KINH NGHIEM CUA TRUNG QUOC VE CHINH SACH
"HOA VAN" TRI THUTC
NGUYEN CANH TOAN*
Z
jch sir phiit tridn eiia Trung Qude va Viet Nam tuy khdng hoan loan gidng nhau nhung cd nhieu net tuang ddng vd van hda va y thirc he.Ljch sir hien dai cdn ciio thay ca hai ciing trai qua nen kinh te tap trung quan lieu bao cap, hien dang huang tdi nen kinh td thj trudng "mang mau sac Trung Qudc" bay
"djnb budng xa hdi chii nghia" kieu Viet Nam.
Vi vay, nhirng gi Trung Qudc thanh cdng irong chinh sach thu hiit kieu bao ciia hg ndi chung, tri thirc ndi rieng ed the la bai hgc hoae kinh nghiem quy giii cho Viet Nam.
Thdng qua lang kinh "each irng xir ciia Chinh phu Cdng hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa (Trung Qudc) ddi vdi Hoa kidu", hy vgng nhung nghien ciru ban dau nay se dan sang td nhtrng van de sau: Trung Qudc dang khai thiic hieu quii "vu khi bi mat" ciia minh Vci bai hgc kinh nghidm ve cac chinh sach "Hoa van" tri thirc.
Cac nha phan tich qudc td da nghien ciru va chi ro vai trd cua ngudn lire kieu bao la mdt trong nhtrng nhan td ciia su trdi day manh me d khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duang. mci diem siing lit Trung Qudc va An Do.
Chua bao gid Trung Qudc lai thu hiit dugc ddng dao tri thirc Hoa kieu ve nudc ddng gdp den the. Vdi nhirng chinh siich diing din va sang lao, cac nha kinh dao
Trung Qudc da nhanh chdng dua nudc nay Ird thanh mdl Irong nhirng "cudng qudc" the gidi ve khoa hgc va cdng nghe. Cac nhci phan tich cdn nhan djnh Hoa kieu vdi tu each la "ddi quan thir 5 ciia Trung Qudc"
ciing chinh sach "Hoa van" khdn ngoan ciia hg da gdp phan to ldn trong viec chan hung nen kinh le, dac biel khoa hgc. ky thuat.
cdng nghe, nhiit ki cdng nghe hat nhan. ten lira va cdng nghe vii tru cua Trung Qudc. Mdt trong nhung niem tu hao cua hg la vdi ten lira day Trudng Chinh 2F da ttrng phdng Thiin Chau 5 mang theo phi hanh gia dau lien ciia nudc nay la Duong Lgi VT viio vu tru; Thiin Chau 7 dua ba nhci du hcinh Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boining and Jing Haipeng len quy dao Irong vdng 3 ngay. Trong sir kien nay, phi hanh gia Zhai Zhigang trd thanh ngudi Trung Qudc dau lien budc chan ra ngoai lau vu tru viio ngay 27/9/2008 trong khoang 20 phiit. dua Trung Qudc chiem vi tri thir ba trong cau lac bd cudng qudc vu try, sau Nga, My. Cdn EU danh d vj tri thir
...tul.
Trong 20 nam, vdi viec dan dan hoan thien che do, chinh sach trd ve Td qudc lam vide ddi vdi nhan tai lit luu hgc sinh nhu uu dai trc.g vide mua sam ddng san va bat ddng san; dan gian hoa cac thu luc md doanh nghiep; cung cap uu dai cac khoiin vay tin dung khi thanh lap doanh nghiep. Neu liim viec cho ca quan Nhii nudc sc dugc huang
' Ti^n sf, ViC'n Nghien ciru Chau Au
NGHIEN ecru 0 6 N G BflC fl, S6 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009 13
cac che do phu cap, luong bdng vugt khung va eae chirc vu vugt cap...
Tir nam 1978 den cudi nam 2007, vdi ehinh sach md cii'a da cd han 1 trieu ngudi Trung Qude ra nudc ngoai hgc tap, nghien ciru khoa hgc d ban 100 qudc gia va viing lanh thd trdn the gidi. Tinh den 2008, da cd gan 30 van luu hge sinh (khoang tren 25%) trd vd nudc lam vide - mdt ty Id hgp ly hien nay giiia giri di dao tao dao tao va quay ve nude sau dao tao, the hidn chinh sach dung dan "Hoa van" cua Trung Qude. Vay sd cdn lai chiem gan V^^ hg di dau, d dau, lam gi? Sd cdn lai dang tiep tue hgc tap va lam viec de thanh tai rdi sdm mudn, trudc sau hg se ve Td qudc Trung Hoa vT dai de phuc vu, bdi vi hg ludn dugc giao due va nudi duang tu tudng: "than the tuy hai ngoai nhung tam can ludn qudc ndi". Sd lugng luu hgc sinh ve nude hang nam ngay cang gia tang: 2,5 van ngudi/ 2004; 3,5 van ngudi/2005; va den bet nam 2006 da cd 4,2 van ngirdi da chirng td didu dd .
Til' dau thiing 5. 2006, Bd Giao due Trung Qudc da chinh thiic thanh lap "Trung tam phuc vu luu hgc sinh Trung Qudc". Trung tam nay se la cau ndi giua nhtrng luu hgc sinh mudn trd vd phuc vu dat nudc vdi cac doanh nghidp cd nhu cau tuydn dung nhan tai.
Trong sd cac nha khoa hge hang dau cua Trung Qudc, cd tdi 8 1 % Vien sT eua Vien Khoa hgc trung Qudc, 54% Vien sT cua Vien cdng trinh Trung Qudc la cac luu hgc sinh! Hg da, dang cdng hidn cho nha nudc Trung Qudc nhirng nghien ciru dot pha d cac ITnh vuc cdng nghiep va quan sir quan trgng nhu: hang hai, hang khdng, vu tru, ten lira dly, hat nhan, truyen dan nhiet do cao, cdng nghd sinh hgc...
Luc lugng tri thirc lai nang nay da, dang va se gdp phan day nhanh tdc do phat tridn trong cae nganh khoa hge ky thuat, giao due, kinh te, xa hgi... eua Trung Qudc.
Khdng chi giri eon em ra nude ngoai dao tao. Trung Qudc cdn nhan thau cac cdng trinh va dua ngudi di lao ddng d nude ngoai.
nhanh chdng md rdng quy md. Ngay tir nam 1997, cac cdng trinh do phia Trung Qudc ky nhan thau vdi nudc ngoai da dat kim ngach 8,5 ty USD, thue td hoan thanh dugc 6,04 ty USD, so vdi nam 1981 lang gan 48 lan. Kim ngach hgp ddng ky ket de dua ngudi di lao ddng nudc ngoai dat 2,84 ty USD, kim ngach da hoan thanh dat 2,35 ty, so vdi nam
1981 tang len 65 lan. Mgt sd cdng ty cua Trung Qudc cd lien quan den hoat ddng ddi ngoai nhu Cdng ty edng trinh xay dung, Tdng cdng ty xay dung eau dudng, Cdng ty xay dung luyen kim, Cdng ty dien lire thuy Igi v.v... da dii'ng vao hang ngii 250 cdng ty dau thau qudc te Idn nhat trdn the gidi. Tat nhien, rat nhieu cac cdng ty Trung Qudc ndi tren da ed mat d Viet Nam tir nhieu nam nay.
Ro rang, tien hanh chinh sach tren, Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa ban mgt mui ten nhung dat hai muc dich, "nhat cir, ludng tien": mdt la, dem mdt khoan nggai te khdng Id vd cho Trung Qude va didu quan trgng khdng kem: ddi ngii ky su, cdng nhan ky thuat due rut duge nhieu kinh nghiem lir nhieu nudc de tien hanh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda Trung Qudc nhanh ban.
L Chinh sach thu hiit nhan tai phuc vu phat trien'"
'" Phdn ndy dya tren cdc tdi lieu cong khai ciia Bd Giao due nuac Cong hod Nhdn ddn Trung hoa: - Work Related to Students and Scholars Studying Abroad. (Cong vi^c lien quan den Sinh vien vd Du hoc sinh,) http://www. moe. edu. cn/engIish/inlernalionat_2. htm. (tdi ngdy 18.03.2009)
14 NGHIEN CCirU OONG BflC fl, SO 6(100) 6-2009
Nghien citu khoa hoc
"Trung Qudc can nam vtrng thdi co, thuc hien chien luge cudng qudc nhan tai". Tdng bi thu Dang Cdng Scin Trung Qudc nhin miinh "kidn tri ciii each theo hudng thi trudng dieu phdi ngudn nhan tai". DIU nam 2004. Trung Qudc da thdng qua "Chidn luge phiit trien dua tren ngudn vdn con ngudi"
vdi muc tieu phat huy vj the eua Trung Qudc dua Iren nen tang tri thirc'-'. Tir nam 2000, cac chinh sach khuyen khich ciia Chinh phu da phat huy hieu quit, Trung Qudc dang chirng kien lan sdng djcL chuyen cac nha khoa hgc dao tao d nudc ngoai trd ve. Trai qua 1/4 the ky, qua trinh uam trdng nhtrng ngudi con uu tu dao tao d nude ngoai, gid day da den ngay gat hai kel qua. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi cac nhan tai nay, bdng Idc ciing nhu viec trd ndn giau cd nhanh chdng khdng phiii la toan bg cau chuyen. Mdi day lien he mat thidt giua van boa, gia dinh da Idi keo hg quay trd lai, ciing vdi dd lii ldng thdi thuc dugc ddng gdp cho que huang.
Nhung nha lanh dao cap cao cua Trung Qudc mdi day da thdng qua "Chien luge cai td Trung Qudc bang ngudn nhan lire" vdi muc lieu phiit huy Igi the canh tranh ciia nen giao due tri thirc len lain qudc td. Nhd ddng lire tir chinh sach khuyen khich cua chinh phii. lir nam 2000, Trung Qudc da va dang chirng kidn lan sdng djeh chuyen cac tri thirc dao tao d nude naoai trd ve nudc. Nhirng tri
- The 9th 5-Year Plan for China's Educational Development and the Development Outline by 2010. Ke hoach phdt trien ^ido due ciia Trung Quoc. Phdc thdo vd phdt trien den ndm 2010.)
hup://www. moe. edu. cn/englisli/planningjt htm vd nghien ci'ni cua ChenU. 200-4. Xi'an Jiaotong University. China, .lune 2004 (tai ngdy 17.03 2009).
'•' T6ng bi thu Dang Cpng san Trung Qudc H6 Cim Diio:
Phdt biC'U lai hgi nghi phdt trien nguon nhdn tdi Trung Qudc dihi ra tai Bdc Kinh 12.2003,
thirc nay hien dang nam gitr cac vj tri lanh dao then ehdl trong |idi chinh trj va nghien ciru ciia Trung Qudc.
Chinh phu Trung Qudc dudng nhu da nhan ra vai trd sdng cdn cua "ngudn lai nguyen" nay trong qua Irinh cai td. Nhieu nam qua, cac nha lanh dao cap cao cua Trung Qudc da de ra nhieu quyel sach de cai thien chat lugng cua ngudn nhan lire. Nam 1998, Chu tjch Giang Traeh Dan phat bieu.
"Trung Qudc nen xay dung mdt sd trirdng dai hgc cd dang cap qudc le". Nam 2001, Thil ludng Chu Dung Co da phat bieu:
"Trong luong lai khdng xa. Trung Qudc se khdng lap trung vao Ihu hiit ngudn vdn lai chinh ntra ma thay vao dd la ngudn nhan lire va cdng nghe ciia the gidi.'" Ngay sau khi trd thanh Tdng bi ihu Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc vao miia thu nam 2002, Hd Cam Dao da trieu tap mdt eudc hgp Bd chinh trj phat trien ndi dung trgng tam la ngudn nhan lire ciia Trung Qudc. Ong nhan manh, Trung Qudc Ccin phiii Icip hgp mgi ngudn lire kinh le vao "3 mdi lien ket chinh" cua ngudn nhan lire, dd la: dao tao, tuyen dung va phat huy tdt nhat ngudn tai nang.
Van de tuyen dung cac tri thuc da dao tao d nudc ngoai hien dang la mdt trong nhirng uu tien bang dau trong chien luge "Phat trien dua tren ngudn vdn con ngudi". Ke tir khi Dang Tieu Binh di nhtrng budc dau lien being qu>et djnh giri mdl sd lugng Idn cac nghien ciru vien va Iri thirc di tu nghiep d nudc ngoai vao nam 1978, den nay, da cd khoang 700.200 ngudi hgc tcip va nghien ciru d nudc ngoai, trong dd, phan ldn la dugc cir di hgc tai My. Trirdc diiy, phan Idn hgc sinh Trung Qudc khdng trd ve nudc sau khi tdt nghiep. Mdt sd nam gan day, lan sdng hdi
NGHIEN ecru OdNG B^C fl, s 6 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009 15
huong cua cac tri thirc nay tang manh. Den eudi nam 2003, da cd khoang 172.800 tri Ihirc va nghien cim vien tdt nghiep, quay trd lai Cdng hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa.
Nhdm Iri Ihii'c hdi huong nay hidn nay dang ndi len thanh tang Idp tinh hoa trong xa hdi Trung Qudc va dugc ggi hinh anh bang mdt ldp, trudng phai ngudi Hoa mdi-
"haiguipai" (hai ngoai phai). Mdi day, tren td Tan Hoa Xa da viei rang, cac haiguipai nay da chuyen lir "im lang" sang "trd nen chin chan" vdi tu each la ldp chinh trj gia sac sao va dut khoat eua Trung Qudc.
Nhiing nd lire sau '/4 the ky gui nhtrng ngudi con uu tii nhat hgc tap tai nudc ngoai gid day da den ngay hai qua.
LTnh vuc chju anh hudng manh me nhat cua lan sdng tri thirc quay trd vd lai la nganh giao due. Hidn nay, da sd giao su tai cac trudng dai hgc hang dau Trung Qudc da tirng theo hgc hoae la giao su thinh giang tai cac trudng dai hgc, vidn nghien ciru d nudc ngoai. Nhd vay. hg dugc nam giu nhtrng vj tri quan trgng nhat eua nen giao due tri thirc cao d Trung Qudc. Ca Tran Tri Lgi, cuu Bd trudng va Chu Ky, Bd trudng Giao due duang nhiem deu da tirng hge tap d Hoa Ky vao nhiing nam 1980. Han 50% can bd lam vide trong cae trudng, vien nghien ciiu true thudc Bd giao due da tirng tu nghiep d nudc ngoai. Han ntra, 8 1 % can bg cua Vien Khoa hgc Trung Qudc (CAS), 54% can bd ciia Vien Cdng trinh Ky thual Trung Qudc va 71% can bd phu triich cae du an nghien cim cdng nghd qudc gia la nhtrng ngudi da hgc tcip d nude ngoai, nay da hdi huang.
Cimg vdi sir hien dien d khap mgi nai trong gidi lanh dao cua nganh giao due, mgt Vcii niim qua, nhirng ngirdi da tidp thu hgc
van phuang Tay cdn nam gitr vai trd then chdt trong rat nhieu ITnh vuc khae. Mdt sd nhan vat didn hinh bao gdm: Thir trudng Bg Thuang mai Cao Phiic Thanh (Tien sy lai Irudng Paris 7). Chii tjch Ngan hang Trung Qudc Luu Minh Khang (MBA, Dai hgc London, 1987), Chanh an Toa an tdi cao Van Nhi Huang (LD, Dai hge Yale. 1988) va thi trudng Tham Duang Ly Hdng Trgng (MBA. Dai hgc Havard, 1997). Sir hien dien ciia gidi tri thirc Tay hgc nay dang trd thanh nhirng tru cdt trong cdng cugc chuyen giao quyen lire cho the he mdi ciia Trung Qudc se dien ra trong vdng 1 thap ky tdi.
Gidi tinh hoa nay dang toa sang trong cac trudng dai hgc. khoa hgc va cdng nghe, ngOcii thuang, ngan hang va tai chinh, va sau khi kinh qua vai trd lanh dao a cac thanh phd phat trien, dang nhanh chdng tien len cac vj tri cd quyen lire cao ban. Trong khi dd, nhieu nha lanh dao cao cap cua Trung Qudc nhu Hd Cam Dao, On Gia Bao lai bat dau sir nghiep d nhtrng tinh nam sau trong dai luc, vdi kinh nghiem lanh dao Dang, Lien doan Thanh nien Cdng san Trung Qudc hoae cac chinh quydn dja phuang.
Mdi day, Chii tich Trung Qudc Hd Cam Dao da ban hanh phap lenh md cira Dai le dudng nhan dan Bac Kinh, bien nai nay khdng chi la dja diem ddn tiep cac quan chirc Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc, cac quan nhan lam nhiem vu va ndng dan xuat sac, ma cdn la nai ddn tiep cac tri thirc Hoa kieu dang sdng va lam vide a hai ngoai ve xay dung que huang.
Chinh phii da xay dung ban 70 khu cdng nghe cao cho hg lam vide. Mgt trong sd dd la khu cdng nghe Zhongguancun, gan Bac
16 NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl. SO 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009
Nghien ciiu khoa hoc
Kinb. dugc biet den nhu thung lung Silicon ciia Trung Qudc.
Cac nha khoa hge gdc Trung Qudc nay khi quay trd lai Trung Qudc lam viec cd thd dugc mien thud thu nhap, cd khdng gian lam vide, dugc cap kha nang vay mugn ciing nhu tu van cho bd may hanh chinh cap dja phuong.
Chinh sach "Irai tham dd" ciia Chinh phu Trung Qudc - mdi tri thirc gdc Hoa vd nudc - da va dang phat huy hieu qua. De huy ddng vdn cua Hoa kieu va ddng vidn su ddng gdp cua nhtrng ngudi sdng d hai ngoai. Qudc hdi Trung Qudc da sira ddi va thdng qua mdt sd luat nhu Quy djnh vd khuyen khich dau tu ciia ddng bao Dai Loan (1988); Quy djnh ve khuyen khich dau tu cua Hoa kieu va ddng bao Hdng Kdng, Ma Cao (1990); Nhirng dieu luat bd sung cho Luat 1979 ve dau tu hgp tac gitra Trung Qudc vdi nudc ngoai (1990); Luat bao hg quydn Igi cua Hoa kieu vd nudc (1994)... NSm 1994, Chuang trinh
"100 tai nang" dugc khdi xudng nham thu hilt 100 nha nghien ciru khoa hgc gdc Hoa ndi tieng d ngoai nude vii eac nha nghien ciru ngudi nudc ngoai gia nhap Vien Han lam Khoa hgc Trung Qudc. Theo thdng ke, hien Trung Qudc dirng thir hai the gidi ve ddi ngii cac nha nghien ciru chuyen nghiep (My: 1,3 trieu, Trung Qude: 743.000; Nhcit:
648.000; Nga: 505.000); dirng thir ba thd gidi vd ngan sach danh cho nghien ciru va phiit tridn (R&D) (My: 285 ty USD/nam, Nhcit: 104 ty USD/nam, Trung Qudc: 72 ty USD/nam). Trung binh mdi niim cd khoang 1 trieu sinh vien va can bd cd trinh do dai hgc Vci tren dai hgc loai gidi tdt nghiep (chua kd sd sinh vien va thuc tcip sinh dang dugc dao tao d nudc ngoiii). Gidi chuyen mdn
nhan djnh, Trung Qudc se trd thanh thj trudng cdng nghe thdng tin (CNTT) Idn nhat the gidi trong vdng 5 nam tdi.
2. Mot trong nhiing bai hoc kinh nghiem: Trung Qude chu trong giii' gin, phat huy va sir dung triet de nhiing dac diem noi bat ciia nguoi Hoa:
Trudc hit, dd la linh than doan kel luong than luong ai, ciing giup da nhau sao cho mgi ngudi ciing manh len, giau len nham dat dugc muc dich: cdng ddng ngudi Hoa d cac nudc ma hg cu Irii cd mdl cugc sdng ngay mdl dn dinh han. vtrng chae ban. day dii, sung luc hon de cd the xae lap dugc vi the trong xa hdi nudc ma minh dang djnh cu"'.
Thic hai: tinh cdng ddng Ihdng qua bang hdi hay timg te bao gia dinh ciing tinh huynh de va hg hang (dii bg xa). Tham nhuan lu tudng va tinh cam "than the tuy hai ngoai nhirng lain can ludn qudc ndi"; lam gi, d dau, nhidu ddi cha Iruyen con ndi ludn giir gin dugc ban sac van hda rieng va hudng vc cdi ngudn Trung Hoa.
Thu ba: tinh ky luat va sir phuc tiing huynh de, tren dudi. Vugt ra khdi nhung rang budc phong kien A Ddng di den binh thudng hda sir tu chi trich dan tde'^'. Day la mdt trong nhtrng due linh quy bau, vugt trdi cac dan tdc khae. Thdi quen ciia con ngudi la khdng thich bj che, chi thich dugc khen.
Vidt che bai ral khd Igt lai, nhat la nhtrng ai.
dam viet sach ve mang tdi van hda cua mdt dan tdc. Tuy nhien, nhieu qudc gia da in sach ve su xau xi cua dan tdc minh.
'"" Xem: Ong chu ngieai Hoa.
http://w^vw. bbc. co. uk/vietnamese/vietnam/2009/02/090220 _nguoihoa_kinhdoanh_tc2.shtml (tdi ngdy 11.3.2009) '^' "Ngicai Trung Quoc xdu xi" cua Bach Duong (Quach Dinh Sanh, 1920-29.4.2008) tai Ha Nam, Trung Quoc
NGHIEN CCfU 0 6 N G B^C fl, s6 6(100) 6-2009 17
Ngudi xir Garbovo (Bungaria) tu gieu tinh "vat cd chay ra nudc" cua minh bang
"Truyen eudi Garbovo". Khi viet "Ngudi Trung Qudc xau xi", nha van Ba Duang (Bo Yang) da vidn dan, Chinh phu My coi cudn
"Ngudi My xau xi" nhu mdt tham khao quan Irgng de ra sach luge phat trien eho dat nudc, tai sao Trung Qudc khdng lam the?
Cudn sach in d Dai Loan cua dng da duge phat hanh a Trung Hoa lue dja nhirng nam 1980, dil luc dau bj cam va bi ldn an tai bdi.
Cdn nay thi nhieu ngudi hudng irng. Tuy la dan ngoai giao, le ra phai ndi ve eai hay cai dep cua dan tdc, dng dai sir Nhat d Argentina lai viet cudn "Ngudi Nhat xau xi".
Ngudi Nhat vdn kin dao, khdng thich phd cai xau cua minh.
"Ngudi My xau xi"'^', nudc My nghien ciiu cai xau xi de tim ra dudng di len cua dat nudc hg. Ngay nay, nudc My cd cdn xau xi hay khdng hoae hg dang d dau trong the gidi nay, chae ai ciing bidt. Ong Ba Duang ndi rit nhidu dieu ve ndi khd nhue gian nan cua ngudi Hoa trong 5000 nam ljch sir vi thdi xau cua hg.
Ong cho rang, mgt ngudi Trung Hoa la mdt con rdng. Nhung neu ba ngudi di vdi nhau, ba con rdng nay lai bien thanh mdt con heo, mdt con gidi, hoae tham chi khdng bang mdt con gidi nira.
Ngudi Trung Qudc ua njnh, thich lam quan, rit phong kidn. Khi phan xet, suy luan, khdng dimg ly tri ma nang ve cam tinh; xa hgi dya tren tieu chuIn chinh trj dao diic thdi hu Nho, lam quan la cha me thien ha...
Liic thanh dng chu thi tu kieu, xem mgi ngudi ddu la...chit thai. Khi la toi td thi lai
ty ti nghi minh khdng bang .. .chat vira ndi d tren
Ngudi Han dge cudn sach nay cd nhieu phan irng khae nhau. Ngudi len an dng dam bang bd dan tgc minh, nhung cd nhieu ngudi thay nudc Trung Hoa can phai thay ddi. Va sy thay ddi mdi cd nudc Trung Hoa hdm nay:
Thic tic: cd chi hudng kinh doanh va rat thanh edng trong nghe ban Id va cac dich vu thuang mai khae. Khi kinh doanh ngudi Hoa thudng bit dau tir nhirng thir nhd va tir dd vuon len; can cu, chju khd va ludn cd giir chir "tin" trong cac mdi quan he.
Thic ndm: biet each tirng bude hda ddng vdi xa hgi nai djnh cu, tien tdi ddng hda bing each lay vg, chdng ngudi ban dja, sinh con de eai va nhap qudc tjch. Biet each ne tranh ddi dau vdi chinh quyen sd tai, biet nhan nai chd thdi ca dat muc dich.
3. Nguoi Hoa tren khap the gid"!
Theo thdng ke ehua day du, Hoa kieu - ddi quan thii 5 ldn nhit thd gidi. Ngay nay cd mdt xu the la khi ngudi ta ndi den nen kinh td Trung Qudc thudng khdng chi gidi ban trong dai luc ma ca mdt cdng ddng ngudi Hoa tren khap the gidi.
Dung nhu John Naisbitt nhan djnh:
"Nhieu ngudi trong ehiing ta da tirng nghi Dai Loan va Hong Kong la mdt bd phan ciia Trung Qude. Gid chiing ta phai md rdng ranh gidi cua mgt Trung Qudc rdng ldn han de bao gdm ea nhtrng ngudi gdc Hoa sinh sdng d Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia...
Dau nao cua mang ludi nay la sd ddng cac ti phii tu lap nhu Liem Sioe Liong, Robert Kuok, Dhanin Chearavanont...".
''' "Nguai My xdu xi" ciia Ben Mezrich, sinh 1969.
http://benmezrich.com/news/. (tdi ngdy 12.3.2009)
18
NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl. SO 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6 - 2 0 0 9Nghien citu khoa hoc
Hoa kieu 6 cae Chau lue va Quoc gia Hoa kieu d cac
Chau luc &
cac Qudc gia Chau A Malaysia Indonesia Thai Lan
Singapore Viet Nam Philippines Myanma Nhat Cambodia Nam Han Brunei Lao Bac Lian AnDd Mdng Cd Chau My HoaKy Canada Panama Brasil Jamaica Argentina Cuba Peru
Puerto Rico
A
Chau Au Nga Phap Anh Qudc Ireland
Tay Ban Nha Ha Lan
Chau Dai Duong Uc
Sd lugng
52.390.000 (1998) 7,59 trieu ngudi (2006) 7,3 trieu ngudi (2003) 7,3 trieu ngudi (2003) 2,7 trieu ngudi (2005) 750937ngudi(1999)
1,5 trieu ngudi (2004) 1,3 tridu ngudi (2003) 175.000(2003)
150.000(2003) 85.000(2003) 56.000 (2006) 50.000(2003) 50.000(2003) Chua thdng ke dugc Chua thdng ke dugc 5.220.000(1998) 2,4 trieu ngudi (2000)
1,2 tridu ngutri (2004) 150.000
360.000 (2006) 10.000(2004) 60.000
Chua thdng ke dugc 50.000
Chua Ihdng ke dugc 945.000(1998) 680.000
300.000
247.403(2001 ) 135.000(2006)
90.000 (2004). Sd lieu khdng chinh thirc: 120.000
80.000
564.000(1998) 454.000 (2003)
Ty Id % so vdi dan ban dja
0,7%
33%
3.1%
12%
75,6%
1,13%
2%
3%
0,1%
1,2%
0,2%
15%
1%
0,2%
0,6%
0,8%
3,69%
5%
0,10%
0,3%
0,16%
Chua rd 0,1%
0,5%
0,5%
0,4%
3,0%
0,4%
1,4%
1,7%
2,5%
Ty le % so \'di cac ngoai kieu khae
83,7%
12.1%
11.7%
11.7%
4.3%
3,7%
2.4%
2.1%
0,3%
0,2%
0,16%
0,1%
0,1%
0,1%
8,0%
6,8%
3,4%
0,4%
0,4%
???
Chua rd Chua rd 1,5%
1,9%
0,9%
0,7%
97
0.3%
0,3%
1,5%
1,3%
NGHIEN ecru OdNG B^C fl, s 6 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009
19
Tan Tay Lan Fiji
Chau Phi &
Trung Dong Chau Phi
Trung can Ddng (Israel)
Tong so
115.000(2003) 6.000 (2000)
773.000 (1998) 750.000 (2009) 23.000 (2001) 63.269.000
2,8%
0,5%
0,2%
1,5%
0,31%
1,14%
0,3%
0.01%
0,2%
2,3%
-
100%
4. Ket luan
Cd the ndi rang neu hdm nay nhin lai khoang 100 nam phat trien da qua, chung ta cd the thay thdi ky nay d Trung Qudc cd nhieu net each tan gan nhu, tuang ty nhu thdi ky Phuc hung d Chau Au hay thdi ky Minh Trj d Nhat Ban.
Mac dil sd lieu thdng ke ehua day du va that chinh xae, nhung ro rang ty le Hoa kieu sinh sdng d nudc ngoai so vdi cu dan trong nude la 62.596.000/ 1.306.280.000 (tire 4,8%) ngudi thi ehua phai la eao nhat so vdi mgt sd kieu dan cua nudc khae nhu Italia chlng ban (114,3%)"^' nhung tai sao Trung Qudc lai gat hai thanh cdng trong vide thu but Hoa kidu va ddi ngii tri thirc Hoa kieu?
Ro rang "each irng xii ciia Chinh phu Cdng boa Nhan dan Trung Hoa ddi vdi Hoa kieu" ciing chinh sach khai thac hidu qua
"vii khi bi mat" eua minh la nhtrng bai hgc kinh nghiem ve cac chinh sach "Hoa van" tri thirc la mgt trong nhieu nguyen nhan thanh cdng hdm nay cua Trung Qudc./.
"" Xem them: TS. Bui Nhat Quang, Vien nghien ciiu Chau Phi va Trung Dong.- "TIM HIEU VE NGU'OI VIET NAM ONU'dC NGOAI TRONG TU'ONG QUAN VOI TRUONG HOP ITALIA. Bao cao Hoi thao khoa hoc Quoc t6 v6 Cong d6ng tri thirc nguai Viet a nuac ngoai, Ha Noi, 12.3.2009. :ty le nguoi Italia s6ng a nuac ngoai/ nguai Italia song a trong nuoc la 64.000.000/56.000.000 tire (114,3%).
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Wang GungWu, The Culture of the Chinese merchants (working paper series).
University of Toronto, The joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies, October, 1989.
2. Djeh Ba, "Thic bdn ve ddc trung dien bien ciia xd dodn tdng tdc ngudi Hoa hdi ngogi sau chien tranh", Bao eao khoa hgc tai cugc Hoi thao Qude te ve "Nghien cim so sanh ngudi Hoa hai ngoai 50 nam (1945-1994)", td chiic tai Hdng Kdng nam 1994.
3. Chau Thi Hai. "Ngudi Hoa trong hgp tac kinb td SEAN-Trung Qudc". T/c Nghien ciru DdngNamA, Sd2, 2000.
4. Chau Thi Hai, "Vi tri kinh te ngudi a cdc mcdc ASEAN, Nghien cicu Ddng Nam A ". T/c Nghien cim Ddng Nam A, sd 3, 1998. Chau Thj Hai. "Ngudi Hoa vdi xu the lien ket khu vuc trong bdi cdnh todn cdu hod" T/e Nghien ciru DdngNam A, sd4, 2001.
5. Chau Thj Hai, Trade Aetivitie of the Hoa along the Sino-Vietnamese Border/ Where CHINA MEETS SOUTHEAST ASIA: social &
cultural change in Border regions (eds. By Grant Evans , Christopher Huton, & Kuab Khun Eng). Published by Institute of Southeast Asian Sludie, Singapore - 2000.
6. Chau Thj Hai, "Ngudi Hda a Indonexia vdi eudc khiing hodng Tdi chinh - Tien te ". T/e Nghien eiiu Ddng Nam A, sd 1. 2001.
