TAP CHi CONG THtfdNG
KHA NANG THICH ifNG NGHE NGHIEP - TIEN DE VA HE QUA
• N G U Y I N TH! KIM CHI - PHAM THj KIM NGQC
TOM TAT:
Trong mdi trffdng lam vide lidn tuc thay ddi va khdng dn dinh, kha nang ciia cac ca nhan de dilu chinh va thich Ung trong cdng vide la rat quan trpng cho sU thanh cdng. Trong cdng vide, thich ffng vdi nhffng thay ddi la khd nang thich Ung nghi nghidp. Khd nang thich ffng ngbl nghidp la
"thai dd, ndng Iffc va hanh vi ma mdi ca nhdn siJ dung de hda hdp ban thdn hp vdi cdng viec".
Bang phffdng phap nghien cffu dinh linh tai ban, bai bdo tdp trung lam rd dinh nghia, cae yd'u td tien d l cung nhff cac ye'u td he qua cua kha nang thich ffng nghi nghiep. Bai bao cung tdng hdp cae nghien effu trude day v l eac md hinh nghidn cffu cic yd'u to' tien d l tac ddng dd'n kha nang thich ffng nghe nghidp, bao gdm cdc nhdm yeu id thupc ve ca nhan, nghe nghiep va td chffc va cac ye'u id he qua cua kha nang ihich ffng ngbl nghidp nhu ky nang, nilm tin vd chil^n Iffde hdn quan dd'n nghe nghidp, eiing nhff kd't qud eude sdng va edng viec.
Ttf khda: Khd nang thich ffng, kha nang thich ffng ngbl nghidp, thich ffng thay ddi.
1. Gidi thidu chung
Kha nang Ihieh ffng la nhffng to' eha't ma mdi ngUdi can ed d l dam bdo thanh cdng trong nhffng qua trinh thay doi trong sU nghiep cua minh. Kha nang thich ffng bao gdm sff dilu ehinh d l phu hdp vdi nhffng ydu eau cdng vide ngay cang khd, vdi sff ehuyen doi edng viec va vdi nhffng khd khan ed nhdn thdng qua gidi quye't cac va'n de ba't thffdng, cd tac ddng xafu va phffc tap (Saviekas, 2005, p.51).
Todn elu hda vd hdi nhap kmh td'qud'c te'la cd hdi de phdt trien nhUng cung an chffa ra't nhilu thdch thffc dd'i vdi moi nln kinh Id', dac biet la d nhffng qud'e gia dang phat tnen nhff Viet Nam. Vdi mdi trffdng cdng viec ngay cang toan cau hda va nhieu bid'n dpng, mdi ngffdi can phdi ed mot kha nang thich Ung Id'l trong cdng vide mdi cd the tdn lai va phdt triln. Tuy nhidn, cdn it cac nghien cffu d Viet Nam d l cap de'n vd'n d l v l kha nang thich Ung ngbl nghiep nay.
Bai bdo nay nham lam rd khdi niem kha ndng
thich ffng nghe nghidp va ldng quan cac edng trinh nghien cffu ve khd nang thich Ung nghe nghidp de dUa ra bffe tranh tdng the v l cdc yd'u to tien de tdc ddng den kha nang thich Ung nghe nghiep eung nhUhd qua cua nd.
2. Khai nidm kha nang thich u'ng nghi nghidp
2.1. Khdi niem
Kha nang thich Ung lien quan dd'n nang life eua mdi ca nhan de vudt qua mdi trUdng mdi va thay ddi. Trong ITnh vUc cdng vide, thieh ffng vdi nhiing thay ddi dffde md id la kha nang thich Ung nghe nghidp (Saviekas, 1997). Saviekas (2005) dinh nghia kha ndng thich ffng nghe nghidp nhff la thdi dp, nang Iffc va hanh vi ma mdi ea nhan sff dung de hda hdp ban than ho vdi cdng viec. Khd ndng thich ffng nghe nghidp Id nhffng Id' chd'i ma mdi ngffdi can ed de dam bao thanh cdng trong nhffng qua tnnh chuyen ddi cdng vide cua minh, nd bao gdm sff dieu ehinh de phu hdp vdi nhffng yeu cau cdng vide ngay cang khd, vdi sff chuyen ddi cdng
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vide va vdi nhffng khd khan ed nhan thdng qua giai quyd't cac van de bd't thffdng, cd tde ddng xa'u va phUe tap. Kha nang thieh ffng ngbl nghidp dffde xem nhff la cac ky nang cho phep mdi ea nhan thich ffng vdi sU da dang va mdi trUdng ldm vide bid'n ddi (Saviekas, 2005).
Kha nang thich ffng nghi nghidp cho phep con ngUdi do'i phd vdi nhffng thay ddi trong mdi trUdng lam vide, chang ban nhu sff du thffa, lai cdca'u, sU thud ngodi va hay khdng bao dam cdng viec, ta't cd cac dac diem cua mdi trUdng kinh doanh hidn nay.
Khd nang thich ffng ngbl nghidp eung lien quan dd'n sU sdn sdng cua mdi ed nhan d l dUdng dau vdi nhUng nhidm vu dUde bao trudc (nhU lap kd' hoach, chud'n bi va tham gia cdng vide) cung nhu cdc nhu cau khdng dU bdo trUdc eua td ehffe (nhff la sff thay ddi trong cdng vide va nghe nghidp).
Theo Hall and Chandler (2005), kha nang thieh ffng dUdc dinh nghia nhUla khd nang eua mdi ed nhdn, sU san sdng vd ddng lUe dd'i vdi thay ddi.
Trong bd'i canh thd' gidi cdng vide dang thay ddi, kha nang thich ffng va phan Ung cua mdi ea nhdn vdi thay ddi Id chia khda cua thanh cdng.
Kha nang thieh ffng nghi nghidp d l cap den sU s5n sang cua ca nhan de dap ffng vdi thay ddi cung nhu eae ngudn lUc eho phep ho dd'i phd vdi sU thay ddi thdng qua hoach dinh, kham phd, hudng dan sU quye't dinh nghi nghidp (Rossier, Zecca, Stauffer, Maggiori & Dauwalder, 2012).
Kha nang thich ffng nghi nghidp ed the dffde dinh nghia nhu la sU phan ffng sdn sang cua mdi ngudi va ngudn lUc de doi mat ma mdi ngUdi sff dung dedUtinh, kham phd va quye't dinh lidn quan de'n kha ndng tUdng lai cua nghe nghidp. Nhffng phan ffng va ngudn Iffe tao ndn nhffng phan trong qua tnnh dinh hffdng ngbl nghidp va hidu qua trong viec hd trd ca nhan de dat mong mud'n trong nhffng rang budc cua mdi trUdng (Rossier et al., 2012).
Nhu vdy, ta cd the thd'y rdng mde du cac nha nghidn cffu da dffa ra ede khdi nidm khac nhau ve Khd nang thich Ung nghi nghidp, nhUng lUu chung lai vdn la mdt quan dilm ed'hffu rang: "Kha nang thieh Ung nghi nghidp la mdt nang luc quan trong cua moi ed nhdn d l ed thi ddi mat vdi cde thay ddi trong edng vide, giffp eho mdi ngffdi ed thi tao ra dffde eac quyd't dinh hdp ly va dat dffde muc tidu, kd't qud mong mudn".
2.2. Cdc khia canh cua Khd nang thich dng nghe nghiep
Ly thuyd't xay dffng nghe nghiep (Saviekas, 1997) dffa quan dilm ve ngff cdnh vd van hda vao sff thich ffng xa hdi vd phdt triln eon ngffdi. Tap trung vao sU thich Ung cua cd nhdn trong mdi trUdng td ehffe, ly thuyd't nghe nghidp nghien effu edch ma mdi cd nhan chuan bi, gia nhdp va tham gia trong vai trd edng vide cua hp va each ma ho dd'i mat vdi sff chuyen ddi cdng viec va thay ddi ndi lam viec. Theo quan diem nay, mdt nghi nghiep dffde xem nhu la mdt cdeh ma mdi ed nhdn duy tri ban than trong xa hdi thdng qua sU hdi nhap xa hdi (Saviekas & Porfeli, 2012).
Theo ly thuye't nghe nghidp, Khd nang thieh Ung bao gdm bd'n khia canh: Kha nang quan tam, Khd nang kilm soat, Kha nang kham pha va Kha nang tff tin.
- Khd nang quan tdm v l iffdng lai giup mdi ngffdi nhin ve phia trffdc va chuan bi cho nhffng gi sap xdy ra.
- Kha nang kilm sodt eho phep mdi ngffdi trd nen cd trdeh nhidm dinh hinh ban than va mdi trudng eua ho d l dap Ung nhffng gi xdy ra tie'p theo bang each sff dung tU ky ludt, nd lUc va kidn tri.
- Kha nang kham pha nhac con ngUdi suy nghi ve bdn thdn hp trong cdc vai trd vd tinh hud'ng khac nhau ndn ban than vd ede tinh hud'ng khac nhau ma hp tao ra dUdc khdm pha. Nhffng kinh nghidm khdm phd vd ede hoat ddng tim kid'm thdng tin tao ra hffng thu va phat trien.
- Kha nang tff tin eho rang ngffdi do cd thi hien thUc hda sU lUa chpn de thUc hien thie't kd' eude sd'ng eua hp.
Do do, khi cac nhiem vu nghi nghiep, sU chuyen ddi nghe nghidp, hoac khd khan cdng vide xay ra, cde cd nhdn thieh ffng nay dffde quan nidm nhff la: (a) trd thanh quan tdm dd'n tffdng lai nghe nghidp, (b) kilm sodt sff cd gang de chuan bi eho tffdng lai nghe nghiep eua minh, (c) bieu thi sU td md bang each khdm pha kha nang bdn than va vidn canh tUdng lai, va (d) tang effdng sff tU tin d l theo dudi khdt vpng cua minh.
3. Cac hudng nghidn cd'u ve kha nang thich d'ng nghi nghiep
Nghien cffu khd ndng thich ffng nghi nghidp (Career Adaptability) la mdt chu de da dffde quan tam nhilu trdn the' gidi va dd cd rd't nhilu cdc cdng
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trinh nghien cffu cac khia eanh khde nhau cua kha nang thich ffng nghi nghidp dffde edng bd' tren cac tap chi chuyen nganh uy tin. Nhin chung, eac nghidn cffu vl Kha nang thieh ffng nghe nghidp hien nay tap trung vao 3 hffdng chinh: (1) Nghidn cffu khai nidm va thang do danh gia Kha nang thich Ung nghi nghiep tai eac qud'c gia va cho cdc dd'i tffdng khac nhau; (2) Nghien cffu cac ye'u to dnh hffdng tdi kha ndng thich Ung nghi nghidp; (3) Nghien cffu ede he qua cua kha nang thich ffng cdng viee.
3.1. Nghien cdu khdi niim vd thang do Kha ndng thich dng nghe nghidp
Cac nghien effu da lam ro khdi niem ve kha nang thieh ffng nghe nghiep va cac ydu td' phffc tap eua nd, ddng thdi cung khang dinh tixa quan trong cua nd trong sff nghiep, cdng vide cua mdi con ngffdi tff vide lUa chpn nghi nghiep cho dd'n vide dd'i mat va vUdt qua nhffng sU chuyin ddi, nhffng khd khan bd't ngd xay ra trong sud't quang thdi gian edng tac cua minh. Kha nang thich Ung nghi nghidp la mdt khdi niem tam ly xd hdi, nd bieu thi ngudn Iffe eua mdi cd nhan d l dffdng dau vdi cde nhidm vu hien tai vd tffdng lai, sff chuyen ddi, ede khd khan trong cdng viee (Saviekas &
Porfeli, 2012, p 662). Kha ndng thieh ffng nghe nghiep Id mdt khai niem cd't loi cua linh vUc nghidn cffu nghe nghidp, do dd, cdc nhd nghidn effu da tie'n hanh cac cudc nghidn cffu qud'c te' de xay dUng thang do, danh gia do tin cay cua thang do vd cac thanh phan eua kha nang thieh Ung ngbl nghiep. Cdc nha nghien effu tff 18 qud'c gia (Uc, Bi, Braxin, Trung Qud'c, Anh, Phap, Dffc, Hong Kong, Ai len, Y, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Ha Lan, Bo Ddo Nha, Nam Phi, Thuy Si, Dai Loan va Hoa Ky) trong sudt 4 nam dd cung nhau nghien cffu xay dUng thang do khd nang thich ffng nghe nghiep. Hp da cung nhau xdy dffng khai niem vd phat trien thang do bang tid'ng Anh, sau dd dich sang cdc ngdn ngff cde nffde va kilm dinh dp tin eay d cae qud'c gia khac nhau (Saviekas &
Porfeli, 2012). Thang do CAAS gdm 4 thang do thanh phan, moi thang do thanh phdn gdm d chi so'. 4 thang do thanh phan Id: Kha nang quan tam (Concern), Khd ndng kiem soat (Control), Kha nang khdm phd (Curiostity), va Kha nang tff tin (Confidence). Trong cdc nghien cffu gan day, thang do CAAS dang rdt gon dUdc siJ dung gdm
4 thang do thanh phan, mdi thang do thanh phan gdm 3 chi sd'da dUdc kiem dinh va ddnh gid mtJc dd phii hdp de do lUdng.
3.2. Nghiin ciiu cdc yi'u to tien de dnh bi0ng tdi khd ndng thich dng nghi nghifp
Cic nghien cffu v l eae yd'u to' tien de anh hffdng de'n kha nang thieh ffng ngbl nghidp chu yd'u tap trung vao 3 nhdm:
- Nhom cdc yi'u to' thuoc vi cd nhdn: Tri tue edm xuc (Melinde Coetzee, Nisha Harry, Catherine Prentice a,*, Brian E.M. King b,); hy vong vd tinh than lac quan (Wilkins, Kerrie G;
Sandlli, Sara; Ferrari, Lea; Nota, Laura); Idng tif trpng va tinh chu ddng (Cai, Zijun; Guan, Yanjun;
Li, Hongyan; Shi, Wei; Guo, Kun); sff khde biet eua mdi cd nhdn: Dac dilm nhdn kh^u hpe, 5 dac diem tinh edch cd't loi Big Five, sff tff ddnh gid c^t loi; dinh hffdng thdi gian (Zaeher); tinh cdch chd dpng va sff tu ra quye't dinh nghi nghidp (Chunna Hou); tinh cdch ehu ddng va sU sdng sud't, nhay cam trong kinh doanh (Marilyn A. Uy); phong each sd'ng, dffdng dau vdi dp Iffe (StoUz, Kevin);
cam gide gan kd't (Harry, Nisha)...
- Nhdm cdc ye'u to' thuoc ve gia dinh, xd hdi nhU:
Mong ddi cua cha me, sff hid'u thdo (Li, Xixi), sif can thiep va hd trd eua cha me (Yanjun Guan); h6 trd cua xa hdi (Wang, Zhongming; Fu, Ying), tinh trang kinh td' xa hdi (SES) va giai ea'p xa hpi (Eshelman, Alec).
- Nhdm cdc ye'u to thuoc vi ddc diem nghe nghiip vd to chdc: NhU gid trj cdng vide, sU sang tao, thdch thffe, mdi trffdng lam vide (Ye, Lihui, 2015), cdc ky nang nghe nghidp va sff hpc tap hen tuc (Coetzee, Melinde; Ferreira, Nadia), kinh nghidm thUc tap (Silva, Claudia Sampaio Corrda da; Teixeira, Marco Antdnio Pereu-a), sU da dang ve ngbl nghiep (Zhu, Guorong; Ayse KaraevU a, Douglas T. Tim Hall), Viec hpc tap (Brown, Alan; Bimrose, Jenny; Barnes, Sally-Anne; Hughes, Deirdre), van hda qud'c gia (Gunkel, Marjaana; Schlgel, Christopher; Langella, Ian M; Peluchette, Joy V; Reshemyak, Elena), hpc hdi ciia id ehffe (Masih hajian, Seyed AH Siadat, Saeed Rajaeepour), phong each lanh dao (Kanagaletchumy).
3.3. Nghien cdu cdc h^ qua cua kha ndng thich ling nghe nghi$p
- Mdt so' nghidn cffu gan day cho thd'y khd nang thich ffng nghe nghidp dffde do Iffdng bdi CAAS
qUANTRI-QUANlV
CO mo'i quan he vdi cdc ky nang, nilm dn va chid'n lUdc lidn quan dd'n nghi nghiep, ciing nhUkd't qua cupc sd'ng vd edng vide. Vi du, kha nang thich ffng nghe nghiep tieh effe dff doan ky nang lam viec nhdm (de Guzman & Ok, 2013), lim kie'm viec lam tu lin (job search self-efficacy) (Guan etal., 2013), sU kien tri theo dudi muc lieu, dieu chinh muc lieu linh hoat, va ke't qud thanh edng nghi nghidp, sU hai long sU nghidp vd sU thang tid'n (Tolentino, Garcia, Restubog, Bordia & Tang, 2013).
- Thdm vao dd, kha nang thich ffng nghe nghiep lich cUc dU doan mffc do quan tam rpng rdi ciia nhdn vidn, dinh hffdng hanh phuc, phue Idi tdng the vd su ehuydn nghidp, va ehd't lUdng cupc sd'ng, va quan he ngffdc chilu tdi nhffng rao cdn nghi nghiep va nhffng cang thang trong cdng viec (Maggiori, Johnston, Krings, Massoudi &
Rossier, 2013; Soresi, Nota, & Ferrari, 2012).
- Kha nang thich ffng nghi nghiep tich effe dff dodn sU cam ke't nghe nghiep, xde dinh nghe nghiep, vd khdm phd sU nghidp (chilu sdu vd chieu rdng), va tac ddng ngUde ehilu tdi du dodn tffdng lai sff nghi ngd cam ket nghi nghidp (Porfeli
& Saviekas, 2012).
Tdm lai, cae nghidn cffu da ehi ra rat nhieu cdc ye'u td tac ddng tdi kha nang thich ffng nghi nghiep. Nhin chung, cdc nghien cffu da tap trung nhilu vdo dd'i tffdng hpe sinh, sinh vidn ehffa td't nghiep d l nghidn cffu phuc vu cho viec ndng eao kha ndng thich ffng nghi nghiep cho dd'i tUdng nay khi ra trUdng. Dd'i tUdng ndy chUa thUe sU budc vao ngbl nghidp, chUa cd kinh nghidm thUc tidn ve nghi nghidp nen ehi hudng tdi cde yd'u to' tiendl ban dau, cdn lai cac ye'u td thupc vl kinh nghidm, td ehUe thi chUa nhieu nghidn cUu. Tuy cung cd mdt sd' nghien cUu v l dd'i tUdng edn bd, nhdn vidn da di lam nhffng sd' lUdng ehUa nhilu va chi tap trung vao mdt sd' it ngbl ndn ean cd them cdc nghidn cffu cho cac dd'i tffdng nay. Dac biet, ed rat it nghien cffu ve kha nang thich ffng cua can bd quan ly trong khi kha nang thich ffng la rd't quan trpng dd'i vdi sU thanh cdng cua can bd quan ly hdn Id cdc nhdm dd'i tUdng khac (Ayse KaraevU a, Douglas T. Tim Hall, 2006).
Hdn nffa, cac nghien effu eiing da tap trung nhieu vdo cdc ye'u to' ca nhan tac ddng tdi kha ndng thich tfng nghi nghidp, dieu nay cung phu hdp quan diem eho rang vdi kha nang thich tfng
ngbl nghidp la nhffng Id'ehd't ma moi ngffdi can cd de dam bdo thdnh cdng trong nhffng qua trinh chuyen ddi cdng vide eua minh, nd bao gdm sU dieu chinh de phu hdp vdi nhffng yeu cau edng viec ngay cang khd, vdi sU chuyen ddi cdng vide va vdi nhffng khd khan ca nhan thdng qua giai quye't cdc va'n de ba't thUdng, cd tac ddng xa'u va phffc tap (Saviekas, 2005). Mot so' nghien ctfu cung da tim ra eac md'i lien he eiia eac ye'u td' thude vd dae diem nghe nghiep vd to ehffe eiing tac ddng quan trpng dd'n khd nang thich ffng nghe nghidp.
Nhin chung, eae nghien cffu da lap trung vao vide xay dUng vd kiem ehUng dp tin edy eua thang do Kha ndng thich ffng nghi nghiep CAAS trdn pham vi qud'c te' da giup cho cdc nghien cffu sau thuan Idi trong vide sff dung thang do CAAS de do Iffdng. Cdc nghidn effu cung sffdung thang do danh gid kha nang thieh ffng nghe nghidp cua mdt so' dd'i tffdng nhff sinh vien trong mdt sd' trUdng dai hpc d ede nUdc, nhdn vidn mdt so' nganh nghe d dieh vu tong ddi va tim ra cdc yeu td' tien d l cung nhU he qua ciia kha nang thieh ffng nghe nghiep thude nhdm ed nhan eung nhff xa hpi, td ehffc. Hien cdn ehffa nhieu nghien effu ve kha nang thich ffng nghe nghiep eho dd'i tffdng can bp quan ly. Hdn nffa, cde nghidn ctfu cung tap trung nhilu vdo yd'u td' ed nhan cung nhU td ehffe, xa hdi nhung ra't it nghien cUu tae ddng eua van hda td chtfc de'n khd nang thieh tfng ngbl nghiep.
4. Ke't luan
Khd nang thich ffng nghe nghiep la "thai do, nang Iffe vd hanh vi ma mdi cd nhdn sff dung de hda hdp ban than hp vdi edng vide. Bai bdo tap trung lam rd dinh nghia, cdc yd'u td' tiln d l eung nhff ede yd'u Ed' he qua ciia kha ndng thich ffng nghe nghidp. Nghien effu kha nang thich tfng ngbl nghiep (Career Adaptability) la mdt chu di da dtfdc quan tam nhilu tren the' gidi. Nhdm tae gia da tdng hdp cdc nghien cUu trUde day ve cac md hinh nghidn effu cdc ye'u td' tiln de tdc ddng de'n kha ndng thich ffng nghe nghiep, bao gdm cdc nhdm ye'u td' thude vl cd nhan, nghi nghidp va td ehffe va cac yd'u id' he qua eiia khd ndng thieh ffng ngbl nghiep nhff ky nang, niem tin va chid'n Iffdc lien quan dd'n nghe nghiep, eung nhff ke't qua eude sd'ng va cdng v i e c . •
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TAP GHi CONG THlTdNG
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
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Ml 138,10pages.hiip://dx doi org/I0.4102/sajip.v39i2.1138
6. Li, Xixi (2014). Effects of Parental Expectation and Filial Piety on Career Development of University Students in Shanghai, UMI3577990, Published by ProQuest LLC.
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Ngay nhan bai: 25/8/2018
Ngay phan bien danh gia va su'a chffa: 5/9/2018 Ngay cha'p nh^n dang bai: 15/9/2018
Thdng tin tdc gid:
1. NGUYfeN THI KIM CHI
Nghidn cu'u sinh t^i Vidn Kinh td'va Quan ly, Trtfdng Eai hoc Bach khoa Ha Ndi, Vidt Nam Cong tac tai Hpc vidn Cdng nghd BiAi chinh Vidn thdng
2. PHAM THI KIM NGOC
Bo mon Khoa hpc Quan ly va LuSt, Vidn Kinh td' va Quan ly, Trtfdng Dai hoc Bach khoa Ha Ndi
FACTORS IMPACTEVG THE CAREER ADAPTABILITY AND RESULTS
• NGUYEN THI KIM CHI
Ph,D student ot School of Economics a n d Management, Hanoi University of Science a n d Technology Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology
• PHAM THI KIM NGOC
Department of Management Science, School of Economics a n d Management, Hanoi University of Science a n d Technology
ABSTRACT:
In a constantly changing and unstable working envuronment, the ability to adjust and adapt to changes in careers is critical for individuals success. In term of working, the adaptability is the abihty to changes in the career. Career adaptability is defined as the attitude, capabihdes and behaviors that individuals use to align themselves with the job. By using the desk research method, diis study clarifies the definition, conceptualization and factors affecting the career adaptability.
The study also reviews previous researches on factors impacting on the career adaptability, including individual, occupation and organization factors, outputs of career adaptability, such as the working skills, belief and strategies related to the career, and the results of life and career.
Keywords: Adaptability, career adaptability, adapting to change.
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