Nghien ciru An Dp vd Chdu A. So 05 - 2014
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU VA CONG CUQC DAU TRANH GIANH DOC LAP CUA VIET NAM
Vu Thi Anh Thir*
J
. Nehru - vi ldnh tu cua nhdn ddn An Dp, ngudi bgn ldn ciia nhdn ddn Viet Nam da cdng hiin ed eude ddi cho su nghiip gidi phdng cde ddn tde bi dp birc, ed mdi quan hi thdn thiit vdi Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh. Ndm 2014, nhdn ky niem 125 ndm sinh vd 50 nam mdt cda J. Nehru (1889 -1964), bdi viit phdn tich sir ung hd cua dng ddi vdi cdng cudc ddu tranh gidnh ddc lap ciia Viet Nam vd tinh cdm cita nhdn ddn Viet Nam gidnh eho dng. Dd chinh Id nhirng vien gach ddu tien ddt nin tdng xdy dung mdi quan he ddi tdc chien luoc ngdy nay giira An Dp vd Viet Nam.Tir khda: J. Nehru, M. Gandhi, Hd Chi Minh, An Dp, quan he Viet - An
1. Ngay trong thdi thudc dja dudi ach thdng tri ciia thuc dan Phap, ngudi Viet Nam da timg biet den tdn tudi cac nha yeu nudc vT dai An Dp, dac biet la Mahatma Gandhi va Jawaharlal Nehru. Trdn bao
"Ngudi Cling khd" (Le Paria) xuat ban vao nhung nam 1920 d Paris, nha each mang Viet Nam Nguyen Ai Qudc da viet nhidu bai ve chd dp cai tri ciia thuc dan Anh va phong trao each mang cua nhan dan An Dp. Tren Tap chi Cdng san (La revue Communiste), Nguydn Ai Qudc da danh gia cao vai trd cua vi lanh tu phong trao:
"Maliatma".
Gandhi da dat vien da dau tien dl dung len thuyet bat hgp tac va bat bao ddng.
Dudng ldi do da dugc theo duoi thang lgi"' Va sau nay, trong chuyen tham An Do nam 1958, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da phat bieu tai Bombay, que hucmg cua
"Thanh Gandhi" vdi Idi le cam phuc sau sac ve mdt con ngudi "da ndu cao dao diic yeu nudc, khSc khd nhan nai, sudt ddi hy
* ThS.. Khoa Quoc te hoc, Trucmg Dai hoc Khoa hgc
\a hoi va Nhan van, Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi ' La Revue Communiste s6 18 - 19, thdng 8, 9/1921.
Dan theo Hd Chi Minh Toan lap (2000), tap 1, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Not, tr.45.
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Vu Thi Anil Tiiu. Jawaharlal Nehru vd cdng cudc ddu tranh gidnh ddc lap...
sinh cho T6 quoc, cho nhan dan, cho hoa binh"'-
Nguoi hpc tro xuat sac, nguai dong chi trung thanh vai ly tuang Gandhi chinh la J.Nehm. Ong sinh trudng trong mgt gia dinh quy tpc theo dao Ba la mon, t6t nghiep truang Dai hpc Cambridge (Anh quoc).
NSm 1912, ong v^ nuac lam luat su tai bang Alahabab. Thiy ro tinh canh kho cue ciia nhan dan An Do va ach ap biic cua thuc dan Anh, ong tham gia phong trao dau tranh doi quyen binh dang, tu do, dpc lap cho dan tpc. Den nhiing nam 30 - 40 the ky XX, Nehru dung vao hang ngii nhung nguai lanh dao phong trao. Da nhieu lan bi chinh quyen Anh bat giam nhtmg ong khong he lay chuyen y chi dau tranh. Chinh trong nhiing ngay bi til diy iy, Nehru khong nga tai, tir mpt nha giam xa xoi cua Quoc dan dang Trung Hoa a Quang Tay, CO mpt tu nhan nguai Viet - nha each mang Nguyen Ai Quoc - da sang tac nhung van tha"Gw7 Nehru" vai tinh cam chan thanh, tham thiet:
"Khi tdi phdn ddu, Anh hogt ddng, Anh phdi vdo lao, tdi d tit;
Mudn ddm xg vdi chua gap mdt, Khdng ldi md vdn cdm thdng nhau "-
(Nhdt ky trong titj^
2. Ngay 2/9/1945, nuac Viet Nam dpc lap ra dai, nha nuac Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa thanh lap, buac vao thai ky dau ' H6 Chi Minh (2000), H6 Chi Minli Toan tap, tap 9, Nxb. Chinh trj Qu6c gia, Ha N6i, tr.57.
' H6 Chi Minh (2000), Hi Chi Minii Toan lap, tap 3, Nxb. Chfnh tri Qufic gia, Ha Npi, tr.372.
tranh moi chong thuc dan Phap tro lai tai chiSm Dong Duong. Cung trong thai gian do, phong trao diu tranh etia cac tang lap nh&i dto An Dp phat triln manh me budc thuc dan Anh phai timg buoc nhan nhuong, tien toi viec trao tra dpc lap chp An Dp vao thang 8/1947, dSn ngay 26/1/1950, chinh thirc tuyen bo nuac Cong hoa An Dp.
Vao khoang thai gian do, thang 6/1946, tren dupfng sang Phap vai tu each thuang khach cua chinh phu Phap, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da dimg ch&i a An Dp, den mpt s6 thanh php nhu Calcutta, Chandemagor, Karachi va tham mpt so di tich lich sir nhu Lau dai Delhi Gate, Lang Taj Mahal...
Tiep xuc vol cac chinh khach va gioi bao chi, Nguai luon bay to sir dong tinh voi cuoc dau tranh gianh dpc lap cua An Dp va nhan dan cac nuac thupc dia.
Nam 1947, ngay khi dupe tin Chinh phu lam thcri An Dp thanh lap, Chil tich H6 Ch! Minh da gui dien chiic mimg Thu tuong J. Nehru: "Tdi rdt sung sudng dugc tin Chinh phu An Bg tu do dau tien da dugc thdnh lap. Thay mat nuac Viet Nam Ddn chil Cgng hda, tdi giri led mimg vd chiic Ngdi nhirng su tot ldnh nhdt. Tdi tin chdc rdng moi quan he thdn di giUa hai nudc chiing ta se giiip cho viec gdy dung hgnh phuc ehung cho hgi ddn tdc. chitng ta"'-
Thang 3/1947, J.Nehru trieu tap Hpi nghj Lien A. Day la lin diu tien, dai dien cac dan tpc bi ap biic 6 chau A hpp mat, thd
Ho Chr Minh (2000), HS Chi Mmli Torn Idp, tap 4, Nxb. Chlnh tri Qu6c gia. Hi Noi, tr.281.
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Nghien ciru An Do vd Chdu A. Sd 05 - 2014 hi?n tinh than doan kdt chidn dau chdng
chu nghia thuc dan. Vdi y chi kidn cudng cua mgt dan tdc dang chidn diu chdng thuc dan Phap, Viet Nam da cu mgt doan dai bieu tham gia hgi nghi. Trong dien van khai mac, Thii tudng Nehru nhac den cupe dau tranh ciia nhan dan Viet Nam, trinh trong tuydn bd: "Cudc chiin ddu vi tu do eiia hp vdn tiep tuc nhac nhd ehung ta rdng tu do khdng phdi la mdn qud tgng md phdi gidnh lay nd"^. Trong biic didn chao mimg ngay 25/3/1947, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da bay td su img hg va nidm tin tudng vao Hgi nghi: ''''Ngdy khai mgc Hdi nghi Lien A la mdt ngdy vui mimg vd la ngdy lich su cho tdt cd ddn tdc A chdu, gia dinh chdu A cua chiing ta, dodn kit, ehung ta se la mdt trong nhumg ngudi bdo todn mgnh nhdt cho nen hod binh vd ddn chit thi gidi. Thay mat nhdn ddn Viet Nam vd rieng tdi, tdi xin chuc cde ngdi thdng lgi rue ro. Nhdn ddn Viet Nam, mdt bp phdn ciia dgi gia dinh chdu A, dang tranh ddu gidnh thdng nhdt vd ddc lap. Chung tdi mong rdng tdt cd cde nudc anh em a chdu A hit ldng giup ehung tdi"'.
Cung trong nam 1947, khi ddn tidp phai vidn chinh phii Viet Nam la bac si Pham Nggc Thach, Chinh phu An Do da ddng y dd Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda dat Van phdng dai didn tai New Delhi. Trong hoan canh chien tranh, dat nudc ta bi bao vay cac phfa, quydt dinh ciia An Dp cd y nghia hdt siic quan trgng. Cung vdi cac ' D§n theo Nguyen C6ng Khanh (2001), J.Nehru - tiiu suvdsifnghi$p, Nxb. GiSo dye, HaNgi, tr.81.
* Ho Chi Minh (2000), Toan lap, tap 5, Nxb. Chinh tri Qu6c gia, H^ Npi, tr.81.
Van phdng dai dien hoac Phdng thdng tin d An Do, Thai Lan, Mien Didn va mdt sd nai khac, Viet Nam da budc dau md dugc canh cua lidn he vdi ben ngoai, qua do thdng bao tinh hinh cugc khang chien va tidp nhan nhidu ngudn thdng tin thd gidi.
Thii tudng J.Nehru ludn quan tam tdi cdng cugc khang chidn d Vidt Nam, nhidu lan bay td su ddng tinh sau sac vdi su nghiep chinh nghia cua nhan dan Viet Nam. Vao nhimg nam thang cudc chidn tranh Viet Nam dien ra quydt lidt, ngay 23/11/1953, dng tuyen bd An Do mong mudn hda binh dugc lap lai d Ddng Duong va san sang ddng vai trd trung gian hda giai. Ngay 20/2/1954, trudc kha nang vd mgt hgi nghj qudc te ban ve vide cham diit chidn tranh d Ddng Duong, dng kdu ggi cac ben ngiJmg ban, tao didu kien cho cudc dam phan giiia cac ben. Mac du khdng phai la thanh vien tham gia Hgi nghi Geneve, An Dg ludn v ^ ddng cho giai phap hda binh trdn tinh than tdn trgng ddc lap, thdng nhat va chu quydn cua cac qudc gia.
Ngay 29/4/1954, hai vi thu tudng Cdng hda An Do J.Nehru va Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa Chu An Lai da dua ra sang kidn vd "Nam nguydn tac ehung sdng hda binh".
Ndi dimg gdm: 1. Tdn trgng su toan ven lanh thd va chii quydn cua nhau; 2. Khdng tan cdng nhau; 3. Khdng can thiep vao cdng vide ngi bg ciia nhau; 4. Binh ding va hai bdn ciing cd lgi; 5. Chimg sdng boa binh. Day la nen tang cua mdi quan he giua An Do va Trung Qudc, nhtmg dugc coi nhu nguydn tic ca ban trong quan he quoc td.
Chli tich Hd Chi Minh bay td su tan ddng:
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Vu Thi Anh Thu. Jawaharlal Nehru vd cdng cudc ddu tranh gidnh ddc ldp...
''Chung tdi hit sice tdn thdnh ndm nguyen trong nhirng nuac sam co quan he ngoai tdc ehung sing hog binh md Thu tuang giao voi nuac ta (dSn ngay 7/1/1972 nang Nehru Id mot trong nhimg nguai de xudng. len cap Dai sii quan).
Chung ta cdn cd hdg binh de xdy dung cudc sdng hgnh phiic cho nhdn ddn vd con chdu chiing tg" .
Vai tinh than dau tranh cho hoa binh.
An Dp dupe Hpi nghi Geneve nam 1954 trao chiic trach Chu tich Uy ban qu6c tS giam sat va kiSm soat viec thi hanh Hiep djnh a Dong Duang. Tren cuong vi do, ngay 17/10/1954 Thu tu6ng J. Nehru la vi khach nu6c ngoai dau tien den Ha N6i vira diing mpt tuan le sau ngay Thu d6 dupe giai phong. Trong lai chiic mimg vi khach, Chli tjch H6 Chi Minh da ca ngpi: "vj lanh tu yeu quy cua nuac An Dp vT dai, nguoi chien sT tan tuy cho hoa binh a chau A va the gioi, nguai ban tot cua nhan dan Viet Nam"*. Chuyen tham chinh thiic nay da ma ra mpt trang sir mai trong quan he giira hai nuoc nham tang cuang tinh doan ket diu tranh cho hoa binh, hiiu nghi giira cac dan tpc*. Ngay sau do, Tong lanh sy quan An Dp tai Viet Nam va Tong lanh su quan Viet Nam tai An Do duac dat tai Thu do hai nuac. Nhu vay, ngoai cac nuac xa h6i chu nghia chinh thirc cong nhan Viet Nam Dan chii Cpng hpa nam 1950, thi An Dp la mpt
' Hi Chi Minh Toan tap, tap 9 (2000), Nxb. Chlnh tr|
Qu6c gia, Ha Noi, tr.55-56.
' Hd Chi Minh Toan tap tap 9 (2000), Nxb. Chlnh tri Quoc gia, Hi Noi, tr.3.
Vio dip ky niSm 50 nam ngay gap g5 lich su giCTa Chli tich H6 Chi Minh vcri Thu tuong Nehru tai H4 Npi (17/10/1954 - |7/10/2004), Dai sii quan'Viet Nam tai An Do va Uy ban Doan k^t An Do - Vigt Nam da iin dat vong hoa tai tugng dai H6 Chl Minh 6 Trung tam Thanh pho Calcutta va 16 chiic nhifiu hoat dong ky ni^m khac.
3. Co the noi nam 1958 - 1959 la moc dau lan trong quan he Viet Nam - An Dp yd\ chuySn tham chi'nh thiic cua Chu tich H6 Chi Minh sang An Dp va T6ng th6ng Rajendra Prassad sang Vi?t Nam.
Noi chuyen vai nhan dan An Dp ngay 6/2/1958, Thil tudng Nehru chp bi6t: "Horn qua khi tir san bay vS, Chii tich H6 Chi Minh noi vol toi rang Ngai co dem tir Ha Noi sang mot vong hoa va mpt cay dai de dat va trong 6 nai ky niem Thanh Gandhi.
Nguai con noi them rang co dua sang mpt cay hpa dao de ky niem ong cu than sinh t6i"'°. Cir chi nay lihac den mpt sir kien lich sii quan trpng. Han 20 nam truac, nam 1927 tai Brussel - thu do nuac Bi da diln ra Hpi nghj qu6c te chong chu nghla thuc dan.
Chinh trong hpi nghj nay, nguai thanh nien Nguyen Ai Qufic da gap nha each mang An Dp Mortilal Nehru, nguoi cha kinh mSn ciia vj thu tuong J.Nehru. Trong chuySn tham Viet Nam vao nam sau, Tong thfing An Dp R. Prasad da mang tang mpt cay bfi de vfin la hau due ciia cay bfi d6 tfi 6 lang Bodhgaya (thupc bang Bihar) - noi Diic Phat Thich Ca giac ngo sau 49 ngay thiSn djnh. Cay bo de dupe trfing t£ii chiia Trin Qufic (Ha Npi) den nay vin xanh tuoi, biju Men mfii tinh cua nhan dan hai nuoc Viet - An khong ngimg dam hoa ket trai.
Bao ttng H6 Chi Minh (2003), Bac Ho vai An Bo.
Nxb. ThSng tin, Ha Ngi, tr.68.
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Nghien ciru An Dp vd Chdu A. Sd 05 - 2014 Thii tudng Nehru da danh nhung ldi tdt
dep nhat cho Chii tich Hd Chi Minh:
"Chiing ta dugc tidp don mdt con ngudi ma ngudi do la mdt phan lich su ciia chau A.
Ngoai phan gap gd mdt con ngudi vt dai, chiing ta da gap mgt mang lich su. Do do, chiing ta khdng chi dugc nang tam tu tudng, suy nghi ma cdn dugc ldn len ben Ngudi. Trong the gidi day bidn dgng xung dot va phan ly, that sung sudng khi Ngudi mang ldng tdt ciia con ngudi va tinh ban, tinh than ai dd vugt len tat ca"". Bay td niem tin vao tuang lai An Do dudi sir lanh dao ciia Thii tudng Nehru, Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh nhidu lan nhan manh: "De gidnh lgi ddc lap, tu do cda minh, nhdn ddn An Dp da anh dUng ddu tranh chdng chii nghia thuc ddn. Hiin nay An Dp la mdt nude ldn giir vai trd ngdy cdng quan trpng tren the gidi, dd ddng gdp nhiiu vdo viic bdo ve hda binh, phdt triin quan hi hiru nghi vd hop tdc qudc ti giira cdc nudc tren ndm nguyen tde ehung sdng hda binh" va ket luan: ^'Trong su nghiip ddu tranh eho hda binh, chdng chu nghia thuc ddn, nhdn ddn hai nudc chdng ta ludn ludn sdt cdnh ben nhau. Chiing ta dd dap dd birc tudng thuc ddn trudc ddy ngdn cdch ehung ta. Tir nay quan hi giira hai nudc ehung ta ngdy edng dugc thdt ehdt. Chiing tdi tin rdng quan he hiru nghi dd se tdng cudng mai mdP'
4. Cho ddn hdm nay, nhiing thap nien dau cua the ky XXI, tu tudng ca ban cua
" Bio Evening News, ngay 6/2/1958. DSn theo Bao t ^ g Uh Chi Minh (2003), Bdc H6 vdi An DQ. Nxb.
Th6ng tin, Hi Npi, tr.241.
'^ Bao ting H6 Chf Minh (2003), Bdc Ho vai An DQ, Nxb. Thong tin. Hi Noi, tr.79, tr. 112.
M.Gandhi, J.Nehru va Hd Chi Minh van cdn sdng dgng trong tinh than doan ket dau tranh vi hda binh, hihi nghi va hgp tac giua nhan dan hai nudc Viet Nam va An Do.
Hau nhu trong hon mia thd ky qua, cac vi nguyen thii hai nudc qua nhidu the he deu cd nhiing cudc tham vieng, tiep xuc, hdi dam va ludn bay td su ddng thuan trong cac van dd qudc td. Mdi quan he giiia hai nudc ngay cang that chat trong su ting hd iln nhau vd dudng ldi Ddi mdi ciia Viet Nam va chinh sach Hudng Ddng ciia An Do.
Thang 5/2003, lanh dao hai nudc da ky Tuydn bd cbung ve Khudn khd hgp tdc todn dien vdo thi ky XXI, den thang 7/2007 da nhat tri nang mdi quan he ldn lam ddi tde chiin luge.
Trudc nay, Viet Nam va An Do deu cd nhiing muc tieu cbung vd tang trudng va phat trien kinh te - xa hdi mgt each toan didn, cimg cd mgt tam nhin dap ung nguyen vgng cua nhan dan hai nudc. Mat khac, ca hai qudc gia deu phai ddi dien vdi nhiing thach thuc gidng nhau do suy thoai kinh te toan cau, cac mdi de dga ciia chu nghla khiing bd va cac vdn dd qudc td khac.
Trong Tuyen bd ehung nhan chuydn di tham ciia Tdng bi thu Nguyen Phii Trgng tai An Do ngay 20/11/2013, Thii tudng Manmohan Singh nhan manh "Viet Nam la tru cdt trong chinh sach Hudng Ddng ciia An Do"; didu nay nhan dugc su nh4t tri cua Tdng Bi thu Viet Nam vdi "mong mudn An Do cd vai trd tich cue ban d khu vuc va trdn trudng qudc td". Didm lai nhiing thanh tuu da dat dugc va dd ra nhimg "cam kdt chidn luge", hai bdn coi hgp tac quoc
Vu Thi Anh Thu. Jawaharlal Nehru vd cdng cudc ddu tranh gidnh ddc lap..
phdng trd thanh tru cdt quan trgng va nang quan he ddi tac kinh td trd thanh mdt trong nhung ndi dung chinh ciia quan he ddi tac chiSn luge giiia hai nudc'^.
Lich sir se mai mai kh4c ghi nhung ddng gdp to ldn ciia Thii tudng Jawaharlal Nehru va Chii tich Hd Chi Minh ddi vdi sir phat tridn tinh huu nghi Viet Nam - An Do, mdi quan h? dugc cac the he lanh dao va nhan dan hai nudc tidp tuc gm giii va vim dap, ciing cd va m d rdng, gdp ph^n vao su nghidp hda binh - hgp tac - phat trien song phuong ciing nhu d khu vuc va trdn thd gidi.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bao t^ng Hd Chi Minh (2003), Bdc Hd vdi An Dp, Nxb. Thdng tin, Ha Noi.
2. Nguyen Cong Khanh (2001), J. Nehru - tieu sir vd su nghiep, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Ndi.
3. Ankit Panda, India and Vietnam Continue to Make Important Strategic Inroads.
http://www.thediplomat.com/2013/11.
4. "Vietnam - India Strategic Partnership:
Spaces and Gaps", Indian Review of Global Affairs.
http://www.irgamag.com/analysist/term-of- engagementyitem 3932.
" Tuyen bd ehung Vi^t Nam - An Dd, Ban tin Vi^t Nam Thong tin x2 ngiy 21/11/2013 Xem thfim Ankid Panda, India and Vietnam Continue to Make Important Strategic Inroads. http:// the diplomat.com/2013/ll
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