngach xua't khau dat 215.2 ty USD (tang
21.8% so vdi nam 2016), kim ngach nhap Nguon vd xdly sdlieu
khau dat 213.01 ty USD (tang 21.9% so Dffa tren sd'lieu tff Bao cao canh tranh toan cau ciia vdi nam 2016). Cd dffdc sff tang trffdng Dien dan Kinh te the' gidi (WEF), Chi sd cam nhan thffdng mai cao trong nam vffa qua la tham nhung (CPI) ciia Td chffc Minh bach Qud'c te nhd Viet Nam da khdng ngffng thffc hien va Nien giam Thd'ng ke ciia Tdng cue Thd'ng ke Viet cac chinh sach cai thien ke't cau ha tang. Nam trong giai doan 2008-2017, tac gia da Iffa chon mdi trffdng tai chinh, thu tue hai quan... 05 chi tieu cap 1 (gdm: Ke't cau ha tang, Mdi trffdng giup cho viec thdng quan hang hda ngay hai quan, Mdi trffdng the che va Thffdng mai dien cang nhanh hdn, hieu qua hdn va giup tff, Mdi trffdng tai chinh) va 21 chi tieu cap 2 (gdm:
chd'ng tham nhung... Tuy nhien, thuan ldi Cha't Iffdng ke't cau ha tang dffdng bo. Chat Iffdng ke't hda thffdng mai vin cdn nhffng han che', cau ha tang dffdng sat. Chat Iffdng ke't cau ha tang bat cap va Viet Nam can tich cffc thffc cang bien. Chat Iffdng ke't cau ha tang hang khdng.
*, ** Tru'dng Dai hoc Lieu Ninh (Trung Qudc) I Email: [email protected]
Ngdy nhan bdi: 28/10/2018; Ngdy phdn Men: 09/11/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 15/11/2018
Economy and Forecast Review | ]
BANG 1: MA TRAN SO S A N H CAP vA TRQNG SO Chi tieu danh gia
thuan IcJi hoa thtfdng mai Moi trtfdng the che
Ke't cau ha tang Moi trtfdng hai quan
Thtfdng mai dien ttf Moi trtfdng tai chinh
Moi trtfdng t h i che
1 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.50
Ket cau ha tang 1.0
1 1.00 1.00 0.33
Moi trtfdng hai quan
1 1 1 1.00 1.00
Thtfdng mai dien tu"
2.00 1 1.00
1 0.33
Moi trtfdng tai chinh
2.00 3 1 3.0 1
Trong so' 0.251 0.234 0.194 0.209 0.113 Nguon: Nghien cu'u cua cac tac gia
BANG 2: CAC CHI SO THUAN Ldi HOA THCTcJNG MAI Ci CAC cAp Chi ti6u
cS'pl
Ket cau ha tang
Moi trtfdng hai quan
Moi trtfdng the che'
Thtfdng mai dien
tu-
Moi trtfdng tai chinh
Trong s6'
0.2337
0.1937
0.2512
0.2087
0.1129
Chi tidu ca'p 2
Chat Itfdng ket cafu ha tang dtfdng bp Cha't Itfdng ke't cau ha tang dtfdng sat Chat Itfdng ke't cau
ha tang cang bien Chat Itfdng ke't cau ha tang hang khong
Rao can thtfdng mai Thue' quan thtfdng mai Ganh nang thu tuc
hai quan Chi so' tham nhQng
Bao ho quyen sd hffu tri tue Niem tin cua cong
chung doi vdi Chinh phu Doc lap ttf phap
Ganh nang cac quy dinh ciia
Chinh phii Hieu qua phap luat cua Chinh phu trong viec giai quyet cac
tranh chip Minh bach chinh sach Chi phi kinh doanh
do toi pham va bao life gay ra Tinh kha dung cua cac cong nghe mdi Sii dung ky thuat
cap cong ty So' ngtfdi suf dung
internet Tinh tien ldi ciia dich vu tai chinh Nang Itfc tai chinh thi trtfdng chtfng khoan dia phtfdng
De tie'p can cac khoan vay
Trong s6' rigng 0.3116 0.1277 0.2804 0.2804 0.2188 0.0938 0.5938 0.0938 0.2066 0.0611 0.0611 0.0966
0.1953
0.2290 0.1503
0.7235 0.1932 0.0833 0.7143
0.1429 0.1429
Trpng so'lfu
tifen 0.0728 0.0298 0.0655 0.0655 0.0424 0.0182 0.1150 0.0182 0.0519 0.0153 0.0153 0.0243
0.0491
0.0575 0.0378
0.1510 0.0403 0.0174 0.0806
0.0161 0.0161
Ky hieu trpng s6' vfti ti€n
W
11
w
12
w
13
w
14
w
21
w
22
w
23
w., w
31
w
32
w w
34
w
35
w
36
W 3 ,
w„
w,, w«
W 3 ,
w
52
w
53
Pham vi
1-7 1-7 1-7 1-7 1-7 1-100
1-7 1-100 1-7 1-7 1-7 1-7
1-7
1-7 1-7
1-7 1-7 1-100 1-7
1-7 1-7
Ky hi$u chi tieu c§fp2
x„
X..
X , 3
X H
X . X..
X23 X . 1 X 3 ,
X32
X33
X34
X35
X j a
X 3 ,
X 4 ,
X42
X43
X 5 ,
X32
X53
Ngu6n sd'lifeu
GCR GCR GCR GCR GCR GCR GCR CPI GCR GCR GCR GCR
GCR
GCR GCR
GCR GCR GCR GCR
GCR GCR Ngu6n: Tinh toan ciia cac tac gia
Rao can thffdng mai, Thue' quan thffdng mai, Ganh nang thu tuc hai quan, Chi so' tham nhung, Bao ho quyen sd hi?u tri tue, Niem tin cua cdng chung dd'i vdi Chinh phu. Doc lap tff phap, Ganh nang cac quy dinh cua Chinh phu, Hieu qua phap luat cua Chinh phu trong viec giai quye't cac tranh chap, Minh bach chinh sach, Chi phi kinh doanh do tdi pham va bao life gay ra, Tinh kha dung ciia cae cdng nghe mdi, Sff dung ky thuat cap cdng ty. So' ngffdi sff dung internet, Tinh tien ldi cua dich vu tai chinh, Nang life tai chinh thi trffdng chffng khoan dia phffdng, De tie'p can cac khoan vay).
Pham vi eua cac chi tieu cap 1 va cap 2 la khdng gid'ng nhau, hau het cac chi tieu dao dong tff 0 de'n 7, ed hai chi tieu ed pham vi tff 0-100 la Chi so tham nhung va So' ngffdi suf dung internet. Diem sd eua mdi chi sd cang cao, thi mffe dp thuan ldi hda thffdng mai cang cao.
Trong dd, cac ngudn dff lieu ciia cac chi tieu cap 2 ve tao thuan ldi hoa thffdng mai khdng hoan toan tffdng ddng va cac dff lieu nay can phai dffdc xff ly chuan hda. Viec chuan hda cac chi so' se giup cho viec so sanh va tinh tdng cac chi so' ve thuan ldi hda thifdng mai dffdc thuan tien. Cu the: viec chuan hda ap dung phffdng phap nhff sau:
X.^ Z./Z,""", Trong do: Z.. la gia tri ban dau cua ehi tieu mffe do thuan Id hda thffdng mai cap 2 dffdc xay dffng, J^max J^ gj^ jj-j ^y.^ ^^j ^,^^ ^j^J j-g^ JJ^^IJ^
ldi hda thffdng mai cap 2, X.. la gia tri thuan ldi hda thffdng mai tieu chuan hoa ban dau sau khi tieu chuan hda, chi tieu nay nhan gia tri tff 0-1.
Xdc dinh quyen trgng cua he thdng chi tieu ddnh gid thuan M hda thUOng mai
Bai vie't sff dung phffdng phap phan tich thff bae AHP xac dinh chi tieu quyen trong. Theo phffdng phap nay, de xac dinh quyen trong, dau tien xay dffng ma tran phan doan va quyen trong cap 1 ya ma tran phan doan va quyen trong cap 2. Sau dd tinh ty sd nha't quan CR (Consistency Ratio). Ne'u CR<10% thi cac quyen trong deu dam bao tinh nhat quan. Cu the xae dinh quyen trong ddi vdi cac ehi tieu cap 1 nhff Bang 1.
^ Ty sd nha't quan CR = 0.048<0.1 dam bao tinh nha't quan. Tffdng tif dd'i vdi cac chi tieu cap 1, ta cung tinh dffdc quyen trong cua cac chi tieu cap 2. Trong sdifu tien = trpng sd rieng x trong sd yeu to cap 1 tffdng ffng (Bang 2).
12
ICinh tA 'BANG 3: KET QUA TINH TOAN MCifC DO THUAN Ldi HOA THCTCJNG MAI GIAI DOAN 2008-2017 CCIA MOT SO N(S6C CO QUAN HE THC/dNG MAI CHO YEG VCJl VIET NAM
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ddi tac thiAAig m^i cua Vi^t Nam Trung Quo'c Phap Dtfc Indonesia Nhat Ban Han Quo'c Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thai Lan My Viet Nam
2008 0.5834 0.7809 0.8088 0.5242 0.7324 0.7355 0.7284 0.5065 0.8799 0.6280 0.7781 0.5055
2009 0.5991 0.7720 0.7975 0.5578 0.7245 0.6872 0.7026 0.4965 0.8804 0.6262 0.7591 0.5261
2010 0.6109 0.7806 0.8019 0.5748 0.7298 0.6759 0.7124 0.5006 0.8692 0.6300 0.7359 0.5258
2011 0.6179 0.7757 0.7714 0.5680 0.7395 0.6705 0.7395 0.5104 0.8674 0.6060 0.7267 0.4967
2012 0.6032 0.7500 0.7773 0.5708 0.7397 0.6774 0.7362 0.5374 0.8670 0.6053 0.7315 0.4911
2013 0.6066 0.7359 0.7706 0.5923 0.7541 0.6648 0.7259 0.5540 0.8555 0.6062 0.7467 0.5005
2014 0.6127 0.7212 0.7561 0.6001 0.7660 0.6435 0.7495 0.5607
0.5893 0.7556 0.5097
2015 0.6105 0.7309 0.7593 0.5805 0.7728 0.6539 0.7534 0.5420 0.8583 0.5849 0.7715 0.5268
2016 0.6265 0.7359 0.7618 0.5909 0.7745 0.6652 0.7341 0.5156 0.8611 0.5873 0.7776 0.5344
2017 0.6337 0.7197 0.7761 0.6134 0.7738 0.6733 0.7280 0.5096 0.8619 0.6017 0.8053 0.5285
MtfcdO
Binh thtfdng Ttfdng toi Ttfdng toi Binh thtfdng
Ttfdng toi Binh thtfdng
Ttfdng toi Khong thuan ldi
Rat tot Binh thtfdng
Ra't tot Khong thuan ldi
CONG THLfC TINH CHI TIEU THUAN LOI HOA T H J O N G MAI
Dffa tren viec xff ly dff lieu d tren va trong so' cua cac chi tieu lien quan de'n thuan ldi hda thffdng mai, bai viet nay rut ra cdng thffc tinh toan tdng ehi tieu thuan ldi hda thffdng mai, nhff sau:
HINH: MCfC DO CUA CAC CHI TIEU THUAN Ldi HOA THCTdNG MAI
TFI
=w„x„
+ w,,x,,
+ W 3 , X 3 , + W33X3,
+ w,,x,, + w.x^,
+ w,,x,, + w^^x,,
+ W 3 , X 3 , + W 3 , X 3 , + W 3 , X 3 ,
+ W.3X.3 + W,3X,3 + W33X33 + W 3 , X 3 , + W,3X,3 + W,3X33 W34X3,
W X
39 39
W44X44
Trong dd: TFI la tdng chi tieu thuan ldi hda thffdng mai;
X.. la gia tri cua chi tieu thuan ldi hda thffdng mai cap 2 sau khi da xff ly;
W.. la quyen trong cua chi tieu thuan ldi hda thffdng mai cap 2.
Ne'u TFI>0.8 thi mffe do thuan ldi hda thffdng mai rat thuan ldi; Ne'u 0.7<TFI<0.8 thi mffe do thuan ldi hda thffdng mai d mffe do tffdng ddi thuan ldi; Neu 0.6<fFI<0.7, thi mffe do thuan ldi hda thffdng mai d mffe thuan ldi binh thffdng; Neu TFI<0.6 thi mffe do thuan ldi hda thffdng mai thuoc ve mffe khdng thuan ldi.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLTU
Hien nay, Viet Nam cd quan he thffdng mai chu ye'u vdi 130 nffdc va
0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 - ^ K e t cSii ha t&ig ^HMoi tritang hai quan -Hlr-Moi tniong thi dil
^^Thuongmai dien tir —^Moi tniong tai chinh
Nguon: Tinh toan cua cac tac gia
vung lanh thd tren the gidi. Tac gia da tinh toan chi sd thuan ldi hda thffdng mai cua Viet Nam va mot sd dd'i tac thffdng mai trong giai doan 2008-2017 va cd ke't qua nhff Bang 3. Nhff vay, can cff vao each danh gia mffe do nay, thi mffe do thuan ldi hda thffdng mai cua Viet Nam dffdc xep vao mffe do khdng thuan ldi.
Bang 3 cung cho tha'y, thuan ldi hda thffdng mai Viet Nam giai doan 2008-2017 dao dong d mffe 0.4911 de'n 0.5344. Nhff vay, mffe thuan ldi hda thffdng mai cua Viet Nam da dffdc cai thien qua cac nam. Tuy nhien, mffe do nay cdn d mffe tha'p va khdng thuan ldi cho thffdng mai. So sanh mffe do thuan ldi hda thffdng mai cua Viet Nam vdi mot sd dd'i tac thffdng mai chu ye'u, ta tha'y mffe do thuan ldi cua Viet Nam tha'p hdn rat nhieu so vdi cac ddi tac, nhff: My, Nhat Ban, Han Qud'c, Trung Qud'c; so vdi mot sd nffdc trong khu vffc ASEAN, thi mffe thuan ldi hda thffdng mai cua Viet Nam cung tha'p hdn so vdi Indonesia, Thai Lan.
Economy and Forecast Review
13
Trong sd cac chi tieu ctia thuan ldi hda thffdng mai cua Viet Nam, thi Thffdng mai dien tur la chi tieu cd mffe do cao nha't, sau dd de'n Mdi trffdng tai chinh, Mdi trffdng the che, Ket cau ha tang, cud'i cung la Mdi trffdng hai quan. Ve mffe do eua cac chi tieu chi cd Thffdng mai dien tff la dat mffe thuan ldi (>0.6), cdn lai cac chi tieu deu khdng dat. Ve xu hffdng cac chi tieu cua thuan ldi hda thffdng mai cd xu hffdng tang, tuy nhien mffe tang khdng dang ke (Hinh).
KET LUAN VA MOT SO GIAI PHAP
Ket qua nghien cffu cho tha'y, trong giai doan 2008- 2017, mffe do thuan ldi hda thffdng mai cua Viet Nam da dffdc cai thien qua cac nam. Tuy nhien, mffe do nay cdn d mffe tha'p va khdng thuan ldi cho thffdng mai. Trong so' cac chi tieu cua thuan ldi hda thffdng mai cua Viet Nam, thi Thffdng mai dien tff la chi tieu cd mffe do cao nha't, sau dd de'n Mdi trffdng tai chinh, Mdi trffdng the che, Ket cau ha tang, cud'i ciing la Mdi trffdng hai quan.
Tff thffc trang ndi tren, tac gia de xua't mot sd van de nham thiic day thuan ldi hda thffdng mai ciia Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi, nhff sau:
Thd nhdt, xdy dUng vd hodn thien khudn khd chinh sdch vd phdp ludt, thifc hien hieu qud cdc cam kit ve thuan lgi hda thuang mqi trong cdc td chdc vd hiep dinh thuang mqi md Viet Nam tham gia. Theo dd, Viet Nam can ra soat, he thd'ng hda, sffa ddi, bd sung, thay the^
hoac ban hanh mdi cac van ban quy pham phap luat nham hoan thien he thd'ng phap luat va the che kinh te' phii hdp vdi cac cam ke^t ciia Viet Nam trong cdng ddng qud'c te', dam bao nen kinh te van hanh theo cac quy luat thi trffdng nham thffc hien hieu qua thuan ldi hda thffdng mai. Ciing cd, hoan thien he thd'ng luat va cac van ban dffdi luat. Nang cao hieu qua qua trinh trien khai thffc hien cac cam ke^t tff do hda thffdng mai, thuan ldi hda thffdng mai da dffdc luat hda; chii trong cac khau: cung cap thdng tin, thd'ng nhat nhan thffc, hffdng dSn thi hanh, kiem tra, giam sat qua trinh thffc hien ciia cac td chffc, ca nhan.
Thd hai, ddy mqnh cdi cdch hdnh chinh, ndng cao hieu qud, hieu luc cda bg mdy nhd nUdc. Trong dd, ap dung cd che mot cffa qud'c gia va qud'c te^, ddn gian
hda thu tue va quy trinh giai quyet thu tue hanh chinh, ra soat loai bd nhanh cac thii tuc hanh chinh khdng cdn phii hdp.
Thuc day xay difng md hinh chinh quyen dien tff, trung tam dich vu hanh chinh cdng, hai quan dien tff nham xay dffng mdi trffdng dau tff thdng thoang, minh bach va dn dinh. Day manh phan cap gan vdi tang cffdng trach nhiem va kiem tra, giam sat. Day nhanh tie^n do ra quyet dinh ciia cae ed quan nha nffdc. Thffc hien cdng khai, minh bach moi chinh sach, cc(
che quan ly, quy trinh tac nghiep, chdng phien ha, nhung nhieu, tao thuan ldi cho doanh nghiep va nhan dan giam sat viec thffc hien.
Thdba, ndng cao chd't lugng ke't cdu hq tdng. Dau tff cho ket cau ha tang thffdng mai, dac biet la cae cdng trinh phue vu phat trien giao thdng phu hdp vdi chien Iffdc phat trien kinh te - xa hoi.
Thd tu, phdt trien nhanh Chinh phu dien td vd dng dung thuang mqi dien td. Mud'n thffdng mai dien tff phat trien can sff ddng gdp cua cac doanh nghiep, ca nhan va Chinh phu, td chffc nghe nghiep cd lien quan va cac td chffc qudc te cung ddng mot vai trd quan trong.
Cu the: can tang cffdng dau tff vao ket cau ha tang thdng tin va truyen thong, nang cao chat Iffdng ke't cau ha tang vien thdng, dam bao chat Iffdng dffdng truyen. Tang cffdng dam bao an toan thdng tin, an ninh thdng tin. Ben canh dd, viec phat trien nhanh Chinh phii dien tff se giiip thuan ldi hda thffdng mai nhanh hdn.
Thd ndm, tdng cudng cdi cdch nghiep vu hdi quan vd ndng cao hieu qud thong quan. Theo dd, cai each cac chinh sach phap luat ve hai quan, ap dung he thdng thdng quan tff ddng... giup day nhanh viec thdng quan, tff dd giam chi phi thffdng mai.G
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Tdng cue Thdng ke Viet Nam (2009-2018). Nien gidm Thd'ng ke cdc ndm 2008-2017, Nxh Thd'ng ke
2. Didn dan Kinh te the gidi (2008-2017). Bdo cdo cqnh tranh todn cdu (GCR) cdc ndm 2008-2017 3. Td chffc Minh bach Qud'c te (2008-2017). Chi sdcdm nhdn tham nhung (CPI) cdc nam 2008-2017 4. Nguyen Thi Thu, Vu Thanh Hffdng (2015). Anh hffdng cua Kinh te'Ddng A den thffdng mai Viet Nam, Tqp chi khoa hgc Dqi hgc Qudc gia Hd Ngi, 4, 39-50
5. Nguyen Thi Thuy, Hoang Trffdng Giang, Nguyin "Trung Kien (2014). Thuan ldi hda thffdng mai va logistics d cac nffdc Ddng Nam A, Tqp chi Khoa hoc kinh te, 3, 50-55
6. Wilson J S, Mann C L and Otsuki T. (2003). Trade Faeihtation and Economic Development:
A New Approach to Measuring the Impact, World Bank Economic Review, 17(3), 367-389
