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Gdc NHlH Ttf CAC NHA T H | £ T K I BO THI TRUNG QUtfC
Quy hoach do thi dai hoc TU Xuyen, TrUdng DM khoa hoc Hoa Nam
Quy hoach do thj dai hoc Quang Chau, tinh Quang Dong, Trung Quoc
Do thi dai hoc Tien Lam, Nam Kinh (Xianlin, Nanjing)
KTS. NGO LE MINH]
D o t h j d a i h o c la m o t m o h i n h p h a t t r i e n c a o c u a n e n g i a o d u e d a i h o c , d U d c x u a t h i e n i a n d a u t i e n d A n h v a s a u d o t a i m o t so n i i d c p h a t t r i e n . T r o n g q u a t r i n h p h a t t r i e n c u a c a c t r U d n g d a i h o c , q u y m o c u a b a n t h a n c a c t r U d n g n g a y c a n g g i a t a n g , chufa k e t d i x u h U d n g l i e n k e t , s a t n h a p m o t v a i t r U d n g v d i n h a u t r d t h a n h n h U n g c u m d a i h o c c d q u i m d d i e n t i c h t U d n g d U d n g n h U m o t t h j t r a n . V i t h e , ra d d i k h a i n i e m k h u d d t h i d a i h o c .
UNIVERSITY-CITY: POINT OF VIEW FROM THE CHINESE URBAN DESIGNER
University-city is a completed community that surrounds the university, with the population of 50.000-100.000, assures a favorable environment for studying and researching, equipped with excellent accomodation, transportation and other needs. The common structural feature of university city: consists of a central nuclear universities, and other functional areas that supply for the community
Chinese urban designers suggest an university-city with exceptional structure which possesses functional sociality of a town. China have experienced many tested models and learned valuable lessons in this area: 1/The planning of university city is not precise enough in population scale, size and location of university area; 2/ The fact of applying imported devices brings difficulties in operation and utilization of the buildings; 3/ Construction area accounts for a remarkable portion of agricultural land or green area that surrounds urban;
4/ University city is destroying tradditional education-training models of each university
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o thj dai hpc, tieng Anh gpi la University City, cdn tieng Han gpi la (thanh phd dai hoc). Theo "Oai td dien giao due" eiia Trung Qudc xuat ban nam 1992 cua Nha xuat ban giao due Thuong Hai, Dd thj dai hpc dUde djnh ngbla la mot cpng ddng hoan chinh xung quanh trudng dai hpc, vdi qui md dan cD khoing ID 5 den 10 van ngudi, dam bao mot mdi trudng hpc tap- nghien cDu tdt eho sinh vien, cd chd an 6, giao thdng di lai thuan tien, va eac dieu kien sinh hoat tdi thieu khac. Chang han nhd cac khu dd thj dai hpc Bologna eiia Y, Cambridge va Qxford eua Vddng qudc Anh,...Tren thdc te, cdn cd nhieu khai niem tddng ID dd thi dai hpc dUde sD dung nhU: thanh phd hay thj tran dai hpc, khu dai hoc, cpng ddng dai hpc,... Tat e l deu cd dac diem chung ve
cau true bao gdm mdt hat nhan trung tam la cac trudng dai hpc, va cac khu chdc nang tdng hdp phuc vu cho cpng ddng dd thj dai hoc dd cung he mdi trudng sinh thai.
ChDc nang chfnh cua Do thj dai hpc la cung cap be thdng cd sd ha tang cho cae trUdng dai hoc va cao dang, cae cd sd an sinh xa hpi va hau eIn, theo mdt cd che quan ly nhat djnh de dieu banh va quan ly cae thanh phIn trong khu vUc. Cd the ndi dd thj dai hpc cd nhieu dac diem khac biet, va ddi hoi nhieu yeu clu phDc tap tD edng tac quy hoach, thief ke, xay dung cho den van hanh va quIn ly.
KTS Le Corbusier da tdng nhan djnh "mdi trudng cao ding hay dai hoc tU than nd da la mdt ddn vi dd thi, bat ke kich thude Idn nhd, dong thdi cdn Id mdt dd thi xanh".
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Quy hoach & k i 6 n trUc t h
Tren cd sd khai niem ve dd thj dai hpc, cung vdi dac diem va kinh nghiem thdc te trong qua trinh phat trien, cac nha thiet ke dd thj Trung Qudc de xuat mot dd thj dai hpc eIn thiet phai cd cau true dac biet b chd ben trong dd phai cd cac chdc nang mang tinh xa bdi cua mot thj tran. Va xu hudng phat trien tat yeu la ngay cang md rdng trudng dai hpc, keo theo qua trinh dd thj hda nhanh chdng.
Til nhdng nam 1990, Trung Qude bat dau xay dung cac khu dd thj dai hpc, ly do chu yeu vl nhu clu phat then kinh te, khoa hpc-ky thuat va giao due, tdc dp dd thj hda nhanh chdng, va nhu cau sat nhap ciia cac trudng dai hpc.
Trai qua nhieu md hinh thf diem va diic rut kinh nghiem, hp da cd nhDng bai hoc gia trj trong finh vUe mdi me nay.
Cac bai hpc kinh nghiem la:
•Viec lap quy hoach dd thj dai hpc cdn thieu chfnh xac ve qui md dan cU, dp Idn va vj trf ciia khu dai hoc. Lap quy hoach cho dd thj dai hpc la dua ra mdt quy hoach phat trien toan dien va dai ban chd khdng phai la lap mot ke hoaeh hanh ddng chi tiet eho mdt khu dan cU dd;
• Viec ap dung may mdc va thieu can nhIc cac md hinh dd thj dai hpc "nhap khau" tD
lam hoanh trang tao uy danh, nen danh ra nhDng khu dat rat Idn de xay dung dd thi dai hpc. Chang ban nhu dd thi dai hpc d tinh Hd Nam cd dien tfch 44 km^ do thj dai hpc Trjnh Chau d tinh Hd B i c cd dien tich 50 km^; dU an do thi dai hpc Quang Chau giai doan 1 cd dien tfch 17,9 km^ giai doan 2 cd dien tfch 43 km=^; du an dd thj dai hpc Tien Lam d thanh phd Nam Kinh cd dien tfch quy hoach len tdi 70 km^
Vdi hdn 50 dd thj dai hpc dang dude trien khai xay dung tren ca nudc thi lUdng dien tich dat ndng nghiep bj thu hdi va chuyen ddi la rat Idn. Trong khi dd Trung Qudc van la mot dat nUdc nong nghiep, dat dai la gdc r i va ngudn sdng cua ndng dan, cho du hp cd dUdc den bu dat thi v i n khdng dang ke, va hau qua se la sU mat can bang ngudn sdng va phat trien thieu tinh ben vDng.
0 6 thj dai hpc dUPc van hanh theo each quan ly cpng ddng, chia se ngudn lUc va trach nhiem, chia se he thdng cO sd ha tang, thuc day phat trien kinh te, va qua trlnb dd tbi hda,...nhung ngUPc lai cung pha vd md hinh giao due- dao tao chuyen sau truyen thdng ciia tung trudng dai hpc.
di vao hoat dpng vdi 35 van ngudi thi day se coi nhu mot thanh pho nhd.
Ve mat quy hoach, dd thi dai hpc Quang Chau nIm trpn ven tren mot hdn dao tU nhien, xung quanh 4 mat la sdng. Ban dau khi lap quy hoach, dja hinh c6 doi nui thap, ve sau khi xay dung da san lap khu nui nay.
chat nhieu cay xanh va da lam bien doi mot phIn khdng gian sinh thai, khi hau ciia vung phu can.
Dd thi dai hpc Tiing Giang, ThUdng Hal (Songjiang, Shanghai)
06 thj dai hpc Tiing Giang tai thi tran Tiing Giang (Songjiang), b phfa Tay bic cua ThUpng Hai. Qui md dien tich 5,3km^ qui mo 80.000 sinh vien, sd sinh vien hien tai la 52.000 ngUdi, vdi khoang 7.000 nhan vien.
Ve mat quy hoach, dd thj dai hpc Tiing Giang dupe td chDc theo kieu khu dai hpc md, khdng cd tudng bao che, giDa cac trudng dai hpc va nha trudng khdng cd tUdng ngan chia, chi la cac khong gian md, va ngan each vdi dd thi ben ngoai bing he thong kenh nudc ket hpp vanh dai cay xanh. Cac trudng dai hpc cung sD dung chung cac tien ich va khdng gian cdng cpng, nham muc dfeh chia se he thdng
0 TKI I I I Hgc OUillG CHtU ' l ^ i t f T t A n
Quy hoach tdng khu vUc cua do thi dai hoc Quang Cheiu
nifdc ngoai da dem den cac bat cap trong qua trinh van hanh va sDdung cac edng trinh, do CO su khac biet tUdng ddi vdi dieu kien d nudc ngoai;
• Dien tfch xay dUng cac dd thj dai hpc da chiem mot phan dang ke dat ndng nghiep hoac dat trdng cay xanh tai cae cung ven do thi.
Mot sd dja phuong da khdng can cD tren dieu kien thuc te ed s i n , chi mong mudn
Quy hoach tong the do thi dai hoc Tung Giang, Thuong H a i .
Gidi thieu mot so do thj dai hoc tieu bieu tai Trung Quoc
Do t h j dai hpc Quang Chau (Guangzhou): Qui md dien tfch giai doan mot la 17,9km^ giai doan hai la 43km^
qui md sinh vien la 180.000 - 200.000 sinh vien, tdng sd dan cU se la 350.000 - 400.000 ngudi. Thang 9/2004, da ed 45.000 sinh vien dau tien nhap hoc, tdi thang 9/2007 sd sinh vien da tang tdi
100.000. Khi toan bd khu dd thj dai hpc
Quy hoach long the do thi dai hex Con Minh, Van Nam
ha tang cung nhU cac dich vu trong npi bp khu vUc.
Theo y tudng thiet ke dd thj dai hpc, td he thdng thU vien, phdng thf nghiem, trung tam the due the thao, nha an sinh vien, cac loai CL/a hang djch vu deu nIm trong mot mang ludi quan ly thdng nhat, thdng qua djch VM
"Mdt the" cac sinh vien va nhan vien cd the sD dung chung tit cac cP sd va dich vu, tranh dau tu trung lap va lang phi tai nguyen.
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.XO S6S2 2011 85Hinh 9, Ti'nh hon hO|3 ciia do thi cung vdi cac khu dai hoc. Lien ket trong khu dai hpc bang mot mang ludi kenh nU6c.
Mpi dich vu hau can, dau tU khai thac va quan ly cac loai hinh djch vu trong dd thj dai hpc deu thdng qua mot Trung tam phat trien. Hp ehju trach nhiem vdi Ban quan ly khu dd thj dai hpc va lanh dao tdng trudng dai hpc, dam bao duy tri mdi trudng su pham an ninh, canh quan khudn vien dai hpc,...
Do thj dai hpc thanh phd Trung Khanh (Chongqing, Tay nam Trung Qudc) Qui md dien tfch 20km^ dU kien cd 6 - 10 trudng dai hpc vdi khoang 150.000 - 200.000 sinh vien + giao vien. 06 thi dai hoc Trung Khanh da dat tieu chuan cao cho edng tac lap quy hoach va xay dUng vdi khau hieu "Tien phong mien Tay, Hang nhat qudc gia". Thiet ke khu d6 thj dai hpc Uu tien yeu td con ngudi, nhan manh viec phan khu cbDc nang rd rang giDa khu hpc tap nghien cDu vdi cac khu b va sinh boat danh cho sinh vien cung nhu giang vien.
Dae biet, phat huy uu the khi hau cua vung trong viec phat trien cae rdng cay xanh, tao canh quan sinh thai eho dd thj.
Ke hoach xay dung thUc hien theo ba giai doan: Cudi nam 2005 ed 2 - 3 van sinh vien dau tien nhap hpc, nam 2007 hoan thanh cd ban cac khu chdc nang, nam 2010 da hoan thanh toan bp khu dd thj dai hpc.
Do thj dai hgc thanh phd Con Minh, Van Nam (Kunming, Yunnan)
Qui md dien tfch gan l l k m ^ qui md 120.000 sinh vien, each trung tam thanh phd Con Minh khoang gan 20km. Khdi cong xay dung tu nam 2004, den nay da cd khoang 10 trudng dai hpc trong khu dd thj dai hpc, trong dd nhDng trudng dau tien nhap vao la Oai hoc Su pham Van Nam, Dai hpc khoa hpc cdng nghe Cdn Minh, Dai hpc dan toe Van Nam, Hpc vien Trung y dddc Van Nam. Trong tUdng lai khdng xa, tat ca cae trudng dai hpc ciia tinh Van
Nam Trung Qudc deu tap trung trong dd thj dai hpc nay.
PhUdng an thiet ke do thj dai hoc Pho H i o i - HUng Yen cua Tmng Quoc Vien nghien cdu thiet ke kien true Ddng Te, Thupng Hai (viet tit TJUAD) vDa tham du Cudc thi kien true qude te Quy hoaeh - Kien true Khu dd thj dai hpc Phd Hien - Hung Yen, tD thang 3-6/2011.
PhUdng an thiet ke cua TJUAD mang chii de chinh "Growing Intelligent City, Ecological Complex Campus", tue la "Phat trien dd thj sang tao, Hinh thanh cum dai hpc sinh thai".
Cac nha thiet ke dd thi Trung Qudc nhan djnh, dac trUng ciia mot dd thj Viet Nam la sU hinh thanh dd thj td cau true ddn gian cua lang xa truyen thdng. Tren cae tuyen dUdng phd cua dd thj, hau bet mpi boat dpng deu dien ra mot each tu phat, thieu su kiem soat chat che ciia chinh quyen, vi vay cupe sdng dd thj mang day mau sic va sdi dpng, nhdng cDng bao ham eac yeu td khdng dn djnh, thieu tinh ben vDng.
Ddi vdi Trung Qudc, hien nay eac dd thj dai hpc deu duoc quy hoaeh va xay ddng tai eac viing ngoai d cua cae thanh phd Idn, ndi cd niii non va mat nude, mdi trudng sinh thai tdt.
Theo ly thuyet quy hoach hien dai, mdi trudng sinh thai la mot yeu td can thiet cho nen cac dd thj dai hpc tai Trung Qude deu coi day la mot nguyen tic bit bupe khi lap quy hoaeh, nham tao mdi trudng hpc tap - nghien cdu va sinh hoat tdt nhat, cd chit lUpng cao va thu hilt cpng ddng.
Dudi gdc nhin cua nhdm nghien cUu, khu dat cua du an dd thi dai hoc cd cac dac diem chinh sau:
• Cac yeu td thuan ldi: Mdi trudng tdt, Vj trf lien ke vdi khu dothicD
• Cac yeu td bat ldi: Cd tuyen dddng qude Id
cIt qua khu vDc, Thieu bin sic, Chua cd cP sd ha ting
• Cac cd hpi: Cd hpi phat trien mdi cho khu dd thj dai hpc, Hdp tac chien Idde giDa chinh quyen dia pbUdng va Bp giao due & dao tao
• Cae thach thdc: Bio ve nhDng cdng trinh da CO ben canh nhDng edng trinh mdi, Anh hudng den suean bing mdi trudng sdng.
Khu dai hoc Phd Hien cd dien tfch khoang 1.735ha, trong do khoang 700ha danh cho xay dung cac ed sd giao due dao tao, nghien cDu phat trien, 300ha danh cho xay dung khu dd thj vdi quy md dan sd khoang 30.000 ngudi, cdn lai la cac khu b dan cd hien hDu, dat chuyen dung va dat cd sd tdn giao.
Y tudng td chUc khong gian Ndi Hen qua kha vdi tddng lai
Khu dd thi dai hoc ddng vai trd nhu mdt nhjp ndi giDa khu dd thj cD kem phat then vdi khu dd thj mdi dly tiem nang, hddng phat then td Tay sang Ddng, vatDTay Nam len phfa Ddng Ble eua khu vDc nghien cuU. Mot he thdng dudng giao thdng hoan chinh dddc quy hoach phuc vu cho viec phat trien eiia Hung Yen.
Lam phong phu tinh hdn hdp ciia ddthj Ve mat cau true khdng gian, dd an tao nen mot khu dd thj hdn hdp theo kieu md hinh xep cap nhieu Idp khdng gian: Khu nha d - Khu thUdng mai - Khu hpc tap va nghien cuu - Khdng gian md, tao nen tinh hdn hdp trong cac hoat dpng hpc tap, lam viec va cupe sdng.
Hinh thdc dan xen chdc nang bdn hdp nay da dddc van dpng thanh edng tai Trung Qudc thdi gian qua, dem lai cho khu dd thj dai hpc mot phong each tiep can mdi da dang hdn, ddng thdi dim bao dap Dng day du cac djch vu va thuong mai cin thiet (Hinh 9a).
Lien ket khu dai hgc vdi mang lacS dd thj Khu giao due va dao tao (dat ten gpi la New Life Spine) nIm d vanh ngoai khu dd thj.
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XD So 52 2011Quy hoach & ki^n trac t h
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trong khu vdc New Life Spine nay cd tdng cpng 12 cpm trUdng dai hpc va 2 cum nghien cifu, tdng CMm lien ket vdi trMC trung tam dd thj bing cac tuyen khdng gian md va cac tuyen phd da chdc nang (Hinh 9b).
Cac CMm trudng dai hpc ddPc quy hoaeh va to chdc khdng gian theo mot cau true thdng nhat va ddng dang, md hinh hat nhan d trung tam, cd sd dao tao phan tan xung quanh. Ve mat sinh hpc, cau true nay md phdng theo bong hoa dao truyen thdng, trung tam cua do thj truyen nang luong va cam hdng cho cac cpm trudng, rdi lan tda tiep tdi eac Khoa, Vien,...Cupc sdng dd thj va cupe sdng trong mdi khu trudng dai hpc tUdng tac, bd trd nhau, va cung lien ket tao thanh mot eau true thong nhat.
Diem nhan vao khu trung tam dd thj Mot khdng gian xanh rdng Idn d phfa Tay khu dai hpc dUde tao ra lam diem ket ndi giDa khu do thj cu vdi khu Trung tam dd thj dai hpc.
Khong gian xanh nay bit dau tD bd sdng Dien Bien, sau dd trai dai theo kenh nude, va keo den tan vung hd nude trung tam (rdng 30 hectares), ket thue la mot tda thap trung tam.
Khu trung tam ddthj dai hpc khdng ehi la diem nhan ciia dd thj dai hpc ma cdn xdng dang de trd thanh cda ngd cua thanh phd. Tda thap trung tam Wisdom cao tdi 100m se bao gdm cac trung tam trien lam, hdi nghj - hpi thIo, va thUPng mai. Ngoai ra, sat tan cung phfa Ddng la khu nha d biet thu cao cap vdi mat dp xay dung thap, tdng the tao thanh hinh vdng cung dm lay khu trung tam phfa trade.
Lien ket trong khu dai hgc bang mot mang ladi kenh ndde
Hinh thanh he thdng kenh ndde hoan chinh, bao quanh eac cpm trudng dai hpc. Mang ludi nudc nay bao gdm mdt vdng ben trong ciia khu New Life Spine chay xuyen qua cac khu trudng dai hpc va trung tam nghien cifu; vdng ben ngoai ket hdp vdi cae khdng gian sinh thai - cay xanh tao thanh nhDng dai ngan each mem tu nhien giDa cae cum trddng dgi hpc vdi cac khu lang xdm va dddng giao thong ddi ngoai.
Do chfnh la phdPng tbDc lien ket va phat trien ben vDng giDa dd thj va trUdng hpc, giDa eai cii va cai mdi. Mdi trudng sinh thai va khdng gian xanh, ket hdp vdi he thdng kenh nude se tgo nen nhufng khoang each ly mem giDa khu nha 6 vdi cac tuyen dudng giao thdng.
Sa do to chu'c giao thong va hadng phat trien cua cac khong gian xanh
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KHU CHlJC HfiHG H A H HCIP: hm b - TTnO^g m l - Hcc Hc&nghiCri am - Khfing g o n ma
Boutiques
:re."r> '^^^^- mM\ f
A r t Gallery
7?^fegg^?' n -;• ^
Cpmmunity Ccnirc
Eco Community
Identical Bndge Wetland";
To chUc khong gian Khu giao due va dao tao
Student Union Club
Retail Street
Waterfront Plaza
Phoi canh mpt gi'x: Khu giao due va dao lao
