K h o a h g c XS hgt v ^ N h § n v f i n
Khdi sU kinh doanh ci Viet Nam nam 2014:
nhln nhan qua nghien cufu chi so l(hdl si/ kinh doanh toan cau
(j Lirffng Minh HuSn'*, Nguyen Thi Thuy Dirong^
V
g Thuang mgi vd Cong nghidp Viet Nam'Tnrdng Dgi hpc Thuang mgi
Ngay nhan bai 21.8 2015, ngay chuygn phan bien 24,8.2015. ngay nh|nphan bien 17.9 2015, ngay chap nhgn dang 28.10.2015
Tim hieu ve cac cor hoi ldnh doanh, Idia nang nam bat cac ca h$i nay de Idiod su* kinh doanh tai cac quoc gia chinh la muc dich cua nghien cihi chi so khdi sir kinh doanh to^n cau (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor - GEM). Dvffc bat dau tir nam 1999, den nam 2014 nghifin cihi GEM da thu hut dvoc 73 quoc gia va vOng lanh thd tham gia, chi^m 72,4% dan so va 9 0 % GDP cua th^ gidi. Nam 2014 la nam thir hai lien ti^p Phong Thirong mai va Cong nghidp Vi^t Nam (VCCI) dai dien cho Viet Nam tham gia nghien cihi GEM. Dua tren dir lifu thu thap dirge tur cugc khao sat ngir^ truorng thanh & Viet Nam, VCCI da xay dung bao c^o GEM Viet Nam 2014. Bao cao da cho thay buc tranh ve khoi su" kinh doanh fr Viet Nam nam 2014. Nhung so sanh vol cac quoc gia khac, nhat la cac quoc gia cung trinh do phat trien v ^ Viet Nam da cho thdy tinh hinh kinh doanh & Viet Nam nam 2014 da kha quan hon so vol nam 2013, tuy nhien vSn con nhieu bat cap anh hirong toi qua trinh khoi sy. Bao cao ciing chi ra r^ng, de khoi sir thanh cdng, mot trong nhung chia khoa la can su doi moi sang tao.
Tdr khoa: ca hpi kinh doanh, doi mdi, dpng luc khdi su, GEM, khdi su kinh doanh.
Chisd phdn loai 5.2
Gioi thieu ve nghien cuu GEM
Lich su hinh thdnh vd phdt trien cua nghien cim GEM
Y tuang xay dung chi s6 GEM dugc triln khai ISn dau vao nam 1999 vai sir tham gia ciia 10 nuac phat ttien, trong do eo 7 nuac thuoc nhom G7 (Canada, Phap, Diic, Y, Nhat Ban, Vuang quoc Anh, Hoa Ky) va 3 nuac ikhac la Dan Mach, Phin Lan va Israel. Sau 16 nam thanh lap, nghien cmi GEM da dugc thuc hien tai 73 quoc gia va viing lanh th6, tra thanh nghien cuu co quy mo Ian nhat v8 kinh doanh tren toan cku. Vai phuang phap nghien euu thdng nhdt dugc di6u hanh bai cac nha nghien cuu kinh tg hang dau, GEM co th6 thu thap dugc bp ca sa du lieu ddng bg tai qu6c gia thanh vien, tu do co th6 giiip so sanh su phat tri8n kinh doanh va cac y6u to tac dgng d8n su phat friln kinh doanh giiia cac qu6c gia, khu vuc mot each chinh xac.
Tren the gioi hien cung co nhilu nghien cuu v l khai su va phat trien kinh doanh, tuy nhien nghien ciiu GEM CO nhiing dilm khac biet chilm mi thl. Khong chi nghien ciiu cac hoat dgng kinh doanh moi thanh lap hoac da 6n dinh, thong qua viec khao sat nguai truang thanh, GEM con tap trung nghien cuu hoat dpng ciia cac doanh nhan tir giai doan khoi su din khi boat dpng
*Tacgid Uen he: Email- [email protected]
kinh doanh da on dinh. Cach tiep can nay cimg c ^ mgt biic franh chi tiet ve hoat dgng kinh doanh hem la nhirng con so tim dirge frong ca sd dir lieu ciia ca quan dang ky kinh doanh.
Bao cao GEM toan cau nam 2014 da dua fren ket qua phdng vin cua 206.000 ngudi truang thanh va 3.936 chuyen gia dai dien cho 73 qudc gia va vung lanh thd, chilm 72,4% dSn sd va 90% GDP ciia thl giai [1].
Nhtmg con sd nay cho thay vai frd va vi tri ciia GEM trong sd eac bao cao kinh doanh hien nay fren thl gidi.
Nam 2014 cung la nam thu hai lien tilp VCCI dai diSn cho Viet Nam tham gia du an GEM.
Trong nghien cuu GEM, cac quoc gia tham du dugc phan thanh 3 giai doan theo trinh do phat triln kinh tl nhu phan Ioai cua Diln dan Kinh t l thl gidi [2]. Giai doan I - phat trien dua fren ngudn lire, bao gdm cac nudc canh franh dua chu ylu vao ngudn luc dSu vao la iao dpng phd thdng va tai nguyen thien nhien. Tai cac nen kinh te nay, cac doanh nghiep canh franh chu yeu dua fren gia ban va kinh doanh cac san phim thdng dung, vdi nang suat thSp phan anh thong qua miic luang thap. Giai doan II - phat friln dua fren hieu qua, gdm eac qudc gia canh franh dira fren cac quy trinh san xuit hieu qua ban va tang chat Iugng san phSm. Tai
KIIOAHOC „
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Entrepreneurship development in Vietnam in 2014: through
the approach ofthe global entrepreneurship monitor
Summary
Learning about entrepreneurial opportunities and the capability to grasp ! these opportunities to start a business >.
in different nations is the purpose of ! Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) \ research. Starting from 1999, in 2014, the t GEM study attracted 73 participating nations and territories, accounting for 72.4% ofthe world's population and 90%
of the world's GDP. 2014 was the second f consecutive year when Vietnam Chamber i of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) [ represented for Vietnam to participate in i GEM study. Based on the data collected from the adult population survey in Vietnam, VCCI built GEM Vietnam Report 2014. It provided a picture of characteristics and conditions for business development in Vietnam in 2014. Comparisons among other economies, especially those in the same level of development with Vietnam, showed that business development in Vietnam in 2014 was better than in 2013;
however, there were still many inadequacies influencing the process of business start-up and development in Vietnam. The report also showed that the key of success for business start-up was innovation. '^
Keywords: business start-up. entrepreneurial motivations, entrepreneurial opportunities, GEM, innovation.
Classification number 5.2
^pIM-
thdi diem nay, tinh canh tranh ngay cang dugc thiic day bdi giao due va dao tao, hieu qua cua cac thi trudng hang hda, hieu qua cua thi trudng lao ddng, sir phat trien ciia thi trucmg tai chinh, kha nang khai thac cac lgi ich ciia cong nghe hien c6 va mdt thi trudng quy md Idn frong nudc hoac qudc te.
Giai doan III - phat trien dua tren doi mdi, bao gdm cac qudc gia canh tranh chii yeu dua vao cac san pham mdi va ddc dao. 0 giai doan nay, cac cdng ty phai canh tranh bang each san xuat bang hda mdi va khac biet dua tren viec sir dung quy trinh san xuat tinh vi nhat va ddi mdi. Viet Nam hien van dang d giai doan I, giai doan pbat trien dua tren ngudn lire.
Trong sd cac nudc ASEAN tham gia GEM cd Philippines Cling trinh do phat trien vdi Viet Nam, trong khi Indonesia, Thai Lan va Malaysia thudc giai doan II, cdn Singapore phat trien a giai doan III.
Phuang phdp nghien cuu cua GEM
De phan tich dugc theo md hinh nghien ciiu ciia GEM, cac qudc gia thanh vien phai thuc hien cuoc dieu fra ngudi trudng thanh (Adult Population Surveys - APS) de thu thap du lieu [3]. Cudc dieu tra nay dugc cac chuyen gia ciia GEM thiet ke, hudng d§n cac qudc gia thanh vien thuc hien thu thap dii lieu cua qudc gia, Dii lieu nay sau do dugc tong hgp lai cho cac chuyen gia phan tich du lieu ciia GEM xir Iy, hgp nhat va giri lai cho cac qudc gia thanh vien.
Cupc khao sat ngudi trudng thanh nham muc dich thu thap thdng tin ve su tham gia ciia ca nhan ngudi trudTig thanh vao cac hoat dgng kinh doanh va thai do, nhan thiic ciia hp ve cac hoat ddng kinh doanh. Ngoai ra, cudc khao sat nay ciing cung cap cac thdng tin lien quan den cac mdl quan he frong kinh doanh, xu hudng ddi mdi sang tao trong kinh doanh va viec dang ky kinh doanh. Cudc khao sat nay phai dugc thuc hien bdi cac cdng ty/td chiic chuyen thuc hien cac cudc dieu tra khao sat. vdi mau khao sat it nhat la 2.000 ngudi trudng thanh, tir 18 den 64 tudi. Mau khao sat nay phai mang tinh dai dien cho mdi qudc gia, thda man dugc cac tieu chi viing mien, gidi tinh, dp tudi va noi sdng (thanh thi/ndng thdn).
Thuc trang khoi nghiep a Viet Nam
Ca hpi vd tiem ndng khdi nghiep & Viet Nam ndm 2014 Kinh te Viet Nam nam 2014 tiep tuc cd nhiing dau hieu ciia sir phuc hoi khi ma tdc dp tang trudng tdng san pham qudc ndi (GDP) dat 5,98%, cao nhat ke tir nam 2011 den nay.
Chinh sir phuc hdi nay da cai thien tinh hinh khdi su kinh doanh d Viet Nam nam 2014 dii d mirc van con thap. Ty Ie ngudi trudng thanh nhan thay cd co hdi de bat dau mdt viec kinh doanh mdi d Viet Nam da tang tii' muc 37% nam 2013 len miic 39% nam 2014. Tuy da cai thien, nhung nhan thuc
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ve ca hdi khdi nghiep d Viet Nam van cdn thap hon rat nhilu so vdi miic bmh quan 55% cua cac nudc dang d frong giai doan phat triln tuang tu nhu Viet Nam, tang trudng kinb te dua fren cac yeu td dau vao.
Neu so vdi cac nudc frong nhdm ASEAN-5, ty Ie nhan thiic v l ca hdi kinh doanh d Viet Nam chi cao ban so vdi Singapore (17%), qudc gia dang d giai doan III ciia su pbat friln - tang trudng dua fren su ddi mdi, cdn lai deu thap han so vdi cac nudc khac nhu Malaysia (43%), Thai Lan (47%), Indonesia (45%) va nhat la Philippines (46%), la nudc cung giai doan phat trien vdi Viet Nam [4].
Xet ve nang luc kinh doanh, nam 2014, 58% so ngudi trudng thanh dugc hdi d Viet Nam tu danh gia cd du kien thiic, ky nang va kinh nghiem can tbiet de bat dau kinb doanh, cao ban nhieu so vdi miic 49%
cua nam 2013. Viec ty le ngudi Viet Nam hr tm ve kha nang kinh doanh tang cao ban so vdi nam 2013 chu yeu do mdi trudng kinh doanh nam 2014 da dugc cai thieu, giiip ngudi dan tu tin ban vao kha nang kinh doanh cua hg. Tuy nhien, ty Ie nay vln thap han so vdi binh quan cua cac nudc phat trien d giai doan I (65%).
So vdi cac nudc frong khdi ASEAN-5, ty Ie ngudi cd kha nang ldnh doanh d Viet Nam cao han d Singapore, Malaysia va Thai Lan, nhung lai thip ban d Indonesia va Philippines. Dilu nay cho thay, Viet Nam van can hoan thien he thdng giao due, dao tao kien thiic va ky nang khdi ngliiep va van hanh boat dgng kinh doanh cho ngudi dan, bat dau tir hgc sinh phd thdng va sinh vien dai hgc.
Hinh I: nhdn lliirc ve ( c lioi likoi nghidp d Vi?l Nam si Iriii thi gldi nam 2014 (Nguon khdo sal ngudi truang lltonh Iren li
Lo sa thdt bai vd y dinh khdi sif kinh doanh Lo sg that bai la mdt frong nhung yeu td tam ly quan frgng can frd su khdi nghiep kinh doanh cua cac ca nhan. De danh gia tieu chi nay, GEM da su dung chi so do ludng ty le nhung ngudi cam thky su lo sg
thk bai da can hg tham gia vao kinh doanh mac du hg da thky cd ca hgi kinh doanh. Ly do khien ngudi trudng thanh lo sg thdt b^i cd the din tii moi truorng ben ngoai va ca nhan hg. 6 Viet Nam, mdi tnrdng kinh doanh frong nhiing nam gin day la mot trong nhung ylu td khiln ngudi dan cam thay lo sg that bai frong kinh doanh. Nln kinh t l Viet Nam vkn chua iky Iai su tang trudng nhu trudc day vd mdi trudng kinh doanh vSn cdn nhilu quy djnh va thu tuc chua hgp ly, gSy lo sg va philn ha cho viec kinh doanh. Tmh frang cac doanh nghiep dang ky thanh lap cd xu hudng giam va sd lugng doanh nghi?p phai ngimg hoat dgng hoac giai thl tang len chinh la mgt minh chiing ro net cho thay su nii ro trong kinh doanh d Viet Nam vSn cdn cao. Trong giai doan 2011-2014, mdi nam cd khoang fren 50 nghin doanh nghiep phai ngimg boat ddng hoac giai the va con sd nay cd xu hudng ngay cang tang, cu the: nam 2011 la khoang fren 51 nghin doanh nghiep, nam 2012 la 54.261 doanh nghiep, nam 2013 la 60.737 doanh nghiep, nam 2014 la 67.823 doanh nghiep. Trong khi do, sd doanh nghiep dang ky thanh lap lai cd xu hudng giam, hi 89.187 doanh nghiep nam 2010, xudng 77.548 doanh nghiep nam 2011, tiep tuc giam xudng cdn 69.874 doanh nghiep nam 2012 va tang frd lai 76.955 doanh nghiep nam 2013, sau do lai giam cdn 74.842 doanh nghiep nam 2014. Neu xet ve cac bd kinh doanh ca thl, tdc dp tang trudng ve sd lugng da giam tu 7,4%/nam trong giai doan 2002-2007 xudng chi cdn 4,3%/nam frong giai doan 2007-2012.
Tinh din thai dilm 1.7.2012, Viet Nam cd 4,63 trieu bd kinh doanh ca the boat ddng, thu hiit 7,9 trieu lao ddng [5]. Ben canh dd, nang lire kinh doanh ciia ngudi Viet Nam thap cung la yeu to khien cho ngudi Viet Nam lo sg that bai frong kinh doanh. Cac chuang trinh dao tao ve khdi su kinh doanh du da bat dau xuat hien nhung van tap trung chii yeu d cac trudng khdi kinh te, frong khi kien thiic nay can md rdng ra d khap cac trudng dai hpc de sinh vien ra trudng cd nhung kien thiic tdi thieu de khdi nghidp.
Chi sd lo sg that bai cua Viet Nam nam 2014 la 50,l%i, giam so vdi miic 56,7% cua nam 2013. Dieu nay cho thay nhirng nd l\rc cai thien mdi trudng kinh doanh ciia Chinh phii trong nam 2014 da giiip lay lai Idng tin ciia ngudi lam kinh doanh. Nam 2014 cimg vdi viec thdng qua Luat Doanh nghiep sita ddi va Luat Dau tu siia ddi vdi nhirng quy dinh dan gian han ve thii tuc gia nhap thi trudng, Chinh phii da quyet liet thuc hien viec cai thien mdi trudng kinh doanh tbdng qua viec thuc thi Nghi quylt sd 19/NQ-CPngay 18.3.2014
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Khoa hgc Xa hgi v^ NhSn vSn
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ve nhirng nhiem vu, giai phap chu ylu cai thien mdi trudng kinh doanh, nang cao nang luc canh franh qudc gia.
Nghien ciiu GEM toan cSu 2014 [4] da chi ra rSng, d cac qudc gia cang phat frien, ngudi dan cang cSn than hem khi kinh doanh, chmh vi vay su lo sg that bai gay can frd nhieu ban d cac nudc nay. Tuy nhien, vdi mdt qudc gia dang phat trien d giai doan I, ty le lo sg that bai khi kinh doanh ciia ngudi Viet Nam nam 2014 du da giam nhung van d miic cao so vdi cac qudc gia cung trinh dp phat trien va cao han mirc trung binh ciia cac nudc pbat trien d giai doan 111.
Ngoai trir Malaysia, cac nudc khac d khu vuc ASEAN Cling cd ty le lo sg that bai khi kinb doanh cao: Thai Lan (42,2%), Singapore (39,4%), Indonesia (38,1%), Philippines (37,7%). Kit qua nay khiln ASEAN frd thanh khu vuc c6 ty le ngudi lo sg that bai cao thli 2 (39,1%), chi kem khu virc EU (40,7%) nai ma cac qudc gia vln dang chiu anh hudng cua cudc khiing hoang ng khien ldng tin vao kinh doanh bj suy giam, diln binh nhu Hy Lap (61,6%), BaLan (51,1%), Bi (49,4%.), Italy (49,1%).
Ket qua nghien ciiu GEM toan cau 2014 da cho thay mdi quan he nguge chilu giiia lo sg v l that bai va y dinh khdi sir. Neu su lo sg v l that bai khi kinh doanh tang dan theo trinh do phat trien cua nen kinh te thi y dinh khdi su kinh doanh Iai giam dan, Cac nudc phat trien d giai doan I cd ty le ngudi co y dinh khdi su trung binh cao nhat, 40,2%, tiep den la cac nudc phat trien d giai doan II voi 22,8% va cudi ciing la cac nudc d giai doan III, 12,3%. Nghien cuu GEM 2014 da chi ra rang, d cac nudc, khi ma cac su lira chgn tim kiem cdng viec mang Iai thu nhap bi han che thi ngudi dan cd xu hudng khdi sir kinh doanh nhieu hon, Ngoai ra, nhan thiic xa hdi va dieu kien kinh doanh cung la nhiing yeu td thiic day hoac can trd y dinh khdi su kinh doanh. Chi sd y dinh khdi su kinh doanh dugc tinh toan dua tren ty le ngudi trudng thanh hien tai khdng tham gia vao hoat ddng kinh doanh nhung dy kien se khdi sy kinh doanh frong 36 thang tdi. Cung theo Idgic nay, ty le ngudi cd y dinh khdi su kinh doanh d Viet Nam nam 2014 chi d miic thip, 18,2%), giam so vdi miic 24,1 % cua nam 2013 va kem xa so vdi miic trung binh cua cac nudc Cling trinh dp phat trien vdi Viet Nam.
d khu vuc Ddng Nam A, ty le ngudi cd y dinh khdi su kinh doanh d Viet Nam tuy cao ban so vai Malaysia va Singapore, nhimg lai thap han Thai Lan, Indonesia
va nhat la Philippines, nudc ciing giai doan phat trien vdi Viet Nam. Cung can Iuu y rang Singapore thudc nhdm cac nudc phat frien dua fren sy ddi mdi, cdn Malaysia cung dang frong qua trinh chuyen tir nhdm cac nudc phat trien dya tren hieu qua sang nhdm cac nudc phat trien dua fren su ddi mdi, chinh vi vay ty Ie ngudi cd y djnh khdi su d hai nudc nay chi d muc thap, ian lugt la 9,4% va 11,6%, Viec ty le ngudi cd y dinh khdi su kinh doanh d Viet Nam thap chii ylu do kinh te Viet Nam van dang phyc hdi cham, ca hgi kinh doanh chua nhieu, nang luc kinh doanh ciia ngudi dan van han che frong khi miic do nii ro trong kinh doanh cao.
Khdi su kinh doanh & Viet Nam ndm 2014 Bao cao GEM toan cau 2014 da chi ra ring, thyc frang khdi sy kinh doanh cd xu hudng giam dan, nguge chieu vdi sy phat trien ciia nen kinh te, nghla la cac nudc tang trudng dya tren ngudn luc cd ty Ie khdi sy kinh doanh se cao nhat, cdn cac nudc phat trien dya tren ddi mdi thi se cd ty Ie khdi sy thap nhat. Tuy nhien, frong trudng hgp cua Viet Nam, mot qudc gia thudc nhdm cac nudc pbat trien dya tren ngudn luc, ty le khdi sy kinh doanh Iai thap hon ca miic trung binh ciia cac nudc d giai doan III (hinh 2).
Hinh 2- khdi su kinh doanh d Viit Nam so vai cdc nirdc tren the gi&i nam 2014 (Nguon. khao sal ngu&i tnrang thdnh Iren lodn cdu nam 2014)
Nhu da dy bao trong bao cao cbi sd kinh doanh Viet Nam nam 2013, viec Viet Nam la nudc cd ty le ngudi Io sg that bai frong kinh doanh cao, trong khi ty le ngudi nhan thay cd ca hpi kinh doanh thap, ty le ngudi cd y dinh khdi sy kinh doanh thap se dan den ty le khdi su kinh doanh d Viet Nam nam 2014 thap. Ty le khdi sy kinh doanh thap cho thay, nen kinh te Viet Nam van chua lay lai dugc su nang dpng va phat trien nhu nhiing nam trudc cudc khiing hoang tai chinh the gidi 2008. Chinh ty le khdi sy kinh doanh rat thap da keo theo ty le cac hoat dpng kinh doanh dudi 3,5 nam (TEA) ciia Viet Nam thap han nhieu so vdi mirc binh quan ciia cac nudc trong ciing giai doan phat trien.
Nghien ciiu GEM 2014 da cho thay mdi tucmg quan ty le thuan chat che giiia kha nang kinh doanh va chi
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sd TEA. Dilu nay kbSng dinh, dl phat triln cac boat dpng kmh doanh mdi, cSn tang cudng cac boat ddng giao due va dao tao dudi mgi hinh thiic nham frang bi kiln thiic, ky nang va tinh thin kinh doanh cho ngudi trudng thanh.
So vdi cac nudc khu vuc ASEAN, ty Ie khdi sy kinh doanh ciia Viet Nam nam 2014 chi cao hai Malaysia (1,4%) frong khi thip ban 4 qudc gia khac la Philippines (8,2%), Indonesia (4,4%), Thai Lan (7,6%) va Smgapore {6,4%).
Dpng ca khdi su kinh doanh ndm 2014 Tim bilu v l ddng ca khoi sy kinh doanh la mpt frong nhiing muc tieu quan frgng khi nghien ciiu kinh doanh. Nghien ciiu GEM phan ra 2 nhdm dpng ca thiic diy cac ca nhan khdi su kinh doanh. Nhdm thu nhat la nhdm khdi su vi nhu ciu thiet yeu ciia cupc sdng, la nhung ngudi khdi su kinh doanh vi hp khong cd sir lua chpn cdng viec nao tot hem. Nhdm thii bai la nhdm khdi sy d l tan dyng ca hgi kinh doanh. Theo each thiic phan loai nay, ty Ie ngudi khdi sy de tan dung ca hpi kha pho biln d cac nudc fren tbl gidi, nhat la d cac nudc phat triln dya fren sy ddi mdi. Trong khi do, ty le ngudi khdi sy vi nhu cau thiet yeu c6 xu hudng giam din theo trinb dp phat trien cua nen kinh te.
Trong sd nhiing ngudi tan dung ca hdi de khdi sy kinh doanh, mpt sd cd the vi muc dich tang thu nhap, hoac frd nen dpc lap han, mpt sd khac dan gian chi la de duy tri muc thu nhap hien tai, Nghien ciiu GEM tap trung nhilu han vao nhiing ngudi tan dung co hdi d l tang thu nhap hoac dl ddc lap ban, vi day la nhiing ngudi mong mudn tan dung ca hdi de phat trien hoan thien ban. Ket qua khao sat ngudi trudng thanh nam 2014 tai 73 qudc gia da cho thay, khi nen kinh te cang phat trien, mgi ngudi ngay cang tham gia vao kinh doanh de tan dung co bpi hoan thien ban than han la vi kiem sdng.
Theo sd lieu khao sat ngudi trudng thanh tren toan ciu nam 2014, d Viet Nam, chi cd 29,7% ngudi khdi su kinh doanh vi khdng cd su lya chpn cdng viec nao tdt hon, frong khi cd din 70,3% ngudi khdi sy kinh doanh de tan dung ca hpi, trong dd 53,3% ngudi khdi su kinh doanh de tan dung ca hdi hoan thien minh. Ty 16 ngudi Viet Nam khdi sy kinh doanh de tan dung ca hpi hoan thien minh cao hem so vdi miic trung binh cua cac nudc ciing frinh dp phat trien vdi Viet Nam (47%) va gin bing miic frung binh cua cac nudc phat friln dya fren ddi mdi (54,9%). Tuy nhien, nlu xem
xet chi tilt ban muc dich ciia viec tan dung ca hdi thi ngudi Viet Nam khdi sy chu ylu la 6.k. tang tbu nhap, chilm din 41,5%, cdn d l ddc lap born chi la 11,8%.
Trong khi dd, ty Ie nay trung bmh d cac nudc thudc giai doan I lin lugt la 29,4% va 18,8%, thudc giai doan II la 27,3% va 19,2%, thuoc giai doan III la 29,9% va 27,5%. Dilu nay cho thiy ngudi Viet Nam tham gia vao kinh doanh da phin de tan dung ca hgi tang thu nhap la chinh. Dilu ndy hoan toan de hilu khi ma GDP binh quan diu ngudi cua Vi^t Nam chi bang 3,77% ciia Singaport hay 35,77% cua Thai Lan.
Linh vuc hoat dpng khdi su kinh doanh ndm 2014 Nghien ciiu GEM phan nhdm nganh cac boat dong kinh doanh thanh 4 Ioai: khai thac, chl biln, phuc vu doanh nghiep va phuc vu ngudi tieu diing. Theo each phan loai nay, da sd cac hoat ddng kinh doanh, du la d giai doan diu (dudi 3,5 nam) hay da dn dinh (fren 3,5 nam), diu chii ylu la hudng tdi phuc vu ngudi tieu diing. Ty Ie cac hoat ddng kinh doanh phuc vu ngudi tieu dung giam din khi trinb do phat trien kinb te cao han. 6 cac nudc phat friln dua fren ddi mdi, ty le cac boat dpng khoi su kinh doanh frong lirib vyc khai thac thip nhat, frong khi dd ty le cac boat ddng phuc vu doanh nghiep lai kha cao, trung binh chiem 28,8%, cao hon ty le cac hoat dpng kinh doanh frong ITnh vuc che biln (22,1%)), 0 cac nen kinh te dua fren hieu qua, cac boat ddng khdi su kinh doanh mang tinh chat che tao dat ty le cao, trung binh 23,5%o, cbi diing sau cac hoat dgng phuc vu ngudi tieu dimg. Ket qua nay cho thay, de mpt nen kinh te phat trien, chuyen sang giai doan cao ban, can co sy chuyen dich co cau kinh te theo budng tang ty frpng cac boat dpng kinh doanh frong Iinh vyc che bien va phuc vu doanh nghiep, giam ty frpng cac boat ddng kinh doanh frong ITnh vyc khai thac va phuc vu ngudi tieu dimg.
(3 Viet Nam, ty Ie cac boat dpng kinh doanh frong giai doan dau hudng tdi phuc vu ngudi tieu dung chiem 89%, cao hem nhieu so vdi miic trung binh 63,5% ciia cac nudc thudc giai doan I. Trong khi dd, ty frpng cac boat dpng kinh doanh trong ITnh vuc che bien lai thap ban nhieu so vdi miic binh quan ciia cac nudc ciiiig trinh dp phat friln (5,5% so vdi 17,9%). So vdi ca ciu cac ITnh vuc kinb doanh ciia cac nudc thudc nhdm II, ty le cac boat ddng che bien va phuc vu doanh nghiep ciia Viet Nam cdn kem rit xa, vi vay d l tiln gin va dich chuyln sang nhdm II, Viet Nam cin phai tang cudng cac chinh sach khuyln khich khdi nghiep tai cac ITnh vuc nay.
USSSUdSi Viet Nam ^'^'^-^"^^
•v»l
Khoa hoc XS hgi va Nhan vSndidHEai:
sy thanh cdng. 0 chieu nguge lai, cac boat ddng kinh doanh da dn dinh lai cd dmh hudng ddi mdi ve thi trudng cao hem cho thay mirc do canh tranh ngay cang cao ddi vdi cac hoat ddng kinh doanh mdi va viec phat hien nhiing phan doan thi trudng khdng cd hoac cd it ddl thu canh franh la rat khd trong thdi ky toan cau hda, ty do canh franh va biing nd thdng tin ngay nay.
Hinh 3: imh vyrc cua cdc hogt dang lanh doanh agiai doan ddu (Nguon khdo sdt ngu&i Iru&ng ihdnh trin lodn cdu ndm 2014)
Dfnh hu&ng doi mdi cua cdc hoat dpng kinh doanh a Viet Nam
Viec danh gia dinh hudng ddi mdi ciia cac boat dgng kinh doanh, nghien ciiu GEM dya vao ba chi tieu:
- A/ifc do doi m&i doi vai sdn phdm: danh gia mirc dp mdi ciia san pham/dich vu ddi vdi khach hang tiem nang. San pham dugc coi la mdi neu dugc nhieu khach bang cdng nhan.
- Mirc do doi mai doi v&i thi tru&ng: danh gia mirc do canh franh fren thi trudng tbdng qua sd lugng ddi thu canh tranh kinb doanh ciing loai san pham/dich vu ddi vdi nhdm khach hang tiem nang. Mpt boat ddng kinh doanh dugc coi la mdi ddi vdi thi trudng neu hoat ddng do cd rat it hoac chua cd ddi thu canh franh.
- Miec do doi m&i vi cong nghe: danh gia miic dp cap nhat cua cac cdng nghe/quy trinh dugc sir dung frong san xuat kinh doanh. Cdng nghe/quy trinh dugc coi la mdi neu chi xuat hien dudi I nam d Viet Nam.
Theo 3 chi tieu nay, cac boat ddng kinh doanh d Viet Nam da phan khdng mang tinh ddi mdi, d ca cac hoat dgng kinh doanh mdi va cac boat ddng kinh doanh da dn dinh. Ddi voi cac boat ddng kinh doanh d giai doan dau, chi cd 5,9%) boat ddng cd cac san pham mdi, 4,9%i boat ddng mdi ddi vdi thi trudng va \5% hoat dpng su dung cdng nghe mdi. 0 cac boat ddng kinh doanh da dn dinh, ty le boat dpng kinh doanh mdi Ian lugt la: 2,7% ve san pham, 5,2% ve thi trudng va 3,8% ve cdng nghe. Ket qua khao sat cbo thay, cd sy khac biet giiia cac boat ddng kinh doanh d giai doan dau va da dn dinh. Cac hoat ddng kinh doanh d giai doan dau da cd dinh hudng ddi mdi nhieu hem ve san pham va dac biet ve cdng nghe so vdi cac boat dpng kinh doanh da dn dinh. Dieu nay cho thay, cac boat ddng kinh doanh khi mdi bat dau da quan tam va dau tu nhieu han den viec ap dung cac cdng nghe mdi nhu la chia khda cho
(Ngudn • khdo sdi ngudi tntdng thdnh & Vi^i Nam 2014)
Ket luan va khuyen nghi, dl xuSt
Cimg vdi su hdi phuc ciia nen kinh te Viet Nam nam 2014, thl hien qua tdc do tang GDP dat 5,98%, cac ca bdi va tiem nang khdi nghiep d Viet Nam da tang Ien so vdi nam 2013. Dieu nay dugc the hien thdng qua viec nhan thiic ve ca hdi kinh doanh va kha nang kinh doanh ciia ngudi trudng thanh d Viet Nam da tang Ien.
Trong khi dd, ty le Io sg that bai da giam di so vdi nam 2013. Tuy nhien, neu so vdi mat bang chung cua cac nudc ciing trinb dp phat frien vdi Viet Nam (phat trien dya chil yeu vao cac ngudn lyc dau vao) thi ca hdi va tiem nang khdi nghiep d Viet Nam van thap. Ket qua nay dan den ty ie ngudi cd y dinh khdi sy kinh doanh d Viet Nam chi dat 18%, thap ban nhieu so vdi miic trung binh 40% d cac nudc cimg trinh dp phat trien.
Viec ty le ngudi cd y dinh khdi sy thap se anb budng den tinh nang dpng va sy phat trien ciia nen kinh te, chinh vi vay can cd nhirng giai phap de khuySn khich ngudi dan tham gia khdi sy kinh doanh.
Dang chii y, thanh nien (18-34 tudi) nhan thay cd kha nang kinh doanh kem hem ngudi trung nien (35- 64 tudi), vi the ty le thanh nien Io sg that bai cao ban (55%) so vdi 45,3%), tuy nhien hg Iai la ddi tugng cd y dinh khdi sy kinh doanh cao (24,2% so vdi 10,7%).
Ty le thanh nien khdi sy kinb doanh cQng cao hom so vdl ngudi trung nien (2,8% so vdi 1,2%). Ty le thanh nien tham gia vao kmh doanh de tan dyng ca hgi cao hem so vdl trung nien (58,6% so vdi 46,2%), Ket qua nay cho thay, can phai tap tmng cac chinh sach khuyen
l!S2SI2SiVi&Nam-'='"°'»
Khoa hgc Xa hgi v^ Nhan van
H
khich hd ttg khdi nghiep vao nhdm ddi tugng thanh nien nhilu hem. Mdt khi thanh nien dugc frang hi them kiln thiic va ky nang kinh doanh, bg se bdt lo sg nhimg thit bai frong kinh doanh va ty le khdi sy kinh doanh se cao ban niia.
Ci Viet Nam, cac boat dgng kinh doanh chu ylu la cd quy md sieu nhd, mang tinh chat ca the hoac hp kinh doanh. Cac hoat ddng kinh doanh d Viet Nam cbu ylu frong ITnh vuc phuc vu ngudi tieu dung, ty le cac hoat dgng frong ITnh vyc chl biln va phuc vu doanh nghiep cdn rit thip. Hem niia, cac boat dgng kinh doanh d Viet Nam da phin khdng mang tinb ddi mdi. De khac phuc thuc frang nay, frong thdi gian tdi, chiing ta can tap tnmg vao mpt sd van de sau:
Thunhat, tiip tifc Sn dinh kinh te vimo, xay dung lai long tin cho ngudi ldm kinh doanh
- Nha nudc cin tiep tuc kien dinh cac cbinh sach on dinh kinb te vT mo, kilm che lam phat, lay lai Idng tin cho ngudi kinh doanh. Cac chinh sach phai dl dir doan, dl tien lieu de ngudi dan du kiln dugc ke hoach kinh doanh cua minh.
- Can minh bach bda cac chinh sach, tao dieu kien thuan lgi de ngudi Iam kinh doanh cd the tiep can cac thdng tin, su frg giiip ve ky thuat (phi tai cbinh) cung nhu ve tai chinh. Nha nudc da ban hanh cac bd Iuat mdi sira ddi nham cai thien mdi trudng nhu Luat Doanh nghiep, Luat Dau tu, tuy nhien can phai sdm ban hanh cac nghi dinh de hudng dan thi banh cac Iuat nay.
- Tao lap mdi trudng canh franh binh dang giiia cac khu vuc kinb te de ngudi dan khdng cd "mac cam" hi phan biet ddi xir frong qua trinb tiep can cac ngudn lyc kinh doanh. Nha nudc can giam sy can thiep cua cac doanh nghiep nha nudc vao cac ITnh vyc va nganh nghe ma khu vyc tu nhan da phat trien.
- Tang cudng phd bien tbdng tin de ngudi dan nhan biet dugc nhu cau ciia thi tnrdng vi y tudng kinh doanh thudng xuat pbat tii vi^c giai quyet nhu cau ciia cudc sdng (nhu can giai quyet khd khan, nhu can tao cbo cupc sdng ciia ngudi dan thuan tien va tdt dep han).
De thuc hien giai phap nay, cdng nghe thdng tin la mdt cdng cu quan frgng. Vdi su phat triln ciia cdng nghe thdng tin, Chinh phu va cac bp nganh, ciing nhu cac hiep hpi nganh nghe cd the cung cip cac tbdng tin thi trudng giup ngudi dan cd nhung dinh hudng ve san xuat va kinh doanh. Bai hgc nay da dugc ap dung d nhieu nudc fren the gidi va bit diu dugc ap dung d Viet Nam bdi Tap doan viln thdng quan dgi Viettel.
Tang cudng tuyen truyin cac dien binh doanh nhan vugt khd, kien dinh vdi myc tieu kinh doanh va bilt each khic phuc nhung khd khan frong kinh doanh, nang dpng ddi mdi sang tao de duy tri cdng viec kinh doanh. Can xay dyng nhieu chucmg trinh bieu duang cac tam guemg doanh nhan dien hinh.
Thir hai, doi m&i cdc chucmg trinh ddo tao, khuyin khich ngu&i ddn, nhdt Id thanh nien tim hiiu vi cong viec kinh doanh, kh&i su kinh doanh vd ndng cao ndng Ifrc
- Xay dung cac chuang trinh giang day d bac phd thdng theo budng dao tao ky nang sang tao, dpc lap, va kha nang lam viec nhdm. Ddng thdi cd the dua din mdt sd kiln thiic ve kinh doanh giiip hgc sinh cd the sdm dinh hudng nghl nghiep cho tuong lai. Chuang trinh "Tim hilu cdng viec kinh doanh" da dugc thir ngbiem d Viet Nam va da dugc dua ra thao luan de ldng ghep vao chuang trinh dao tao d bac phd thdng.
Nghien cim GEM Viet Nam 2014 da minh chiing cho sy cin thilt phai ddi mdi chuang trinb dao tao d bac phd thdng theo hudng "hgc d l lam gi" chii khdng phai
"hpc cai gi". Day la chuang trinh cd the phd bien fren cac phuong tien thdng tin dai chiing. Bp Giao due va Dao tao can sdm thi dilm, dua mpt sd chuang trmh giang day, cung cap cac kien thiic ca ban ve kmh doanh vao cac chucmg trinh d bac phd thdng.
- c a n hoan thien cac chucmg trinh dao tao doanh nhan d cac tnrdng dai hgc - cao dang; hudng din cho sinh vien cac trudng ky thuat, trudng nghe ve ky nang khdi su doanh nghiep, tu tao viec Iam bang each sii dung chuyen mon ky thuat ciia minh khdi sy frong nganh, ITnh vuc ma minh dugc dao tao chuyen sau.
- Can phd bien rpng rai chuong trinh "Nhan thiic ve kinh doanh" de cac ca nhan cd the tu danh gia nang lyc/dieu kien kinh doanh ciia minh. Pbat trien cac khda dao tao ky nang khdi su doanh nghiep cho ngudi dan, nhat la nhdm thanh ni6n. Cd the md rpng cac khda dao tao ky nang khdi sy va kinh doanh cho cac hg kinh doanh de hp dugc trang bi kien thiic va khi cd dieu kien cd the phat trien thanh doanh nghiep.
Th^ ba, ndng cao hdm luang khoa hpc vd cdng nghe trong kinh doanh
- Phat trien manb me cac trung tam uom tao doanh nghiep phat triln dya vao cdng nghe thdng qua cac
"Vudm uom doanh nghiep". Hi?n Viet Nam da cd mpt so tning tam uam tao nhimg chi mdi nhan dugc sy
KHOAHOC
CdNG NGHE
lam
4(5) 5.2016Khoa hgc Xa hpi va Nhan vSn
•Sflitt
q u a n t § m c u a B d K h o a h g c v a C d n g n g h e . C h o d i n n a y c a c t i n h , t h a n h p h d v a n c h u a cbii y n h i e u d e n h i n h thiic n a y . D a y l a h i n h t h i i c h d frg d o a n h n g h i e p t a p t r u n g frong giai d o a n d i u p h a t t r i l n .
- Khuyen khich thanh lap cac quy dau tu tu nhan, quy dau tu mao hiem de cac doanh nghiep cd the chuyen dich kinh doanh sang cac nganh cdng nghiep che bien - che tao, cac nganh cdng nghiep phu frg. Ty le kinh doanh frong ITnh vuc nay d Viet Nam hien cdn kem xa so vdi cac nudc phat trien d giai doan II.
- Day manh boat ddng cua cac quy hd trg ddi mdi cdng nghe, cac chuong trinh ddi mdi cdng nghe; tiep thi manh me cac dy an hd frg ddi mdi cdng nghe do cac nha tai frg qudc te (Ngan hang the gidi, Cbinh phii Phan Lan...) hd frg.
- Nha nudc can phat trien cac Ioai hinh nhu Quy Tien phong, Quy Thach thiic d Viet Nam de bii dap cac nii ro frong qua trinh ddi mdi sang tao. Md binh nay da dugc phd bien kha thanh cdng d Viet Nam, giiip cbo Viet Nam cd the nhanh chdng chuyen dich sang giai doan II cua su pbat trien.
- Xay dyng cac ca che phdi hgp va chuyen giao ket qua nghien ciiu giua cac trung tam nghien ciiu va cac doanh nghiep de cd the thuang mai hda cac ket qua nghien cim, sang che.
Thu- tu, xdy dung vd hodn thien cdc chuang trinh ho trpt khai nghiep vd phdt trien kinh doanh
- x a y dung mpt ca quan dau mdi tap hgp cac chuang trinh hd frg kinh doanh ciia Chinh phu de doanh nghiep va nhirng ngudi Iam kinh doanh de dang tiep can, Ca quan nay cd the dat d Bp Ke hoach va Dau tu va phoi hgp vdi cac hiep hdi doanh nghiep de Iam cau ndi cac doanh nghiep.
- Khuyen khich phat trien kinh doanh frong cac ITnh vuc che bien va dich vu cho doanh nghiep. Timg budc xay dung mdt ca cau kinh te hgp ly de phat trien len giai doan II, phat frien dua tren hieu qua. Cd ca che hd frg va cac cbuang trinb dao tao nghe hieu qua de tiep tuc chuyen dich tir ITnh vuc ndng nghiep sang cdng nghiep che bien.
Tai Heu tham hhao
[1] Amoros J.E, Bosma N (2014), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2013 Global Report, GERA/GEM
[2] Schwab K (2013), "The Global Competitiveness Report 2013- 2014", World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland,
[3] Levie J, Autio E (2008), "A theoretical grounding and test of the GEM model", Small Business Economics, 31(3), pp.235-263.
[4] Singer S, Amoros J E, Arreola D.M (2015), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2014 Global Report. GERA/GEM.
[5] VCCI (2015), Bdo cdo thudng men doanh nghiep Viel Nam 2014, chu de ndm. Phdt trien doanh nghiep trong ldnh doanh ndng nghiep. NXB Thong tm va Tmyen thong. Ha Ngi.
