TRI^T HOC, SO 8 (279), THANG 8-2014
SU PHAT TRIEN TO DUY TRIET HOC VIET NAM TRONG LICH S1& GlCf NUCTC
BUI THI THANH HlTONG (•) Bdi viit di cap den mdt trong nhiing ndi dung chu dgo ciia triet hgc Viet Nam: Tu duy triet hgc vi doc lap, chu quyin cua ddt nUdc. Qua nhQng mdc son thdnh vdn cua lich sQ Viet Nam (bdi thg "Thdn" cda Ly ThUdng Kiet, "Binh Ngo dgi cdo" cda Nguyin Trdi, "Tuyin ngon doc lap" cda Chu, tich Ho Chi Minh), tdc gid khdng dinh y thQc vi chd quyin ddn tdc cda ngUdi Viet Nam d moi thdi ky lich sQ cd nhQng dac triing rieng. Hien tgi, dUdi nhdn quan triet hgc duy vdt biin chiing, ngUdi Viet Nam dang the hien truyin thdng yiu nUdc vd bdn linh, sUc mgnh cda ddn tdc duac nhdn lin chinh tQ diiu dd.
^niU duy ngUdi Viet Nam, trong dd ed t u duy triet hoc, khdng n i m ngoai Ci nhiing quy lulit hinh t h a n h va phat trien t u duy n h a n loai ndi chung. Tu duy nay ludn la san pham cua xa hdi ma con ngUdi sinh sd'ng, la lang kinh phan anh mot each cd dong nhiing thang tram cua lich sQ; ddng thdi, nd cung cd sii tac ddng trd lai het sQe rd net dd'i vdi nhiing d i l n bie'n lich sQ qua mdi giai doan.
Trong sud't chieu dai hang nghin nam, dau t r a n h cai tao thien nhien va chd'ng ngoai xam la hai ndi dung chinh cua lich s^ diing nQde di hen vdi giQ nUdc Viet Nam. Hai ndi dung dd quy dinh sii phat trien linh vQc tinh than, y thQc cua xa hoi Viet Nam vdi hai khuynh hUdng chu dao. Mdt Id, khuynh hudng t u duy p h a n anh quan niem sd'ng, y thQc cong ddng, quy t i e Qng xQ trong ddi sd'ng xa hoi. Hai la, khuynh hudng t u duy phan anh y thQc, tU tudng ve chu quyen dat nUdc mot ddi hdi thudng xuyen va cap bach cua dan toe
ta trong hoan canh ludn bi xam lang bdi phong kien phUdng Bie.
Bai viet nay chu ye'u de cap de'n sii phat trien ciia khuynh hUdng tU duy gan vdi qua trinh giQ nUde eua dan toe Viet Nam ta.
Y thQc ve mot dan toe doe lap, cd chu quyen da dUde hinh thanh ngay tQ nhiing cQ dan Viet dau tien. Cau chuyen Thanh Gidng danh giac An, du dudi hinh thQc t h i n thoai, nhUng dd ehinh la sii khai quat tinh than quat khdi chd'ng ngoai xam cua ngUdi Viet.
Viec toan bo n h a n dan, ke ca tre chan trau, c i t cd ciing theo Thanh Gidng danh giac da cho tha'y dau hieu cua sii doan ket, ddng ldng, eua tinh t h i n toan dan chd'ng giac. Cung vdi dd, truyen thuyet My Chau Trong Thiiy cung chQng td mot triet ly tQ xa xUa eua ngudi Viet: Neu khdng cd sii doan ket, ung ho cua toan dan, neu khdng diia vao dan thi cho du cd t h a n h cao, nd quy (*) Tien si, Tnidng khoa, Khoa Triet hoc, Hoc vien Bao chi va Tuyen truyen.
S U P H A T T R I E N TUDUY TRIET HOC VIET NAM..
v i n that bai. quan sii eua ngUdi Viet Nam. NUdc Cd the coi day la nhQng quan niem Viet Nam bude vao thdi ky doe ISip tii duy vat thd sd, mdc mac, tii phat ban chii lau dai, cae trieu dai Dinh, Ly, d i u eua triet hoe Viet Nam. NhQng Tran, Le,... ndi tiep t r i vi d i t nQde, quan niem nay dUde khai quat tQ lanh thd dUde thiet dinh va tiep tue md nhQng hien tQdng ed that, hien hQu, rong; y thQc ve doe lap, chu quyen tiep tnie tiep va khdng cd sii can thiep cua tue phat trien vdi nhQng ndi dung mdi eac liic lUdng sieu nhien. va tQng bUdc hoan thien g i n vdi cac
N i m ben canh mot de che phong cudc chien t r a n h giQ nQde.
kien Idn, da't rong, ngQdi ddng, nQde Trong cudc k h a n g chien chd'ng quan Viet Nam hien hda, lai cd vi tri dia xam lUde Td'ng, thai do kien quye't, y chien lUde quan trong, tai nguyen thien thQc chu ddng, tinh t h a n sang tao ciia nhien phong phu ludn phai dQng trUde ngUdi Viet Nam da phat trien riie rd. Y hiem hoa "nhan tai" Hdn mot nghin thQc ve nen doc lap va chu quyen dan nam, tQ 179 (tr.CN) cho den the ky X, toe dUde ket tinh trong bai thd "Thdn"
Viet Nam ludn n i m dUdi ach dd ho cua ndi tieng eua Ly Thudng Kiet:
phong kien phUdng Bic. Mac du vay, y "Sdng nui nUdc Nam, vua Nam d thQc ve nen doe lap va chu quyen dan Ranh r a n h dinh phsin d sach trdi toe da trd thanh ban s i c dan tdc khien Cd sao lu giac sang xam pham cho ngQdi Viet Nam chUa bao gid cam Chung bay se bi danh tdi bdi"
tam chiu lam nd le. Toan the dan toe Mua Xuan n a m 1077, bai thd tren da Viet Nam ludn g i n bd vdi nhau, hudng vang len tren t r a n tuyen sdng Cau nhU Qng va tham gia nhQng cudc khdi nghia mot ldi sam truyen lam nQc ldng binh si ciia Hai Ba TrUng, Ba Trieu, Ly Bi, ta va khien giac Td'ng khiep via, rung Trieu Viet VUdng, Mai Thuc Loan, Ngd rdi. Qua bai thd, Ly ThUdng Kiet da Quyen,... chd'ng am mUu ddng hda cua n h a n danh ca dan toe de tuyen bd' va ke thu va danh dudi quan xam lUdc. khang dinh quyen doc lap thieng lieng Chinh trong thdi gian nay, tinh bien va quyen binh d i n g cua dan tdc Viet chQng trong tU duy triet hoc eua ngUdi Nam ma theo dd, Dai Viet la mdt nUdc Viet da dUde hinh thanh va phat trien ro doc lap, cd lanh thd rieng va chu quyen.
net, the hien d sii mem deo va linh hoat Nen doc llip va chu q u y i n dan tdc dd de'n la lung: Khi chUa chien t h i n g dUdc bieu hien d chd, Dai Viet cung la mot ke ngoai xam, ngUdi Viet Nam tim each nUdc cd vua va vi the cua nUdc Dai Viet hda hdp vdi ho de chd cd hoi, ddng thdi do "Nam dl" dQng d i u khdng t h u a kem tiep thu nhQng gia tri trong he thd'ng tU bat ky mdt nUde Idn nao. Dd la mot dieu duy ciia ke thu de xay diing ly luan dau hien nhien, thieng Heng da dUdc "sach tranh cQu qud'c cho dan toe minh. Trdi" quy dinh, khdng ai cd the phu
Chien t h i n g ciia Ngd Quyen trUdc nhan hoac chdi cai.
giac Nam Han n a m 938 da cho thay sii Vdi trinh do n h a n thQc dUdng thdi, Idn manh ve tri tue va nghe t h u i t moi sii deu dUdc quy ve menh Trdi. Y
BUI THI THANH HUDNG Trdi, menh Trdi chinh la cd sd de xac mUdn menh Trdi de cung ed' niem tin lap chu quyen, r a n h gidi, eUdng vUc cua eho quan dan Dai Viet, danh ddn tam ly Td qud'c. "Sach Trdi" da ghi nUdc Nam vao quan xam lUdc. Do vay, bai thd da la cua vua Nam thi nUdc Nam phai la cd tac dung ed vu to Idn dd'i vdi quan mot nUdc doc lap ngang hang phUdng dan Dai Viet va dUdc ghi vao lich sQ Bac. Moi van de thiic te dUdc quy dinh nhU ban Tuyen ngdn doe lap dau tien tQ "sach Trdi" se tdn tai mot each viing cua nUdc ta sau hdn mot nghin nam hi chae va bat kha xam pham. Vi the, ke phong kien phUdng Bic dd ho.
thu nao lam tdn thUdng de'n nen doe Bdn t r a m nam sau, ban Tuyen ngdn lap, chu quyen cua nUdc Dai Viet se doe lap thQ hai "Binh Ngd dgi cdo"
khdng t r a n h khdi t h a t bai. tiep tue the hien tap trung y ehi ve chu Trong lich sQ triet hoc phQdng Ddng, quyen va tinh t h a n doc lap tii chu cua menh Trdi (Thien menh Khdng TQ) ed Viet Nam tren mot trinh do eao hdn.
khi cdn dUdc diing theo nghia la tinh "Binh Ngd dgi cdo" g i n vdi ten tudi chat vd'n cd, sii van h a n h ed tinh quy eua anh hiing dan toe Nguyin Trai luat cua gidi tii nhien. NhUng phd bie'n mot eon ngUdi van vd song toan, ed dii hdn, Thien menh ehinh la dinh menh, nhan, tri, tin, nghia. Pham chat va cd't sd' menh khdng t h e cQdng lai dUdc (sinh each cua Nguyen Trai tieu bieu eho dan tQ U menh, phii quy tai Thien). Ly toe va eon ngUdi Viet Nam. "Binh Ngd Thudng Kiet sQ dung menh Trdi theo dgi cdo" cho thay Nguyen Trai (va tU nghia phd bie'n nay. Theo dd, menh Trdi duy Viet Nam ndi chung) da dat de'n va dinh p h a n g i n h e n vdi nhau, la cai nhieu tU tudng cd tinh duy vat, bien chi phdi ddi sd'ng xa hdi va cudc ddi mdi chQng trong quan niem ve chu quyen eon ngUdi. dan tdc va gin. giQ chu quyen do.
The gidi quan eua Ly Thudng Kiet Tnidc het, trong quan niem cua dien hinh cho the gidi quan duy tam Nguyin Trai, nhiing dieu kien hien phd bie'n va chu dao khi dd. Song, ciing thiic de lam nen mot qudc gia dan tdc la can thay r i n g , quan niem duy t a m ve eac ye'u to' lanh thd, van hda, lich sQ, mat xa hoi va n h a n thQc dd, ciing nhU phong tuc:
tat ca cae hoc thuyet triet hoc khac d "NhU nUde Dai Viet t a tQ tnidc phUdng Ddng trong lich sQ, cac ye'u to' Vd'n xUng nen van hien da lau.
duy vat va duy t a m ludn tdn tai canh Niii sdng bd coi da rieng
nhau, dan xen vao nhau. Niem tin ciia Phong tuc Bic- Nam cung khac"
Ly Thudng Kiet vao t h i n g ldi cua dan TQ eac yeii td dd, Nguyen Trai k h i n g toe dQde dat t r e n mot nen tang het sQc dinh Viet Nam la mot qudc gia rieng thiic te la qua t r i n h dau t r a n h diing biet, ngang h a n g vdi phUdng Bic ve moi nUdc va giQ nUdc lau dai, gian khd cua mat. Ddng thdi, dng ciing k h i n g dinh nhieu the he ngUdi Viet Nam. Tren cd r i n g , de dam bao chu quyen cua mmh, sd niem tin vao sQc m a n h thiic te ciia ngUdi Viet Nam da khdng quan hy sinh dan tdc, Ly ThUdng Kiet da khdn kheo va ciing vi khdng tdn trong chu quyen
S U P H A T T R I E N Tl/DUY TRIET HOC VIET NAM...
dd ciia nUde Viet ma quan Minh da phai biet "la'y it dich nhieu", "lay ye'u chudc lay that bai nhue nha. chd'ng manh" Cd the ndi, Nguyin Trai Tinh chat bien chQng trong tU tudng da nhin thay dUdc sQc manh eua tQ duy triet hoe eua Nguyin Trai the hien d ly luan trong boat ddng thiic t i l n . Dan chd, dng ludn xem xet sii vat trong mdi toe Viet Nam la chinh nghia, ban chat lien he, trong sii tac ddng qua lai va chinh nghia cua cudc chien tranh, y chi chuyen hda l i n nhau; ddng thdi, tim ra thdng nha't, tU tudng yeu nUdc eua toan nhQng quy luat eua cudc chien t r a n h the dan toe,... dd la sQc manh tinh giQ nUdc. Cach nhin n h a n bien chQng than. Va, sQc m a n h tinh than nay da ve sU vat dUdc hda quyen cung ye'u to trd t h a n h sQc m a n h vat chat "sam vang nhan nghia yeii td dac trUng ciia tU chdp giat", "true che tro bay"
tudng va nhan each Nguyin Trai. Nhan Neu Ly Thudng Kiet cdn tin tudng nghia ehinh la diem xuat phat cua tuyet dd'i vao menh Trdi, thi tU tudng dudng ld'i ehinh tri, ehinh sach cQu nUdc Nguyin Trai da chQa diing tinh than va diing nQde cua Nguyin Trai, khi dng duy vat va bien chQng. Trong dilu kien xac dinh cQu nQde trUde bet la cQu dan: the ky XV, dd la tam tU duy vUdt trdi so
"Viec nhan nghia cd't d yen dan" Tin d vdi thdi dai. Mac du vky, Nguyin Trai sQc manh eua nhan dan, vdi each nhin v i n bi chi phd'i d mot mQc do n h i t dinh bien chQng, dng k h i n g dinh sii nghiep quan diem duy tam, khi v i n phai diia cQu nUde la sii nghiep ciia tram ho, vao menh Trdi de minh chiing cho tram ho ddng ldng thi se cd sQc manh, ngudn gde sieu nhien cua Le Ldi va trieu ca nhan du cd la Thien tQ, tUdng linh dinh nha Le: "Bdi trdi mud'n thQ ta de cung ehi ed sQc manh trong mdi lien he trao nhiem vu, nen t a cang cd chi de vdi cdng ddng. Trong thiic te, vdi vai trd vQdt gian nan" Theo dd, cudc khdi nghia quan sU, Nguyin Trai da het ldng cham eua Le Ldi la t h u a n theo y Trdi, chQ lo eho md'i quan he dd: "Thet quan rUdu khdng phai do y mud'n ca nhan va dd la hda nUdc, dUdi tren cung mot da cha dieu kien dam bao cho chien thing, con" Nhan nghia trd t h a n h ngudn gd'c Quan niem duy t a m dd d Nguyen sQc manh eua dan toe Dai Viet: "Rdt Trai la dieu khd t r a n h khdi, vi chu cuoc, lay dai nghia de t h i n g hung tan. nghia duy t a m la net dac trUng xuyen Dem tri nhan de thay cUdng bao" sudt y thQc he phong kien Viet Nam.
Tin tudng d sQc manh eua n h a n dan Chu nghia duy tam ket hdp vdi Nho va tinh chat chinh nghia cua cudc chien giao d i n de'n sii t h a n bi hda vUdng tranh giQ nUde, Nguyin Trai cdn cd sii quyen: Vua la con Trdi, la ngUdi dUdc tu tin ciia mot ngUdi da n i m dUde quy Trdi trao quyen tri vi thien ha. Sii hUng luslt, lam chu dUde quy luat va hien vong, cdn mat cua mot trieu dai cung la thiie hda dieu dd t h a n h chii trUdng thiic do Trdi. Trong sudt thdi ky mot nghin te dung d i n . Theo dd, trong dieu kien nam phong kien, the gidi quan duy tam, dich manh, ta yeu, mudn chien t h i n g tU tudng t h i n quyen da chiem giQ vai phai triet de t a n dung ye'u td bat ngd, trd thdng tri trong ddi sd'ng tinh t h a n
BUI THI THANH HUONG xa hdi Viet Nam. c h i n la t h a t bai.
The gidi quan duy vat khoa hoc chi Cai cd tinh t a t ye'u khach quan d day trd t h a n h the gidi quan chu dao va phd la, ciing nhU moi qudc gia khac, nUdc bie'n d Viet Nam tQ khi chiing ta gianh Viet Nam ed quyen dQde hudng tii do va dUdc doe lap nam 1945, dUdi sii lanh doc lap, van menh cua nUde Viet Nam dao cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam, dUde phai do n h a n dan Viet Nam tii quye't the hien day du trong "Tuyen ngdn dde dinh b i n g sQc manh eua ehinh minh.
lap" cua Chu tich Ho Chi Mmh. Vdi ban Day la mot t u tudng mdi me cua ngudi TMye/in^OTi nay, the gidi quan duy tam, Viet Nam: Cudc sd'ng eua eon ngudi tu tudng t h a n quyen, y thQc he phong khdng phai do Trdi dinh, cung khdng kien hoan toan nhUdng chd eho the gidi the do mot the liie ngoai bang nao 'Tjao quan duy vat, tU tudng dan quyen, y ho" Cudc sd'ng cua eon ngUdi do ehinh thQc he vd san. con ngUdi quye't dinh b i n g boat ddng
"Tuyen ngdn doc lap" cho tha'y, t u thiic t i l n eua minh. De gianh lay hanh duy Hd Chi Minh la sU ket hdp nhQng phuc, con ngUdi phai hanh ddng. Chi ed gia tri tinh tuy cua van hda phUdng h a n h ddng, con ngudi mdi thiic hien Ddng, phUdng Tay va dan toe Viet Nam, dUde muc dich eua minh, mdi cai tao la sU hda quyen hdp ly n h a t tinh khoa dUde tii nhien, xa hdi va ehinh ban than hoc, ban chat each mang va chu nghia eon ngUdi.
nhan van cao ca. Cai quye't dinh sii van ddng va phat Can cQ, diem xuat phat de Hd Chi trien cua lich sQ, theo Ly ThQdng Kiet Minh tuyen bd vdi ddng bao ca nQde va va Nguyin Trai, la vai trd cua dang toan the the gidi ve quyen doc lap, tii do sieu nhien, hoac cua thien tai, lanh tu.
cua dan toe Viet Nam la nhiing sii thiic, NgQdc lai, vdi Hd Chi Minh, cai quye't nhiing le phai ma khdng ai ed the chd'i dinh dd la do toan the dan toe Viet Nam eld dQde: "Tat ca moi ngUdi deu sinh r a quye't dem tat ea tinh than va liic cd quyen binh dang. Tao hda cho ho lUdng, tinh mang va cua cai de giQ viing nhiing quyen khdng ai cd the xam quyen tii do, doe lap eua minh. Day la pham dUdc..."; "NgUdi t a sinh r a tii do tU tudng duy vat bien chQng phan anh va binh dang ve quyen ldi, va phai ludn vi tri va y nghia quye't dinh cua nhan td' dUdc t u do va binh dang ve quyen ldi" con ngUdi trong qua trinh phat trien.
Bat chap le phai dd, thiic dan Phap da Con ngudi la chu the cua lich sii.
ldi dung la cd tii do, binh dang, bac ai Nhiing quan diem, tU tudng cua Hd den cUdp nUdc ta, ap bQc ddng bao t a Chi Minh khdng phai xuat phat tQ y dd la h a n h ddng "trai b a n vdi nhan dao mud'n chu quan, tQ nguyen vong ea va chinh nghia", trai vdi luan thudng, nhan, ma xuat phat tQ thiic te khach dao ly. Dao ly dUde hieu la nhQng van quan, phan anh tinh ta't ye'u eua dieu de cd tinh t a t ye'u, vdn cd, hdp quy luat. kien khach quan: "Mot dan toe da gan Di ngQdc lai dao ly, bat cha'p dao ly la gde chd'ng ach nd le cua thiic dan Phap bat chap quy luat khach quan va chic hdn 80 nam nay, mot dan toe da gan gde
SUPHAT TRIEN TUDUY TRIET HOC VIET NAM..
dQng ve phia Ddng minh chd'ng phat xit Xa hdi hien dai dang cd nhiing bie'n may nam nay, dan toe dd phai dUde tii ddng vd cung phQc tap; bien gidi, lanh do, dan toe dd phai dUde doe lap!" thd cua cac qud'c gia tudng chiing da dn NhQng ndi dung vQa phan tich eho dinh va dQde luat hda, nhQng v i n ed tha'y ring, b i t d i u tQ "Tuyen ngdn dde nhQng the liie nao dd bat chap sU that lap", mot tu duy g i n lien vdi the gidi va le phai thiic hien nhQng h a n h ddng quan mdi me, mang tinh khoa hoc va vi pham chu quyen eua da't nUdc ta.
ban chat each mang da hinh t h a n h va Tinh t h a n doe lap t u chu eua trieu trieu trd thanh chu dao d Viet Nam. Dae ngUdi Viet Nam mot l i n nQa lai dUdc diem eua phUdng phap tU duy nay la nd khdi day. Viet Nam kien quye't, tii tin diia tren nen tang the gidi quan duy vat k h i n g dinh ve chu quyen da dUdc dng khoa hoc ma Hd Chi Minh da tiep t h u cha trao truyen lai va dUdc phap luat dUde d chu nghia Mae Lenin, ket hdp qud'c te edng nhan. Tren ed sd "tinh n h u i n nhuyin vdi nhQng gia tri tinh t h a n xQ t r f "Di bat bien Qng van bie'n"
than cd't ldi eua phQdng Ddng ndi ciia triet hoc duy vat bien chQng, chung chung, Viet Nam ndi rieng. The gidi t a da mem mdng nhUng kien quye't, quan dd bao ham trong nd phUdng phap linh boat nhUng kien dinh sQ dung Uu nhan thQc va hanh ddng: Phai khach the ehinh nghia eua minh va tan dung quan, toan dien, n i m vQng quy luat va sii ung ho cua cdng ddng qudc te, bien hanh ddng theo quy luat, phai xuat nhQng ye'u to' dd t h a n h sQc manh to Idn.
phat tQ thiic te, khdng dem y ehi chu NhU vay, cd the ndi, d mdi thdi ky quan ap dat eho hien thiic, tdn trong lich sQ, tU duy, y thQc ve nen doc lap va tinh lich sQ - cu the,... chu quyen dan toe lai mang mot dac
Tren nen tang the gidi quan duy vat trUng rieng. Cung nhU cac ndi dung khoa hoe, phUdng phap n h a n thQc va triet hoe khac, tU duy, y thQc ve nen doe hanh ddng eua nd, toan the nhan dan lap va chu quyen dan tdc cua ngUdi Viet Viet Nam da vQng vang, kien dinh va Nam hien dai dUdc dat tren mot the sang tao, xay diing va ddi mdi, dUa Viet gidi quan duy vat va phUdng phap bien Nam tQ mot nUde ngheo n a n va lac hau, chQng khoa hoc. Vdi n h a n quan tridt hi tan pha trong chien t r a n h t h a n h mot hoc dd, dan toe t a tiep tuc phat huy da't nQde phat trien va dn dinh, tQng truyen thdng yeu nQde ndng nan, nang bude hien dai va khang dinh vi the tren eao tinh t h i n doc lap tii chu, khdi diy the gidi. Cung vdi nhQng t h a n h tiiu cua ly tri va ban linh dan toe Viet Nam. SQc sii phat trien kinh te xa hoi, n h a n manh ndi liic ay ket hdp vdi sQe manh thQc, khoa hoc, tinh chat duy vat, bien cua le phai, cua chinh nghia va sU ddng chQng cua tU duy triet hoc Viet Nam tinh eua edng ddng the gidi, dan toe dUde cung cd vQng chic va phat trien Viet Nam quyet khdng lui budc trUdc phong phu, trd t h a n h mot thude tinh bat cQ mdt the liie ngoai xam nao cd y eua ban linh Viet Nam, ban s i c cua nen dd va hanh ddng xam pham nen doc lap van hda mdi Viet Nam. va chu quyen dan toe. •
