K H 6 N G GIAN - THGfl GIAN BIEU HIEN C A M THlTC HIEN SINH T R O N G TIEU T H U Y E T NGUYEN DANH LAM
NGUYEN THI QUYNH NHU Tru&ng Dgi hgc Suphgm Dd Ndng
LE THI HUONG Tnrdng Dgi hoc Suphgm - Dai hgc Hui
Tom tat; Tieu thuyet Nguyen Danh Lam di dm cau tta Idi cho cau hoi "Tdi la ai?", do ciing la dich den ciia chii nghia hien sinh va van hpc. Dl mieu ta nhdng trang thai hien tdn cua con ngudi, nhd vdn dd tl chiic khong gian, tiidi gian ngh^ thuat dac thii, bieu hien hanh trinh nhpc nhSn di tim ban ihl, Cupc song hi^n len that ngon ngang, phi ly, con ngucri ttong do bi mdt phuong hudng, mdt thdng bdng. Nguyen Danh Lam da tim kilm, minh giai nhung dieu bi dn thupc ban the ngudi khi d^t nhan vat ciia minh ttong nhdng pMin doan khong gian, thdi gian d^c thii, qua do nhan vgt co thi thich nghi bay b]
"danh bgt" ra khoi dong chay.
TIT khda: chii nghia hien sinh, khdng gian, thdi gian, Nguyin Danh Lam I.MODAU
Xudt hign nh&ng nam dau the ki XXI, Nguyin Danh Lam gdy an Mgng tten v3n ddn Vigt Nam bdi nhdng tieu thuylt kha ddc dao. Anh la radt ttong sd it nhdng cay biit txi
"ty lam khd minh" bdng ldi vigt dam cam thdc hien sinh. Trong tac pham ciia minh {Bin vd thucmg, Giira vdng vdy trdn gian. Giira ddng chdy lgc), Nguyen Danh Lam ddc bi?t quan tam din thdn phdn con ngudi, nhdt la thi h§ tre, bdi trong xd hgi ngay cang hien dgi, con ngudi dudng nhu dl bi bd rai, bi quen lang. Tigu thuyet Nguyen Danh Lam di tim cau tra ldi cho cdu hdi "Tdi Id ai?" [1], dd cung la dich den cua chii nghTa hien sinh va van hpc. Dg mieu td nhihig trgng thdi hi^n tdn cua con ngudi, nha vdn dd td chdc khdng gian, thdi gian nghe tbuat ddc thu, bigu hi?n hanh trinh nhpc nhdn di tun ban thi.
2. KHONG GIAN BlfiU HIEN C A M THlTC HI$N SINH
Khdng gian nghe thugt tiong tilu thuylt Nguyin Danh Lam khdng dirag lai d vi^c phan anh bi§n thyc, nd cdn Id each de nha van the Men hanh tiinb tun kiem nhan vi. Dgc tieu thuylt Nguyin Danh Lam ta bdt gdp rdt nhieu nh&ng me lg, me cung. Sy quanh quan, lgc Idi ciia nhan vat tiong nhung mg lg, mg cung nhdm tai hi$n hanh trinh cugc sdng nhpc nhdn ciia con ngudi ttong thyc tai.
Trong tieu thuyet Giira ddng chdy lac, md ddu tac pham, anh dd lac budc trong mgt tda cao dc khi di phdng vdn xm viec. Hanh trinh ban ddu ciia anh da lac Idi; hit bgn trdi rdi Igi ben phdi, thang may thi chgt kin ngudi, tiiang bg thi dang siia ch&a. Anh cu chgy quan quanh ttong toa nhd, tu tdng mgt lgn tdng mudi sau, xudng tdng mudi ldm, tilp tuc len tdng mudi tam rdi Igi quay ngugc xudng tdng ttet... [4]. Khdng gian mg Ig cu md ra, T?p chi Khoa hpc vi Giao dye, Tru&ng Dai hoc Sir pham Hue
ISSN 1859-1612,S604(28}/2013:tr.89-95
NGUYEN THI QUYNH NHU" - LE THI Hi:'dNG
bun biit, ldn qudn. Hanh ttinh tim kiem chinh minh cua nhdn vdt khdng diem khdi dau va ciing khdng biit dau la kit thiic. Khdng gian dugc tac gia tai bien qua nhdn quan ctia nhan vdt bdng ttd nen rdi rdm, bat dinh. Anh phat Men ra rdng cu mdi ldn budc ra dudng Id anh lai lac vao "ma ttdn": lgc ttong mdt tda nha Men dai, cao tdng kM di pbdng vdn xin viec, lgc ttong benh vien kM dgn thdm dng ban hpa sT bi tai ngn, lgc ttong nhihig con dudng nhd d mdt khu nha ttg khi cung vg di nghi tudn trang mat...[4]. Anh hoang mang, bdt dinh bdi nh&ng con dudng anh di chua bao gid diing hudng. Anh nhu ludn bi dan ldi, ldm lgc tten timg budc chdn ciia minh de rdi cang cam thay cd don ban, xa lg ban vdi cugc ddi. Khdng biet ty bao gid anh dd trd thanh mdt "lac tbg" giua cugc sdng phdn hoa dd thi, cai lac thi chenh chao tidi dat theo ddng chay ciia cudc sdng nhung chua bao gid bat kip nd.
Khdng gian me Id, me cung the hien ro net nhdt tiong tieu thuyet Giita vdng vdy trdn gian. Md dau tieu thuyet, Thuc da Mng cd suy nghT mudn chdi bd cudc sdng bien tai d thanh thi buc bdi, chat h?p. Ldi suy nghT ky la dd Mdng chdng kbong bao gid cd thdt cho din khi anh that sy bi lgc Idi vao nhdng me Id, me cung cua mgt cugc hdnh trinh khdc liet tbi mdi thdm thia dugc ndi dau khd cua con ngudi khi bi luu day, ttdi ndi.
Khdng gian me cung dugc vg ra bdi he thdng mg Id chdng chit, vdi nhiing diem dimg ldp di Idp lai, ndi tigp nhau: ddng sdng, con thuyen, ldng, ngdi nhd, cdi ldn trong rdy, cdi ldn trong long chao... [3]. Lang tiong tieu thuyet Nguyin Danh Lam cung la mgt me cung thu nhd, nai trung tam cua cai vdng ttdn lan quan ma sd phgn da ddn Idi nhdn vdt, nai Thdc hi lac vao va sdng nh&ng thang ngay khdn kho cua mgt kiep ngudi. Trudc kM ddt chan vao lang, vdi quan niem cua mpt con ngudi Mgn dai, anh nghT rdng lang la nai chdn yen binh dg minh cd tbi nuang nhd: "Niu ldng dep. Sdng d ddy chdng hay sao md lai cdn ddi ra?" [3]. Nhirag, mgt khi da budc vao day thi khd cd thg tim dugc Idi ra:
"Anh dd vdo ldng thi khdng cd ldi ra ddu!... Ba mat todn la nu&c cd. Sau limg thi mii.
Anh ra dudng nao?" [3]. Cudc hdnh ttinh ciia cac nhan vgt ttong tigu thuygt Nguyen Danh Lam cu quanh qudn, chay vdng, M diem nay qua dilm khac rdi Igi quay vg ch6 cii: "Con duang tudng ddu hudng ihdng tu phia sdng len, hda ra lgi di vdng veo. Con sdng vua ndm ben trdi, qua vdo khuc ngogc, nd lgi sang ben phdi" [3]. Tat ca deu vd dinh, mu md dl rdi nhdn vat ludn d ttong mdt trang thai chenh chao, bat dinh.
Khdng gian me Id, rag cung cdn Men lgn thdng qua ranh gidi nhgt nhda gi&a thyc va do.
Tu khi rai xudng ddng sdng, Thuc da thyc sy mdt phuang budng vl thyc tgi. Khung canh xuiig quanh anh cdng luc cang ttd ngn hu do, md nhdc: "Mdn suang xoay tit. Xung quanh tdi den. Ngng trfch. Ddt dd trdn len Thitc. Mdt miii nghet dgc"; "'Chi thdy chdp chung mdt mdu cam do, trdi ddi cho den luc biin ddn thdnh trdng due. Rdng tuech. Vd biin. Bdu trdi tren ddu xanh mdt sdc xanh nggp nguc" [3]. Thdc da rai vao mdt khdng gian vdi bien gidi md nhde thyc - ao, cbo du anh cd ghi nhd canh vat xung quanh den bao nhigu ciing khdng cd tac dyng gj, bdi moi budc di lai md ra tnrdc mdt anh nhiing khung canh hoan toan xa Ig. Tac gia dudng nhu xda sach nhihig ddu vit cua cugc sdng hien dai de dua nban vdt cua minh ttd vl thdi tiln su. Nhung con dudng, ngdi nhd, ddng sdng... d ttong do khdng cd tgn ggi, khdng dugc dinh nghTa. Va cd con ngudi dang sdng ttong dd cung hoang da nhu khdng gian xung quanh hg. Con ngudi qua dd hien len la
KHONG GIAN - T H 6 I GIAN BIEU HIEN CAM THU'C HIEN SINH
nhung sinh thi that ddng thuang, lac loai, bg ddn danh mat nhan vi dg rdi quay cudng theo mdt cudc sdng ddy mgt mdi.
Trong thi gidi me cung ciia hien thyc, dem ttong tieu thuyet Nguyin Danh Lam dugc tao lap khdng mang ^ ngMa don thudn la su ndi tiep cua ngay, ma cdn la bieu Mgng cua bdng tdi, bi dn, ddy de dga. Nhan vdt lo du, hoai nghi, bdt dn tiirdc khdng gian me cung vd hinh ndy. Vdi Th&c, sau kM ti:ai qua nhung thdi khdc ttdn chay day cang thdng, dilu ma anh cam tiidy kmh khiing nhdt chinh Id bdng tdi. Trong mdt trang tiiai bdt lyc, anh ddn nhdn hg nhu mdt ndi kMgp dam: "Chiiu xudng, dim budng... Thirc ndm chd nhitng tiing chdn. Nhirng tiing chdn se xudt hiin a hu&ng ndo?" [3]. Bdng tdi va nhung tiing ddng tid tbdnb n6i am anh den ca tu ttong vd thdc ciia anh: "Thitc bdng lanh gdy. Anh tuang tugng ra mgt cdi bdng khdc bdt ngd nhd ra, chdng lin bdng anh tit phia sau" [3].
Dgm dai va tham tham theo each ciia nd, cu m5i lan cMeu ve, dem ddn ttdi din, Thuc lai cam thay: "Bdng dem thd ra tir moi ngdc ngach nhirng ldn hai Ignh lio ", "Dim kinh hodng. ddi ddc. Thitc thdm thia su nhd nhoi cda tri luc con ngu&i tru&c thien nhien "
[3]. Noi c6 don keo dai qua nhung thang ngay dai dang ding khign anh cang bi am anh bdi bdng tdi. Bdi do la luc mgi boat ddng dimg Igi, la liic con ngudi ta pbai ddi mat vdi chinh ban than minh. Dem da trd thanh mgt bieu Mgng giau sue ggi va day am dnh ttong tilu thuylt Nguygn Danh Lam. Nd thi hien cam quan ve su cd don, nhd be cua con ngudi tnrdc sy bao la, rdng Idn ciia ty nhign. Bigu tugng dem khdc sdu nh&ng am anh vl thdn phdn con ngudi.
Khdng gian nghf thugt ttong tieu thuyet Nguyen Danh Lam cdn Id khdng gian dich chuyin. Cac nhan vat ttong tieu thuyet cua anh cd nhung lan dich chuyen bign ddi khdng gian vdi mdt khoang each giua diem di va diem den kha xa cdch va kbac biet nhau. Khdng gian sdng cua Thuc khdng cd mdt vi tri cd dinh nao, khdng cd dilm trung tam: anh cbi d nhd tten thuyen ciia bai lao gid, ghe qua ngdi nha ciia cd gdi, ghe qua hdc da ttgn mii cao, ghe qua ray.,., kbong cd diem dung [3]. Ci dau anh ciing khdng cd dugc mgt cugc sdng yen dn, anh ludn trong trgng thai tdm ly ttdn chgy vi sg hdi mdt sue mgnh huyln bi nao dd. Ong hga sT tiong Giita ddn^ chdy lgc vi cdm thdy chan ngan cudc sdng bien tai da quyet dinh ra di, tim den mgt ddt nude xa lg. Nhung khi da thyc sy sdng ttong cdi khong gian xa lg dd dng rtidi thdu hieu het dugc ndi bat hanh cua nhihig con ngudi phdi luu vong nai xd ngudi. Khdng gian d ddt nude M^ xa xdi dugc md ra thdng qua ldi kl cua dng hga sT khi viet thu ve cho anh, dd la mpt khdng gian:
"...Khiing khiep! Tren trdi. dudi ddt, tru&c mat, trong ddu, todn la tuyit..." [4]. Ong khdng ngd rdng Idn dich chuyin ndy lai cang day dng ra khdi cupc sdng, dudng nhu dng hoan toan khdng cd kha nang thich irng vdi cupc sdng mdi vd chinh vi vgy dng da bi "//
tdm - bdn thdng ra ngodi" [4]. Bdng chirng cho sy li tdm do la lan dng trd ve Viet Nam sau nhitag thang ngay met mdi nai ddt khdch qug ngudi. Cdi khdng gian dich chuygn indi dd bign dng thanh mdt ngudi khac, mem yeu vd hoang sg cupc sdng thyc tgi. Ciing nhu anh, chuyen di Ign vung cao nguyen la mdt cupc banh ttinh vua nhu ttdn chay vua nhu muon tim kilm lgi ban than minh - cai phdn ma dd bi cugc ddi biln dgng cudp di mdt. Trgn chuyen xe dd, sy thay ddi ve khdng gian bien ro ttong mat anh: "Khdng gian cir bj day liii mdi vi sau. dang ddc. Anh thdy minh nhu dd d mgt kiip khdc. Khung canh.
NGL'V'EN THI QUYNH NHU - LE TH] Hl'CSNG
con ngu&i. miii vi, mdu sdc... Tat cd diu xa lg. Anh tic ddu lgc den nai ddy? Mdt chuyin di lac khdng chi & gdc do khdng - th&i gian..." [3]. Khdng gian djch cbuyen cua anh, cua dng hga sT hay cua Th&c diu la nhiriig cugc hanh trinh dai de tim kilm, de nhan thuc dugc chinh bdn than minh. Nhung cudi cimg bp van phdi ttd v l vgch xudt phat, mang theo nh&ng vit thuang Idng cdn dang ri mau. Nhdn vat cua Nguyin Danh Lam diu la nhung nhdn vi cd y thiic rat ro vl sy tdn tai cua minh, nhung cang nhu vdy, kM dang sdng gi&a mdt cudc sdng qua nhieu biln ddng, hp cang khdng the tbich irng, khdng thi tim dugc cho minh mdt nai chdn bau viu ve mdt tinh thdn. Hg cu mai bi lac loi. dgt ttdi din nhimg khdng gian vd dinh dg rdi ty cat vdn ban thdn rainh rang "Tdi Id ai? Tdi dang ldm gi & nai day?".
Con ngudi ttong nhung trgng budng Men sinh khdng pbai luc nao cung cd the tri nhgn dugc nhung diln bien xung quanh minh. Khong gian rdng la kigu khdng gian dugc xdy dyng nen nhdm tao lap mdt cam giac ddng ddc, xa cung cam xiic, mang tinh chdt cua nhihig dd vdt. Nd phdn anh nhan thirc cua nhihig ca nhan rat it hodc bau nhu khdng tran ttd vl phdn nban \ i ciia ban than minh, cudc sdng la sy ttdi dat, dua day ciia sd phgn chu khdng phai la budc di nhimg budc chan viing chSi, cd nhdn thuc. Nguyen Danh Lam, ttong tilu thuyet cua minh, ddi chd kha dung cdng dg xdy dung ngn kieu khdng gian mang tinh chat nay, qua do ndi cd don, ttdng vdng ciia nhan vgt dudng nhu cang nhdn lgn gdp bgi. Anh ttong tieu thuyet Giira ddng chdy lac nhieu lan sdng cimg ndi cd don, khdc khoai khi phai mdt minh ddi mat vdi nhdng dam ddng vd cam, xa ciing ve cam xiic, dam ddng mang guang mat ciia nhirag "do vat". De rdi kM sdng giua cai khdng gian dd, anh cam thay: "Tdm trgng rd r&i, ndi chdn ndn bat ddu xdm chiem.
Qudng duang truac mdt anh se Id nhung thdng ngdy phdp phiu trong cdi m& nua tinh nira me nhu thi ndy sao?" [4]. Trong cai ddm ddng hdn ddn nhung trdng khdng dd, chi cd minh anh nhdn thiic dugc sir pM Iy cua hien thuc cudc sdng ma hg dang tdn tgi, nban thdy cai khdng gian xung quanh minh dudng nhu trd nen xa cdng nhu nhihig dd vat.
Sdng giua khdng gian mang tbu mui vi pM Iy do, anh nhu cang cam tbay xa lg, ddi nghich vdi hien Idn.
Tigu thuylt Giita vdng vdy trdn gian ciing cd nhiing trudng doan dugc xay dung tu cam thuc ve mgt khdng gian rdng. Nhdn vdt Th&c tu kM lac vdo mot thg gidi an chua nMeu dieu ky lg da khdng ngimg ban khodn vg nh&ng dilu dien ra xung quanh minh. Nhiing con ngudi md anh gdp gd cung het sue k}' la, bi an. Dd la lao den, lao trang, cd gai, me cua cd gdi va Hg - nhihig ngudi gidu mat md sy Mgn dien cua Th&c dudng nhu vd hinb tiong mdt hp. Rai vdo khdng gian dd, sdng giua nhung con ngudi Ignh limg dd anh dudng nhu cdng ngdy cdng ttd nen tha hda, mgt sy tha hda vl cam xuc. Thuc khdng cdn mong hieu ve nhung sy viec xung quanh, khdng cdn biit do Id thuc hay ao, budng xudi cho sd phdn vd nghT rang cudc ddi minh nhu mdt vdng ttdn Iudn qudn, bg tdc.
3. THdl GIAN BIEU H E N CAM THU'C HIEN SINH
Th&i gian lap, dan diiu la mdt ttong nhiing thu phdp nghe thuit, la each Nguyin Danh Lam de cho nhdn vat cua minh sdng ttong cai qudn quanh, phi li cua cudc ddi. Neu nhu d dau truygn, nhan vdt Thac ttong tac pham Giita vdng vdy trdn gian vdn cdn tri nhan
KHONG GIAN - THdl GL\N BIEU HIEN CAM THU'C HIEN SINH ..
va chua xdt trudc ddi sdng ngng ng cam ao, tam quen di thdi gian thi din gan cudi truyen, nhung ndi thdng khd, hoang mang Men birii da kMen anh hoan toan mdt di khdi niem vl thdi gian. Lac vao rag cung bat tan, quan quanh, nhdn thuc ciia anh mdt ddn dinh hudng vl thdi gian. Thdi gian dugc nhdc din chi la lign tyc nhdng ngdy ndi ngdy, dem ndi dim, budi sang din budi chiiu md khdng xdc dinh dugc ten ggi, ngdy thdng ndm ndo... [3]. Cudc sdng ciia anh ttong thdi gian do chi la su ndi tiep ciia ngay va dem.
Sy ldp lgi, ndi ddi dd khign cbo anh va ca ngudi dgc khdng cdn phdn dinh dugc dau Id ngay thdng, chi cd sy khdc biet giua ngay sang va dem tdi md tiidi. Thdi gian cii trdi di radt each vd tinh khdng quan tdm din vdng ddi ciia con ngudi, nd cii l&ng tiiung ttdi theo vdng Mdn hoan ciia nd, khdng khdi ddu, khdng dirag lgi. Thdi gian chi dugc nhdn dinh thdng qua sy tuan hodn ciia mua, ciia con trang, dan gian, nhip nhang, vd thuy - vd chung... Dieu dd khien cho nhdn thuc ciia nhan vdt cang tid nen hoang mang, bdt dinh.
Anh ttong tieu thuyet Giita ddng chdy lgc cung vdy: "Ngdy mai nghTa la su ndi ddi ciia hdm nay, chdng gi khdc" [4]. Anh dd mdt khai niem vl thdi gian ngay tii ddu tinyen khi anh lgc ttong tda cao dc vdi chile di^n thogi bet pin. Nhung ngay sau do chi la su xdu chudi vao cugc ddi thdm dugc ngay ndo bay ngay do. Anh vdn ngdi dd, lgc loai gi&a ddng chdy hdi hd ciia cudc ddi. Khdng cdng viec, khdng gia dinh, khdng be ban...[4], anh vui mmh vao cai khoang khdng gian rieng tu, bdc Ien mdt thu mui u dm ciia sy chan chudng, bdt mdn.
Thdi gian ttong tieu thuyet Nguyin Danh Lam du cd luc keo dai bdi nd gdn lien vdi nhiMg kiep ngudi sdng lay Idt qua cugc ddi, thi nhung cung cd khi la nhOng khoanh khdc hiin ton cd sue dung chua dudng nhu cd cudc ddi nhan vat. Con ngudi trong nhihig phut giay dy cMgm nghiem Igi tdt ca lg sdng ciia cudc ddi minh, nhgn thdc vl gid tri hOn hgn ciia ban than minh gi&a cupc sdng vd cimg vd tgn. Dd la hdn, la gd - nhOng nhan vdt ttong tieu thuylt Bin vd thudng, vdi cupc sdng ldn lgn, buong chdi de muu sinh Mdng chung khdng mdt pbiit gidy ndo ngirag nghi. Thi nhung ttong hdn, ttong ga vin ldng dgng nh&ng khoanh khac de hdi Mdng lgi mgt phdn ddi ma minh da trdi qua dg rdi nhdn ra rdng cu^c ddi mmh khdng mdt chut y nghTa ndo. Con ngudi nhu bdn-ke da tirng bdt chdp cd thdn chet, sdng khdng gia dinh, khdng muc dich, cung cd nhOng luc tu cat vdn ban thdn minh. Nhung phut giay quan ttgng ttong cugc ddi, hdn mdi tiiyc sy nhdn thdy sy di biet ciia mdnh ddt nai hdn sinh ra va Idn len: "Oi mdnh ddt bj nguyin riia, bf luu day" [2], de rdi bdn lgi tilp tuc suy nghT vl cupc ddi ciia minh, mOt phdn ddi da ttdi qua qua vd nghTa va phdn ddi tilp theo cung that den tdi. Cai giay phut dd, cd le Id khodnh khdc duy nhdt trong cugc ddi han da dugc song, nhgn tbuc vl nhdn vi, ve cugc ddi de rdi chdp nh^n thyc tai, ddi mdt vdi tgi ldi dd gay ra, chd khdng budn trdn chgy, lan tianh n&a. Hay nhu anh ttong tieu thuyet Giita ddng chdy lgc, sau kM trai qua rdt nhieu biln dgng trong mdt thdi gian ngan ngiii, sau cai chet dot nggt cua dng hga sT - ngudi ban cdn lai duy nhdt, dd cd nhiriig ^hut giay ddi dm vdi hu tro ciia ngudi ban gia, nhu the dng van dang cdn sdng, dang ngdi ben anh nhu mgi ngay va chia se cimg anh nhinig y nghTa Men sinh ciia cugc ddi. "Vdy thi v&i dng, tru&c mat anh phut ndy ddy, cd y nghTa gi trong viic phdn chia tdn tgi vd hu vd. Anh that s^ thdy dng dang ngdi dd, cung nhu dirang nhien Id dng dd chit. Hai coi thuc vd do trdn hda" [4], Trong cdi
NGUYEN THj QUYNH NHU - LE THI Hi:dNG
khoanh khdc ngung dgng, hda hgp gi&a thyc va do, sinh va tii dd, Nguyen Danh Lam da de cbo anh trd chuyen cung dng, binh than, tTnh tgi. Nhan vdt da vugt qua Men sinh, vugt qua cdi chgt de budc vao coi vTnh hang, an nhien. Nguygn Danh Lam da khdng gidi quygt vdn dl sinh M theo quan Mem thdng thudng, vdi anh, gi&a sdng vd chgt, gida cdi smh va cdi M khdng cd kboang each, dogn ddi thogi giua anh va dng hga sT la d ngay ttong cdi hien sinh, vdi tam thg an nhien, tinh tgi, dam thdm tinh nghTa. Bdng each do, tac gia da ^iuji cho nhdn v^t cua minh dgt dugc mgt trang thai tam ly cdn bang dg rdi cd the than sudt ve cudc ddi, vl con ngudi.
Th&i gian don nen, dut gay cung la mdt cdch xay dyng bdi cdnh chung ttong tdc phdm ciia Nguyen Danh Lam. Nhan vdt ttong tigu thuyet ciia anh ddi khi khdng tri nhan dugc thdi gian. Sy cudn ttdi, dua day ciia ddng thdi gian kMgn hg khdng thg nao bat kip nd.
Dd Id mdt Th&c {Giita vdng vdy trdn gian) hoan toan mat di y thirc vl thdi gian. Md ddu tac pbam, anh cdn bdi vl thdi gian nhirag rdi khdng cd ai biet: "Hdm nay thd mdy, ngdy mdy, em chd biit. Ngdy ndo cUng gidng ngdy ndo i md" [3]. Cau tta ldi mu md, chdng rd bdi hp khdng cdn quan tdm den ngay thang khi ma cugc sdng ciia hg khdng cdn nMeu y nghTa ngoai viec muu sinh qua ngay. Cang ve sau, ngay thing ttdi qua ddi vdi anh cang ttd nen hoan toan vd ngMa vi du cd cd gdng din bao nhieu anh cung khdng thi xdc dinh dugc minh da d bao lau ttong cai thi gidi day ndi khilp sg dy. Ddng y thuc ciia anh da boan toan hi dut doan, thai gian dut gdy, ma bd: mua mua dd di qua cung dugc ba thdng rdi, vdy md anh van nghT la chi mdi may ngay [3]. Cung gidng nhu anh tiong tilu thuylt Gida ddng chdy lac, vdi anh ngay hdm nay Id sy ndi tilp cua ngay hdm qua, khdng cd gi khac biet. Cugc sdng M tiing, tdn dgng ciia anh khiln mgt ngay ttd nen dai va vd vi. Cho den kM anh ldy vg, su cd xay ra vdi ngudi ban ngay ttong dem tan hdn Igi keo cdng cdi khoang thdi gian Mdng chimg hanh phiic nhdt cua ddi vg chdng tte. Tirag thdi khac ttdi qua ttong dem hdm dy thgt ndng ng: ba gid sdng, bdn gid ruai sdng. chi con ba tiing ddng Ad...[4]. Hp ndm ben nhau nhu hai sinh thi khd cdn, dugc ddt cgnh nhau chu hodn toan khdng cd mdt chut cam giac nao dl roi ttong khoanh khdc dy anh cam thdy: "Mgt ndi budn ddng len, xdm chiim anh, ndi budn thdm sdu, khdng phdi cdi budn bi mat, v&i nhirng nguyen do rdt gdn xdy den, nd du&ng nhu vd c&? Hay la sif mdt mdt cua thdi gian dugc ddnh ddu bdi sif kien vira trdi qua? Hay la cdn gi gi nira..." [4].
Trong nh&ng mang dut gSy cua thdi gian, nhdn vat Igi suy ngam vl nh&ng ndi dugc mit ciia ddi n^udi. Thdi gian vd tinh, long ngudi ddy nhihig hoang mang, bdt dn. Lai m^t ldn nua vdn dl Men sinh dugc tdc gia nhdn mgnh nhu mdt nut thdt dl nhdc nhd con ngudi ta ve cudc ddi va thdn phdn lam ngudi.
Nhu vay, cd thi tiidy rdng khdng-thdi gian nghe thudt ttong tilu tiiuylt ciia Nguyin Danh Lam la ylu td quan ttgng lain nen thanh cdng ciia tdc phdm. Tdc gia da tgo Igp mOt "cai ngn" Idia ddc dao de rdi ttong dd nhan vat cd thi bdc Id mdt each rd net nhdt nhung trang hudng Men sinh ciia minh. Con ngudi sdng ttong mdt khdng-thdi gian dn chira nhihig dieu phi ly, bat toan, dg rdi ngay cang trd nen cd don, xa lg vdi chung quanh, vdi chinh minh. Mgt khi con ngudi cdn mo hd vl khdng gian/thdi gian cung cd nghTa la hg cQng dang ma hd vl su tdn tai ciia than phan minh. Cam thdc hien sinh nhu dn sau vao cai nhm cua con ngudi vl cugc ddi, vl khdng gian vu tru.
KHONG GIAN - THCJl GIAN BIEU HlgN CAM THLTC HIEN SINTI...
4. KET LUAN
Van bgc Mgn sinh dat ra cau hdi "Tdi la ai?". J. P. Sartte da tiing khdc khoai: "Con ngu&i. anh la ai?" [5]. Ddu dl cap nhieu vdn de cua ddi sdng, nhung vg co ban tieu thuylt Nguygn Danh Lam nhdm di tim can tid ldi cho cdu hdi vg digu bi an cua con ngudi. Nguyin Danh Lam da nd lyc tim kigm, minh giai tihihig digu dd kM ddt nhan vgt cua minh ttong nhimg phign dogn khdng gian, thdi gian ddc thu, qua do nhan vat cd the thich nghi hay bi "ddnh bgt" ra khdi ddng chay. Cugc sdng Men Ien that ngdn ngang, pM ly, con ngudi ttong dd bi mat phuang hudng, mat thdng bdng.
Nhan vdt ciia Nguyin Danh Lam ludn khao khat, tim Idem cai ban nga ciia chinh minh, nhung cang di hg lgi cang cam thdy bl tdc, quan quanh. Tac gia xdy dung hinh tupng nhiing con ngudi cd dan, ddn than, truy tim ban the trong khdng - gian thdi gian diil gay, ma bd xuat phat tu cam hiing nhdn dao, tu sy cdm thdng, thdu higu nh&ng ndi khd dau ciia con ngudi giua cudc ddi khac nghiet, pM ly. Bdi theo Sartre: "Chu nghia hien sinh la chu nghTa nhdn dgo".
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
[1] D6 Dire Hilu (1978), Phi binh vdn hpc hiin sinh chu nghia, NXB Van hpc. Ha Npi.
[2] Nguyin Danh Lam (2005), Bin vd thudng, NXB Hpi nha van, Hd Noi.
[3] Nguyen Danh Lam (2005), Giita vdng vdy trdn gian, NXB Hpi Nha vdn. Ha Npi.
[4] Nguyin Danh Lam (2010), Giira ddng chay lgc, Nxb Vdn nghe, TP. H I Chi Minh.
[5] J. P. Sartre (Thu Nhan dich) (1997), Hien sinh mot nhdn bdn thuyit, NXB Thi su.
Title: SPACE - TIME EXPRESSING THE SENSE OF EXISTENCE IN NGUYEN DANH LAM'S NOVELS
Abstract: Novels of Nguyen Danh Lam find the answer for tbe question "who ara I?", which is also the aim of existentiaUsm and bterature. To describe the human existential status, the writer organizes specific art space and time, showing a hard ttip to fmd essence. Life seems so chaotic, irrational and people tend to lose all sense of direction and balance Nguyen Danh Lam has looked for and interpreted the mystenes of essence by putting his characters into the specific space and time through which the characters can adapt or be "kicked out" from the passage of Me.
Keywords: existentialism, space - time expression, Nguyen Danh Lam
NGUYEN TH! QUYNH NHU
Hoc \ ien Cao hpc, Trudng Dgi hpc Su pham Da N5ng DT: 0167 525 4534, Email: quynhnhu47snv(«. email com IS. LE THI H U 6 N G
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