TAP CHi CONG THIIffNG
Cd HOI VA THACH THtfC DOI V6l NGAN HANG VIET NAM
TRONG BOI CANH THAM GIA CONG DONG KINH TE ASEAN (AEC)
• N G U Y I N THI THANH THUY
TOM TAT:
Trong nhu'ng ndm g^n day, Viet Nam dd va dang ngay cang hpi nhap sau rdng vdo nin kinh td' kbu vUc va the gidi, dd ky ke't bang loat Hidp dinh ThiTdng mai tU do (FTA), gia nhap Cpng dong Kinh td' ASEAN (AEC). Hpi nhap kinh Id' qud'c td" la xu the' phat hien td't yd'u cua mpi nen kinh Id', md ra rd't nhi^u cd bdi, song cung dat ra rat nhieu thdch tbiJc, dp life dd'i vdi cdc qudc gia, to chu'c, ngan hang. Bai vie't dda ra hanh trinh hpi nhap AEC ciia Viet Nam. Tif dd cbo tha'y difdc cd hdi va thach thdc Viet Nam pbai dd'i mdt khi tbam gia cdng dong AEC.
Tff khoa: Ngan hang Vidt Nam, cdng d6ng kmh id^ Asean, bdi nhdp quo'c te.
1. Npi dung hpi nhSp tai chinh qud'c td' khi tham gia AEC
AEC la mdt tbi tritdng vd kbdng gian san xua't thd'ng nha't trong kbu vdc ASEAN bao ham sd tii do cua 5 yd'u to': Iifu chuyen hang hda, \\iu chuyen dich vu, dau td, Iihi chuyen vd'n vd dich chuyen lao ddng ed tay nghe. Theo dd, cac qudc gia thdnh vidn cam kd'l thdc hien 4 khudn khd hpi nhap: (i) Cam ke't ve thudn Idi bda tbiTPng mai difa tren Hiep dinh tbifOng mai hang hod ASEAN (ATIGA);
(ii) Cam ke't ve tbddng mai dich vu dda tren Hidp dinb khung ASEAN ve dich vu (AFAS) va tbda ddc th&a nbdn Idn nhau (MRA) trong ngdnh dich vu; (iii)DaLi titdda tren hidp dinh dau tif loan didn ASEAN (ACIA); (iv) Hdi nhap tdi ehinb ASEAN Trong npi dung ve cam ke't bdi nhap tai cbinh, cae nifdc ASEAN da xay difng ke'boacb tdng the chi tie't (AEC Blueprint) de hd trd va nang cao nhan thu'c cho cdc NHTM vd cae cdng ty hoat ddng
trong ITnh vifc tai chinh trong khu vUc nham dat difdc bdn mue lieu: (i) tif do hda dicb vu tai chinh, (ii) iLf do bda tai khodn vd'n, (iii) phdt trien va hdi nhdp cdc thi irddng vd'n vd (iv) phdt trid'n edc dich vu thanh todn.
Cd bai md'c ihdi gian quan trong difpc Ida chpn de tbifc hien cam kd't la nam 2015 va 2020. Cu the, hd't nam 2015, ed ban ASEAN dd bd cdc gidi han trong ITnb vi^c tdi ehinh - ngan hang, tif do bda da sd' ede dong liAi chuyen vdn, cac san phd'm va dich vu tdi chinb va lieu ehud'n hda va pbat trien ed sd ba tang thanh loan bii irij: giffa cdc tbdnh vien. Den he't nam 2020, ASEAN chinb thffc hdi nhdp tai cbinh khu vufc, cac ngan hdng ddpc iff do gia nhdp cdc tbi trifdng, td't ca cac ddng vd'n difpe tif do Iffu chuydn, tbi tru'dng ebffng khodn hdi nhap vd hoan thien he thd'ng thanh loan bii trff ASEAN.
Vi tu do hda dich vu tdi chinh (FSL): Gdi cam ke't thff 6 dffdc dam phdn bao gom cac dicb vu bdo
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TAI CHiNH-NBAN HANG-BAO HIEM
hiem va ed hen quan dd'n bao biem, dich vu ngan hang va tdi ehinh khac; ben canh dd cac nffdc ASEAN eung dang nd Iffc tim ra mdt khudn kho chung de eho phdp cdc ngdn bang dat chuan ASEAN (Qualified ASEAN Banks - QABs) dffpc phep boat ddng. Theo do, he't ndm 2015, eae qud'c gia trong khu vffe phai loai bd ede han che' dd'i vdi phan nganh bao hiem, ngdn hdng vd thi trffdng vd'n, dong thdi tid'p cdn tdi cdc ndi dung v l QABs.
Dd'n ndm 2020, tif do hda lid'p can va gidi ban ve cae ngdn hang khdng thupc danh sach QAB.
Ve ludo hda tdi khodn von (CAL): Cdc qudc gia can tbffe Men ddnh gid Idn nhau trdn nguydn tdc iff do hda dau tif trffc lid'p nu'dc ngoai (FDI) vd danh muc dau tif hoan thanh ben eanb viec thid't lap mdt khudn khd chung ebo tff do hda tai khodn vd'n va xay dffng edc kd'hoach chi tid't tffng md'c thdi gian cho edc tbanh vien. Het nam 2015, hoan thdnh tu' do hda cdc ddng Iffu chuyen danh mue dau tff va de'n nam 2020, thi^c hidn ti^ do hda ede ddng Iffu chuydn (vay/cho vay).
vi phdt trien thi irudng vdn (CMD): Lien ke't giao dich ASEAN ke't ndi giao dich chffng khodn cua Malaysia, Singapore va Thai Lan; tdp trung phat tridn thi trffdng trdi phie'u vd bo trp cac nffdc CLMV trong vide phdt tridn thi trffdng vdn. De'n nam 2015, thffc bidn Iff do hda dicb vu mdi gidi va cdc san pham tdi ehinb; dat dffdc sff hai boa hdn trong ddu chuan thi trffdng vd'n ASEAN trong edc ITnh vffc cung cd'p cdc quy dinh dd'i vdi chffng khoan np, cdng bd' ydu cau va quy tac phdn phd'i;
thd'ng nhd't cdng nhdn trinh dp gido due vd kinh nghiem cua cdc chuydn gia thi trffdng tdi chinh; dat du'dc sff linh boat bPn trong ngdn ngff va luat phdp ddi vdi viec phdt hanh trai phie'u; thue day vide rad rdng ed sd nha dau tff trong phdt hdnh nd ASEAN. Dd'n nam 2020, tid'n hdnh hdi nhdp giao dich chffng khodn ASEAN
Ve phdi trien he ihdng ihanh loan (PSS): Cdc qud'c gia cam kd'l dp dung cdc tieu chuan chung dd phat tridn hidu qua lai chinh xuyen bien gidi; eai thien moi trffdng cd sd ba tang vd ede khoan thanh toan hidn hdnb; kbai thdc ede lily chpn eua hd thd'ng tbanh loan vd gidi quyd't cae md'i lidn kd't trong ASEAN. Hd't nam 2015, xay dffng va phdt tridn tidu chuan tbanh loan va cP sd ba lang thanh loan, pha'n dd'u dd'n nam 2020 hdi nhap He thd'ng thanh todn ASEAN.
2. Cd hpi va thach thu'c cho ngSn hang thffdng mai khi tham gia AEC
2.1. Co hoi
Mot Id. mang lifdi hd thdng ngan hang dffdc md rdng vdi sff tang len cua cdc chi nhanh ngan hang nffdc ngodi, cdc ngdn bang 100% vd'n nffde ngodi.
Tinh dd'n thdng 5/2017, sd Iffdng chi nhdnh ngdn hdng nifdc ngodi vd ngdn hang 100% vd'n nufdc ngoai da ldng 68,5% so vdi eon sdcua nam 2007, nang li trpng cua nhdm ngan hdng ndy trong he thd'ng ngan hang tang tff 40,6% (nam 2007) Idn 54,1%, cho tba'y sff ky vpng cua eae nha dau iff nifdc ngodi vdo he Ihdng lai chinh cua nffde ta.
Ve ngan hang 100% vdn nffdc ngoai: Ke tff sau ndm 2007, he thd'ng ngdn hang da ghi nhdn nhffng bu'dc hdi nhap manh me, bdt dau vdi vide xud't hien 5 ngan hang 100% vd'n nffdc ngoai gdm: Ngan hang HSBC, Standard Chartered, AN2, Sbinhan va Hong Leong (du'dc thanh Idp tff cud'i nam 2008).
Tuy nbidn, sd Iffdng ngdn hang 100% vd'n nffdc vdn kbdng ed sff thay ddi. Trong nam 2017, sd' lu'dng ngdn hdng 100% vd'n nffdc ngoai d Viel Nam dffdc nang len 6 ngdn bdng vdi sff tham gia eua Ngdn hdng Public Bank Berhad (PBB).
Cac NHTM Nha nffde Idn da tidn phong trong viee xua't khau dieb vu tai cbinb ngan hang, chffng khoan, bao hiem ra thi trffdng nffde ngodi nhiT BIDV, VCB, Vietinbank. Tinb dd'n nay, ldng sdcd khoang hdn 20 chi nhanh, vdn phdng dai didn eua cdc NHTM Viet Nam d nu'dc ngoai. Tuy nbien, viec thiie day dau tif ra nffde ngoai eua ede NHT- MVN ciing dang phai dd'i mat vdi cac rui ro ve chinh tri, van hda vd lual phap ciia nffde sd tai, nen ra't can ed sff hd trd ciia Chinb phu trong vide tid'p can thdng im, xuc de'n dau lif de giam tbieu rui ro qud'c gia trong Knh vifc tai cbinb ngan hang.
Hai la, quy md vd'n cua eae ngan hang trong he thdng cung lang nhanh nbd vdo vide tim kid'm dd'i tde cbie'n IHpc qud'c td', Cung vdi sff gia tdng cua nbdm ngan hang nu'dc ngoai va cbi nhanh ngdn bang nifdc ngodi, h^u he't cdc nhdm NHTM trong nffdc, dac bidt Id cac NHTM cd phan da the hidn sif tdng Irffdng manh me ve quy md vdn dieu Id vd tdng lai san.
Ba la. dp life canh tranh tff ede ngan hang nifdc ngodi bupc edc NHTM trong nffdc phai da dang hda va nang eao cba't Iffdng dieb vu nham phii hdp vdi tidu ebuan qudc le'bode hpp tae vdi ngdn hang
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TAP CHi GfillK THIfdNB
nifdc ngoai. Du'di sffe ep canh tranh tff sff xuS'i hidn eua edc ngdn bang nu'dc ngoai, cac NHTM trong nffde da bupc pbai cai thien, da dang hda cdc san pham va phdt trien cac dich vu ngan hang mdi giup ndng eao tidn ich cho khdch hang (tang tien ich cua tdi khoan ca nhdn, phdt trien dich vu the, phdt trien cdc dich vu ngan hang hien dai nbu' phone banking, Internet Banking).
Bdn Id, nang cao tinb minb bach, cdng khai, quan tri ngdn hang tbeo chuan mffc qud'c te'. Khi ly Id sd bffu nffde ngodi trong edc NHTM gia lang, ddng nghia vdi viec cac NHTM Vidl Nam pbai ebuan bda boat ddng quan tri, ke' loan, lai chinh tbeo tbdng Id qudc te'. dam bao edc tieu chuan ve mmb bach.
2.2. Thdch thdc
Mgt la, cdc ngan hang trong nffdc van chu ye'u tap trung vao boat dpng d.\\ dung, dong thdi, cbd't lu'dng dich vu va edng nghd ngdn hang cdn han chd'.
Trong khi dd, hdi nhap kbu vufc ASEAN se tie'p tuc tao dp life canh tranh Idn dd'i vdi edc NHTM trong nifde. So vdi nhieu nffde trong khu vife cung nhff trdn the gidi, cac NHTM Vidl Nam vdn cdn ban chd' ve cha't Iffpng dich vu va cdng ngbe ngan bang.
Ngoai trff eae ngdn bdng Idn nhff VCB, VietinBank hay edc ngdn hang khac cd dd'i tac chie'n lU'dc qudc te, nbieu NHTM cd phan van chffa khac pbuc difdc ban che la san pham dieb vu eon ngheo nan, thie'u cac dinb ehd' quan ly tbeo lidu chuan qud'c id' nhff quan In riii ro, quan tri tdi san nd, tai san cd, nhdm khach hang, loai san pham, kiem todn npi bd. Bdn canh do, mac du ndng life edng nghe cua ede NHTM Vidt Nam da difdc Iffng bu'dc nang cd'p, ede NHTM trong nifdc van khd eanb iranb du'dc vdi edc ngdn hang nffde ngoai ve trinh dp cdng nghe ngan bang.
Dd'i vdi ede quy dinh tff Cpng dong ICinb td' ASEAN (AEC), nganb Ngan hang se la nganh lien phong nham tao dieu kien va hd hd cdc nha dau iff irong vide Iffu chuyen vdn. Tuy nhidn, sff phdt tridn khdng ddng ddu cua ngdnh Ngdn bang trong Ichdi ASEAN:
Sff khde biet nay khdng nhffng chi trong ASEAN 5 (Singapore, Malaysia, Thai Lan, Phihppines, Indonesia) va cdc nifdc nhff Brunei, Campuehia, Lao, Myanmar, Vidl Nam, ma cdn ed sff khac bidt trong tffng nbdm. Vi du, ty Id cbi phi tren thu nhdp eua nganh Ngdn hang dd cd sff each biet Idn trong khd'i ASEAN, nbff Indonesia ed chi sd' cao nba'l, khoang 79,94%. Chi so' nay khd eao nd'u so vdi cac
nffdc Ddng Nam A kbdc, vao khoang 40-60% (ehi sd nay cang nho iM hieu qud boat ddng cang hieu qua). Ben canh do, hidn eh! ed bd tbdng ngdn hang cua Singapore, Malaysia va Thdi Lan dffdc eho la boat dpng tich cffc nhd't trong he thdng ngan hang ASEAN. Cu the, ngdn hang United Overseas Bank cua Singapore bien da cd 6 chi nhdnh va I van phdng dai dien hen 10 qudc gia ASEAN. Ngffdc lai, cac ngdn bang nhff Metrobank cua Philippines hay Mandiri cua Indonesia Iai cd mffc tie'p can thi trffdng ASEAN rd't thd'p. Metrobank chi co I vdn phdng dai dien tai Singapore, Mandhi va Bank Negara Indonesia thi cung chffa cd van phong dai didn tren edc qudc gia khac ngoai trff 1 van phdng tai Singapore. Tbeo sd lieu eua didn dan kinh td' the' gidi, he tbdng ngdn hang Singapore nam trong top 10 nganh ngdn hang hang di\i thd' gidi, ra't thuan ldi trong qua trinh tham gia vdo AEC. Nhff vay, tinh trang trdn kbdng nhiJng cbi ra rang qua trinh thanh lap kbdi AEC cdn cham, ma cdn tao ra dp Iffc ddi vdi cae he tbdng ngan hang cdn ye'u kem va chffa du ndng lu'c canh tranh, tie'p can vdi ede qudc gia khac.
Khi muc tidu Iff do ludn chuydn dieb vu va lao dpng trong khdi AEC difdc thifc hien, cdc qud'c gia co ndn kinb te' phat tridn cao bdn trong khd'i (edc qud'c gia thude ASEAN 5) se dffpc hifdng ldi nhidu hdn iff dich vu tdi ehinh - ngdn bang. Do vay, cdc dinh che' trung gian tai cbinh Viet Nam se bi dai trong mdi trffdng canh tranh khde liet hdn nhieu. Nhff vdy, khong ehi cdc nu:dc CLMV (bao gom Viet Nam) ma ngay ca Indonesia, Philippines eung ra't Io ngai sff
"thd'ng tri" eua cdc ngdn hang nffdc ngoai bong thj trffdng ldi ehinh cua nu'dc minh.
Hai Id. qud trinb lim kie'm ede dd'i tde cbie'n Iffdc qudc td' mac du da dffpc day manh nbuhg chffa ddng deu giffa khd'i NHTM qudc doanh va NHTM cd phan. Cu thd la, ty Id sd hffu eua khdi ngoai tai cac NHTM qudc doanh cdn khd tha'p ne'u so vdi khd'i NHTM cd phan. Da cd bdn 10 NHTM cd pban tim dffdc dd'i tde dau tff nffde ngoai (A Chdu, Sacombank, Eximbank, Tecbcombank vdi ty Id ndm giff cd pban cua nba dau tff nffdc ngodi tff 20% trd Idn), trong khi do, ngoai trff VCB vd Vietinbank, BIDV, ngdn hang NHTM nba nffde cdn lai nhff Agribank cbffa hoan thdnb eo phan hda va cung chffa tim dffdc dd'i tac chie'n lifdc qud'c te. Ngdn bang VCB cung cbi ed ddi tde chien Iffdc Id ngdn hang Mizuho tff ndm 2011 (ty Id nam giff eo phan eua ngan bang
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TAI GHINH-NBAN HANG-BAO HIEM
ngoai trong trffdng hdp nay la 15%). Ngdn hang VietinBank cung lim du'dc ddi tae tai chinh qudc te eua minh la edng ty IFC vdi ty Id sd hihi ed phan Id 10% (173 trieu USD) tff nam 2011.
Ba Id, thach thffc dd'i vdi cdng tac dieu hanb, giam sat hoat ddng ngan bang cung nbff nhffng yeu eau mdi du'dc dat ra tff cdc cam kd't cua cdc biep dinh FT As mdi. Ciing vdi qua trinh hpi nhdp FTAs trong ITnh vffc dich vu tai chinh, edng tdc didu hdnh, giam sat boat ddng ngan hang cua Ngan hang Nhd
nifdc eung gap nbieu khd khdn va phffc lap hdn Mdt mat, nhffng dien bid'n kbd Iffdng cua nen kinb te' the gidi anh hffdng kbdng nho dd'n vide xdy dffng vd didu hanh cbinh sdch tidn Id, bao ddm cdc can dd'i vT md. Mat kbdc, mdt sd lu'dng Idn ede ngdn bang nffdc ngoai dtu tff, md ehi nhanh hoac thanh lap ede ngdn hang 100% vdn nu'dc ngodi ciing vdi sff md rdng hd thd'ng ngdn hang qud nbanh, cung se ddt ra nhffng thdch tbffe cbo viec giam sdt hoat ddng ngdn hdng •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
/ Lee, Choong Lyol, and Takagi. Shinji. (2013). Deepening Associaton of Southeast Asian Nations Financial Markets. ADBI Working Paper Series. No. 414. March 2013, p. 21.
2. Le Thi Thiiy Vdn vd nhdm nghien cffu (2015), "Ddnh gid tdc ddng cda cdc Hiep dinh Thuong mgi Iff do". Tgp chi Kinh te'Tdi chinh ViitNam, sd2 (2015).
3. Mutrap (2010, 2011), "Ddnh gid tdc ddng cda FTA dd'i vdi nen kinh le Viet Nam "
Ngay nhan bai: 24/2/2019
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va suTa chii'a: 6/3/2019 Ngay chap nhan dang bai: 16/3/2019
Thong tin taenia:
ThS. NGUYEN THI THANH THUY
Khoa Tai chinh Ngdn hang - Trif(*ng Dai hpc Kinh td' Ky thuat Cong nghidp
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR VIETNAMS BANKS WHEN THE COUNTRY JOINS THE AEC
• Mastet. NGUYEN THI THANH THUY Faculty of Finance - Banking, University of Economics
Technoiogy for industries ABSTRACT:
In recent years, Vietnam has increasingly integrated into the regional and global economy, and signed a number of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Vietnam also joined the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). International economic integration, which is an indispensable development trend of all economies, not only brings many opportunities but also poses many challenges and pressures to counOies, organizations and banks. This article mtroduces the process for Vietnam lo integrate into the AEC and shows opportunities and challenges that Vietnam has to face when the country joins the AEC.
Keywords: Vietnamese banks. Asean Economic Community, international integration.
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