M Y ¥ A HOC SlUlQ TAO
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Khic phuc tlf duy sieu hinh
trong giang day Triet hpc iVIac-Lenin
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ieo cud'n "TC/ dien triet hpc" do cac nha triet hpc Lien Xd (cu) bien soan thi, phUdng phap td duy sieu hinh dUdc xem la"mptphadngphap tu duy phan bien ehdng, la ket qua cua tinh phien dien trong nhan thdc, l<hi cac sUvatva hien tUdngdUdc coi la bat bien va ddc lap ddi vdi nhau"''.Dd'i vdi triet hpc Mac-Lenin, chiic nang khoa hpc cua nd the hien d chd, nd cung cap the gidi quan va phiipng phap luan trong boat dpng nhan thiic va hoat ddng thifc tien. Nghien ciiu day dii, nghiem tiic va td giac thdc hien theo cac yeu cau ciia triet hpc IVIac- Lenin se mang lai hieu qua va ngddc lai, la sd md mam, mu quang.
Do chiic nang quan trpng cua nd ma mdn hpc nay la mdt trong eac mdn hpc bat budc dUde giang day trong cac trddng dai hpc, cao dang d nude ta. Viee ddi mdi chddng trinh, giao trinh cac bp mdn khoa hpc Mac- Lenin thdi gian qua khdng lam mat di y nghTa cua mdn hpc nay. Nd dUdc coi la mdn hpc cP sd va nen tang de cd the tiep can cac bd mdn khac trong he thdng ly luan Mac-Lenin va cac mdn hpc ehuyen nganh.
Hat nhan ciia Triet hpc Mac-Lenin la chu nghTa duy vat bien chifng da cho ta cac nguyen tac phddng phap luan trong viec nhan thiic khoa hpc va hoat ddng thifc tien, nhif: quan diem khach quan, toan dien, Ijch SLf- cu the, phat trien, phan tich mau thuSn, thifc tien,...
Cac quan diem nay dUdc van dung vao viec nghien ciiu chinh he thdng ly luan Mac-Lenin va cac hpc thuyet triet hpc khac trong lich sii.
De tranh nhOng ngddi dUdng thdi va hau the hieu lam ve hpc thuyet cua minh, cac nha kinh dien ciia chu nghTa Mac-Lenin da cd nhQng chi dan cho viec tiep can he thdng ly luan ciia cac dng.
Khi phan tich ve phUdng phap ciia C.Mae, Ph.Angghen viet: "Toan bdquan diem ciia Mac khdng phai ia mdt hpc thuyet, ma la mdt phUdng phap. Nd khdng dda ra nhQng giao dieu djnh san ma la nhQng
ThS. NGUYEN D0C HOA Hoc vien Canh sat Nhan dan
diem xua't phat cho viec nghien cQu them va phQdng phap cho viec nghien cQu nay"^. V.I.Lenin thi cho rang:
"Mac khdng bao gid cd tham vpng giai thich tat ca ma chi cdy mudn vach ra mdt phQdng phap, phuong phap duy nha't khoa hpc de giai thich Ijch sQ"^. Trong "But ky triet hpc", V.I.Lenin da vach ra 16 ye'u td cua phep bien chQng duy vat, trong dd ye'u td thQ nhat ma NgQdi de cap la "tinh khach quan eua sQ quan sat". Ti'nh khach quan, theo V.I.Lenin, cd nghTa la "khdng phai thi du, khdng phai dai ddng, ma ban than sQ vat", cai ma ngay nay chung ta quen gpi bang cum tQ "sQ vat, hien tQdng nhQ the nao thi ndi dung nhQthe, khdng td hdng hay bdi den dd'i tQdng".
Ho Chi Minh khi nghien cQu, truyen ba va van dung chu nghTa Mac-Lenin vao dieu kien lich sQ cu the cua Viet Nam eung da cd nhQng chi dan can thiet: "Ly luan khdng phai la mdt cai gi cQng nhac, nd day tinh chat sang tao; ly luan ludn ludn can dQdc bd sung bang nhQng ke't luan mdi rut ra tQ trong thQc tien sinh ddng"; "Khdng phai hpc de thudc Idng tQng cau tQng chQ, dem kinh nghiem cua cac nQdc anh em ap dung mdt each may mdc"; "Khi van dung thi bo sung, lam phong phu them ly luan bang nhQng ke't luan mdi rut ra tQ trong thQc tidn each mang cua ta"; "Phai neu cao tac phong ddc lap suy nghT va tQ do tQ tQdng. Dpc tai lieu thi phai dao sau hieu ky, khdng tin mdt each md quang tQng cau mdt trong sach, cd van de chQa thdng sudt thi manh dan de ra va thao luan cho vd le. Dd'i vdi bat cQ van de gi deu phai dat cau hdi "vi sao?", deu phai suy nghT ky cang xem nd cd hdp vdi thQc te khdng, cd that la dung ly khdng, tuyet dd'i khdng nen nham mat tuan theo sach vd mdt each xudi chieu.
Phai suy nghTchin chan"'*.
Cd the ndi, day la nhQng chi dan het sQc quy bau cho Chung ta trong viec tiep can, nghien cQu va giang day triet hpc Mac-Lenin. Tuy nhien, ben canh nhQng thanh tQu da dat dQdc, viec giang day triet hpc Mac-
DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 7-2010
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Lenin v l n cdn mac phai phQdng phap tQ duy sieu hinh, the hien:
ThU nha't, triet hpc Mac-Lenin ra ddi va phat trien gan vdi nhQng dieu kien Ijch sQ nhat djnh. He thdng ly luan nay can phai dQdc bd sung, phat trien tren cd sd cua sQ phat trien ciia thQc tidn xa hdi, thdi dai va cac thanh tQu ciia khoa hpc. NhQng, khi giang day mdn hpc nay v l n cd giao vien da tuyet ddi hda he thdng ly luan nay, cho rang triet hpc Mac-Lenin la nhQng chan ly bat bien, vTnh vien, cdn cac hpc thuyet triet hpc khac, nhat la triet hpe tQ san hien dai, thi deu cho la sai lam hoac han che ma khdng chi ra dung mQc can thiet gia trj ciia cac hpc thuyet triet hpc trong Ijch sQ (da cd nhQng thdi ky chung ta gpi cac nha triet hpc tQ san bang nhQng danh tQ het sQc khiem nha, nhQ: nd, han, bpn ay,... va dat ra nhiem vu cho cac nha triet hpc macxit la phai phe phan triet hpc tQ san). Trong nhieu trQdng hdp, do nhQng ly do khac nhau, nhQ: sQ thieu thdn ve tQ lieu (thQdng thi chi tiep can cac hpe thuyet triet hpc hay tQ tQdng cua cac triet gia phQdng Tay qua nhQng tai lieu ngQdi khac viet ve hp ma ndi dung ddi khi la chQa thda man ngQdi dpc, va rat it trQdng hdp tiep can dQdc tQ lieu gdc), ban che ve ngoai ngO,... ma dQdng nhQ chung ta da giang nhOng ndi dung lien quan ve cac hpc thuyet triet hpc trong Ijch sQ het sQc ngheo nan, chang han nhQ van de ngudn gdc van ddng thi thQdng cd each gidi thieu la: Theo chu nghTa duy tam thi,... theo chu nghTa duy vat sieu hinh thi,... ma khdng thQc sQ cd nhQng hieu biet that day du ve cac nha triet hpc ban ve van de dd nhQ the nao.
ThU hai, da bac hgc hda C.Mac, Ph.Angghen, V.I.Lenin va hpc thuyet cua cac dng den mQc, trong nhieu khoa hpc xa hdi khac nhau, tham chi cac nha kinh dien ban rat it ve van de dd, nhQng deu cd cau
"cQa mieng" la: Theo quan diem cua chu nghTa Mac- Lenin thi... SQ thQc la C.Mac, Ph.Anghen, V.I.Lenin khdng phai la cac nha bac hpc va cac dng cung khdng tQ nhan minh la cac nha bac hpc nhQng chinh chung ta lai bien C.Mac, Ph.Angghen, V.I.Lenin thanh cae nha bac hpc.
Chung ta deu biet rang, triet hpc Mac-Lenin la mdt he thdng ly luan va phQdng phap luan phan anh sau sac va toan dien hien thi/c khach quan nhQng khdng the xem dd la mdt he thdng ly luan da phan anh day du d tat ca cac mat cua sQ van ddng cua tQ nhien cung nhQ xahdi. V.I.Lenin da khang djnh: "Mac khdng cd tham vpng vd ly la mud'n giai thich tat ca, khdng cd tham vpng la tim ra chia khda cho ta't ca d khda Ijch sQ.
Khi van dung hpc thuyet Mac trong da'u tranh each mang, nhQng ngQdi macxit chae chan la chi mQdn cua hpc thuyet Mac nhQng phQdng phap quy bau ma neu khdng cd thi se khdng hieu dQdc nhQng quan he xa hpi"^.
5 4 DAY VA HQC NGAY NAY SO 7-2010
Trong khi lay chu nghTa Mac-Lenin va tQ tQdng Hd Chi Minh lam nen tang, cung can nghien cQu cac hoc thuyet triet hpc khac trong Ijch sQ, xem cd cai gi cd gia trj thi ta phai hgc va tiep thu. Ngay tQ nam 1924, trong
"Bao cao ve Bac Ky, Trung Ky va Nam K'y", Hd Chi Minh da viet: "Du sao thi cung khdng the cam bd sung
"cd sd lich sQ" cua chij nghTa Mac bang each dQa them vao dd nhQng tQ lieu ma Mac d thdi minh khdng the cd dQdc"*^. Sau nay, trong lanh dao cdng cudc cai tao xa hdi chu nghTa d mien Bac, da'u tranh thd'ng nhat nQdc nha, Hd Chi Minh lai nhan manh: "Khdng chu trpng den dac diem cua dan tdc minh trong khibpc tap kinh nghiem ciia cac nQdc anh em, la sai iam nghiem trpng, la pham chu nghTa giao dieu. NhQng neu qua nhan manh dac diem dan tpc de phu nhan gia trj phd bien ciia nhQng kinh nghiem ldn, cd ban cua cac nQdc anh em, thi se mac sai lam nghiem trgng cua chu nghTa xet lai. Vi vay, song song vdi viec nhan manh sQ quan trpng cua hpc tap ly luan, chung ta phai ludn ludn nhan manh nguyen tac ly luan lien he vdi thQc te. Chung ta phai khac phuc benh giao dieu ddng thdi phai de phdng chij nghTa xet lai"^. Dang tide la nhQng chi dan dd chQa dQdc quan triet mpt each day du.
ThU ba, giang day triet hpc Mac-Lenin la d l trang bj cho ngddi hpc ly luan va nhat la phQdng phap luan de hp van dung vao nhQng cdng viec cu the. Tiec rang, cdn mdt sd giao vien chQa chu trpng dung mQc viec nay, v l n giang day thien ve ly luan, coi nhe viec rut ra y nghTa phQdng phap luan, lam cho khdng it ngQdi hpc cdcach nhin lech lac khi cho rang, mdn hpc nay la
"vd bd", bat budc thi phai hpc, hpc de lay diem chQ chQa phai la sQ tQ giac hgc tap bg mdn. Ndi ve diem nay, Chu tjeh Hd Chi Minh cung da day: "Khdng nen dao tao ra nhQng con ngQdi thudc sach lau lau, cu Mac ndi the nay, cu Lenin ndi the kia"^, bdi, chu nghTa Mac-Lenin la "kim chi nam cho hanh dpng, chQ khdng phai la kinh thanh"^.
ThUtU, viec giang day triet hgc Mac-Lenin cdn thieu nhQng luan chQng can thiet cho cac luan diem va luan cQ cua he thdng ly luan nay, lam cho ngQdi hpc cam thay day la mdn hgc vien vdng, d dau dau, khdng gan vdi thi/c te cudc sdng.
NhQng each nhin ndi tren da mau thuin vdi chinh cac nguyen tac ciia triet hpc Mac-Lenin va cung trai vdi cac chi d i n cua cac nha kinh dien ciia chii nghTa Mac-Lenin va cua Hd Chi Minh.
Nguyen nhan ciJa hien tQdng tren, theo chung tdi, la do trong mgt thdi gian dai do sQchi phdi cua bdi canh thdi dai ma chung ta da qua nhan manh den viec dau tranh giai cap giQa hai he thdng xahdi, trong ddcddau tranh tren linh VQc y thQc he; hai la, chung ta cham doi mdi tQduy so vdi sU
(Xem tiep trang 58)
1924), Hd Chi Minh h i t sQc tam dac vdi mat nen giao due cudng bdc ma khdng mat tien dd'i vdi tre em, giio due bach khoa ddi vdi thieu nien, giio due chuyen nghiep ddi vdi thinh nien, chinh sich Uu tien ddi vdi can em laa ddng ngheo tung. Cho den nay, chung ta da cd nhieu cd gang trong viec thyc hien nhQng dieu ma Hd Chi Minh mong mudn. Song, trong hoan eanh sa sut va xudng cap cua hang loat van de kinh te - xa hdi, sQ nghiep giao due cung chju sQc ep ghe gdm cua nhQng khd khan chung va dang cd chieu hQdng tut Iui so vdi nhQng yeu cau phat trien hien nay cua dat nQdc cung nhQ so vdi sQ phat triin chung eua giao dye t h i gidi.
Theo Hd Chi Minh, dao tao t h i he tre hdm nay cho tQdng lai dat nddc la vi lpi ich tram nam cua dan tdc. NgQdi ndi: Vi ldi ich mQdi nam, trdng cay; Vi ldi ich tram nam, trdng ngQdi. Chung ta biit rang, theo tieng nQdc ngoai, sQtrdng trgt va van hoa deu chung thuat ngQ "Culture". "Trong" ngudi la mang lai vin hoa cho con nguai, la lam cha can nguai cd van hoa de thait ra khdi tinh trang ngu ddt, tdi tam. Ldi ich lau dai eua dat nQdc, eua dan tdc phu thudc vao giao dye, vao viec mang lai van hoa cho mdi con ngQdi, trQdc h i t la cho the he tre. That vd nghTa n l u trong nhQng viec vi tQdng lai khdng cd van de giao dye, van de "trdng" ngddi. Hd Chi Minh tin tQdng t h i he tre lam nen sQ nghiep ldn ma minh theo dudi, cho nen NgQdi da tam sQ vdi t h i he tre nhQ sau: "Trong nam hpc tdi day, cac em hay cd gang, sieng nang hpe tap, ngoan ngoan nghe thay, yeu ban. Sau 80 nam trdi nd le lam cho nQdc nha bj ye'u hen, ngay nay chung ta can phai xay dQng lai ed dd ma td tien da d l lai cho chiing ta, lam sao cho chung ta theo kjp cae nQdc khac tren toan cau. Trong cdng cudc kiln thiit dd, nQdc nha trdng mong, chd dpi d cac em rat nhieu. Non sdng Viet Nam cd trd nen ve vang hay khdng, dan tdc Viet Nam cd dQdc ve vang sanh vai vdi cac CQdng qude nam chau dQdc hay khdng, chinh la nhd mdt phan ldn d cdng hgc tap cua cac em".
Quan triet va tham nhuan tQ tQdng "trdng" ngQdi cua Chu tjeh Hd Chi Minh, chung ta se thay cd bao nhieu viec can lam, chang han:
- The ki 21, khdng the keo dai tinh trang tre con trong dp tudi di hpc lai khdng d i n trQdng, ngQdi lao ddng lai mu chQ, dam thanh nien khdng dQdc di hpc nghe;
- Mudn "trdng" ngQdi phai cd "trQdng ra trQdng, thay ra thay, trd ra trd". T h i l u mdt he thdng giao dye dQdc dan chu hoa, t h i l u nha trQdng dQdc hien dai hoa, t h i l u nhOng ngQdi thay ed nang iQc sQ pham va dao dQc day hpc chae chan se khdng t h i gat hai dQdc nhQng con ngQdi hoan toan trong qua trinh "trdng" ngQdi.
Khic phuc
(Tiep theo trang 54)
phat trien cua thdi dai; ba la, sQ lac hau cua y thQc xa hdi;
va bdn la thieu nhuhg tQ lieu can thiet de nghien cuQ cac he thdng triet hpc phi macxit.
Dieu dd dQa den cac he qua la lam cho ngQdi hpc cam thay hoac la bj nhdi sp tQ tQdng, hoac la hoai nghi, md hd, hieu lech lac ve triet hpc Mac-Lenin va cac hpc thuyet triet hpc trong Ijch sQ. Chu tjeh Hd Chi Minh cung da iQdng trQdc dQdc viec nay khi NgQdi can dan: "Ve giang day tranh ldi day nhdi sp"*°, va"Che dpta la che dp dan chu, tQ tQdng phai dQdc tQ do. TQ do la the nao? Ddi vdi mpi van de, mpi ngQdi tQdo bay toy kien cua minh, gdp phan tim ra chan ly.
Dd la mdt quyen ldi ma cung la mpt nghTa vu cua mpi ngQdi"".
De khlc phuc cac ban che tren can phai trd ve vdi nhijhg chi din cua cac nha kinh dien cua chij nghTa Mac- Lenin va Hd Chi Minh trong giang day triet hpc Mac-Lenin;
2) la, bdsung triet hpc Mac-Lenin bdi cac thanh tuQ cua sQ phat then cua khoa hgc va thQc tien thdi dai; 3) la, iQachpn ndi dung giang day phu hdp vdi ddi tQdng ngQdi hpc, khdng dm ddm, khien cQdng, gd ep; 4) la, giang day triet hpc Mac-Lenin trong sQ ddi chieu vdi cac hpc thuyet triet hpc khac, khai thae cac gia trj hdp ly cua cac hpc thuyet triet hgc trong ljeh sQde bdsung cho bai giang; va5) la lay cac vidu sinh ddng trong cudc sdng (viec nay cdthe dQdc thiid hien bang nhieu ngudn: cac khoa hpc tQnhien: vat ly, hda hpc, thien van hpc; cac khoa hpc xa hdi: lich sQ, van hpc, van hpc dan gian; cac vi du trong ddi sdng thQc tidn cua xa hpi, ea dao, tuc ngQ,...) de minh hpa cho cac nguyen ly ciia triet hpc Mac-Lenin, lam ndi bat giatrj cija cac nguyen lyvatinh sinh dpng, gan bd vdi cudc sdng cua mdn khoa hpc ly thu va bd ich nay./.
* TQ dien trilt hgc, Nxb. Tien bd, Matxcdva, ban djch Tiing Viet, 1986, trang 214.
2 C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Toan tap, Nxb. Chinh trj Qudc gia. Ha Ndi, 1995, tap 6, trang 808. ^ V.I.Lenin:
Toan tap, Nxb.Tien bd, Matxcdva, 1978, tap 1, trang 381.
" Hd Chi Minh: Toan tap, Nxb. Chinh trj Qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 2000, tap 8, trang 496, 499, 500.
5 V.I.Lenin: Toan tap, Sdd, trang 381.
^ Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, tap 1, trang 465.
' Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, tap 8, trang 499.
s Hd Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, tap 12, trang 554.
' Hd Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, tap 6, trang 247.
'° Hd Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, tap 11, trang 615.
'' Hd Chi Minh: Toan tap, Sdd, tap 8, trang 216.
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