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Mpt trong nhirng tu tudng vi dai ciia

• V.I.Lenin dugc thuc tien kiem nghiem, chiing minh siic sdng va sir diing dan ciia nd chinh la tu tudng ve quan he giiia cac qudc gia dan tdc trong thdi dai ngay nay.

Sau khi nude Nga Xdviet ra ddi, chinh quyen cdng ndng dau tien tren the gidi dudi su lanh dao cua Dang Bdnsevich, diing dau la Lenin da phai vugt qua mudn van khd khan ben trong va ben ngoai. Trong ndi bd Dang xuat hien nhiing quan niem cua nhirng ngudi cdng san canh ta cho rang viec giir viing va phat trien thanh qua Cach mang Thing Mudi, can dugc "thiic day"

bang mot cuoc chien tranh vdi CNDQ thi gidi, nhung ngudi nay cho rang viec ky hoa ude vdi nude Diic se lam suy yeu cuoc each mang qudc te. Lenin vdi thien tai ciia minh da khang dinh viec giii gin nen tu do va doc lap cua Nha nude dau tien trong lich su ciia nhan dan lao ddng, viec dam bao cho Nha nude Xdviet phat trien theo con

(•) Ban D6i ngoai Trung uong.

dudng CNXH va CNCS, rdt cuoc se quylt dinh tuong lai cua loai ngudi. Lenin kien quyet chdng lai nhiing khau hieu phieu luu cua "nhiing ngudi cdng san each ta" ddi phai day nhanh thiie day each mang the gidi bang con dudng chien tranh each mang. Ngudi khang dinh: "Cach mang khdng dien ra theo Idi dat hang, ngudi ta khdng the dinh trudc each mang nd ra vao liic nay hay liic no; each mang chin mudi trong qua trinh phat trien lich sii va nd bung nd vao liic ma toan bd hang loat nhiing nguyen nhan d trong va d ngoai nude quyet dinh". (V.I. Lenin: Todn tap, t.36, NXB Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ndi, 2006, tr.661). Nhirng ngudi cho rang each mang cd the nd ra d mdt nude nao dd theo dan dat hang, theo thoa thuan, bang con dudng thiic diy tir ben ngoai thi dd la nhiing ngudi ao tudng, hoac la nhung bpn khieu khich. Bing da sd philu, Dai hdi Dang da thdng qua nghi quylt do Lenin vach ra vl sir cin thiet phai phe ehuin hoa ude do chinh quyen Xdviet ky vdi nude Diic. Sau khi nghe bao cao cua Lenin, Dai hdi thii rV bit thudng cac Xdvilt toan Nga

(hpp tir 14 din 16-3-1918) da phe chuin Hoa ude Brest - Litovsk ; . ^•<<-'

Sau khi dat dugc thoa thuan tam ngimg ehiln, chinh quyen Xdvilt da ap dung cac bien phap de thiet lap tang cudng quan he vdi cac nude TBCN, diy manh quan he kinh te thuong mai vdi cac nude nay, coi dd la mdt nhan td hit sire quan trong dl cung ton tai hoa binh. Lenin cho ring chinh quyen Xdviet nen lam mpi viec cin thiet de cho cuoc tam ngirng chien keo dai cang lau cang tdt, Lenin ndi: "chiing ta hira vdi cdng nhan va ndng dan la se lam mpi viec dl tranh thii hoa binh" (Sdd. tr.423).

Theo Lenin nguyen tac ciing tdn tai hoa binh giira cac nude cd che dp kinh te - xa hdi khac nhau tren ca sd thira nhan su binh dang hoan toan giiia cac dan tdc, tdn trpng chu quyen doe lap, khdng can thiep vao cdng viec ndi bd ciia nhau, dd la mdt nguyen tac het sire quan trpng, ca ban lam CO sd cho chinh sach ddi ngoai cua Nha nude Xdviet.

Sdc lenh hod binh - van ban phap luat dau tien ve chinh tri ddi ngoai cua nha nude Xdviet dudi su lanh dao cua Lenin, thdng qua ngay ngay dau cua cude Cach mang da md ra nhiing nguyen tac cua mdt chinh sach mdi trong lich su quan he quoc tl. Sic lenh cho thiy, dudng Idi chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia chinh quyen Xdvilt la chinh sach ciing tdn tai hoa binh va thi dua kinh t l giira hai he thdng, tire la khdng can thiep vao cdng viec ndi bd, tdn trpng chii quyIn va toan ven lanh thd, thiet lap nhiing quan he kinh t l va van hoa vdi tit ca cac nude tren ca sd ciing cd Ipi, hiru nghi vdi cac dan tdc. Lenin coi chinh sach ciing tdn tai hod

binh Id mot hinh thicc dac biet cua cuoc ddu tranh giai cap giita CNXH vd CNTB.

Lenin dac biet coi trpng sir thilt lap va cung cd quan he hCru nghi giira nha nude Xdvilt va cae nude phuang Ddng, nhan manh sir can thiet phai thoa man cac khat vpng tien bd ciia cac dan toe, Lenin khang dinh: "Kinh nghiem cua chiing tdi cho phep tin tudng sat da rang chi cd mdt su quan tam Idn lao den Igi ich cua cac dan tdc khac nhau thi mdi loai tru dugc ngudn gde ciia mgi xung dot, mdi trir bd dugc Idng nghi ngd lan nhau, mdi trir bd dugc nguy ca gay ra nhiing muu dd nao dd, mdi tao ra dugc Idng tin, nhat la Idng tin cua cdng nhan va ndng dan khdng ndi cung mdt thii tieng;

neu khdng cd Idng tin dd thi nhiing quan he hoa binh giira cac dan tdc ciing nhu sir phat trien thuan Igi ddi chiit cua tat ca nhirng gi quy bau trong nen van minh hien dai, deu tuyet ddi khdng the cd duge"(Sdd, t.45, tr.281).

Chinh sach ddi ngoai hoa binh cua Lenin bao ham sir can thiet phai kien tri dau tranh chdng cac cude chien tranh de qudc chu nghia. Lenin cho rang can phai dap tan mpi ly le, mpi sir nguy bien ma cac nha tu tudng cua giai cap tu san de qudc chii nghia dimg de bien hp cho ehiln tranh, phai vach tran bpn de qudc dang chuan bi chien tranh va vach rd nhiing bien phap diii tranh cd hieu lire de chdng cude chien tranli mdi. Theo hudng nay, Lenin cho ring cin phai dua vao chuang trinh nghi su cua Ban Chap hanh Trung uong cac Xdviet toan Nga van de giam sd quan Hdng quan de thuc hien viec dinh chien, giai trir quan bi. Tuy nhien, Lenin cung vach rd nguy co cac nude

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dl qudc tan cdng vao nude Nga Xdviet, Ngudi keu gpi Dang va nhan dan Xdviet ra siic cimg cd siic manh qudc phdng cua Nha nude Xdviet va neu cao tinh than canh giac sin sang dap tan mpi am muu tan cdng ciia cac lire lugng thii dich.

Tu tudng cua Lenin ve quan he giira cac qudc gia dan tdc cd cae che dp xa hdi khac nhau tuyet nhien khdng cd nghia la dieu hoa vdi CNTB, khdng cd nghia nhiing ngudi cdng san tir bd muc dich cudi ciing ciia minh la xay dung thanh cdng CNXH va CNCS tren pham vi toan the gidi. Theo quan niem cua Lenin, ciing tdn tai hoa binh ddi hdi khdng dugc giam nhe cude dau tranh tu tudng, chinh tri va kinh te giiia hai he thdng la XHCN va TBCN. Hon thi, chinh viec giii viing hoa binh tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho cdng cude xay dung kien thiet CNXH trong cude thi dua kinh te vdi CNTB, viec md rdng dau tranh giai cip trong Idng cac nude TBCN va su phat trien ciia phong trao giai phdng dan tdc cua cac dan tdc bi ap biic chdng chu nghia de qudc.

Lenin da vach ra nhiing khd khan dac biet ve mat qudc te trong cdng cude xay dimg CNXH d nude Nga Xdviet. Cac cudng qudc de qudc chu nghia da khdng tir bd thii doan nao dl lam cho dat nude nay suy sup nhanh chdng, thuc hien cae bien phap bao vay, cam van, khdng chap nhan giiip dd, che dp td nhugng ddi vdi nude Nga Xdvilt. Lenin da khang dinh rd niem tin sit da ring nhan dan Xdviet dudi su lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san se vugt qua mpi khd khan, ring "tir nude Nga ciia chinh sach kinh te mdi se nay ra nude Nga xa hdi chiinghIa"(Sdd,tr.358).

Tu tudng cua Lenin vl quan he giila cac qudc gia dan tpc trong dilu kien toan cau hoa hien nay da vin td rd sue sdng va tinh diing din ciia nd. Mac dii chi dp XHCN d Lien Xd va cac nude Ddng Au bi sup dd, song thdi dai ngay nay van la thdi dai qua dp tir CNTB len CNXH tren pham vi toan the gidi, dupe md diu tir cude Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga vi dai vdi nhiing con dudng, hinh thilc, budc di khac nhau phu hop vdi nhiing dieu kien dac thii cua mdi qudc gia dan tdc va dac diem xu the chung cua thdi dai ngay nay. ,, ,,^.

Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da van

«dung sang tao tu tudng ciia Lenin ve quan he giiia cac qudc gia, dan tpc trong viec xac dinh dudng Idi ciia each mang Viet Nam trong hon 80 nam qua, nhat la trong qua trinh ddi mdi hien nay. Dang ta ludn xac dinh each mang Viet Nam la mot bd phan cua each mang the gidi, each mang Viet Nam la ket qua ciia viec ket hpp siic manh, muc tieu cua dan tdc vdi sue manh, muc tieu ciia thdi dai. Chinh vi vay, trong qua trinh lanh dao each mang, Dang ta da ket hop hai hoa nhiem vu dan tdc vdi xu thi thdi dai, giiia doe lap dan tdc vdi CNXH, giiia chii nghia yeu nude vdi chu nghia qudc te ciia giai cap cdng nhan. Dang ta chii truang trong dieu kien toan cau hoa hien nay cin phat buy siic manh tdng hop tren co sd kit hop khai thac siic manh dan toe, qudc gia va siic manh thdi dai, qudc te trong dd ngoai lire la quan trpng, ndi luc la nhan td quyet dinh.

Trong gin 25 nam ddi mdi, Dang ta da nhan thiic ngay cang diy du va rd net ban vl ndi dung tinh chat ciia thdi dai, thiy

dugc tinh chit lau dai, phiie tap ciia thdi dai qua dp, danh gia diing ban tilm nang phat trien ciia CNTB ciing nhu cac ndi dung phong phii da dang, nhilu chilu ciia thdi dai ngay nay. Dang ta khing dinh mac dii che dp XHCN d Lien Xd va cac nude Ddng Au sup dd khiln CNXH tam thdi lam vao thoai trao, nhung dilu dd khdng lam thay ddi tinh chat thdi dai: loai ngudi van dang trong thdi dai qua dp tir CNTB len CNXH.

Ddng thdi. Dang ta ciing lam rd them mdt sd net mdi ve cude each mang khoa hpc cdng nghe hien dai, ve toan cau boa nhu mot xu the khach quan, Idi cudn ngay cang nhieu cac nude tham gia, vira cd mat tich cue, vira cd mat tieu cue, vira cd hgp tac, viia cd dau tranh, anh hudng tdi su tdn tai va phat trien cua cac qudc gia dan tdc.

Nhan thilc sau sac hon tinh chat phiic tap va gay gat ciia cuoc dau tranh dan tdc, giai cap trong dieu kien mdi. Dang ta xac dinh can dau tranh chdng am muu dien bien hoa binh cua cac the lire de qudc, ddng thdi tiep tuc khang dinh kha nang vira hpp tac, vira dau tranh trong tdn tai hoa binh giiia cac nude cd che dp chinh tri - xa hdi khac nhau. Dang ta ciing chi rd xu the hoa binh, hpp tac, phat trien la xu the Idn, phan anh ddi hdi biic xiic eiia cae qudc gia dan tdc trong dieu kien toan ciu hoa, phat triln kinh te tri thiic, kha nang diy liii nguy co chien tranh toan cau. Tuy nhien, nguy co xung dot vii trang, ehiln tranh cue bd, cac boat ddng khung bd lat dd cdn tilm in d nhilu nai tren thi gidi.

Xuit phat tir danh gia diing tinh chit, xu thi phat triln cua thdi dai ngay nay. Dang ta da xac dinh rd muc tieu, dudng Idi ddi

ngoai la gdp phin ciing cd mdi trudng qudc tl, tao dilu kien thuan Igi dl phat trien kinh tl - xa hdi ciia dat nude, lay viec giii virng mdi trudng hoa binh, dn dinh de phat trien kinh te - xa hdi la Igi ich cao nhat ciia dat nude. Tu tudng chi dao chinh sach ddi ngoai la tu tudng kien dinh nguyen tac vi doe lap, thdng nhat va chu nghia xa hdi, ddng thdi phai sang tao, nang ddng, linh boat ve sach lupe. Tren ca sd nay, dudng Idi ddi ngoai cua Dang qua cac Dai hdi da cd budc ke thira, phat trien: Dai hdi VII dua ra khau hieu: "Viet Nam mudn la ban vdi tat ca cac nude trong cdng ddng the gidi, phan dau vi hoa binh, ddc lap va phat trien"; Dai hdi IX bd sung them: "Viet Nam san sang la ban, la ddi tac tin cay ciia cac nude trong cdng ddng qudc te". Van kien Dai hdi X khang dinh: "Thuc hien nhat quan dudng Idi ddi ngoai ddc lap tu chii, hoa binh, hpp tac va phat trien; chinh sach ddi ngoai rdng md, da phuang hoa, da dang hoa cac quan he qudc te. Chii ddng va tich cue hdi nhap kinh te qudc te, ddng thdi md rdng hgp tac qudc te tren cac linh vuc khac. Viet Nam la ban, ddi tac tin cay cua cac nude trong cdng ddng qudc tl, tham gia tich cue vao tien trinh hgp tac qudc te cua khu vuc"<".

Nhiem vu cua cdng tac ddi ngoai la giii vUng mdi trudng hoa binh, tao dilu kien qudc te thuan Igi cho cdng cude ddi mdi, day manh phat trien kinh tl - xa hdi, CNH, HDH dat nude, xay dimg va bao ve To qudc, ddng thdi gdp phan tich cue vao cude dau tranh chung ciia nhan dan the gidi vi hoa binh, ddc lap dan tpc, dan chii va tiln bd xa hdi. Dang ta da de ra nhiing tu tudng chi dao quan trpng ciia cdng tac ddi ngoai nhu:

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- Dam bao Igi ich dan tdc chan chinh la xay dung thanh cdng, bao ve virng chic Viet Nam XHCN, coi dd la mot Igi ich cao nhit, dong thdi thuc hien nghia vu qudc te theo kha nang thuc te ciia ta.

- Giir virng ddc lap tu chu, tu cudng di ddi vdi day manh da phuang hoa, da dang hoa quan he ddi ngoai.

- Nim viing hai mat hgp tac va dau tranh trong quan he qudc te, tuy timg ddi tugng, tren timg van de va d tirng thdi diem, cd gang thiic day mat hgp tac, dau tranh de hgp tac, tranh true dien ddi dau, tu day minh vao the cd lap.

- Day manh hgp tac khu vuc ddng thdi md rdng quan he vdi tat ca cac nude, trong dd chii trpng quan he vdi cac nude lang gieng, quan he vdi cac nude Idn, chii ddng tham gia cac td chiic da phuong, khu vuc va toan cau.

- Ket hgp hieu qua ddi ngoai cua Dang vdi ddi ngoai Nha nude va ddi ngoai nhan dan.

- Tang cudng cdng tac tdng ket nghien cim ly luan, du bao ve tinh hinh the gidi, khu vuc, chien luge, chinh sach cac nude Idn, cac nude trong khu vuc, gdp phan xay dung chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia Viet Nam.

Thuc hien chinh sach ddi ngoai tich cue, chii ddng ddng trong thdi ky ddi mdi, Viet Nam da dat dugc nhiing ket qua quan trpng trong phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, gdp phan nang cao vi the Viet Nam tren trudng qudc te. Dudng Idi ddi ngoai cua Dang ta va nhung thanh tuu ddi mdi cua Viet Nam dugc hau bet cac dang cdng san, cdng nhan, canh ta va cac td chirc phong trao each mang, tien bd tren the gidi va ban be

qudc tl danh gia cao, coi thanh tuu dd la su ddng gdp quy bau vao su phuc hdi timg budc ciia phong trao cdng san va cdng nhan qudc te, la sir cd vu ddi vdi cude dau tranh vi hoa binh, dan sinh, dan chu va tuong lai cua CNXH. ;

Bdi canh qudc tl va khu vuc hien nay cd nhiing bien ddi phiic tap tac ddng den su phat trien kinh te - xa hdi ciia nhieu qudc gia trong dd cd Viet Nam. Cac mau thuan va tranh chap lien quan den chii quyen lanh thd, xung dot tdn giao, sac tdc, cac boat ddng khung bd ly khai tiep tuc tdn tai, cd liic cd noi gay gat ban. Dac biet cac van de an ninh phi truyen thdng nhu bien ddi khi hau, an ninh nang lugng, an ninh luong thuc, thien tai dich benh ngay cang trd nen biic xiic, trd thanh thach thiic ddi vdi mdi trudng an ninh phat trien ciia mdi qudc gia dan tdc. Tinh hinh chinh tri an ninh the gidi va khu vuc cd nhiing dien bien mdi, phiic tap, song ca ban van dien ra theo diing nhan dinh ciia Dang ta la boa binh, hgp tac va phat trien van la xu the chu dao; tinh da cue, da trung tam ciia cue dien the gidi ngay cang the hien rd net hon.

Bdi canh qudc te eCing dang dat ra nhiing ca hdi va thach thiic dan xen, ddi hdi nude ta phai nam bat ca hdi vugt qua thach thirc nhu nang cao chat lugng tang trudng va nang lire canh tranh cua nen kinh te, giai quyet hai hoa mdi quan he giira chinh sach hdi nhap qudc te sau rdng vdi viec bao dam dn dinh kinh te - xa hdi, bao ve chii quyIn an ninh qudc gia trong bdi canh toan ciu hoa, phin diu din nam 2020 Viet Nam co ban trd thanh mdt nude cdng nghiep theo hudng hien dai.

(Xem tiep tranglO)

vdi viec phat trien triet hoc Mac la each tiep can duy vat triet de cua Angghen trong viec nghien cihi nhirng tu tudng triet hoc trudc Mac ndi chung, trong viec phan tich cu th^ nhiing luan diem ly luan ciia Hegen va Phoiabac ndi rieng.

Khdng dimg lai d viec dua ra nhiing quan niem cua minh ve nhiing ddng gdp tich cue va nhOng mat cdn ban che' trong he thd'ng trie't hoc Hegen va Phoiobac, Angghen cdn chi rd thuc chat ciia budc ngoat each mang trong trie't hoc gan lien vdi ten tudi ciia Mac va duoc thuc hien thdng qua viec sang tao ra CNDVBC va chii nghia duy vat lich sur.

Tiep tuc phat trien nhCrng quan niem, nguyen ly nen tang cua CNDVBC, Angghen da danh mot phan dang ke ciia tac pham nay de luan giai nhirng nguyen ly cua CNDVBC va qua dd, khang dinh tinh chinh the, nhat quan ciia nd vdi tu each hoc thuyet khoa hoc da dem lai mdt su giai thich duy vat duy nhat dung dan ve nhiing hien tugng ciia tu nhien, ciia lich sir nhan loai. Ong viet: Dieu da diing vdi gidi tu nhien ma chiing ta coi la mot qua trinh phat trien lich sii, thi ciing diing vdi ta't ca cac bd mdn ciia lich sii xa hoi va ciing diing vdi toan bd cac khoa hoc nghien ciiu nhung cai thudc v^

con ngudi (va thudc ve than thanh).

Tii ta't ca nhiing dieu trinh bay tren, chiing ta hoan toancd ca sd de khang dinh rang, Angghen la ngudi da cd nhiing cd'ng hien Idn lao trong viec xay dung va phat trien CNDVBC va phep bien chiing duy vat. Vdi cd'ng hien dd, dng da cung vdi Mac dem lai cho triet hoc dia vi the' gidi quan va phuang phap luan khoa hoc, diing dan trong viec xem xet gidi tu nhien, ddi sdng xa hoi va tu duy con ngudi, lam cho trie't hoc dd trd thanh cdng cu sac ben trong viec "cai tao the' gidi". Sau gSn hai the' ky, nhiing cd'ng hien Idn lao dd cua dng vSn giii nguyen gia tri va vai trd dinh hudng vdi tu each kim chi nam de chung ta tiep tuc phat tri^n trie't hoc Mac - Lenin trong thdi dai ngay nay.

TirTi;dNGCURV.i.UNIN VCQUnNHCGIU'RCRC QUOC Gin D^N TOC Vl^...

{Tiep theo trang 20)

Dang ta chii truomg tiep tuc phat trien quan he vdi cac nude lang gieng, cac nude trong khu vuc. Nam 2010, Viet Nam dam nhiem cuong vi Chu tich ASEAN da lam het siic minh, phdi hop cimg cac nude thanh vien ASEAN va cac doi tac de dat dugc nhirng ket qua quan trong trong tien trinh xay dimg Cong dong ASEAN, dong thdi gdp phan tich cue cho hoa binh, an ninh va phat trien khu vuc. Thong qua cac hoi- nghi cao cap lien quan ben le Hoi nghi cap cao ASEAN 17, Viet Nam da the hien la thanh vien cd trach nhiem cua cong ddng qudc te trong viec xii ly nhung van de chung d khu vuc va tren the gidi.

Van dung sang tao tu tudng Lenin ve quan he giira cac qudc gia dan toe trong dieu kien mdi cua nhirng thap nien dau the ky XXI, Dang ta tiep tuc bd sung, phat trien Cuang ITnh 1991, trong dd cd phan

\e danh gia tinh hinh thi gidi va chinh sach ddi ngoai, virng budc tien tdi Dai hoi XI cua Dang.

(1) DCSVN: Van kien Dai hoi Dai bieu Toan quoc lan thit X, NXB Chinh trj qu6c gia. Ha Noi, 2006, tr.ll2.

10 LyLUANCHiNHTR!11-2010